lecture-3 final - airport
TRANSCRIPT
CE-363
Lecture 3: Aircraft Controls, Airport
Site and Size Selection
Dr. Ankit Gupta, Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur
Lecture Outline
Aircraft Controls
General Information on Aircrafts
Site selection and factors influencing
Selection of airport size
Aircrafts – Forces
Various forces acting on an aircraft are as shown:
Aircrafts – Rotational Movements
Rotational movements are caused with respect to
the three reference axis ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’
Aircrafts – Controls
Controls work with the help of different
components of an aircraft, like
Wings and Flaps
Three controls
Rudder
Elevator
Aileron
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Wings
and Flaps
NO LIFT CONDITION
LIFT DUE TO UPWASH AND DOWNWASH
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Wings
and Flaps
Lift is directly
related to
surface area
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Wings
and Flaps
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Wings
and
Flaps
WITHOUT GROUND EFFECT
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Wings
and
Flaps
WITH GROUND EFFECT
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Rudder
Yawing Motion
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Rudder
Yawing Motion
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Elevator
Pitching Motion
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Elevator
Pitching Motion
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Aileron
Rolling Motion
Aircrafts – Controls
Control using Aileron
Rolling Motion
Airport Planning
General
Requires intensive study
Aviation is the most dynamic industry
Airport Master Plan
It refers to the planner’s idealized concept of
the form and structure of the ultimate
development of the airport. It includes
Description of staged development
Financial implications
Fiscal strategies
Airport Planning
Objectives of Master Plan as per FAA
To provide an effective graphical presentation of the
ultimate development of the airport and of the
anticipated land uses adjacent
To establish a schedule of priorities and phasing for
the various improvements proposed in the plan.
To present the pertinent backup information and
data
To describe the various concepts and alternatives
which were considered in the establishment of the
proposed plan.
Airport Planning
FAA Recommendations
Phase I: Airport Requirements – Examination of the
scale and timing of new facilities with respect to the
anticipated demand and status of existing facilities.
Phase II: Site Selection – Study if airspace
requirements, EIA, development, access,
availabilities of utilities, land cost, political
implications, etc.
Airport Planning
FAA Recommendations
Phase III: Airport Plans
Airport Layout Plan
Land Use Plan
Terminal Area Plan
Airport Access Plan
Phase IV: Financial Plan
Schedules of Proposed Development
Estimates of Development Cost
Economic Feasibility Analysis
Financial Feasibility Analysis
Airport Planning
ICAO Recommendation for Master Plan
Planning Method
Forecasting for Planning Purposes
Site Evaluation and Selection
Airport Configuration
Aircraft Apron
Passenger Area
Passenger Building
Departures
Arrivals
Airport Planning
ICAO Recommendation for Master Plan
Cargo
Landside Roads, Vehicle Parks, Other Buildings
and Facilities
Access
Airport Planning
Regional Planning
Planning of an airport should be done considering
the air traffic needs of the nation as a whole rather
than an individual locality.
In India AAI is doing this in collaboration with the
states.
It provides the following information
Approximate location of the airports on national map
Classification of airports
Location of air strips
Routes of air travel
Airport Planning
Regional Planning
Following data is collected for a scientific and sound
planning on regional basis.
