lines and tubes. what are the common lines? central venous catheters nasogastric tubes endotracheal...
TRANSCRIPT
Lines and Tubes
What are the common lines?
• Central venous catheters• Nasogastric tubes• Endotracheal tubes• Intercostal chest drains• Cardiac Pacemaker
Why the CXR is useful in Tubes and Lines
• To check it is in the right position• To check for complications of
placement of the tube/line
Central Venous Catheters
• Uses:– Rapid fluid replacement– Monitoring of central venous
pressure– Administration of some drugs
• May be inserted from either subclavian or internal jugular vein
The tip should lie within the superior vena cava
Where is the Superior Vena Cava?
Lateral to thoracic spine, inferior to medial end of right
clavicleFigures copyright Primal Pictures 1993
Optimum Position
Lateral to thoracic spine,
inferior to medial end of right clavicle
Right internal jugular venous line
in good position (red arrow)
The tip of this left internal jugular
venous line lies at the origin of the SVC
(green arrow)
What can go wrong with central venous catheters?
• Complications are rare (<8%)• Tip misplaced
– Advanced too far into right atrium– Passes into wrong vein
• Arterial puncture instead of venous puncture
• Pneumothorax• Haemothorax• Air embolism• Infection
Always think about complications
Incorrect placement of central line 1
A central venous line inserted into the right
subclavian vein has passed up into the
right internal jugular vein
Incorrect placement of central line 2
Left internal jugular venous line. The tip lies too inferiorly, within the right atrium (white arrow) and should be withdrawn to the SVC
(green arrow)
Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure Measurement
• This may be performed following cardiac surgery and in patients with severe cardiac / pulmonary dysfunction
• The approach is usually via the right internal jugular vein
• The catheter passes through the SVC, the right atrium, the right ventricle and the tip lies within a pulmonary artery
The tip of the pulmonary artery wedge pressure
catheter lies within the right
pulmonary artery
This patient has had recent
cardiac surgery (note sternotomy
wires)
What other lines can you see?
Answer next slide…
Endotracheal tube
2 mediastinal drains
Intraaortic balloon
Don’t worry if you didn’t see all of them - this is a difficult CXR
External monitoring wires
Nasogastric Tubes
• Uses:– Decompression of dilated stomach– Administration of medication /
nutritional support
The tip should lie below the diaphragm with at least 10cm lying within the
stomach
Optimum Position of NG tube
The tip should lie below the diaphragm
coiled within the stomach
Satisfactory Position of NG tube
Tip of tube
Note that this patient also has small bilateral
pleural effusions
What can go wrong with NG Tubes?
• Commonest (and most dangerous) is placement within bronchial tree– This can be FATAL if NG feeding
occurs into the lung
• Perforation of oesophagus is rare
Be suspicious of a misplaced NG tube if the patient is extremely uncomfortable during tube
insertion with severe coughing
Incorrect placement of NG tube
The tip of this NG tube lies in the right lower lobe bronchus and should be
urgently replaced
Tracheostomy Tube
Did you notice that this patient also has a tracheostomy tube?
Look at all of an X-Ray – not just at an obvious
abnormality
Endotracheal Tube
• Uses:– Assisted ventilation– To secure airway
The tip should lie between the clavicles, at least 5cm above the carina
Optimum Position of ET tube
In adults, the tip should lie >5cm above
the bifurcation of the trachea
(carina)
Good position of Endotracheal Tube
Tip of tube (red arrow) lies in good position, above the
carina (green arrow)
What can go wrong with ET Tubes?
• Tube too far advanced– Typically, within right main stem
bronchus
• Placement within oesophagus• Tracheal perforation
Misplaced ET Tube
Misplaced ET TubeTip of ET tube in right main
stem bronchus. The patient is at risk of left lung collapse
Note abnormal enlarged left hilum
(lung cancer)
Intercostal Chest Drains
• These are used to remove fluid or air within the pleural space
• Main indications for insertion– Pneumothorax
• Tension• Simple pneumothorax unresponsive to aspiration• Pnemothorax in a patient with chronic lung disease
– Drainage of pleural fluid• Pleural effusion• Haemothorax
Optimum position of drain
• This depends on why the drain is being inserted:– Pneumothorax
• Towards lung apex (superiorly)
– Pleural fluid drainage• Towards cardiophrenic border
(inferiorly)
Bilateral chest drains
This patient has bilateral chest drains,
inserted following pneumothoraces secondary to rib
fractures.
Note surgical emphysema. Both
drains lie towards the apex, but the left drain is coiled and should be
withdrawn a little.
The pneumothoraces are not visible on this
film.
Problems with Chest Drains
• These mostly occur with drain placement– Pain, damage to neurovascular bundle– Trauma to liver, spleen, lung– Drainage ports
• These must lie within the chest or there is a risk of surgical emphysema and drain failureDrainage hole
correctly sited within chest
Cardiac Pacemakers
• Used to treat conduction abnormalities
• Pacemakers may be single chamber (pacing lead embedded in right ventricular wall) or dual chamber (second lead embedded in right atrial wall)
• They are usually inserted via subclavian veins
Dual Chamber Cardiac Pacemaker
Pacemaker
Pacing leads in left
subclavian vein
Leads in superior vena
cava
Right ventricular
lead
Right atrial lead
Note that there are no sharp bends in the leads
Problems with Pacemakers
• At insertion:– Pneumothorax– Vascular trauma– Cardiac wall puncture
• Delayed– Lead migration– Lead fracture
Pacing Problem
This patient had a single chamber
pacemaker inserted several years ago, but
the pacemaker no longer works. Can
you tell why?
Misplaced pacing lead
The ventricular lead has become detached
and now lies coiled within the right
atrium. It should lie in the region of the
red circle
Take Home Points
• A CXR can be used to identify the position of drains, tubes and lines
• A CXR is also used to check for complications of these devices, which may occur at the time of insertion or later