Literary Terms HandbookAAct A major unit of a drama, or play. A play maybe subdivided into several acts. Many modemplays have one, two, or three acts. Older dramasoften have five acts. Acts may be divided intoone or more scenes. (Actol

See also Drama, Scene.

Alliteration The repetition of consonant sounds atthe beginnings of nonrhyming words or syllablesin neighboring words, as in "towering, tremblingpinetrees." Alliteration gives emphasis to wordsand is commonly used in poetry. Alliteration mayoccur with vowel sounds as well. (Aliteraci6nlSee also Consonance, Sound Devices.

Allusion An indirect reference to a well-knownperson, character, place, event, concept, orliterary work. An allusion is different from aquotation because it does not give the sourceof the reference; the reader is expected to knowit. (Alusi6nl

Analogy A comparison that shows similaritiesbetween two things that are otherwisedissimilar. A writer may use an analogy toexplain something unfamiliar by comparing it tosomething familiar. In literature, most analogiesare expressed in metaphors or similes. (Analogia)

See also Metaphor, Rhetorical Devices, Simile.

Anecdote Abrief story based on a singleinteresting event from a person's life.Anecdotesare intended to make a point. Writers andspeakers often use anecdotes to support theiropinions, clarify their ideas, grab the audience'sattention, reveal aspects of a person's character, orentertain. (Anecdotal

J\ntagonist A person or a force in society or naturethat opposes the protagonist, or central character,in a story or a drama. The reader is generallymeant not to sympathize with the antagonist.(Antagonista)

See also Character, Conflict, Protagonist.

Anthropomorphism Representing animals, gods,or objects as if they had human emotions andintelligence. It is a key element in fables, inwhich the main characters are often animals, as

well as in myths, in which gods and animalsmay be the main characters. (Antropomorfismo)See also Fable, Myth.

Aphorism A short, pointed statement thatexpresses a wise or clever observation abouthuman experience. (Aforismo)

Argument In persuasion, a statement of opinionabout a problem or an issue and the support forthe statement. The statement is called theproposition, which includes a call to think about ortake action on the problem or issue. The supportincludes reasons and evidence. Reasons explainwhy someone should accept the proposition.Evidence consists of examples, facts, and expertopinions. Most arguments make use of persuasivetechniques such as appeals to logic (facts andlogical thinking, or reasoning), emotion (sharedfeelings), ethics (shared values or beliefs), andauthority (reliable sources). Strong argumentsoften include a counterargument, a brief argumentthat attempts to disprove opposing opinionsabout the problem or issue. (Argumento)

See also Logic, Persuasion.

Aside In a drama, a character's comment that isdirected to the audience or another character butis not heard by any other characters on the stage.The character typically turns to one side-or"aside"-away from the action onstage. Asides,which are rare in modem drama, reveal what acharacter is thinking or feeling. (Aparte)

Assonance The repetition of vowel soundsin neighboring nonrhyming words, as in"dreaming of wheat fields." Assonance createsa pleasing combination of sounds and iscommonly used in poetry. (Asonancial

See also Consonance, Sound devices.

Author's perspective The combination of experiences,values, and ideas that shape the way the authorlooks at the world or at a particular subject.(Perspectiva del autor)

See also Tone.

Author's purpose An author's intent in writinga literary work. Authors typically write forone or more of the following purposes: to

LITERARY TERMS HANDBOOK R1

persuade, to inform, to explain, to entertain,or to describe. (Proposito del autor)

The story of a person's lifewritten by that person. (Autobiografia)

See also Biography, Memoir.

BA narrative poem originally meant to be

sung or recited. Folk ballads, which usually tell ofan exciting or dramatic episode, were passed onby word of mouth for generations before beingwritten down. Literary ballads are written inimitation of folk ballads. (Balada)

A leaning toward a certain opinion orposition on a topic, possibly arising from prejudice.(Sesgo)

A nonfiction account of a person's lifewritten by another person. Biographies can beshort or book-length. They can even spanseveral volumes. (Biografia)

See also Autobiography.

An individual in a literary work offiction, drama, or narrative poetry. (If a characteris an animal, it displays human traits.) Characterswho show varied and sometimes contradictorytraits are called round. Characters who reveal onlyone personality trait are called flat. A stereotype isa flat character of a familiar and often-repeatedtype. A dynamic character changes during thestory. A static character remains primarily thesame throughout the story. (Personaje)

The methods a writer uses todevelop a character. In direct characterization, thewriter makes direct statements about a character.In indirect characterization, the writer reveals acharacter through the character's words,thoughts, and actions and through what othercharacters think and say about that character.These techniques are frequently blended.(Caracterizacion)

See also Character.

R2

DSee Plot.

:.1. A type of drama that is humorous andoften has a happy ending. (Comedia)

See also Drama, Humor.

The central struggle between opposingforces in a story or drama. An external conflictexists when a character struggles against sonuoutside force, such as nature, society, fate, oranother person. An internal conflict exists with iIIthe mind of a character who is torn betweenopposing feelings or goals. (Conflicto)

See also Antagonist, Plot, Protagonist.

The suggested or implied meaningassociated with a word beyond its dictionarydefinition, or denotation. A word can have apositive, negative, or neutral connotation.(Connotacion)

See also Denotation.

The repetition of consonant sound ....at the ends of nonrhyming words or syllables,as in "morning in the barn." Consonancecreates a pleasing combination of sounds andis commonly used in poetry. (Consonancia)

See also Alliteration, Assonance, Sound Devices.

Anything beyond the specific wordsof a literary work that may be relevant tounderstanding the meaning. Contexts may becultural, historical, literary, social, economic,political, and so on. The social, cultural, andpolitical context of America during the CivilRights Movement of the 1960s, for example, allhave relevance for understanding the works ofAfrican American writers of that period. Contex I

can also refer to a part of a work of literaturethat precedes or follows a specific word, phrase,or passage, which can be used to clarifymeaning. (Contexto)

Two consecutive, often rhymed lines ofpoetry that work together as a unit to make apoint or to express an idea. (Pareado)

See also Rhyme, Sonnet, Stanza.

a word

See also

impres:object,Almostcontain

See also

a partieethnic Istandaipronur

See also

literary

See also

importSkilledconvey

See also

before;the mietypes: tdramatwords(descrijmay bebrokenlocatioi

See alsoStage c

E

anothe

DDenotation The literal, or dictionary, meaning ofa word. (Denotacion)

See also Connotation.

Denouement See Plot. (Desenlace)

Description Writing that seeks to convey theimpression of a setting, a person, an animal, anobject, or an event by appealing to the senses.Almost all writing, fiction and nonfiction,contains elements of description. (Descripcion)

See also Figurative language, Imagery.

Dialect A variation of language spoken withina particular region or by a particular social orethnic group. Dialects may differ fromstandard language in vocabulary, expressions,pronunciation, or grammar. (Dialecto)

Sce also Idiom, Local color.

Dialogue Conversation between characters in aliterary work. (Dialogo)

See also Monologue.

Oiary See Journal. (Diario)

Diction A writer's choice of words. Diction is animportant element in the writer's voice or style.Skilled writers choose their words carefully toconvey a particular meaning or feeling. (Diccion)

See also Connotation, Style, Tone, Voice.

Drama A story written to be performed by actorsbefore an audience. Most dramas written beforethe mid-1800s can be divided into two basictypes: tragedy and comedy. The script of adramatic work, or piny, includes dialogue (thewords the actors speak) and often stage directions(descriptions of the action and scenery). A dramamay be divided into acts, which mny also bebroken up into scenes, indicating changes inlocation or the passage of time. (Drama)

See aiso Act, Comedy, Dialogue, Scene, Script,Stage directions, Tragedy.

EElegy A serious poem mourning a death oranother great loss. (Elegia)

literary TermsHandbook

Epic A long narrative poem, written in adignified style, that celebrates the adventuresand achievements of one or more heroic figuresof legend, history, or religion. (Epica)

See also Narrative poetry, Oral tradition.

