lecture viii lecture ix
DESCRIPTION
Lecture VIII Lecture IX. AP Environmental Science By Dr. Woodward. AP Environmental Exam. The AP Environmental Science Exam covers a one-semester introductory college course in environmental science with laboratory. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture VIIILecture IX
AP Environmental ScienceBy Dr. Woodward
![Page 2: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The AP Environmental Science Exam covers a one-semester introductory college course in environmental science with laboratory.
The questions included in Section I are designed to cover the breadth of students' knowledge and understanding of environmental science.
There are four questions in Section II. One is a data-set question, which requires students to analyze and interpret a given set of data. One is a document-based question in which students answer questions related to a given document (such as a pamphlet, advertisement, or newspaper article) and apply their knowledge of environmental science to contexts that are current, relevant, and authentic.
Two are synthesis questions, which are in-depth, often multi-part essays.
AP Environmental Exam
![Page 3: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
T h e Exam The AP Environmental Science Exam is 3 hours long and is divided equally in time between a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. The multiple-choice section, which constitutes 60 percent of the final grade, consists of 100 multiple-
choice questions that are designed to cover the breadth of the students’ knowledge and understanding of environmental science. Thought-provoking problems and questions based on fundamental ideas from environmental science are included along with questions based on the recall of basic facts and major concepts. The number of multiple-choice questions taken from each major topic area is reflected in the percentage of the course as designated in the topic outline (see pages 6–9). The free-response section emphasizes the application of principles in greater depth. In this section, students must organize answers to broad questions, thereby demonstrating reasoning and analytical skills, as well as the ability to synthesize material from several sources into cogent and coherent essays. Four free-response questions are included in this section, which constitutes 40
percent of the final grade: 1 data-set question, 1 document- based question, and 2 synthesis and evaluation
AP Environmental Exam
![Page 4: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Today’s Agenda:Journal Question: What is a heavy metal?*Lecture VIII “Hazardous Chemicals & Heavy
Metals”Exam I this Friday
Lecture VIII:
![Page 5: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. A chemical that presents a certain hazard or risk is known as a hazardous material (HAZMAT)
2. The EPA categorizes substances on the basis of the following criteria:(1) Ignitability(2) Corrosivity(3) Reactivity (4) Toxicity
The Nature of Chemical Hazards
![Page 6: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A. Substances that catch fire readily.(1) Gasoline, Alcohol
Ignitability
![Page 7: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A. Substances that corrode storage tanks and equipment.(1) Acids
Corrosivity
![Page 8: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A. Substances that are chemically unstable and that may explode or create toxic fumes when mixed with water. (1) Explosives, elemental phosphate, and concentrated sulfuric acid
Reactivity
![Page 9: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A. Substances that are injurious to health when they are ingested or inhaled.(1) Chlorine, Ammonia, Pesticides, Formaldehyde
Toxicity
![Page 10: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A. Containers in which HAZMAT’s are stored and vehicles that carry HAZMAT’s are required to display place cards that identify hazards.
HAZMAT Notification
![Page 11: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A. All toxic chemicals, by definition, are hazards that pose risk to humans.
The Threat of Toxic Chemicals
![Page 12: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A. These chemicals do not readily degrade in the environment.(1) Heavy Metals & Their Compounds(2) Synthetic Organics
Two Major Classes of Chemicals
![Page 13: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A. The most dangerous heavy metals are lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, tin, chromium, zinc, and copper.
Heavy Metals
![Page 15: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
B. These metals are used widely in industry, particularly in metal working or metal-plating shops and in such products as batteries and electronics. (1) Can also be paint pigments, glazes, inks and dyes.
Heavy Metals
![Page 16: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
C. Case Study: Mercury in Fish (1) Federal Study Shows Mercury in
Fish Widespread (2010)a. Mercury contaminated fish in
300 streams tested across the country.b. Only 1/4 of these fish had levels
of mercury that exceed the EPA’s safe level
Heavy Metals
![Page 17: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
D. Heavy metals are extremely toxic because, as ions or in certain compounds, they are soluble in water and may be readily absorbed into the body.(1) They can combine and inhibit the functioning of particular vital enzymes.
