life science review. what is an organism? organism- a living thingorganism- a living thing what are...
TRANSCRIPT
LIFE SCIENCELIFE SCIENCE
REVIEWREVIEW
What is an organism?What is an organism?
• Organism- a living thingOrganism- a living thing
• What are some examples?What are some examples?
• Can you give some Can you give some categories?categories?
–PlantsPlants
–AnimalsAnimals
–Fungus Fungus
–ProtistsProtists
–BacteriaBacteria
–ArchaebaceriaArchaebaceria
What is a classification What is a classification system?system?
• Classification System- a way Classification System- a way to organize things into to organize things into categories.categories.Why?Why?–To make a complex group To make a complex group
easier to understand.easier to understand.• How are students How are students
classified?classified?
Why does this relate to Life Why does this relate to Life Science?Science?
• Organisms are classified Organisms are classified according to properties that according to properties that they have. they have.
• The most important properties The most important properties are how they have evolved are how they have evolved
• This also is related to how they This also is related to how they reproduce and obtain food.reproduce and obtain food.
The most basic level is the…The most basic level is the…
KINGDOMSKINGDOMS• There are six:There are six:
–AnimaliaAnimalia–PlantaePlantae–FungiFungi–ProtistaProtista–BacteriaBacteria–ArcaebacteriaArcaebacteria
AnimaliaAnimalia
• MulticellularMulticellular
• Obtain food by eating Obtain food by eating othersothers
PlantaePlantae
• MulticellularMulticellular
• Produce food through Produce food through photosynthesisphotosynthesis
FungiFungi
• Obtain food by eating Obtain food by eating others (often decaying)others (often decaying)
• Reproduce with sporesReproduce with spores
ProtistaProtista
• Simple unicellular or Simple unicellular or simple multicellularsimple multicellular–MoldsMolds
–Some simple algaeSome simple algae
–““junk drawer”junk drawer”
BacteriaBacteria
• UnicellularUnicellular• Simple – do not contain Simple – do not contain
nucleusnucleus• Examples- NOT ALL BADExamples- NOT ALL BAD
–Antibiotics, TB,, yogurt, soilAntibiotics, TB,, yogurt, soil–10 times the number of bacteria 10 times the number of bacteria
cells in your body compared to cells in your body compared to your own cells; digestion, skinyour own cells; digestion, skin
ArcaebacteriaArcaebacteria
• Unicellular- no nucleusUnicellular- no nucleus• Share properties within Share properties within
their cells similar to BOTH their cells similar to BOTH Bacteria and Eukaryotes Bacteria and Eukaryotes (animalia, plantae, and (animalia, plantae, and fungi) fungi)
Classification 26.10 EvoArchaea 6.40 Bio
• Tim and MobyTim and Moby–ClassificationClassification
–Kingdoms Kingdoms
–BacteriaBacteria
–ProtistaProtista
Can You…Can You…
Classify organisms into the Classify organisms into the currently recognized currently recognized kingdoms according to kingdoms according to characteristics that they characteristics that they share. Be familiar with share. Be familiar with organisms from each organisms from each kingdom.kingdom.
What forms of life are made What forms of life are made out of cells?out of cells?
AllAll
Are Cells made of atoms and Are Cells made of atoms and molecules?molecules?
What are some things that What are some things that cells need to do?cells need to do?
• The sameThe same functions of any functions of any organismorganism–Obtain energyObtain energy–Protect ItselfProtect Itself–Remove wasteRemove waste–ReproduceReproduce
• Microorganisms- Bio 1.48Microorganisms- Bio 1.48
Tim and MobyTim and Moby
• CellsCells
• Cell StructuresCell Structures
• Cell SpecializationCell Specialization
Can You?Can You?
• Recognize that all organisms Recognize that all organisms are composed of cells, and are composed of cells, and that many organisms are that many organisms are single-celled (unicellular), e.g., single-celled (unicellular), e.g., bacteria, yeast. In these bacteria, yeast. In these single-celled organisms, one single-celled organisms, one cell must carry out all of the cell must carry out all of the basic functions of life.basic functions of life.
What is the name smallest What is the name smallest organism that can exist on its organism that can exist on its
own?own?
A CellA Cell
• Do cells work alone within an Do cells work alone within an organism?organism?
NONO
• Cell Differentiation 16.26Cell Differentiation 16.26
What is the name for a group What is the name for a group of cells working together?of cells working together?
TissuesTissues• there are 4 basic types in there are 4 basic types in
animals:animals:–Nerve, Nerve, –muscle, muscle, –epidermal, and epidermal, and –connectiveconnective
What is the name of a group What is the name of a group of tissues working together?of tissues working together?