Essay A short work of nonfiction on a singletopic. The purpose of the essay is to communicatean idea or opinion. Descriptive essays describe aperson, place, or thing. Narrative essays relate truestories. Persuasive essays promote an opinion.Expository essays explain or inform, usually in anobjective way. Reflective essays reveal an author'sobservations on a subject. All of these types ofessays fall into two general categories, accordingto their style. Aformnl essay is serious andimpersonal, often with the purpose of instructingor persuading. Typically, the author strikes aserious tone and develops a main idea, or thesis,in a logical, highly organized way. An illformal orpersonul essay entertains while it informs, usuallyin light, conversational style. (Ensayo)

See also Nonfiction, Style, Thesis.

Exposition See Plot.

Extended metaphor A metaphor that comparestwo unlike things in various ways throughout aparagraph, a stanza, or an entire work. (Metaforaextend ida)

Sec also Metaphor.

FFable A short, simple tale that teaches a moral,or lesson, about human behavior. The charactersin a fable are often animals who speak and actlike people. The moral is usually stated outright.A inodernjnble features flat human charactersand a theme about human behavior. [Fabula]

See nlso Character, Moral, Theme.

Fairy tale A type of folktale that featuressupernatural elements, such as spirits, talkinganimals, and magic. (Cuentode hadas)

See also Folktale.

Falling action See Plot.

LITERARY TERMS HANDBOOK R3

fantasy A literary work usually set in animaginary world or a distant, heroic past.Fantasy stories may include fantastical beingsand forces as well as magic. (Fantasia)

See also Science fiction.

fiction A prose narrative in which situationsand characters are invented by the writer. Someaspects of a fictional work may be based on factor experience. Fiction includes short stories andnovels. [Hcciun]

See also Novel, Prose, Short story.

Figurative language Language used fordescriptive effect, often to imply ideas indirectly.Expressions of figurative language are notliterally true but express some truth beyond theliteral level. For example, "Ed is tall and skinnylike my brother" is not figurative; "Ed is as talland skinny as a flagpole" is figurative.Figurative language is especially common inpoetry. Types of figurative language includehyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, andunderstatement. (Lenguaje figurado)

See 11150 Figure of speech, Hyperbole, Metaphor,Personification, Simile, Symbol, Understatement.

Figures of speech Figurative language of aspecific kind, such as metaphor, personification,or simile. (Figura reterical

See Figurative language.

First-person narrative. See Point of View.

Flashback An interruption in a narrative thattells about something that happened before thatpoint in the narrative or before the narrativebegan. A flashback gives readers informationthat helps to explain the main events of thenarrative. (Retrospectiva (flashback))

See also Plot.

Folklore The traditional beliefs, customs, stories,songs, and dances of a culture. Folklore is basedon the concerns of ordinary people and is passeddown through oral tradition. (Folclor)

See also Ballad, Epic, Folktale, Legend, Myth,Oral tradition.

foreshadowing The author's use of clues toprepare readers for events that will happen laterin a story. (Prefiguracion)

See also Plot, Suspense.

form The organizing principle that shapes a workof literature. Form gives expression to the contentand may refer to aspects beyond external patternsand structure, such as established criteria related togenre. Form can be categorized as ctosed. meaningformal or conventional, or open, meaning informalor organic. Applied to poetry, dosed form is typicalof genres such as the sonnet, while open form istypical of free verse. Applied to fiction, closed formis common in myths and fables, while open form iscommon in short stories and novels. (Forma)

See also Genre, Structure.

Free verse Poetry that has no fixed patternof meter, rhyme, line length, or stanzaarrangement. Although poets who write freeverse ignore traditional rules, they use techniquessuch as repetition and alliteration to createmusical patterns in their poems. (Verso libre)

See also Form, Sound devices.

GGenre A category or type of literature. The mainliterary genres are prose, poetry, and drama.Each of these is divided into smaller genres. Forexample, prose includes fiction (such as novels,short stories, and folktales) and nonfiction (suchas biography, autobiography, and essays). Theterm also refers to subcategories of literarywork. For example, fantasy and science fictionare genres of fiction. (Genero)

See also Prose, Poetry, Drama.

HHaiku A traditional Japanese form of poetry thathas three lines and seventeen syllables. The firstand third lines have five syllables each; themiddle line has seven syllables. A haiku presentsstriking imagery. The purpose of traditionalhaiku is to capture a flash of insight that occursduring an observation of nature. (Haiku)

See also fmagery.

1t1., Hero The

typicallyt arouse ac•i male or fj See also E

l Historicacharacterperiod dicontainsit is set. ~be includ

See also C

1 Humor T

i the chara

1 amusing,as effecti:

I See 11/50 (

* HyperbolE1~ exaggeral.I point, or,

times" is

i See also F

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See also [

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1

See also F

Irony A (and the,expected.,

j

Hero The main character in a literary work,typically a character whose qualities or deedsarouse admiration. The term can refer to either amale or female. (H{noe)

See also Epie, Legend, Myth, Protagonist, Tragedy.

Historical fiction A narrative that sets fictionalcharacters against the historical backdrop of aperiod different from the author's. The storycontains many details about the period in whichit is set. Some actual historical people may alsobe included as characters. (Ficcion historical

See also Genre.Humor The quality of a literary work that makesthe characters and their situations seem funny,amusing, or absurd. Humorous writing can beas effective in nonfiction as in fiction. (Humor)

See also Comedy.Hyperbole A figure of speech that usesexaggeration to express strong emotion, make apoint, or evoke humor. "You've asked me a milliontimes" is an example of hyperbole. (Hiperbole)

See also Figurative language, Understatement.

Idiom An expression that means somethingdifferent from the literal meaning of the wordsthat make it up. Idioms are understood by nativespeakers but are often puzzling to nonnativespeakers. Phrases such as "catch his eye/' "turnthe tables," "over the hili," and "keep tabs on"are idiomatic expressions in English. Idioms canadd realism to dialogue in a story and contributeto characterization. (Modismo)

See also Dialect.Imagery Descriptive language that appeals toone or more of the five senses: sight, hearing,touch, taste, and smell. This use of sensorydetail helps create an emotional response in thereader. (Imagen)

See also Figurative language.

Irony A contrast between the way things seemand the way they really are, or between what isexpected and what actually happens. Verba/ irons]

Literary Ierrns Handbook

occurs when a person says one thing and meansanother-for example, saying "Nice guy!" aboutsomeone you dislike. Situational irony occurswhen the outcome of a situation is the oppositeof what was expected. Dramatic irony occurswhen the audience or reader knows importantinformation the characters do not. (Ironia)

See also Humor.

JJournal An account of day-to-day events or arecord of experiences, ideas, or thoughts. Ajournal may also be called a diary. (Diario)

llegend A traditional story handed down fromthe past and believed to be based on actualpeople and events. Legends usually celebrate theheroic qualities of a national or cultural leader.A legend is usually exaggerated and gainsclements of fantasy over time. (leyenda)

Sl.'e II/SO Epic, Fable, Fantasy, Folklore, Hero,Myth, Oral tradition.line The basic unit of poetry. A line consists of aword or a row of words. (Verso)

literary nonfiction Nonfiction that is aboutliterature or is regarded as having artisticvalue. Literary nonfiction may includeautobiographies, biographies, memoirs, essays,and historically important or eloquentspeeches. (No-ficcion literaria)

Sc'e (lisa Nonfiction.local color The fictional portrayal of a region'sfeatures or peculiarities and its inhabitants'distinctive ways of talking and behaving,usually as a way of adding a realistic flavor toa story. (Colorlocal)

Sl.'e II/SO Dialect.logic A method used to structure clear andeffective arguments. The strongest argumentsare based on sound reasoning, or logicalthinking. An argument may be structuredlogically by using either inductive or deductivereasoning. Inductive reasoning involves drawing a

LITERARY TERMS HANDBOOK R5

general conclusion from specific facts: "Thegrass, sidewalk, and trees get wet every time itrains, so rain makes things outside get wet."Deductive reasoning involves drawing a specificconclusion from general and specific facts: "Rainmakes things outside get wet and grass isoutside, so when it rains the grass gets wet." Aninvalid argument is illogical and often includeslogical fallacies, errors in reasoning. Logic isonly one aspect of a successful argument. Somestatements cannot be logically proved ordisproved. (Logica)

See also Argument, Persuasion.

lyric The words of a song, usually with aregular rhyme scheme. (Urica)

See also Rhyme scheme.

lyric poetry Poetry that expresses strongpersonal feelings about an object, person, orevent. Lyric poems are usually short andmusical. (Poesia lirica)

See 11/::;0 Poetry.

