lecture 3a clause functions adapted from mary laughren
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 3aClause functions
Adapted from Mary Laughren
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Sentences and Clauses
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Phrase structure rules
(1) S NP VP
(2) NP (Detv) (AdjP)* N
(3) AdjP (AdvP) Adj
(4) VP V (NP) (NP) (PP)*
(5) PP P (NP/PP)
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Complex SentenceS
NPVP
V
CP
COMP (SUB)
S
I know that the tall librarian put the book on that shelf
Upper S = sentence
Lower S = clause
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Complex Sentence
S SConj
S
The tall librarian put the book on AND the short one removed it
the shelf
Upper S corresponds to a sentence
Lower S corresponds to a clause
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The status of VP in English
S NP + VP (as in (1))
VP V (NP) (NP) (PP)* (as in (4))
Tests for phrasehood of VP:• Substitution • Clefting • Movement
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(8)a. The tall librarian put the book on the shelf, and so did John.
The tall librarian put the book on the shelf, and John did so too.
b. *It was put that book on the shelf that the tall librarian _____.
c. (I told the tall librarian to put that book on the shelf, and)
*put that book on the shelf the tall librarian ___.
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(9)a. (I told the tall librarian to put that book on the shelf, and) put that book on the shelf
the tall librarian did ___.
b. ... the tall librarian did put that book on the shelf.
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(10)a. (She denies that) she puts all the linguistics books in the bin, but
put them in the bin she does.
b. *puts them in the bin she ___.
c. She does put all the linguistics books in the bin.
d. * She does puts all the linguistics books in the bin.
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(11)a. The bowler took a great catch.
b. *Took a great catch the bowler ___.
c. (...and) take a great catch the bowler did ___.
d. The bowler did take a great catch.
e. *The bowler did took a great catch.
so
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puts/takes
does put/take
put/took
did put/take
so
so
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puts
present PUT
put
past PUT
takes
present TAKE
took
past TAKE
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Revised S
S
NP AUX VP
TENSE
The tall librarian does/did put that book on…..
---------- puts/put that book on..
The bowler does/did take a great catch
----------- takes/took a great catch
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Revised S
S
NP AUX VP
TENSE
The tall librarian does/did so (16a)
---------- *so (16b)
The bowler does/did so
----------- *so
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What about the cleft test?
(20) a. ?It was take a great catch that he did
____.
b. *It was took a great catch that he ____.
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Functions in the Clause
S NP AUX VP Subject Tense Predicate
Mary PAST cleaned her teeth.
John PRESENT eats his dinner.
The baby does drink milk
PRESENT
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Subjects
• Typically filled by NP– The baby ate the lasagne
• Can also be filled by PP– Under the bed seems the safest.
• Or by a clause– That John left surprised me
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Predicates
• Typically filled by VP– The baby does drink milk.
• Can also be filled by AdjP– The baby is extremely happy.
• Or by an NP– John is a good doctor.
• Or by a PP– John was in the house.
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Traditional definitions of Subject
• “the performer of the action”The boy bit the dog.The boy felt sick.The boy is an Australian.The boy was bitten by the dog.
• How do these sentences challenge the traditional definition that the subject is the “performer of the action”?
AGENT
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• “what the sentence is about”I bought this hat at the Ekka.No-one runs faster than Superman.It rained last night.
• How do these sentences challenge the traditional definition that the subject is “what the sentence is about”?
TOPIC
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Defining “Subject” by grammatical properties
• Test 1 - Word order–Subjects typically precede the predicate
• Test 2 - Agreement–In some circumstances the AUX/verb will change form, depending on the nature of the subject. We say the verb agrees with the subject
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Examples of subject-verb agreement
The boy was biting the dog.The boy was biting the dogs.The boys were biting the dog.The boys were biting the dogs.
• The tensed verb form changes when the preceding NP (the subject) becomes plural.
• It is unaffected by the change in number of the following NP (the object).
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More properties of Subjects
• Test 3 - Pronoun form– In English, pronouns have distinct (case)
forms for certain functions, such as subject.
– The case form used for subjects is called Nominative case.
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Examples of Case forms of English Pronouns
• Nominative (or subject) pronouns forms include: I, he, she, we.– I kissed you, he kissed you, she kissed you, we
kissed you
• These forms are in contrast with Accusative (or object) forms such as: me, him, her, us.– You kissed me, you kissed him, you kissed her,
you kissed us
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Another subject property
• Test 4 - Auxiliary raising– When an interrogative sentence is formed
from a declarative sentence, the auxiliary verb which has the tense-marking function precedes the subject phrase.
– The boy is biting the dog. (declarative)– Is the boy biting the dog? (interrogative)
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Summary
Simple sentence = single S or clauseComplex sentence > 1 S or clause
Functions of main constituents of S:• Subject: NP/PP/clause• Tense: Auxiliary verb (Lexical verb)• Predicate: VP/AdjP/NP/PP
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Summary (con't)
VP = V (minus tense-marking) + .....
– VP with untensed verb passes all three tests for phrasehood:
• Substitution (by so )• Cleft• Movement
–VP with tensed verb fails all three tests
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Further reading:
Fromkin, V. Rodman, R. et al. 2005. An Introduction to Language Ch. 4