Heavy Metals
![Page 20: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
E. Even very small amounts can have severe physiological or neurological consequences.(1) Lead poisoning can cause mental retardation and insanity.(2) Mercury poisoning can cause crippling birth defects.
Heavy Metals
![Page 21: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Heavy Metal poisoning
![Page 22: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lead Poisoning
![Page 23: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A. Petroleum-derived and synthetic organic compounds are the chemical basis for all:(1) Plastics(2) Synthetic Fibers(3) Synthetic Rubber(4) Solvents*(5) Pesticides(6) Hundreds of other products!!!
Synthetic Organics
![Page 24: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
B. Because of their chemical structure, many synthetic organics are resistant to biodegradation.
Synthetic Organics
![Page 25: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
C. They are toxic because they are often readily absorbed into the body, where the interfere with particular enzymes.(1) When they accumulate in the body, the effect may be acute poisoning and death.
Synthetic Organics
![Page 26: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
DDT is the first and most widely used of the synthetic organic pesticides
Pesticides: DDT
![Page 27: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Acid Rain Effects:
![Page 29: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Journal Question: Give an example of the two major classes of harmful chemicals.
*1. Lecture IX: Acids & Freshwater Lakes-AP Exam Essay Component-
2. Study for Exam I
Lecture IX: Acid in Freshwater Lakes
![Page 30: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Echo Park, Los Angeles 9/28/2011
![Page 31: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
In 1868, the lake was formed to provide a source of drinking water or drinking water storage.
Echo Park
![Page 32: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Echo Park Eutrophication 2011
![Page 33: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
It was found that in 2006 the lake that once provided drinking water now contains… Copper, Ammonia, Algae, Lead, PCB’s and low levels of oxygen (DO) that we briefly discussed during our last lecture on pollutants.
-The sludge at the bottom of the lake will be hauled off to landfills.
-The draining of this lake began this September, which is now!
Echo Park Lake (9/28/2011)
![Page 34: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Revised Echo Park Lake 2011
![Page 35: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Echo Park, Los Angeles (2011)
![Page 36: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1. As pH levels decline, the biodiversity decreases.
2. As acidity decreases, the biodiversity increases.
3. As pH values increase, the biodiversity increases.
-Fresh water fish cannot live in an acidic environment-
Problems with Lake Acidification
![Page 37: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
1. Toxic (heavy, harmful) metals (such as Al, Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, methyl mercury) are released into solution lower the pH levels.
Mercury inhibits the production of myelina. Myelin surrounds nerves.b. Symptoms effect the nervous system.
Chemical, Physiological, and Ecological Factors Effected by Lake Acidification
![Page 38: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
2. Increased nitrogen levels stimulate plant growth resulting in an algal blooms.
Chemical, Physiological, and Ecological Factors Effected by Lake Acidification
![Page 39: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
3. There is increased death and decomposition resulting in lower dissolved oxygen (DO) levels.
Chemical, Physiological, and Ecological Factors Effected by Lake Acidification
![Page 40: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
4. Reduced photosynthesis (due to plant death) leads to reduced levels of dissolved oxygen (DO).
Chemical, Physiological, and Ecological Factors Effected by Lake Acidification
![Page 41: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
5. *Acids interfere with enzyme activity.6. Acids also cause tissue damage.7. Eggs unlikely to survive in an acidic
environment.8. Acids cause bone decalcification and
interferes with calcium uptake.9. Disrupts muscle contraction (Calcium is
an important component in muscle contraction)
Chemical, Physiological, and Ecological Factors Effected by Lake Acidification
![Page 42: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Recall: A lake is a fresh water ecosystem.1. Sulfur dioxide (S02)in the atmosphere
reacts with atmospheric gases (oxygen and water vapor) to produce sulfuric acid (acid deposition) –Acid Rain
Causes of Lake Acidification
![Page 43: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Recall: A pH below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic.
2. Organic acids and metallic cations in leachate flow into a lake from leaking sanitary landfills.
Causes of Lake Acidification
![Page 44: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Leachate is the mixture of water and materials (i.e. chemicals) that are leaching.
Leaching is the process in which the materials in or on the soil gradually dissolve and are carried by water seeping through the soil.
Leachate
![Page 45: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Leaching may eventually remove valuable nutrients from the soil, or it may carry buried wastes into groundwater, thereby contaminating it.
