lecture 8 shifting cultivation in transition 8 shif… · shifting cultivation today is located...

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OBJECTIVES 1. To identify and classify different types of shifting cultivation 2. To examine traditional systems of shifting cultivation 3. To compare traditional shifting cultivation with contemporary “pioneer farming” or “shifted” cultivation 4. To assess the environmental impacts of shifting cultivation

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Page 1: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

OBJECTIVES

1. To identify and classify different types of  shifting cultivation

2. To examine traditional systems of shifting cultivation

3. To compare traditional shifting cultivation with contemporary “pioneer farming” or “shifted” cultivation

4. To assess the environmental impacts of shifting cultivation 

Page 2: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Types and Regions of Traditional Agriculture

Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics

Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?A fallow period ‐ when land is not being used for a period of timeA fallow period  ‐ when land is not being used for a period of time

Page 3: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

What is your image of shifting cultivation?

Slash and burn

Shifting cultivation in the tropical rainforest inShifting cultivation in the tropical rainforest in Laos, South‐East Asia

Page 4: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Shifting Cultivation in the Caribbean?

GuyanaArawaks and other AmerindianArawaks and other Amerindian groups still live in rainforest

Going to church in the i f trainforest

Amerindian village in rainforest 

now an ecotourism attraction

Page 5: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Belize

Mayan Farmers use slash and burn methods (milpa) in the forests of the Maya Mountains

Corn has been planted after a forest burn

Page 6: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Amazon rainforest under shifting cultivation

Forest is starting to be fragmented and reduced in size

Page 7: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Fields are at different stages of the land rotation cycle

A bush fallowing landscape in West Africag p(original forest has long gone)

Page 8: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Soil fertility returns to previous level when fallow period is long

But as fallow period gets shorter, soil fertility does not recover to previous level before land is cultivated again 

So in long run soilSo, in long run, soil fertility declines so crop yields decline 

Page 9: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Shifting Cultivation in Guatemala, ,Central America

Forest canopy protects against soil erosion by intercepting rain and dissipating its impactintercepting rain and dissipating its impact

Clearing trees and vegetation exposes top soil to torrential rainfall

Page 10: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Large‐scale landscapes of d f t tideforestation

Caused by “shifted” cultivators  in MadagascarMadagascar

Page 11: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?
Page 12: Lecture 8 Shifting Cultivation in Transition 8 Shif… · Shifting cultivation today is located within the tropics Difference between shifting cultivation and permanent agriculture?

Grigg D B (1974) Agricultural Systems of the World Cambridge: CambridgeGrigg, D. B. (1974) Agricultural Systems of the World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp57‐74.

Mannion, A.M. (1995) Agriculture and Environmental Change: Temporal andMannion, A.M. (1995) Agriculture and Environmental Change: Temporal and Spatial Dimensions, Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, pp117‐130.

Use a search engine for information on “shifted” cultivators or pioneer g pfarmers

Articles can be downloaded from websitesArticles can be downloaded from websites◦ e.g. www.odi.org.uk David Brown & Kathrin Schreckenberg“Shifting Cultivators as agents of deforestation: assessing the evidence”