OrgansOrgans
• There are many organs in There are many organs in the body. the body. …………….Name a few…………….Name a few
What is the name of a group What is the name of a group of organs working together?of organs working together?
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
• There are many organ There are many organ systems in the body. systems in the body. …………….Name a few…………….Name a few
What is the name of a group What is the name of a group of organ systems working of organ systems working
together?together?
OrganismsOrganisms
What are the 5 kingdoms of What are the 5 kingdoms of organisms?organisms?
What is the name of a What is the name of a group of organisms group of organisms working together?working together?
• Depends on the groupDepends on the group–http://www.rinkworks.com/wo
rds/collective.shtml
AgainAgain
• A groupA group• OrganismsOrganisms• Organ systemsOrgan systems• OrgansOrgans• TissuesTissues• CellsCells• OrganellesOrganelles
EEvveenn ffaarrtthheerr
Can You?Can You?
• Describe the hierarchical Describe the hierarchical organization of multicellular organization of multicellular organisms from cells to organisms from cells to tissues to organs to systems tissues to organs to systems to organisms.to organisms.
How is it possible that How is it possible that there is life on Earth if there is life on Earth if every organism dies?every organism dies?
Reproduction and heredity.Reproduction and heredity.
What is heredity?What is heredity?
The transfer of genetically The transfer of genetically controlled characteristics controlled characteristics one generation to the next one generation to the next in living organisms.in living organisms.
• What are some traits that What are some traits that are genetic? (pic clues)are genetic? (pic clues)
What is a chromosome?What is a chromosome?
• A structure, usually found A structure, usually found in pairs in a cell nucleus, in pairs in a cell nucleus, that carries the that carries the characteristics an characteristics an organism inherits from its organism inherits from its parents. parents.
# of chromosomes?# of chromosomes?
• A human body cell usually A human body cell usually contains 46 chromosomes contains 46 chromosomes
• They are arranged in 23 They are arranged in 23 pairs.pairs.
What are some traits that are What are some traits that are passed on through passed on through
chromosomes?chromosomes?• GenderGender• Hair typeHair type• Flower colorsFlower colors• Etc.Etc.• Some traits are very complex and not Some traits are very complex and not
represented simply on one represented simply on one chromosome.chromosome.
• Genetics clips 1-3 Genetics clips 1-3
1.55-12.001.55-12.00
Tim and MobyTim and Moby
• HeredityHeredity
Can You?Can You?
Recognize that every organism Recognize that every organism requires a set of instructions requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits. These that specifies its traits. These instructions are stored in the instructions are stored in the organism’s chromosomes. organism’s chromosomes. Heredity is the passage of Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one these instructions from one generation to another.generation to another.
Is the human body complex?Is the human body complex?
• Is an organ complex?Is an organ complex?
• Is a cell complex?Is a cell complex?
VERYVERY
• If you were to somehow If you were to somehow unravel a single genome unravel a single genome from a cell it would be about from a cell it would be about 100 cm long. 100 cm long.
• However, if you put all the However, if you put all the DNA in one nucleus of one DNA in one nucleus of one cell end to end it would cell end to end it would stretch 3 Km. stretch 3 Km.
How many genes are there in How many genes are there in a human?a human?
• Approximately 30,000 Approximately 30,000 genes in one human cell genes in one human cell and they are all found and they are all found within the 23 pairs of within the 23 pairs of chromosomes.chromosomes.
A gene is a strand of DNA
• DNA genetic materialDNA genetic material - - Gen 16.54Gen 16.54
Can You?Can You?
• Recognize that hereditary Recognize that hereditary information is contained in information is contained in genes located in the genes located in the chromosomes of each cell. A chromosomes of each cell. A human cell contains about human cell contains about 30,000 different genes on 23 30,000 different genes on 23 different chromosomes. different chromosomes.
ReproductionReproduction
RE- RE- againagain
ProductionProduction- to make- to make
““the production of offspring”the production of offspring”
There are two types of There are two types of reproductionreproduction
What does the PREFIX “a” mean? (it has 3 meanings)
Asymmetrical, apathy In In asexual reproductionasexual reproduction a a
SINGLE organism passes on SINGLE organism passes on exact genetic copies of exact genetic copies of itself.itself.
• Tim and MobyTim and Moby–Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction
• In In sexual reproductionsexual reproduction the the offspring is a combination offspring is a combination of the genetic material of of the genetic material of the parents. Half of the the parents. Half of the genetic material comes genetic material comes from each parent.from each parent.
