list of famous psychologists (4)

8/12/2019 List of Famous Psychologists (4)

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1.Masters, W.H. andJohnson, V. E. (1966):

human sexual response

Masters and Johnson directly observed

and studied human sexual behavior (which

had never been done before, especially

with unmarried volunteers), and thus

came up with the four-stage human sexual

response cycle: excitement, plateau,orgasm, and resolution.

2.Ekman, P. and Friesen, W.V. (1971): Constants

across cultures in the face

and emotion.

Ekman and Friesen found that people of

many different cultures can still identify

seven basic facial expressions, thus

suggesting that facial expressions and

emotion are universal.

3.Holmes, T.H. and Rahe,R.H. (1967): The social

readjustment rating scale.

Holmes and Rahe believed that any lifeeven that required people to change,

adapt, or adjust their lifestyles would

result in stress. They devised the Social

Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), which

measures the amount of stress in a

persons life by having that person add up

the total life change units associated

with each major life change.

4.Festinger, L. andCarlsmith, J.M. (1959):Cotnitive consequences of

forced compliance.

In their study, Festinger and Carlsmith

gave each male volunteer was given the

tedious task of sorting wooden spools and

turning wooden pegs. Afterwards, the

volunteer had to convince a female

volunteer that the task was fun. Some

volunteers were paid $1, while others

were paid $20. They found that the

volunteers that were paid less actually

convinced the female volunteer, as due to

disbelief that they would be paid so little

to lie, they actually thought that the

activity was fun.

5.Rotter, J.B. (1966):Generalized expectancies

for internal versus

external control of

Rotter believed that people with an

external locus of control felt that they had

no control over their own lives and thus

fell into cases of learned helplessness and

depression, while people with an internal

locus of control believed that they had


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reinforcement. power over their own lives and thus had ahigh achievement motivation.

6.Bem, S.L. (1974): Themeasurement of

psychological androgyny.

Bem found that androgynous people, or

people with both male and female

characteristics, tended to be more

adaptable to major life events than strictly

feminine or masculine people due to their

wider range of characteristics.

7.Friedman, M. andRosenman, R.H. (1959):

Association of specific

overt behavior pattern

with blood and

cardiovascular findings.

Friedman and Rosenman developed the

idea of Type A personalities, who were

workaholics, and Type B personalities, who

were relaxed. They found that people with

Type A personalities were more likely to

develop coronary heart disease than

people with Type B personalities due to

stress.

8. Triandis, H., Bontempo, R.,Villareal, M., Asai, M., and Lucca, N.

(1988): Individualism and

collectivsm: cross-cultural

perspectives on self-ingroup

relationships.

In their paper, Triandis, Bontempo,

Villareal, Asai, and Lucca examine

individualist cultures, in which theemphasis is on oneself, and collectivist

cultures, in which the emphasis is on the

community.

9.Rosenhan, D.L. (1973): Onbeing sane in insane

places.

In her famous Rosenhan experiment,

Rosenhan sent pseudopatients, or people

feigning symptoms of mental illnesses, to a

mental hospital. They were all diagnosed

with mental illness and admitted, althoughnone were actually mentally ill. An

offended hospital administration

challenged Rosenhan to send more

pseudopatients, and, in the following

week, identified 41 out of 193 new

patients as potential pseudopatients.


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Rosenhan had in fact sent no new

pseudopatients to the hospital. The study

was a criticism of psychiatric diagnosis.

10. Freud, A. (1946): Theego and the mechanisms

of defense.

Anna Freud theorized that the ego, or

mediator of the mind, dealt with anxiety

and uncomfortable thoughts by employing

psychological defense mechanisms, such

as repression or regression.

11. Seligman, M.E.P. andMaier, S. F. (1967): Failure

to escape traumatic shock.

Seligman and Maier harnessed a group of

dogs and administered harmless, butpainful electric shocks to them after

sounding a tone. They then placed these

dogs and an unconditioned group of dogs

were placed in an area surrounded by a

low fence. Upon hearing the tone and

receiving the shock, the unconditioned

dogs jumped over the fence, while the

conditioned dogs did not, due to learned

helplessness.

12.

Calhoun, J.B. (1962):Population density and

social pathology.

Calhoun conducted experiments in rats in

which he placed a group of them in a cage

with unlimited natural resources.

Eventually, the cage became overcrowded,

and the rats exhibited destructive

behaviors. From this experiment, Calhoun

defined the term behavioral sink as the

collapse of behavior as a result of

overcrowding.

13. Smith, M.I. andGlass, G. V. (1977): Meta-analysis of psychotherapy

outcome studies.

In their paper, Smith and Glass used meta-

analysis, or comparing and contrasting

different studies (conducting researchabout research) to analyze studies in

which clients who received psychotherapy

were compared with untreated patients.

They concluded that psychotherapy was

largely successful.


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14. Wolpe, J. (1961): Thesystematic desensitization

treatment of neuroses.

Wolpe used counter-conditioning to help

cats get rid of their neurotic disturbances.

He named this method systematic

desensitization, and used it as a method

of treating neuroses and phobias in

humans, not just animals.

15. Rorschach, H.(1942): Psychodiagnostics:

A diagnostic test based on

perception.

Rorschach developed the Rorschach

Inkblot Test, which consisted of 10

inkblots. Using these inkblots as

ambiguous visual stimuli, he presented

them to clients and asked them to

describe what they saw in the inkblots.

Rorschach then diagnosed the client based

on his or her responses.

16. Murray, H.A. (1938):Explorations in

personality.

Murray and his colleagues developed the

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), whichconsisted of 20 black-and-white pictures.

Using these pictures as ambiguous visual

stimuli, he presented them to clients and

asked them to make up a story based on

the pictures. Murray then diagnosed the

client based on his or her responses.

17. Zimbardo, P.G.(1972): The pathology of

imprisonment.

Zimbardo conducted an experiment in

which he divided volunteers into

prisoners, who were actually arrested,

booked, and given and addressed by a

number, and guards, who wore

sunglasses and uniforms. The volunteers

were kept in Stanford County Prison,

which was actually the basement of Jordan

Hall in Stanford University. The guards

and prisoners became so involved in

their roles and hostile to one another that

Zimbardo had to cancel the experiment

after 5 days. The experiment was used to

show the power of social roles.

18. Asch, S.E. (1955):Opinions and social

pressure.

Asch conducted an experiment in which heshowed seven participants a card with a

line, and then asked the participants to

choose from another card the line that

matched the given line. Only one

participant was a real volunteer, the

others were confederates (people


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following special directions from the

experimenter) who purposely chose the

wrong line. The real participant agreed

with them, due to conformity of the group.

19. Darley, J.M. andLatane, B. (1968):

Bystander intervention in

emergencies: diffusion of

responsibility.

After the murder of Kitty Genovese,

Darley and Latane staged several

experiments in which a confederate

pretends to be in need of help. If a

participant is alone with the confederate,

he or she will often offer to help, while if

there are several participants with the

confederate, only some will intervene, or

none at all, due to their assumption that

someone else will help and they dont

have to (a phenomenon now coined as

diffusion of responsibility).

20. Milgram, S. (1963):Behavioral study of

obedience.

Milgram set up an experiment in which a

participant was made to believe that they

were shocking another participant, who

was really just a confederate who was

pretending to be in pain from the shock.

The confederates pretended to be in pain

from the shockor even fall unconscious

or deadbut the participant remainedobedient to the experimenter, who said

that the participant should continue.

list of famous psychologists (4)

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