MMain idea The most important idea expressedin a paragraph or an essay. It mayor may notbe directly stated. This is also known as thecontrolling idea. (Idea principal)

Memoir An autobiographical narrativeemphasizing the uarrntors personal experienceduring a period or at an event. (Memoria)

See 111::;0 Autobiography, Biography.

Metaphor I\. figure of speech that compares orequates two seemingly unlike things. In contrastto a simile, a metaphor implies the comparisoninstead of stating it directly; hence, there is noLIseof connectives such as like Or liS. (Metatora)

See also Analogy, Extended metaphor, Figurativelanguage, Figure of speech, Simile.

Meter A regular pattern of stressed andunstressed syllables that gives a line of poetry apredictable rhythm. (Metrica)

See also Rhythm.

R6

Monologue A long speech by a Single character ina literary work, especially in a drama. (Mon610go)

Mood The emotional quality or atmosphere of astory or poem. (Tono)

See also Setting.

Moral A practical lesson about right andwrong conduct. In fables, the moral is usuallystated directly; in other literary forms, it is oftenimplied. (Moraleja)

See also Fable, Theme.

Motivation The stated or implied reason acharacter acts, thinks, or feels a certain way.(Motivaci6n)

Myth I\. traditional story of unknown authorship,often involving goddesses, gods, heroes, andsupernatural forces, that attempts to explain whyor how something came to be. A myth may explaina belief, a custom, or a force of nature. (Mito)

See also Oral tradition.

NNarrative Writing or speech that tells a story.Driven by a conflict, or problem, a narrativeunfolds event by event and leads to a resolution.The story is narrated, or told, by a narrator andG1I1 take the form of a novel, an essay, a poem,or a short story. (Narrativa)

See also Narrative Poetry, Narrator; Plot.

Narrative nonfiction Nonfiction that reads likefiction but tells a story about real people,settings, and events rather than imaginary ones.Its purpose ll1"y be to entertain, to persuade, ordescribe. Narrative nonfiction includesautobiographies, biographies, memoirs, diaries,and journals. It may also include narrative orpersonal essays. (Ficci6n no narrativa)

St'e 11150 Narrative, Nonfiction.

Narrative poetry Verse that tells a story.Narrative poetry includes ballads and epicsas well as shorter forms that are usually moreselective and concentrated than are prosestories. (Poesia en prosa)

See also Ballad, Epic, Narrative.

Narratorsome ca:story. (N

See also 1

Nonficti:and eve:are biog(No ficcf

See also I

Memoir.

Novel ABecausepotentiatheme tlcalled a

See also:

oOde A Idignifiecelebratprivatewrittenrhyme. I

See also'

Onomatcthat imidescribeswish, m

See also:

Oral tratbeliefs Fgeneratioral tracglorifyiltraditioi

See alsoMyth.

Narrator The person who tells a story. Insome cases the narrator is a character in thestory. (Narrador)

See also Point of view.

Nonfiction Writing about real people, places,and events. Among the categories of nonfictionare biographies, autobiographies, and essays.(No ticcien)

See also Autobiography, Biography, Essay, Fiction,Memoir.

Novel A book-length fictional prose narrative.Because of its length, the novel has greaterpotential to develop plot, character, setting, andtheme than does a short story. A short novel iscalled a novelette or nouella. (Novela)

See also Fiction, Short Story.

oOde A long, complex lyric poem expressed in adignified and serious tone and style. Some odescelebrate a person or an event; others are moreprivate reflections. Odes are traditionallywritten in a formal stanza pattern and includerhyme. (Oda)

See also Lyric poetry, Rhyme, Stanza.

Onomatopoeia The use of a word or a phrasethat imitates or suggests the sound of what itdescribes. Some examples are lIlew, hiss, crack,swish, murmur, and buzz. (Onomatopeya)

See also Sound devices.

Oral tradition Stories, knowledge, customs, andbeliefs passed by word of mouth from onegeneration to the next. Oral literature, part oforal tradition, is a way of recording the past,glorifying leaders, and teaching morals andtraditions to young people. (Tradicion oral)

See 11150 Ballad, Epic, Folklore, Folktale, Legend,Myth.

Litenuy Terms Handbook

pParallel Plot A type of plot in which two storiesof equal importance are told at the same time.(Argumento paralelo)

See Plot.

Parallelism The use of a series of words, phrases,or sentences that have similar grammaticalstructure. Parallelism shows the relationshipbetween ideas. (Paralelismo)

Sce also Repetition, Rhetorical devices.

Personification A figure of speech in whichan animal, object, a force of nature, or an idea isgiven human form or characteristics.(Personificacien]

See 11150 Figurative language, Figure of speech.

Persuasion A type of speech or writing, usuallynonfiction, that attempts to convince audiencemembers to think or act in a particular way.Creators of persuasive works use appeals to logic,emotion, ethics, and authority to sway theirreaders. Some persuasion contains rhetorical fallacies,which are misleading and often false statementsthat appeal to emotion, ethics, and authority andwhich often create errors in reasoning. (Persuasion)

See also Argument, Logic, Rhetorical devices.

Plot The sequence of events in n story, play, ornarrative poem. A plot revolves around a centralCOI!/7ict, or problem, faced by the maincharacters. The plot usually develops in fivestages. It begins with exposition, whichintroduces the story's conflict, characters, andsetting. As the story progresses, risillg actionbuilds suspcnse and adds complications to theconflict, leading to the climax, or point of highestemotional pitch. The(illiing uction is the logicalresult of the climax. The resolutio», sometimescalled the denouement, presents the finaloutcome. In some stories the rising actionincludes a shift in tone or action, called a filming

point, that helps move the story toward theclimax. (Argumento)

See als« Conflict, Flashback, Foreshadowing.

LITERARY TERMS HANDBOOK R7

An unexpected turn of events in a plot.A surprise ending is an example of a plot twist.(Giro argumental)

A form of literary expression that differsfrom prose in emphasizing the line, rather thanthe sentence, as the unit of composition. Manyother traditional characteristics of poetry applyto some poems but not to others. Some of thesecharacteristics are emotional, imaginative language;Liseof figures of speech; division into stanzas; andthe use of rhyme and regular patterns of meter.(Poesia)

SCt' also Figurative language, Lyric poetry, Meter,Prose, Rhyme, Stanza.

The standpoint from which a storyis told. All stories arc told by i1 narrator. and whothat narrator is ilffects till' point of view. In ,1storywith pr~r-pt'r;;(lll point of view, the narrutor is ,1character in the story, referred to ,1S"I." Thereader sees everything through that charactcrsl'yes. In a story told from illird-IJ('I'S(lJl point ofview, the narrator is someone who stands outsidethe story and describes the cha ractors and action.The narrator refers to characters ,1S"he" or "she."If the narrator describes events as only onecharacter perceives them, the point of view isc,llled third-pastil I 1i111ited.Tllird-p('I'soJl (/Jl//lisci('///,or ,1II-knowing, point of view, means th'lt then<lIT,ltor knows everything about illl thedlilrnctl'rs ,lnd events ilnd may reveal details thatthe chCll',lCters themscives could not reveal. (Puntode vista)

SCt' olso N<l1'rator.

Wl'i tten or spoken m,l teri,lldesigned to influence idcas or opinionsthrough usc of eillotion,llly ch'lI'gl'd words,n,lme-Gliling, Illisll',lding m F<llsl'infol'lll<ltion,Or other techniques. (Propaganda)

A tbe'l tel' term (,1 shortened fmlll ofproperties) for objects nnd clements of the sceneryllsed in a stage play, movie set, or teievi::;ionshow. (Utileria)

R8

Writing that is similar to everyday speechand language, as opposed to poetry. Its form isbased on sentences and paragraphs rather thanlines and stanzas. Essays, short stories, magazillt·articles, and most plClYsare examples of prose.(Prosa)

11sounds ateach othe:at the enda single Iiinclude sc(jackal ancsome variconsonarrof vowel ~

See also Poetry.

The con tral character in ,1story,drama, or dramatic poem. Usually the actionrevolves around the protagonist, who isinvolved in the main conflict, and who usuallychanges afkr the climax of the plot. (Protagonista)

See 17150 Character, /\nt,lgonist, Conflict, Hero,Plot.

