lifespan vs. healthspan
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Circulatory Factors with effects on brain aging
Aging or deleterious factors• Eotaxin/CCL11 (Villeda et al., Nature 2011)
• Beta2-microglobulin/b2M (Smith et al., Nat Medicine 2015)
Rejuvenating or beneficial factors• Insulin-like growth factor/IGF1 (Trejo et al., JNS 2001)
• IGF2 (Stern et al. Psychoneuroimm. 2014)
• Growth hormone releasing hormone/GHRH (Baker et al., Arch
Neurol., 2012) *
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone/GnRH (Zhang, Nature 2013)
• Growth and differentiation factor 11/GDF11 (Wagers, Lee &
Rubin, Cell 2013, Science 2014)
• Colony stimulating factor 2/CSF2, Tissue inhibitor of
metalloproteinases 2/TIMP2 (Castellano, Nature 2017)
Proteins with indicated effects on healthy brain after
systemic administration in rodents or *humans
Aging, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation
Wyss-Coray, Nature 2016