level 2 senior first aid

8/9/2019 Level 2 Senior First Aid

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CONTENTS PRIORITIES OF CARE

PATIENT ASSESSMENT Vital Signs Survey Secondary Survey Triage (multi le casualties!

S"OC# $ FAINTIN% Management o& Fainting Management o& S'oc

ANAP")*A+IS Management o& Ana 'yla,is $ Auto In-ector .se

NEE/*E STIC# IN0.RIES Management o& Needle Stic In-uries

1REAT"IN% EMER%ENCIES 2 AST"MA $ ")PERVENTI*ATION Ast'ma "y erventilation

CAR/IAC EMER%ENCIES 2 AN%INA $ "EART ATTAC# Angina "eart Attac

TRA.MATIC IN0.R)

1leeding Management o& Minor 3ounds Nose 1leeds Management o& Ma-or 3ounds Em4edded O4-ects Am utations Crus' in-ury Internal 4leeding

1AN/A%IN% /onut "ead 1andage ( irate 'at! "and 1andage (glove! Pressure Immo4ilisation Tec'ni5ue (P6I6T6!

S*IN%S Collar and Cu&& Sling Elevation Sling (s'oulder sling! *o7er Arm Sling

FRACT.RES

/IS*OCATIONS

SOFT TISS.E IN0.RIES

"EA/8 FACIA* AN/ SPINA* IN0.RIES Concussion and &ractured s ull9Cere4ral com ression Eye in-uries Teet' S inal in-uries

I**NESS AFFECTIN% T"E CONSCIO.S STATE /ia4etes "y oglycaemia "y erglycaemia Stro e E ile sy

OVER E+POS.RE TO "EAT AN/ CO*/ 1urns "y ot'ermia "eat e,'austion "eat stro e

POISONIN%8 1ITES AN/ STIN%S Poisoning 1ites and stings

Level 2 Senior First Aid1


2/23

/EFINITION: Emergency care rovided &or in-ury or sudden illness 4e&ore medical care isavaila4le

T"E ; P


3/23

o C'ec &or altered strengt' and sensation

c'ec gloves a&ter eac' section &or 4odily &luids may need to c'ange gloves

TRIA%E (M.*TIP*E CAS.A*TIES! .nconscious casualties ta e riority 4ecause t'ey cannot rotect t'eir air7ay or rotect

t'emselves &rom e,ternal dangers6 Triage : rioritise casualties in order o& urgency o& management6

T'e general riority &or managing a casualty: 11FOB! C'ec &or 4reat'ing

! Control any severe 4leedingD! S'oc G! Treat 4urns;! Treat &ractures>! Attend to any ot'er in-uries

.se&ul Acronyms


Patient istory SAMP*E Signs and sym toms Allergies Medication Previous medical 'istory *ast oral inta e Event

Am!ulance andover EPIC Event Pro4lem Interventions Current condition

Am!ulance call ; P


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5/23

ANAP")*A+IS"anagement of Anap ylaxis % Auto &n'ector (seManagement:

Call ??? urgently Primary survey (/RSA1C/! Position o& com&ort Assist 7it' medication:

Con&irm correctness 7it' casualty Pre are t'e E i en &or use Remove &rom rotective case Remove end ca %ri in &ist8 t'um4 a7ay &rom needle uic ly ress into casualty


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1REAT"IN% EMER%ENCIES 2 AST"MA $ ")PERVENTI*ATIONAst maAst'ma is an allergic reaction resulting in t'e narro7ing o& t'e smaller air7ays6 T'is narro7ing is

4roug't a4out 4y t'ree mec'anisms:Acute narro7ing and s asm o& small air assagesS7elling o& t'e air7ay liningSecretion o& mucus in t'e air7ay

JPreventerK medications8 ta en daily8 act to revent t'e s7elling and mucus secretion6JRelieverK medications are ta en to o en t'e small air7ays in t'e event o& an ast'ma attac 6

All blue reliever puffers are safe, when used as directed. The student may experience harmless sideeffects such as shakiness, headache, a tremor or a racing heart.