Population
Topographical and Geographical Features
Existing Airports in the Vicinity
Air Traffic Characteristics
Development of New Airports
Airport Planning
Improvement of Existing Airport
Traffic Forecast
Area to be served
Origin and destination of the residents and non-residents
of the area
Population growth in the area
Economic character of the area
Income level per capita
Types of business activities and the labour employed
Trends in existing local air traffic
Trends in national air traffic volume
Population growth & economic standards of adjacent areas
Airport Planning
Determination of the Capacity of Existing Airport
Suitability of approaches for the type of airports
Capacity to handle the peak hour traffic
Adequacy of terminal building to handle passengers
Adequacy of aprons and servicing facilities
Improvement of Airport Capacity
Runway extensions, new or parallel runways and high
speed exit taxiways
Rearranging or increasing the size of terminal building or
loading apron
Improving the traffic control devices
Planning of a New Airport
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Specific Aspects: Air Traffic Potential
Adequate Access
Sufficient Airspace
Sufficient Land
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Factors affecting site selection:
Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions
Availability of Land for expansion
Availability of utilities
Development of the surrounding area
Economy of construction
Ground accessibility
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Factors affecting site selection:
Presence of other airports
Regional plan
Soil characteristics
Surrounding obstructions
Use of airport
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions
Visibility
Fog, smoke, haze
Affected by wind velocity
Development of area (industrial)
Causes reduction in frequency and hence in
capacity handling
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Atmospheric and Meteorological conditions
Wind
Direction and intensity
Associated topographical features, like hill, valley
Windward / Leeward side
Locating development with respect to site of airport
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Availability of land for expansion
Future prediction of air traffic
Land for parking of vehicles, terminal facilities,
apron, runway length, etc
Land cost (at later stage)
Availability of land at later stage
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Availability of Utilities
Water, Power, etc.
Sewerage
Communication
Generation Plants
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Development of surrounding area
Residential or Sensitive area
Industrial development
Height of development
Zoning laws
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Development of surrounding area
Noise Pollution
Movement of Air pollution
Bird movements and hits
Associated safety considerations
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Economy of Construction
Alternate sites to be examined
Availability of local construction material
Uneven terrain, grading or flattening
Problematic areas
Water logging areas
Reclaimed areas
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Ground Accessibility
Travel time in air v/s travel time on land
Easily approachable using all types of modes
Proximity to areas of air trip generation
Facilities for private vehicle users
Efficient transport system
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Presence of other Airports
Traffic Volume
En-circling radius of aircraft
Type of aircraft
Type of operating facilities
IFR, VFR
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Presence of other Airports
Separation distance between radii
May cause
serious air traffic congestion
Reduction in airport capacity
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Soil Characteristics
Strength of soil sub grade
Bearing on the cost of construction
Drainage of soil – self draining
Level of water table
Subsoil drainage
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Soil Characteristics
Valley side may have flooding
Soil with reasonable amount of pervious
material like gravel or sand along with suitable
natural binder is good
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Use of Airport
Civil or military
Adaptability for other uses during emergencies
AIRPORT SITE SELECTION
Surrounding Obstructions
Clear air space for landing and take-off
High-rise structures (man-made)
Natural obstructions like trees etc
Height restrictions and laws
AIRPORT SIZE
Defined by Space required for
Operators
Controlling Systems
Management staff and
Ground Movements.
It is controlled by:
Peak Aircraft Traffic
Aircraft Characteristics, etc.
AIRPORT SIZE
Factors controlling airport size
Elevation of Airport Site above MSL
Meteorological conditions
Performance characteristics of aircraft
Volume of air traffic
AIRPORT SIZE
Factors controlling airport size
Elevation of Airport Site above MSL
Affects runway requirements
Aircraft performance varies with altitude, air
density, temperature, etc.
Affects lift, drag, length of runway, etc.
AIRPORT SIZE
Factors controlling airport size
Meteorological Conditions
Wind
Intensity
Direction
Duration
Temperature
AIRPORT SIZE
Factors controlling airport size
Meteorological Conditions
Affects runway orientation and number of
runways required
Length of runway changes (increases)
Due to change in air density and subsequent lift,
etc.
AIRPORT SIZE
Factors controlling airport size
Traffic Volume
Peak hour volume
Nature of air traffic
Size of aircraft
No. of Air Transporters
Runways, Taxiways, Aprons
Hangers, terminals
Forecasted traffic
AIRPORT SIZE
Factors controlling airport size
Facilities and Utilities to be provided
Performance Characteristics of Aircraft
Dimensions
Landing Speed
Turning Radius etc.