Mitosis and MeiosisMitosis and Meiosis
• What is mitosis?What is mitosis?–Cell division with the same Cell division with the same
number of chromosomesnumber of chromosomes
• What is meiosis?What is meiosis?–Cell division with half of Cell division with half of
chromosomeschromosomes
?
?
• Cell Division bio 10.04Cell Division bio 10.04
• Mitosis bio 12.53 (right Mitosis bio 12.53 (right afterwards)afterwards)
Tim and MobyTim and Moby
• MitosisMitosis
Dominant and Recessive Dominant and Recessive Traits?Traits?
• If a father has Aa and If a father has Aa and mother has aa, then what mother has aa, then what are possibilities for the are possibilities for the offspring? offspring? Remember chromosomes Remember chromosomes have many, many genes.have many, many genes.
• PUNNET SQUARES
Can You?Can You?
Compare sexual reproduction Compare sexual reproduction (offspring inherit half of their (offspring inherit half of their genes from each parent) genes from each parent) with asexual reproduction with asexual reproduction (offspring is an identical (offspring is an identical copy of the parent’s cell).copy of the parent’s cell).
What is the name of the What is the name of the process by which all process by which all
species develop from earlier species develop from earlier forms of forms of lifelife??
• EvolutionEvolution–Def.- a process of change in Def.- a process of change in
a certain directiona certain direction
• Potential for life- Potential for life- evo 11.32evo 11.32
How does it work?How does it work?
Natural variation in the Natural variation in the genetic material of a genetic material of a population favors population favors reproduction by some reproduction by some individuals more than individuals more than others, so that over the others, so that over the generations all members of generations all members of the population come to the population come to possess the favorable traits.possess the favorable traits.
BasicallyBasically
• Organisms that have some Organisms that have some genetic advantage are more genetic advantage are more likely to successfully likely to successfully reproduce reproduce
• and over time these genetic and over time these genetic advantages become advantages become expressed more.expressed more.
• Natural SelectionNatural Selection–Top 10- 35.07Top 10- 35.07
Let’s say for example that Let’s say for example that people who can loop their people who can loop their
tongues…tongues…
Think about this exampleThink about this example
• A horse-like organism that A horse-like organism that eats leaves from bushes eats leaves from bushes and trees…and trees…
GiraffesGiraffes
Another exampleAnother example
• An insect that feeds on a An insect that feeds on a specific type of leaf…specific type of leaf…
Preying MantisPreying Mantis
Birds and Beaks HandoutBirds and Beaks Handout
Tim and MobyTim and Moby
• Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Can You?Can You?
• Give examples of ways in Give examples of ways in which genetic variation and which genetic variation and environmental factors are environmental factors are causes of evolution and the causes of evolution and the diversity of organisms.diversity of organisms.
Why are there so many Why are there so many different species?different species?
• Read handoutRead handout
• Basically it primarily relates Basically it primarily relates to diversity of climates and to diversity of climates and related ecosystems AND related ecosystems AND need to get food.need to get food.
• Ecosystem Bio 12Ecosystem Bio 12
• Tropical Biodiversity Tropical Biodiversity Bio13Bio13
Tim and MobyTim and Moby
• EcosystemsEcosystems
Can You?Can You?
Recognize that biological Recognize that biological evolution accounts for the evolution accounts for the diversity of species diversity of species developed through gradual developed through gradual processes over many processes over many generations.generations.
What happens if organisms What happens if organisms are unable to change to are unable to change to
surroundings?surroundings?
What could happen…?What could happen…?
… … if there was a very long if there was a very long drought and trees could not drought and trees could not produce many leaves and produce many leaves and seeds?seeds?
OR…if there was a new type OR…if there was a new type of predator around that was of predator around that was stronger, smarter, and stronger, smarter, and faster?faster?
What happens…What happens…
……if a highway blocked a if a highway blocked a typical migration route?typical migration route?
ExtinctionExtinction..
ExtinctionExtinction
• Extinctions occur when a Extinctions occur when a species is not equipped to species is not equipped to deal with a change.deal with a change.
• KT Extinction eventKT Extinction eventEvo 1.46Evo 1.46
ExtinctionExtinction
• What has been the largest What has been the largest cause of changes that has cause of changes that has led towards extinctions in led towards extinctions in the last 3000 years ?the last 3000 years ?
• Scientists estimate there are Scientists estimate there are 10 to 30 million plant and 10 to 30 million plant and animal species on the planet, animal species on the planet, most of them unidentified. most of them unidentified. Each year as many as 50,000 Each year as many as 50,000 species disappear. Most die off species disappear. Most die off because of human activity. because of human activity.
• What are we doing to cause What are we doing to cause extinctions?extinctions?