Management i& res onsive: I& a severe attac call ??? immediately Reassure atient and assist t'em into a com&orta4le osition Administer o,ygen t'era y Pre are t'e in'aler

C'ec 7it' casualty &or correctness o& in'aler S'a e t'e 4lue reliever u&&er and remove t'e ca Insert t'e u&&er into t'e s acer8 ensuring t'at t'e casualty laces t'eir mout' over

t'e mout' iece and gets a good seal /emonstrate G , G , G tec'ni5ue

%ive G se arate u&&s8 4reat'ing eac' u&& G times 3ait G minutes 4e&ore re eating i& ine&&ective6

CPR may 4e re5uired i& t'e casualty 4ecomes unconscious6

In a severe attac 8 >=L u&&s may 4e given to an adult every ; minutes Even i& medication a ears to 4e e&&ective8 medical advice s'ould 4e soug't

Management i& unres onsive: Call ??? urgently Conduct Primary Survey and act accordingly


"ild *ases "ore Severe Very SevereCoug' Pale E,'austionRa id 4reat'ing /istressed8 an,ious Altered res onsiveness3'eeHe Fig'ting &or 4reat' Cyanosis (4lueness!Ra id ulse As iratory 9 E, iratory 7'eeHe /i&&iculty 9 una4le to s eaC'est tig'tness Severe c'est tig'tness No 7'eeHe at all


7/23

HyperventilationManagement:

Conduct rimary survey (/RSA1C/! Reassure a conscious atient and 'el t'em into a com&orta4le osition Remove casualty &rom t'e environment contri4uting to over 4reat'ing Encourage t'em to 4reat' normally See medical aid as a ro riate

CAR/IAC EMER%ENCIES 2 AN%INA $ "EART ATTAC# Recognition:

C'est ain or tig'tness May 4e gradual or sudden onset O&ten descri4ed as 'eavy8 dull or crus'ing May radiate to nec 8 -a78 s'oulders and arms Nausea or vomiting S'ortness o& 4reat' Pale8 cold $ s7eaty May a ear distressed

Angina 2 occurs 7'en t'e 4lood &lo7 t'roug' a narro7ed coronary artery is insu&&icient to meett'e o,ygen re5uirement o& t'e 'eart6

Management: Rest and reassure t'e atient I& t'is is t'e &irst e isode t'e atient 'as e, erienced8 call ??? immediately I& t'e atient 'as t'eir o7n medication8 assist t'em to ta e it Provide su lementary o,ygen /o not leave atient unattended I& no relie& &rom medication and rest8 call ??? urgently

Common medications used for the treatment of angina are inserted under the tongue or between the gum and the lip, or sprayed into the mouth.

Heart Attac$Management i& res onsive:

Send &or an am4ulance urgently Assist t'e erson into a com&orta4le osition Rest and reassure *oosen any tig't clot'ing I& t'e atient 'as t'eir o7n medication8 assist t'em to ta e it Provide su lementary o,ygen /o not leave atient unattended 1e re ared &or sudden unres onsiveness

Management i& unres onsive: Call ??? urgently Conduct rimary survey (/RSA1C/! and act accordingly



8/23

Provide su lementary o,ygen

TRA.MATIC IN0.R)+ound TypesA!rasions Scra es on t'e sur&ace o& t'e s in 7it' damage to small ca illaries

Lacerations Cuts caused 4y s'ar o4-ects t'at 'ave ragged edges

&ncisions Cuts caused 4y s'ar o4-ects t'at 'ave smooth edgesAvulsions 3'ere a &la o& s in9or &les' 'as 4een totally or artially removed

Puncture ,ound Occurs 7'en a s'ar 8 ointy o4-ect 'as enetrated t'e &les'

Em!edded o!'ect 3ound 7it' an em4edded o4-ect still in lace

Amputation Occurs 7'en a 4ody art 'as 4een severed

"anagement of "inor +oundsSu er&icial8 small sur&ace area ( 6;cm!8 4leeding ceases 5uic ly

3as' in clean8 running 7ater or saline solution /ry using sterile gauHe Cover 7it' a clean dressing