Leaching
![Page 46: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
3. Hydrochloric or sulfuric acid industrial wastes are discharged into a watershed (point source pollution)
Causes of Lake Acidification
![Page 47: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
4. NO2 in the atmosphere reacts with atmospheric gases (oxygen and water vapor) to produce nitric acid (acid deposition) –Acid Rain-
Causes of Lake Acidification
![Page 48: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Sources of Acid Rain: Elevated levels of Hydrogen Ions
![Page 49: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Potential ways to avoid or remediated lake acidification. As it relates to -Sulfur Dioxide-
1. Reduce fossil fuel use.2. Install air pollution device.3. *Develop and use alternative (non-
fossil fuel) energy sources.
Prevent Lake Acidification
![Page 50: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
As it relates to leaching:1. Monitor, collect and chemically treat
leachate. 2. *Construct and operate sanitary
landfills following strict guidelines.
Prevent Lake Acidification
![Page 51: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
As it relates to industrial wastes and a point source pollutant.
1. Solution: Stop the dumping of acidic industrial wastes into lakes.
Prevent Lake Acidification
![Page 52: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
As it relates to Nitrogen Oxides(1) Reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizer
because it is a source of Nitrogen Oxides that are vaporized into the atmosphere or released through biological activity.
(2) *Develop and use alternative (non-fossil fuel) energy sources.
(3) Burn coal more cleanly and efficiently.
Prevent Lake Acidification
![Page 53: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Adding lime into the lake will act as a neutralizing agent.
Preventing Lake Acidification
![Page 54: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Applicable to all solutions: Pass laws regarding lower emission
levels and enforce fines for non-compliance.
Prevent Lake Acidification
![Page 55: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Dissolved oxygen: Oxygen gas molecules O2 dissolved in water. (1) Fish and other aquatic organisms depend on dissolved oxygen for respiration. (2) The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of water quality.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
![Page 56: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
a. Coalb. Sunc. Aluminumd. Treese. Clay___ A potentially renewable resource.___ A nonrenewable resource and a fossil fuel.___ A nonrenewable resource and a metallic mineral.___ A nonrenewable resource and a nonmetallic mineral.___ A renewable resource, human action has little to do
with the life-span of this resource.
What do you think?
![Page 57: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
A potentially renewable resource. (D) TreesA nonrenewable resource and a fossil fuel.
(A) CoalA nonrenewable resource and a metallic
mineral. (C) Aluminum A nonrenewable resource and a nonmetallic
mineral. (E) Clay A renewable resource, human action has
little to do with the life-span of this resource.
(B) Sun
What do you think?
![Page 58: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
2010 AP® ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONSVisit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESECTION IITime—90 minutes4 QuestionsDirections: Answer all four questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes foranswering each question. Write all your answers on the pages following the questions in the pink booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information and/or specific examples.1. Read the following article from the Fremont Gazette and answer the questions that follow.(a) Choose any ONE of the three pollutants mentioned above and respond to each of the following.(i) Describe one specific source, other than the local chemical plants, for the toxic pollutant you chose.(ii) Describe how the pollutant you chose enters the human body and one specific effect it can have on human health.(iii) Describe TWO specific steps, other than an outright ban, that a city or nation can take to reduce the threat posed by this pollutant.
![Page 59: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Lecture VIII Lecture IX](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56815e5c550346895dccd2ed/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
(b) Give one reason why Dr. Egguen is correct in asserting that children are particularly susceptible to toxicpollutants.(c) An important contributor to global climate change is the release of CO2 from the rapidly increasing numberof coal-burning power plants in China. Assume that the coal burned at these plants to provide the power to manufacture a single MP3 player releases 40 kg of CO2 and that it costs $0.75 to capture 1 kg of CO2 andkeep it from entering the atmosphere. Determine the cost, in dollars, to capture the total amount of CO2 released from manufacturing one MP3 player.(d) Coal-burning power plants also release other pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx ), sulfur oxides(SOx ), and particulates. Select one of these pollutants and identify one technology that can be used to remove it from the waste stream of coal-burning power plants.(e) Discuss TWO reasons why a multinational company would choose to build a manufacturing facility in Indiaand/or China rather than in the United States or Europe.