Sec also A:Sound de

the end I'~

scheme isdifferent 1rhyme. Fescheme is

/\ humorous USl' of words thut ,lrl' similarin sound (lIIerry and 1I/I7/TI/) or of ,1word withscvcra] meaning». (Juego de palabras)

~('(' 01.0.;0 Humor.Se{' 11150 Rl

T,1IT,lngemsyllables,poetry <1Tmean ing.pn-dictab

~('(' IIhw rv

/\ line or lilll's rqw'ltl'd rq~ul'Hly,usual] y ill ,1 f)Ul'lll or song. (Estribillo)

TIll' recurrence- of suunLis, words,phrases. lilll's, or st,lnz,lS in ,I SPt'l'l'h ur literarywurk. Writl'rs USl' rqwtilillil tll ('Illph,lsize animportilnt point, to l'xp,1I1d upon ,111 idl',l, to helpCl'l',ltt' rhythm, ,mel tll illlTl',lSl' till' fel'ling ofunity ill ,I work. (Repeticion)

Se(' IIlso ]>,ll',llll'liSll1, Rlwtnric,ll devices, Refrain,Rhyme.

ASCl'ne tilk,(Escena)S('(' I'lut.

SeelllsuAl'l'rsuilsi Vt' kch n iqlles usedby public Spl\lkl'rs ,lnd writ'l'rs of litt'r,lry works,l'S~)L'L'iallythllse writtell tll pl'rsu'l(IL'. I{hetoricaldl'vicl's include rl'petition, f),lr,llll'lislll, ilnillogy,logic, clnd the skillful USL'of Wllnot,ltion nndililecdotl'. Efkdivl' rhetoric oftl'n ilppl'ills tologic, emoti()Il, dh ics, or ilUthori ty. (Figurasretoricas)

impact oftl'chnolo~past, preEthemes iroverpopt:dystopiaspace tra'world). ((

S(!C also F.

Sec also Analogy, Anecdote, Argument,Connotation, Logic, l'<lI',lllL'lislll, ]>l'rSllilSion,Repeti tion.

lhyme The repetition of similar or identicalsounds at the ends of words that appear close toeach other, usually in a poem. End rhyme occursat the ends of lines. Internal rhyme occurs withina single line. Slant rhyme occurs when wordsinclude sounds that are similar but not identical(jackal and buckle). Slant rhyme usually involvessome variation of consonance (the repetition ofconsonant sounds) or assonance (the repetitionof vowel sounds). (Rima)

See also Assonance, Consonance, Rhyme scheme,Sound devices.

lhyme scheme The pattern of rhyme formed bythe end rhyme in a stanza or a poem. Rhymescheme is designated by the assignment of adifferent letter of the alphabet to each newrhyme. For example, one common rhymescheme is ababcb. (Estructura de la rima)

See also Rhyme.

'~hythm The pattern of beats created by thearrangement of stressed and unstressedsyllables, especially in poetry. Rhythm givespoetry a musical quality that helps convey itsmeaning. Rhythm can be regular, with apredictable pattern or meter, or irregular. (Ritmo)

See also Meter.

lising action See Plot. (Aumento de la accion)

s')cene A subdivision of an act in a play. Eachscene takes place in a specific setting and time.(Escena)

See also Act.

Science fiction Fiction that deals with theimpact of real or imaginary science andtechnology on individuals and societies of thepast, present, or future. Common science fictionthemes include aliens, man v. machine,overpopulation, utopia (ideal society) ordystopia (failing of an ideal society), time andspace travel, and apocalypse (the end-of-the-world). (Ciencia ficcion)

See also Fantasy, Genre.

uterarv ferms Handbook

Screenplay The script of a film, usuallycontaining detailed instructions about camerashots and angles in addition to dialogue andstage directions. (Guion)

See also Drama, Script.

Script The text of a drama (play), film, orbroadcast. (Libreto)

See also Drama, Screenplay.

Sensory language See Imagery.

Sequence of events The order in which theevents in a story take place. (Orden de los sucesos)

See also Structure.

Setting The time and place in which the eventsof a short story, novel, novella, or play occur.The setting often helps create the atmosphere ormood of the story. (Ambiente)

Short story A brief fictional narrative in prose.Elements of the short story include plot, character,setting, point of view, and theme. (Cuento)

See also Fiction, Novel, Plot.

Simile A figure of speech that uses like or as tocompare two seemingly unlike things. Anextended simile is a lengthy, very elaboratesimile, often beginning with as or as when; it isalso called Homeric simile and epic simile becauseit occurs mainly in epics. (Simil)

See also Analogy, Epic, Figurative language,Figure of speech, Metaphor.

Sonnet A lyric poem containing fourteen lines,usually written in iambic pentameter. Sonnetshave strict patterns of rhyme and usually dealwith a single theme, idea, or sentiment. (Soneto)

See also Lyric poetry, Meter, Rhyme scheme.

Sound devices Techniques used to emphasizeparticular sounds in writing. Writers use sounddevices, such as alliteration or rhyme, tounderscore the meaning of certain words, toenhance rhythm, and to add to the musicalquality of the work. (Recursos sonoros)

See also Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance,Onomatopoeia, Rhyme, Rhythm.

LITERARY TERMS HANDBOOK R9

Speaker The voice speaking in a poem, similarto a narrator in a work of prose. Sometimes thespeaker's voice is that of the poet, sometimesthat of a fictional person or even a thing. Thespeaker's words communicate a particular tone,or attitude, toward the subject of the poem. Oneshould never assume that the speaker and thewriter are the same. (Hablante)

See also Narrator, Tone.

Speech A public address or talk. Inmostspeeches, the speaker tries to influence theaudience's behavior, beliefs, and attitudes.Although the main purpose of a speech isusually to persuade, it can also inform andentertain. (Parlamento)

See also Persuasion, Rhetorical devices.

Stage directions Instructions written by aplaywright to describe the appearance andactions of characters, as well as the sets, props,costumes, sound effects, and lighting.(Acotaciones)

Stanza A group of lines forming a unit in apoem. Stanzas are, in effect, the paragraphs of apoem. Typically, stanzas are separated by a lineof space. (Estrofa)

See also Form, Structure.

Stereotype A generalization about a groupof people that is made without regard forindividual differences. In narrative literature,this term is often used to describe a conventionalor flat character who conforms to an expected,fixed pattern of behavior. The rebelliousteenager is a stereotype. (Estereotipo)

See also Character.

Structure The particular order or pattern awriter uses to present ideas. For example,narratives commonly present a sequence ofevents in chronological order. The structure ofpersuasive or expository writing may vary.Listing detailed information, explaining steps ina process, comparing and contrasting, presentingcauses and their effects, describing a scene orobject in spatial order, or describing a problem

R10

and then offering a solution are some ways awriter can structure a text. Poetic structure refersto the organization of words, lines, and images,as well as of ideas. (Estructura)

See also Form.

Style The particular wayan author writes,including the author's word choice, sentencestructure, and use of imagery and figurativelanguage. Style can reveal an author's attitudeand purpose in writing. (Estilo)

See also Author's purpose, Diction, Figurativelanguage, Imagery, Tone, Voice.

Subject The topic of a literary work. (Sujeto)

Subplot A plot within a narrative that islessimportant than the main plot. It may add depthto the main plot, contrast with it, or simplyprovide additional action. Subplots addcomplexity to the narrative and are morecommon in long works of literature than inshort ones. (~rgumento secundario)

See Plot.

Summary A retelling of the main events or ideasof a piece of writing in a short version of theoriginal. The events or ideas are restated in thesame order, without personal opinion orcomment. Nonfiction summaries are usually numore than about one-third as long as theoriginal. A plot summary of a narrative reportsthe main events and explains the maincharacters' problems and how they are resolved.(Resumen)

See also Narrative, Nonfiction.

Suspense A feeling of curiosity, uncertainty, oreven dread about what is going to happen next.Writers increase the level of suspense by creatinga threat to the central character and raisingquestions in a reader's mind about the outcomeof a conflict. (Suspenso)

See also Foreshadowing, Mood.

Symbol Any object, person, place, or experiencethat means more than what it is. (Simbolo)

TTall talepassed d.adventurrealistic swith the.