• We take natural habitats to:We take natural habitats to:– convert them to agriculture, convert them to agriculture, – to suburbia, to suburbia, – to roads, to roads, – to monoculture forestry. to monoculture forestry. –We fish the oceans so heavily we We fish the oceans so heavily we
literally have these trolling nets literally have these trolling nets that scrape the bottom of the that scrape the bottom of the ocean clean.ocean clean.
Tim and MobyTim and Moby
• ExtinctionExtinction
Can You?Can You?
• Relate the extinction of Relate the extinction of species to a mismatch of species to a mismatch of adaptation and the adaptation and the environment.environment.
Parts of a cellParts of a cell
• What are organelles?What are organelles?
• What are some parts of a What are some parts of a cell?cell?
• What are some parts of a What are some parts of a plant cell?plant cell?
What is a ________?What is a ________?• nucleusnucleus
• mitochondriamitochondria
• vacuoles vacuoles
• cytoplasmcytoplasm
• cell membranecell membrane
2 UNIQUE FOR PLANTS2 UNIQUE FOR PLANTS–chloroplastschloroplasts
–cell wallcell wall
EcosystemEcosystem
• What are they?What are they?–An area where life (plants, An area where life (plants,
animals, fungi, bacteria, animals, fungi, bacteria, protists, archea.), landscape, protists, archea.), landscape, and climate all interact.and climate all interact.
EcosystemsEcosystems
• How can organisms How can organisms interact? (food web)interact? (food web)
• What is symbiosis? What is symbiosis? – Mutalism- both benifitMutalism- both benifit– Commensalism- one benefit, other no affectCommensalism- one benefit, other no affect– Antaganistic- one benefit, other harmedAntaganistic- one benefit, other harmed– Amensalism-one harmed, other no affectAmensalism-one harmed, other no affect
– Neutralism- neither benefitsNeutralism- neither benefits
– Synnecrosis- both are harmedSynnecrosis- both are harmed
How do ecosystems How do ecosystems change?change?
• What is succession?\What is succession?\–The forming of new The forming of new
ecosystems or changing ecosystems or changing themthem• Primary- as land emergesPrimary- as land emerges
• Secondary- disturbanceSecondary- disturbance
Fill in the _______Fill in the _______
• Group teaching will start. Group teaching will start. Form 6 new, equally-sized Form 6 new, equally-sized groups; you have 1 groups; you have 1 minute.minute.
GroupsGroups• 3. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells, including major 3. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells, including major
organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles).chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles).
• 4. Recognize that within cells, many of the basic functions of 4. Recognize that within cells, many of the basic functions of organisms (e.g., extracting energy from food and getting rid of organisms (e.g., extracting energy from food and getting rid of waste) are carried out. The way in which cells function is similar in waste) are carried out. The way in which cells function is similar in all living organisms.all living organisms.
• 6. Identify the general functions of the major systems of the human 6. Identify the general functions of the major systems of the human body (digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, body (digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, protection from disease, and movement, control, and coordination) protection from disease, and movement, control, and coordination) and describe ways that these systems interact with each other.and describe ways that these systems interact with each other.
• 11. Recognize that evidence drawn from geology, fossils, and 11. Recognize that evidence drawn from geology, fossils, and comparative anatomy provides the basis of the theory of evolution.comparative anatomy provides the basis of the theory of evolution.
13-16 Are together:13-16 Are together:• 13. Give examples of ways in which organisms interact and have 13. Give examples of ways in which organisms interact and have
different functions within an ecosystem that enable the ecosystem to different functions within an ecosystem that enable the ecosystem to survive.survive.
• 14. Explain the roles and relationships among producers, 14. Explain the roles and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web.food web.
• 15. Explain how dead plants and animals are broken down by other 15. Explain how dead plants and animals are broken down by other living organisms and how this process contributes to the system as living organisms and how this process contributes to the system as a whole.a whole.
• 16. Recognize that producers (plants that contain chlorophyll) use 16. Recognize that producers (plants that contain chlorophyll) use the energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and the energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water through a process called photosynthesis. This food can be water through a process called photosynthesis. This food can be used immediately, stored for later use, or used by other organisms.used immediately, stored for later use, or used by other organisms.
• 17. Identify ways in which 17. Identify ways in which ecosystems have changed ecosystems have changed throughout geologic time in throughout geologic time in response to physical conditions, response to physical conditions, interactions among organisms, and interactions among organisms, and the actions of humans. Describe the actions of humans. Describe how changes may be catastrophes how changes may be catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions or ice such as volcanic eruptions or ice storms.storms.