Avulsions Fla s o& s in s'ould not 4e removed unless it is very small *arge &la s o& s in or a endages s'ould 4e returned to normal osition 4e&ore a lying t'e

sterile dressing94andage

eek medical attention if o T'ere is any dou4t a4out t'e severity o& t'e 7oundo T'e 7ound cannot 4e easily cleanedo In&ection is a concerno Stic'es may 4e re5uiredo Tetanus immuniHation may 4e necessary

)ose -leedsManagement:

As atient to &irmly s5ueeHe t'e &les'y art o& t'e nose8 4elo7 t'e 4one Position t'e atient sitting u rig't8 7it' t'eir 'ead slig'tly &or7ard As t'e atient to 4reat'e t'roug' t'eir mout' and avoid s7allo7ing any 4lood See medical aid i& t'e 4leeding e,ceeds B?mins

It is 4est not to a ly ressure to a sus ected 4ro en nose=A ly cold com ress to t'e to o& t'e nose and &ore'ead



9/23

"anagement of "a'or +ounds PER Pressure . Elevation . RestManagement:

Conduct Primary survey (/RSA1C/! and act accordingly A ly direct ressure to t'e 7ound site A ly a sterile dressing8 &ollo7ed 4y a ad and 4andage 7'ere ossi4le Elevate in-ured site i& ossi4le Call am4ulance (i& re5uired! #ee atient still and reassure t'em Monitor vital signs and treat &or s'oc i& re5uired

!f bleeding continues through the pad"

A ly anot'er ad and 4andage over t'e original ad and 4andage Remove ad and 4andage and re=a ly i& 4leeding continues A ly ressure near t'e atery

Em!edded O!'ectsSometimes o4-ects are em4edded at t'e 7ound site6 3'ere ossi4le8 t'ese o4-ects s'ould 4e le&t in

lace6 Attem ting to remove t'e o4-ect can cause &urt'er damage can e,acer4ate t'e 4leeding6

Management: A ly ressure around to t'e 7ound site Elevate t'e a&&ected area A ly a ring 4andage around t'e o4-ect /ress around t'e 7ound 7it'out a lying ressure to t'e em4edded o4-ect

AmputationsManagement o& t'e stum :

Re&er to management o& ma-or 7ounds

Management o& t'e severed art: 3ra t'e 4ody art in a clean8 sterile8 non=ad'esive dressing i& ossi4le Place t'e 4ody art in a sealed lastic 4ag or container Place t'e sealed 4ody art in a container o& icy 7ater /o not allo7 art to come into direct contact 7it' ice or 7ater



10/23

See urgent medical assistance

*rus in'uryManagement:

All crus'ing &orces s'ould 4e removed as soon as ossi4le and an emergency medical team 4e called immediately

Call ??? #ee t'e atient com&orta4le /o not use a tourni5uet Monitor vital signs

&nternal !leeding3"EN TO S.SPECT ITInternal 4leeding may 4e sus ected8 de ending on:

Ty e o& trauma t'e victim 'as undergoneVictim


11/23

1AN/A%IN%

Donut -andage

Head !andage /pirate at0lace 4andage over 'ead

tying o&& at t'e 4actuc ing in loose 4it over t'e tie o&&criss=cross over loose 4it and 4ring ends over to &rontcriss=cross over to 4ac and tie o&& ends at t'e 4ac



12/23

Hand !andage /glove0&old over t'e end o& t'e 4andage and lace over nee

lace &ist on to o& t'e 4andage4ring loose a e, end over t'e &istcriss=cross t'e t7o sides over t'e &ist8 4ringing t'e loose end over t'e &isttie o&& t'e criss=cross again

Pressure &mmo!ilisation Tec ni1ue (P6I6T6!commencing at t'e 4ite site 7or your 7ay do7n to t'e &ingersleave &ingernails e, osed7or 4ac u t'e arm covering t7o=t'irds o& t'e 4andage at eac' turn o& t'e 4andagecontinue 4andaging all t'e 7ay u to t'e nearest lym ' node6