See also F

Teleplaytelevisiordirectioninstructic(Guion pal

See also 5

Text elem

Text Ieatrpresentalunderstainclude tmenu batables, ddel texto)

Text strut

Theme Tliteratureabout liftthat theythemes afrequent]which isworks hegraduall:characterirony. A:theme. Tdifferentthe themlove, thaexample

See also f\

Thesis Tof persUithesis rrudirectly.

See also I

TTall tale A wildly imaginative story, usuallypassed down orally, about the fantasticadventures or amazing feats of folk heroes inrealistic settings. Tall tales are folklore associatedwith the American frontier. (Cuento chino)

See also Folklore, Oral tradition.

Teleplay A play written or adapted fortelevision. In addition to dialogue and stagedirections, a teleplay usually contains detailedinstructions about camera shots and angles.(Guion para television)

See also Stage directions.

Text elements See Text features.

Text features Visual elements of textpresentation that help readers find andunderstand information. Common text featuresinclude titles, heads and subheads, captions,menu bars, and graphics such as photographs,tables, charts, maps, and diagrams. (Elementosdel texto)

Text structure See Structure.

Theme The central message of a work ofliterature, often expressed as a general statementabout life. Some themes are universal, meaningthat they are widely held ideas about life. Thesethemes are often recurring, meaning that they arefrequently used. Some works have a stated theme,which is expressed directly. More frequentlyworks have an implied theme, which is revealedgradually through elements such as plot,character, setting, point of view, symbol, andirony. A literary work may have more than onetheme. Themes and subjects, or topics, aredifferent. The subject of a work might be love;the theme would be what the writer says aboutlove, that it is painful or wonderful or both, forexample. (Tema)

See also Moral, Subject.

Thesis The main idea of an essay or other workof persuasive or expository nonfiction. Thethesis may be implied but is commonly stateddirectly. (Tesis)

See also Essay, Nonfiction.

Literary ferms Handbook

Third-person narrative. See Point of view.

Title The name of a literary work. (Titulo)

Tone An author's attitude toward his or hersubject matter. Tone is conveyed throughelements of style, including diction, or wordchoice. A writer's tone may convey a variety ofattitudes such as sympathy, objectivity, orhumor. The tone may be related to the author'spurpose or perspective. (Tono)

See also Author's perspective, Author's purpose,Diction, Narrator, Speaker, Style, Voice.

Topic See Subject.

Tragedy A play in which the main charactersuffers a downfall. That character, the tragic hero,often is a person of dignified or heroic stature.The downfall may result from outside forces orfrom a weakness within the character, which isknown as a tragic flaw. (Tragedia)

See also Drama, Hero.

Turning point See Plot.

UUnderstatement Language that makessomething seem less important than it reallyis. Understatement may be used to add humoror to focus the reader's attention onsomething the author wants toemphasize. (Eufemismo)

See also Hyperbole

vVoice The distinctive use of language thatconveys the author's or narrator's personality tothe reader. The particular speech patterns of acharacter in a story or narrative poem can alsocreate a voice for that character. Voice isdetermined by elements of style such as wordchoice and tone. (Voz)

See also Diction, Style, Tone.

wWord choice See Diction.

LITERARY TERMS HANDBOOK R11

Language Handbook

Grammar GlossaryThis glossary will help you quickly locate information on parts of speech andsentence structure. Standard American English is used for business and academicwriting and speaking.

AAbsolute phrase. See Phrase.

Abstract noun. See Noun chart.

Action verb. See Verb.

Active voice. See Voice.

Adjective A word that modifies a noun or apronoun by limiting its meaning. Adjectivesappear in various positions in a sentence.(The ruu cat purred. The cat is ruu.)Many adjectives have different forms to indicatedegree of comparison. (short, shorter, shortest)

The positive degree is the simple form of theadjective. (easy, interesting, good)

The comparative degree compares twopersons, places, things, or ideas. (easier, moreinteresting, better)

The superlative degree compares more thantwo persons, places, things, or ideas. (easiest,most interesting, best)

A predicate adjective follows a linking verband further identifies or describes the subject.(The child is .I!.!!Jmy.)

A proper adjective is formed from a proper nounand begins with a capital letter. Many properadjectives are created by adding these suffixes:-an, -ian, -n, -ese, and -ish. (Chinese, African)

Adjectival clause. See Clause chart.

Adjectival phrase. A prepositional or participialphrase that functions as an adjective. See alsoPhrase.

Adverb A word that modifies a verb, anadjective, or another adverb by making itsmeaning more specific. When modifying a verb,an adverb may appear in various positions in asentence. (Cats generallv eat less than dogs.Generally, cats eat less than dogs.) Whenmodifying an adjective or another adverb, an

R28 LANGUAGE HANDBOOK

adverb appears directly before the modifiedword. (I was guite pleased that they got along sowell.) The word not and the contraction -n't areadverbs. (Mike wasn't ready for the test today.)Certain adverbs of time, place, and degree alsohave a negative meaning. (He's never ready.)

Some adverbs have different forms to indicatedegree of comparison. (soon, sooner, soonest)

The comparative degree compares twoactions. (better, more quickly)

The superlative degree compares three or moreactions. (fastest, most patiently, least rapidly)

Adverbial clause. See Clause chart.

Adverbial phrase. A prepositional or participialphrase that functions as an adverb. See alsoPhrase.

Antecedent. See Pronoun.

Appositive A noun or a pronoun that furtheridentifies another noun or pronoun. (My friendJulie lives next door.) See also Phrase.

Appositive phrase. See Phrase.

Article The adjective a, an, or the.

Indefinite articles (a and an) refer to one of ageneral group of persons, places, or things.(J eat an apple a day.)

The definite article (the) indicates that thenoun is a specific person, place, or thing.(The alarm woke me up.)

Auxiliary verb. See Verb.

BBase form. See Verb tense.

cClause A group of words that has a subject anda predicate and that is used as a sentence or partof a sentence. Clauses fall into two categories:

13

ell.;~ Ad

t Ad4

11

Nc

~

maiclai

i call

j i

1

Col

COl

Cor

Corthecorobj

Lauquaqe Hanubook

Clause Function

Adjective clause Modifies a noun orpronoun

Adverb clause Modifies a verb, anadjective, or an adverb

Noun clause Serves as a subject, anobject, or a predicatenominative

main clauses, which are also called independentclauses, and subordinate clauses, which are alsocalled dependent clauses.

A main clause can stand alone as a sentence.There must be at least one main clause in everysentence. (The rooster crowed, and the dog barked.)

A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as asentence. A subordinate clause needs a mainclause to complete its meaning. Manysubordinate clauses begin with subordinatingconjunctions or relative pronouns. (When Gerisang her solo, the audience became quiet.) Thechart on this page shows the main types ofsubordinate clauses.

Collective noun. See Noun chart.

Common noun. See Noun chart.

Comparative degree. See Adjective; Adverb.

Complement A word or phrase that completesthe meaning of a verb. The four basic kinds ofcomplements are direct objects, indirect objects,object complements, and subject complements.

A direct object answers the question ioutu orwhom after an action verb. (Kari found a dollar.Larry saw Denise.)

An indirect object answers the question to uhon:for whom, to what, or for what after an action verb.(Do me a favor. She gave the child a toy.)

Example Begins with ...

Songs that have a strongbeat make me want todance.

A relative pronoun such aswhich, who, whom, whose,or that

Whenever AI calls me, heasks to borrow my bike.

A subordinating conjuctionsuch as after, although,because, if, since, when, orwhere

What Philip didsurprised us.

Words such as how, tbst,what, whatever, when,where, which, who, whom,whoever, whose, or why

An object complement answers the questiontoha! after a direct object. An objectcomplement is a noun, a pronoun, or anadjective that completes the meaning of adirect object by identifying or describing it.(The director made me the understudy for the role.The little girl called the puppy }lers.)

A subject complement follows a subject and alinking verb. [t identifies or describes asubject. The two kinds of subjectcomplements are predicate nominatives andpredicate adjectives.

A predicate nominative is a noun or pronounthat follows a linking verb and gives moreinformation about the subject. (The author of"The Raven" is Edgar Allan Poe.)

A predicate adjective is an adjective thatfollows a linking verb and gives moreinformation about the subject. (Ian becameID!IDl at the bully.)

Complex sentence. See Sentence.

Compound preposition. Set! Preposition.

Compound sentence. See Sentence.

Compound-complex sentence. See Sentence.

Conjunction A word that joins single words orgroups of words.

LANGUAGE HANDBOOK R29

A c\l(lrdil1~ltil1,L'; conjunction (and. but. or. nor.

for. yet. so) joins words or groups of words

that are equal in grammatical importance.(David and Ruth are twins. Iwas bored. so I left.)

Currl'l,llil'l' c\)njuIKliol1s (both and. just as ...

so. not only but also. either or. neither ...nor. whether or) work in pairs to join words

and groups of words of equal importance.(Choose either the muffin or the bagel.)

A <u burt! ill, 1Ii11;-';con junct ion (after. as it.

because. before. if. since. than. though. until.when. while) joins a dependent idea or clauseto ,1 III ,1 in clause, (Beth acted as if she felt iii.)

Conjunctive adverb An adverb used to clarify therelationship between c],llISI'S \)1' l'qU,ll weight in asentence. Conjunctive .ulvc-rbs urc used l(l replace

1I11t! (also. besides. furthermore. moreover). to rq,I,lCl'{Jill (however. nevertheless. still). to :-;t,ltl' il n-sult

(consequently. therefore. so. thus). or to :-;tdtl'l'lju,llity (equally. likewise. similarly). (Ana wasdetermined to get an A; therefore. she studied often.)

Coordinating conjunction. SI'I'C()lljUlldi(lll,

Correlative conjunction. SI'I' Conjuncl ion.

Declarative sentence, SI'I'Sl'I1Il'lh'l'.

Definite article. SI'I' Artiel\',

Demonstrative Ilronolill. SI'I' I '1'(lIlOUIl.

Direct ohject. SI'I' C\)lllpk'nll'l1l.

Emphatic form, SI'I' Vl'rb ll'I1Sl',

Future tense. SI'(' Vl'rb ll'IlSt',

Gerund A vL'rb fmlll th'lt ends in ~illS ,llld islIsed ,1Sa nOlin, A gerund lllily function ,lS ,1subject, the object of ,1 verb, or the object of ,1

prl'position. (Smiling uses fewer muscles thanfrowning, Marie enjoys walking.)

Gerund phrase. SCI' Phr'lSl'.

R30 LANGUAGE HANDBOOK

Imperative 11100d. Scc Mood of verb.

Imperative sentence. Scc Sen renee cha rt.

Indefinite pronoun. Scc Pronoun,

Indicative 11100£1. 51'1' Mood of verb.

Indirect object. SCI' Complement.

Infinitive /\ verb form that begins with the word1(1 and (unctions ,1S,1 IlOUIl, .111 ,ldjl'Cl"iVl', or an

.idvcrb. (No one wanted to answer.) Nuto: When10 pret'l'til's ,1 verb, it is not ,1proposition butinstL',ld sign,lls an infinitive.

Infinitive phrase, SI'(' I 'h rasc-.

Intensive pronoun. S('(' lronuuu.

Interjection !\ word or phr,lsl' lhnl c-xpn-sses

emotion or oxclam.: tion. An ill ll'rjt'l'l inn hasIlO gr,lllllll,ltiL\111'PIlIll'dioll to othe-r words.

Com mas follow IIIi ld lll)('S; ('Xlld m.i I ion pointsIollow I-olrongl'r Pill'S, (Well, have a good day. Wow!)

lnterruqative pruuouu. S!'I' 1'1'\inou 11.

Intransitive verb, S/',' Vl'I'h,

lntrnductnrv clause, /\11 ,1lh-l'rbidll'I.11ISl' that

,If'fwdrs hl'f(lrl' lill' m.iin ('ldUSl' ill il I-ol'lltl'nee.S,'(' II/SO CI,IlIS1' l'h,1 rt.

Main cla

Mood ofmoods: i

The il

make:out of

The ilor rnaPleas.

The S

indiuof neechild.

subjuwish

subjua nice

Nominal

Noures!

CbUSl'S

Illverted order III ,1sl'nll'nVl' \\'I'illl'll ill invertedurder, thl' prl'di\',IIl' l'llllll'S hd(lrl' I Ill' slIbject.

SI)Ill(' ,sl'llll'lll'l'S .In' II'rilll'l) ill ill\'l'rll'd order for\',Hiel\' llr Sjll'l'i,lll'lllpil,lSi,-;, (Up the beanstalk

scampered Jack.) TIll' sllhjl'cl ;lll-oll gl'lll'r,llly

fplluws lill' 1)1'L'llil',ll(' ill iI Sl'llll'lll'l' lil,lt beginswilh lil'/'!' or /1/1'/'('. (Here was the solution to his

problem.) tJlll'I-otillllS. llr inll'rrllg,l[i\'l' Sl'lltences,,11\' gl'lll'r,Jlly wrilll'll ill ill\'l'rkd llrdl'r, In manyqUl'StillllS, ;In ,Illxilidrv \'l'rh I'rl'l'l'dl's the subject,,llll I till' 111,1i 11 Vl'I'b fplluws it. (Has anyone seen

Susan?) tlul'sliollS lildllwgill with d'/111 or whatfllllllW ll11rm,ll word ordl'r.

Noun

Abstral

Collect

Comm(

Compo

Noun (Irregular verb . .'11'(' Verb tl'IlSl',

Posse:

Linking verb, S('I' VL'rb,

Proper

Main clause. Sec Clause.

Mood of verb A verb expresses one of threemoods: indicative, imperative, or subjunctive,

The indic.uiv« mood is the most common, Itmakes a statement or asks ,1question. (We areout of bread. Will you .I!!!¥ it?)

The illl~)l'I';lti\'l' mocx l expresses ,1commandor rna kcs ,1request. (Stop acting like a child!Please return my sweater.)

Thc subiun.f iv« IIlt)()(1 is uSl,d to express.indirectly, a demand. suggestioll, or stnti-rru-ntof necessity (I demand that he stop acting like achild. It's necessary that she buymore bread.) TIll'subjunctive is also uSl'd to St,ll!' ,1 condition orwish that is contrary to fuct. This lISl' of till'subjunctive n-quiros tlu- past tl'11Sl',(If you werea nice person, you would return my sweater]

Nominative pronoun. Sc'C' I'n moun.

Nonrestrictive elements, Wurds, ph raSl':-', Ill'

ci.1USl'Sthnt nrc not l'ssVllti,ll til till' I'OITl'l't

Noun Function

Names un idea, a quality, or a statu

herd, lroop, crowd, class

Abstract noun

understanding of a sentence and that thereforeshould be set off with commas,

NOUIl A word that names ,1person, il place, a

thing, or an idea. The chart on this pnge shows

the main types of nouns,

NOIIIl clause. SC't' CI,lLISl' cha rt.

NOIIIl of direct address, SC'( NOUIl chart.

Number /\ noun, prl)J10UIl, or verb is sill).;ul,H in

number if it rders to one: plural if it rl'i'vrs to

III 0 rl' than one,

Ohject. SI'C' Cornph-uu-nt.

Parallelism Silllil,1I'ily, ill slrlidurL' Ill' gr,11ll1l1,1Iil',11

Iunn. Ilfillgil"lily l'ljllill :-'1'11tl'IlCl'f)<1rts,

Participle /\ ve-rb (orm II1'11l"1I1.i lxo Iuncl ion ,1S

.in 'llljl't'li\'l', l'n':-'l'111p,lrlil'ipit-:-. ,1IW,lys l'ilLi illiII:" (The woman comforted the crying child.) M'lIlyf)i\st p.1rtil'ipll':-' 1'l1d ill nl . (We bought thebeautifully painted chair.) Howe-ve-r, il'rq,,,ul,lr\,l'rh~ III 1'111 the-ir [1,l:-.tI'.lrlil'ipll':-' ill :-'111111' 01111'1'W,lV, (Cato was Caesar's sworn enemy.)

Example

indupcudcnce, enr.rny

Collective noun Names a group 01 things or persons

musician, citv, buildinqCommon noun Names a general type of person,place, thinq, or idea

Compound noun Is made up of two or more words checkerboard, parking lot,mother-in-law

Noun of direct address Identifies the person or persons beingspoken to

MClria, please stand,

Possessive noun Shows possession, ownership, or therelationship between two nouns

my friend's room, my friend's brother

Proper noun Names a particular person, place,thing, or idea

Cleopatra, Italy, Christianity

lANGUAGE HANDBOOK R31

Passive voice. See Voice.