13/23

S lint t'e lim4 C'ec &or circulation 4eyond t'e 4andage Ma e t'e casualty com&orta4le8 instructing t'em not to move

#ote : it is a good idea to mar t'e 4ite site on t'e 4andage 7it' a cross to assist medical ersonnelto locate 7'ere t'e 4ite is6

S*IN%S*ollar and *uff Sling

Elevation Sling /s oulder sling0lace 4andage 7it' a e, ointing to el4o7

over t'e armtuc in under t'e armt7ist 4ot' ends t'en tie o&& t'e t7o ends on t'e unin-ured side



14/23

Lo,er Arm Slinglace 4andage 7it' a e, to el4o7 over atient


15/23

FRACT.RESManagement:

Conduct a Primary Survey and act accordingly T'e main aim is to revent any movement at t'e site o& t'e &racture

o I& unsure8 ee t'e atient still and com&orta4le and call t'e am4ulance &mmo!ilise t'e -oint a!ove or !elo, t'e &racture site S lint in a osition o& com&ort &or t'e atient C'ec &or a ulse 4eyond t'e &racture6

o I& not8 call &or urgent medical aid6 Re&er t'e atient to t'e nearest medical care6 /o not attem t to realign a 4adly de&ormed lim4 3'ere ossi4le8 an immo4iliHed &ractured lim4 s'ould 4e elevated Treat &or s'oc Su ort a &ractured -a7 7it' 'ands

/IS*OCATIONS



16/23

Management: Conduct a Primary Survey and act accordingly &mmo!ilise t'e dislocated -oint in t'e osition &ound Patient needs to 4e com&orted and reassured C'ec &or a ulse 4elo7 t'e dislocation

o i& not resent move t'e lim4 7'ile monitoring any return o& t'e ulse Am4ulance trans ort s'ould 4e arranged i& re5uired I& ossi4le a ly ice

1e a7are t'at t'ere is a strong ossi4ility t'at a &racture could also 'ave occurred6

SOFT TISS.E IN0.RIESSprains :

Occur at t'e -oint.sually occurs as a result o& stretc'ing and ossi4ly tearing o& t'e ligaments or ot'er tissues att'e -ointS7elling at t'e site 5uic ly &ollo7s t'e in-ury to t'e -ointT'is acts as a rotective mec'anism to sto &urt'er movement at t'e site

Strains2

.sually associated 7it' muscles $ tendons 7'ic' attac' t'e muscle to t'e 4one6Can 4e caused 4y overuse or utting e,cessive load on a muscle or muscle grou 6It can also occur i& muscles are not 7armed u ro erly rior to strenuous use6



17/23

Varied severityMild discom&ort 7it' minor muscle damageCom lete tearing o& t'e muscle resulting in loss o& use

Management: RICER N O"ARM REST

ICEo A ly B?= ? minutes every B= 'ours

COMPRESSION E*EVATION REFERRA*

Advise t'e casualty to avoid t'e &ollo7ing &or t'e &irst GL= 'ours &ollo7ing in-ury6 No:

"eatAlco'ol

RunningMassage

"EA/8 FACIA* AN/ SPINA* IN0.RIES*oncussion and fractured s$ull.*ere!ral compressionManagement:

Consider t'e ossi4ility o& a s inal in-ury #ee atient still and reassure t'em Continually monitor vital signs See medical advice

Eye in'uriesLevel 2 Senior First Aid

17


18/23


19/23

%ive s7eet drin s8 s7eets or sugar /o not give dia4etic drin s See medical assistance

Hyperglycaemia / high !lood sugar levels0Management:

See medical advice

I& unres onsive: Conduct Primary Survey Call ??? urgently Provide o,ygen

Stro$e #ASTManagement:

Call ??? urgently Reassure atient "el atient into com&orta4le osition *oosen any tig't clot'ing Provide o,ygen

EpilepsyManagement:

Protect atient &rom e,ternal dangers /o not restrain /o not lace o4-ects in atient


20/23

Any 4urns 7it' sus ected res iratory tract involvement Any in&ant or c'ild 7it' any ty e o& 4urn

Ty es o& 4urns: uperficial &urn

o Only t'e to layer o& s in is involved (eg: sun4urn! 'artial Thickness &urn

o T'e to layer and art o& t'e ne,t layer 'ave 4een 4urnt (ull Thickness &urn

o 1ot' outer layers 'ave 4een damaged8 and ossi4ly t'e su4cutaneous tissue 4eing a&&ectedo T'is can result in damage to &at8 muscles8 4lood vessels and nerve endingso Tends to 'ave little ain

Management: Conduct rimary survey and act accordingly Immediately cool t'e a&&ected area 7it' running9&lo7ing 7ater &or ? minutes Remove all -e7ellery Elevate 4urn lim4s (7'ere &easi4le! Cover 4urn area 7it' a clean8 sterile8 lint=&ree dressing !urns dressing or ,et clot Provide o,ygen Continue to cool 4urned area a&ter covering9dressing

Do not Peel o&& ad'erent clot'ing 1urst 4listers A ly ointments or lotions .se ice or ice 7ater

A ly ressure

Hypot ermiaManagement:

)ild Conduct rimary survey and act accordingly C'ange into dry clot'es i& ossi4le Protect &rom elements 3arm8 s7eet drin s (no alco'ol or ca&&eine!


Superficial Partial #ullRednessPain

Severe ainRedness3ee ing &rom t'e 4urn1listering

PainlessCrac ed and dry a earance3'ite or c'arred a earance


21/23

See medical advice

)oderate to evereI& res onsive:

Call ??? urgently "andle atient gently *ay atient do7n &lat Insulate &rom cold environment 3ra 7it' 4lan ets8 clot'ing Monitor atient


22/23

Conduct Primary Survey and act accordingly Com&ort and reassure t'e atient Continuously monitor vital signs Try to identi&y ty e and 5uantity o& oison ta en Call Poisons In&ormation Centre on BD BB > See medical assistance /o not induce vomiting unless instructed 4y P6I6C6

Management i& unres onsive: Call ??? urgently Conduct Primary Survey Continuously monitor vital signs Provide su lementary o,ygen Try to identi&y ty e and 5uantity o& oison ta en8 and 7'en it 7as ta en

Absorbed 'oisons Consider otential dangers 7'en conducting Primary Survey Ensure t'at you are not also a&&ected Call ??? urgently Irrigate t'e a&&ected area 7it' large amounts o& 7ater

!nhaled 'oisons Consider otential dangers to ensure you are not also a&&ected

o /on


23/23

"eat s ines and s i esIce stingsPressure and Immo4ilisation 4ites

o Pressure delays t'e reaction o& venoms or renders it inactiveo Tourni5uet is not used in &irst aid anymore 4ecause o& ris o& losing a lim4

/o not 7as' 4ite site 'el s identi&y ty e o& venom and a ro riate anti=venom6

Ty es o& venom:Cardio=to,ins (a&&ect t'e 'eart!Myo=to,ins (a&&ect t'e muscles!

Neuro=to,ins (a&&ect t'e 4rain!

Management: Conduct Primary Survey and act accordingly

Pressure&mmo!ilisation

Heat *old /&ce0 Vinegar

Poisonous Sna$e Red -ac$ Spider #unnel +e! Spider -ee +asp

-ull ant Scorpion *entipede )on3tropical 4ellyfis 5 -lue!ottle

-ox 4ellyfis /&ru$and'i0 -lue Ring Octopus *one S ell -ullrout.Stone #is Stingray

Apply &ce

1ee 3as Red 4ac s ider 9 7'ite tail 1ull ant Centi ede Scor ions Non tro ical -elly &is' (i& 'ot 7ater is not avai4ale!

&mmense in Hot +ater

Stone&is' Stingray 4ar4 Ot'er s iny &is' 1lue 4ottle 1o, -elly &is'

Pressure and &mmo!ilisation Tec ni1ue PIT 1lue ringed octo us Sna es Funnel 7e4 s iders Cone s'ells Allergic reaction

level 2 senior first aid

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