Past tense. Sct' Verb tense.

Perfect tense. Sec' Verb tense.

Personal pronoun. SC'(' Pronoun; Pronoun chart.

Phrase A group of words that acts in " sentenceas a single part of speech.

lin ,lh.~(lllIl(' ()hr,I,~(' con.;ists oi : noun or;lpronoun that is rnoditk-d by ,1 participle or

purticipiul phras« but has no grnn1llliltic<l1

relation to tilt' complete subject or prl'tiiralt'.(Th.!L'l~getables being_!lolle, we sat down to eat.)

An .I1'1'(l ....ilil'I·I'l1r,I ...I· is.1I1 appositivl'dlllllgwith <lily modifiers. If not n-strictiv«, or l';N'llti,!Itll till' 1ll\',1I1illg of tlw Sl'lltl'lll'C', ,111 ,Ippo ...ilivr-phr,ls\' is sl'l off hy romm.is. (Jack plans to go tothe jazz concert, an important musical event.)

A :',"1'1111"1,111'.1"','illl'illd\·s ,I gl'rulld plus itst"lllllpl\'Il11'llls 'lI11lll111difins. (Playing the fluteis her hobby.)

All 1IIIIIIilil,' 1"11'.1'", l"llllldill, ...IIH' illfillilil'l'plus ils \'\)lllpkllH'llls illlllllllldifins. (It is timeto leave for school.)

1\ 1',llli, il'i.1I 1,111',)',1't'lllll,liIlS .I pdl"lil'ipll' dllli,lilY llllltiifil'rs Ill'l'\,ssdry I() l'lllllpll'll' its1ll1·'lllillg. (The woman sitting over there is mygrandmother.)

1\ l'I\'I'II-'llillll,d 1,111',1.",l'llIISi"t;, ()f ,1prl'p()silillll, it" ()hjel'l, dllli .Illy 1l111difi\'rs of

11ll' objl·l·l. 1\ prl'po"ilillll,11 phr'I"l' l"111fUlldillll,IS .Ill ddjedivl', lllodifying.l Il11UIl 01",I

proilOUIl. (The dog in the yard is very gentle.) 1\pn'110silillll,11 phr,lsl' 1l1,ly ,!Iso fUlldillll ,IS .111advl'rb whl'n it lllotiifil'S ,1 vl'rh, illl 'ldvl'rh, llr.1Il 'Illjl·divl·. (The baby slept on my lap.)

1\ 1"'1'111\111',I~'I'COilSisIs of Olll' 01" ll111n',luxili.lry vl'rbs followl'd by ,I Illilill verb. (Thejob will have been completed by noon tomorrow.)

Positive degree . .'>c'I'l\djectivl·.

Possessive nOlin, SI'C' Noull ch'lrt.

Predicate 1\ verb or vl'I"b ph rtlSL' illld .1ny Objl·t"ts,com pleillell ts, or l1lodifil'l"s Ih,lt express Ihl'

l'ssl'nti,11 thought "boul the subject of ,1 sl·nll·IKl'.

R32 LANGUAGE HANDBOOK

1\ ...iIII f",Il' pn',li"dll' is a verb or verb phrasethat tells something about the subject. (We ran.)

1\ "llllll,ll'll' pr!'di",1k includes till' simplepredicate ,md ,lny words that modify orcomplete it. (We solved the problem in ashort time.)

An in l

anotheprom)1scntcndecide IAn inlqucsti.

i\ l'l'I"'or thir

p(lsse~the fUI

1\ 1\'11,

or proindica

ill V0",

1\ il,I,1suhoi"lwhom,

A ,'(\lllj111l111<1prl'llil <Ill' h,IS Iwo or more verbs

(If' vl'rb phras,·s (h'lt ;m' jllilll'd by .1

COil j unctioll ,1nd share- I'll\' S'IIll\' suhicct.(We ran !Q,1.hep!lr~and heqan to play baseball,)

Predicate adjective . .'11'1' 1\1Ijl '\'I i vv, Complement.

Predicate nominative . .'11'1' Compk-nu-nt.

Preposition 1\ word I h,11shows IIll' 1'1'1,1tionshipllf.l 1111111101'.1pnllllllill 10 ,,01lH' ollu-r word inI lu: SI'llll·llt'l'. l'n'l'llsilillilS illl'illlll' uluu:), above,IIITIISS, IlIlItllIS, lIS, brhin,', IIl'itlil', 1'(l/lIlIti, but, by,titlil'lI, tillrill;" nn'/l/, /j,r,.li·olll, illlll, liAI', IIC'17r, of,Oil, tllIl.'il/,', lit 'IT, ,illl'I', 111n)/lxll, ItI, Ill1ticT, II II til,II'ilfl. (I usually eat breakfast before schooL)

,\, "11'1'"'111,11'1."1,,,,.11'1111is 111.1111'III) of moreIh.1I1 lllH' wllrd (according to, ahead of. as to,because of. by mcans of, in addition to, in spite of,011 accoullt of). (We played the game ill spite ofthe snow.)

Case

NOlllinal

Pn~llosltionill phrasc. SI'(' I'h r.1"!'.

Present tcnse . .'-i"I' Vl'rh Il·I1....1'. Dbjectiv

PrOBrcssive forlll . .'11'1' Vl'rh Il'11Sl',

Pronolln /\ word Ih.11 I,d'l's 11ll' pl.H'I' of ,1 noun,.1 grolll' III wllrds .1dill~.;.1" .1 IHlIIII, Ill" .111otherI'I'I1ill II 111.Thl' wllrd llr \\'llrd" Ih.1I ,1 pronoun

rl'ln" 10 is 1,,1111'.1i Is .1I111'l'l'dl 'Ill. (I 11'1'(',Milri isIIH' ,11111'1'1,.11'111llf sill'. Mari likes Mexican food, butshe doesn't like Italian food.)

Posses~

Sentel1l/\ ,I"lllllIhll·.Ilill' 1'11111'11111poinls llill specificI)l'rslllls, "1;1(,('",, lhillgs, or idl"ls. (this, that,these, those) Duelara

1\n i IltI, ,I i II ii,' 1'1"111"11111'1'1'1'rs 10 I'l'rSOIlS,

pian's, or Ihings ill .1 Illort' gl'lll'r,Ji w,ly than Cl

1101111dOl'S. (all. another. any, both. each. either,enough, everything, few, many, most, much,

neither, nobody, none, one, other, others. plentv,several, some)

Exclam,

Imperal

InterrOl

Case Singular Pronouns Plural Pronouns' Function in Sentence

Nominative I,you, she, he, it we, you, they subject or predicatenominative

Objective me,you, her, him, it us, you, them direct object, indirectobject, or objectof a preposition

Possessive my,mine,your,yours, her, our,ours, your,yours, their, replacement for thehers, his, its theirs possessive formof a noun

An intensive pronoun adds emphasis toanother noun or pronoun. If an intensivepronoun is omitted, the meaning of thesentence will be the same. (Rebecca herselfdecided to look for a part-time job.)

An interrogative pronoun is used to formquestions. (who? whom? whose? what? which?)

A personal pronoun refers to a specific personor thing. Personal pronouns have nominative,possessive, and objecti ve cases, depending onthe function of the pronoun in a sentence.

A reflexive pronoun reflects back to a nounor pronoun used earlier in the sentence,indicating that the same person or thing isinvolved. (We told ourselves to be patient.)

A relative pronoun is used to begin asubordinate clause. (who, whose, that, what.whom, whoever. whomever. whichever, whatever)

Sentence Type Function

Declarative sentence Makes a statement

Exclamatorysentence Expresses strong emotion

Imperativesentence Expresses a request or ademand

Interrogative sentence Asks a question

.anquaqe Handhnok

Proper adjective. See Adjective.

Proper noun. See Noun chart.

Reflexive pronoun. See Pronoun.

Relative pronoun. See Pronoun.

Restrictive elements. Words, phrases, or clausesthat are essential to the understanding of asentence and should not be set off with commas.

sSentence A group of words that expresses acomplete thought. Every sentence has a subjectand a predicate. Sentences can be classified byfunction or by structure. The second chart showsthe categories by function; the followingsubentries describe the categories by structure.See also Subject; Predicate; Clause.

Endswith ... Examples

Aperiod I did not enjoythe movie.

Anexclamation point The books are alreadyfinishedl

A period or anexclamation point

Please come to the party.Stop!

Aquestion mark Is the compositionduetoday?

LANGUAGE HANDBOOK R33

A simpk- s,'nll'll('l' has only one main clauseand no subordinate clauses. (Alan found an oldviolin.) A simple sentence may contain acompound subject or a compound predicateor both. (Alan and Teri found an old violin. Alanfound an old violin and tried to play it. Alan andTeri found an old violin and tried to play it.) Thesubject and the predicate can be expandedwith adjectives, adverbs, prepositionalphrases, appositives, and verbal phrases. Aslong ,1S the sentence has only one main clause,however, it remains a simple sentence. (Alan,rummaging in the attic, found an old violin.)

A ",1I1111l)llllti ';,'llll'II,,' has two or more mainclauses. Each main (1,IUSl' has its own subjectand prcdirntc, and till'se main clauses <1I'l'usually [oiru-d by ,1 COIllIll,1 and ,1coordinntinr;conjunction, (Cats meow, and dogs bark, butducks quack.) A se-micolon Il1dY also bl' used tojoin Hll' main d,llISl'S in a compound s('nl('I1\'('.(The plane landed; the pilot had saved two cats.)

A l'lIlI1I,I,', ""liI"IIl,' h,IS one main dilllSl' andom: or more subordinate: claus('s. (Since the moviestarts at eight, we should leave here by seven-thirty.)

A \ '111'1'1'1111<1,\111'1,1", Sl'lltl'nl'l' h,IS two or11]()I'l' m.iin dausl's .uu.l .II Il',ls1 OIl('

subordinnu- d,IUS("(If we leave any later, we may miss the previews,and Iwant to see them.) :

Silllple predicate . .'1('1'I'rl'd iC,1t('

Silllille slIhject. .'1('('Suhj('cl.

SlIbject TIll' p,lrl uf.l S('ll1l'lll'l' lil,11 1('lls wildltill' Sl'lltl'nCt' is ilb(lul.

A "illq,I,' '>liI'i"ll is till' 1ll,lin nOlln lll' pronoullin thl' SUbjl'd, (Babies crawl.)

A l'\111111\,'1,' ..,llhivl 1 illdllLi('s till' sil1lpl,' slIhjl'l'li1lld any words th,lt Il)(ldify it. (Th~ mal!_fromNew Jersey won the race.) In sUll1e sentl'nn's,the simple subject ilnd thl' COlnpll'l(' subjl'cl,He the Silme. (Birds fly.)

A ,'Illlll',lllllli sul1jl'l'l h,lS two or Illore sill1plesubjects joined by a conjunction. TIll' subjedssh,ue till' sa me verb, (Firefighters and policeofficers protect the community.)

R34 LANGUAGE HANDBOOK

Subjunctive mood. See Mood of verb.

Subordinate clause. Sec Clause.

Subordinating conjunction. Sec Conjunction.

Superlative degree. See Adjective; Adverb.

Tense. Scc Verb tense.

Transitive verb. Sct' Verb,

verb toparts (partie:and aformsaddinirregupartie:

ThE

Verb A word that expresses action or a state ofbeing, (cooks, seem, laughed)

An .Il'litill v,'rh tells what someone orsomcthirn; dOL'S, Action verbs can expresse-ither physical or mental action. (Crystald~.cided to change the tire herself.)

or (timacticonpial

Thtacbanchis

ThEfunbefIun:

A Ir,llblli\,' \ 'Th is an action verb that isIollowc-d by ,1 word or words that answer thequestion <1'1111/ or (1'110111. (I held the baby,)

An iut r.u i-ci l i v. \ l'rb is an action verb that is1101 tollowc-d by 11word that ,1I1SWl'rs till'question ';1'1'111 or <p/W//I, (The baby laughed.)

A lillkil',I~ \ "1'1, t'xpresses ,1 state of llL'illg bylinkinj; IIll' subjl'd of ,I svntcnce with ,1 wordPI' ,111l'xpressioll thut identifies or liL-scribestill' ~ubjl'd. (The lemonade tastes sweet. He ~our new principal.) Thl' IllOSt cOllllllonly usedlillkillg vl'rb is 11(' ill ,III its forills. Otherlillking vl'rbs il1ciudl' 111'/)('/1", 1'(,(,OIIl(',fc'c/, grow,louk, n'lIlllill, ,';("('111, ,';Ollllli, s//Id/, s/ilY, lash'.

All .lll\ili,ll'\ \ 1'1'1>,or helping verb, is ,1 verbthdl ,1l'l'Olllp,lIlies lhl' 1l1,lin vl'rb to forlll awrh pilr,IS(', (I have been swimming,) Thefprl11s of 1,(, .1nd 111/('(' ,In' the 1l10st cOllllllon,luxili,lry vnbs. Otlwr ,1lIxili,lril's include can,mllld, rio, do(',,;, did, 1111'.1/, //liS/II, 111//,.;1, sllI1/1,s/iolllrl, ',pi/l, 'il'Olllri.

Verbal A verb form th,lt functions in ,1 sentence,IS ,1 Iloun, ,In ,ldjl'ctiVl', or ,In 'ldvl'rb. The threekinds of vl'rb,lls ,]I'l' gerunds, infinitives, andp,]I'ticipit>s. S('C' Cl'rund; Infinitive; P']I'ticiple.

Verb tense The tense of a verb ind ieLltes whenthe action or st<lte of being occurs. All of the

hon

Th(cor

A sencompor bol

Proble

The liehungl1

Solutitcamp

The lie

verb tenses are formed from the four principalparts of a verb: a base form (talk), a presentparticiple (talking), a simple past form (talked),and a past participle (talked). A regular verbforms its simple past tense and past participle byadding -ed to the base form (climb, climbed). Anirregular verb forms its past tense and pastparticiple in some other way (get, got. gotten).

The present perfect tense expresses an actionor condition that occurred at some indefinitetime in the past. This tense also shows anaction or condition that began in the past andcontinues into the present. (She has played thepiano for four years.)

The past perfect tense indicates that one pastaction or condition began and ended beforeanother past action started. (Andy had finishedhis homework before I even began mine.)

The future perfect tense indicates that onefuture action or condition will begin and endbefore another future event starts. Use willIUlVe or s!tallllave with the past participle ofa verb. (By tomorrow. I will have finished myhomework too.)

The progressive form of a verb expresses acontinuing action with any of the six tenses.

l.rln'luaye Hanubook

Use the appropriate tense of the verb be withthe present participle of the main verb. (She ~swimming. She has been swimming.)

The emphatic form adds emphasis to thepresent and past tense of a verb. For theemphatic form, use do, does, or did with thebase form. (Toshi did want that camera.)

Verb tenses within a pi1ssage must be consistentor compatible. Progressive and perfect formsmust be in the present tense and in the pastwhen a passage is written in the past tense.(She reads well. She has been reading since agefive.) (He was always busy. He had occupied hisspare moments with planning new projects.)

Voice The voice of a verb shows whether thesubject performs the action or receives the actionof the verb.

A verb is in the active voice if the subject ofthe sentence performs the action. (The refereeblew the whistle.)

A verb is in the passive voice if the subject ofthe sentence receives the action of the verb.(The whistle was blown by the referee.)

TroubleshooterUse the Troubleshooter to help you recognize and correct common writing errors.

Sentence FragmentA sentence fragment does not express acomplete thought. It may lack a subject, 11 verb,or both parts of a sentence.

Problem: A fragment that lacks a subject

The lion paced the floor of the cage. Lookedhungry. frQ9

Solution: Add a subject to the fragment to make acomplete sentence.The lion paced the floor of the cage. It looked hungry.

Problem: A fraqment that lacks a predicate

I'm painting my room. The walls yellow. frQ9

Solution: Add a pred icate to melke the sentencecomplete.I'm painting my room. The walls are going to beyellow.

Problem: A fraqment that lacks both a subject anda predicate

We walked eround the reservoir. Near theparkway. frQ9

lANGUAGE HANDBOOK R35

baniste

BThis glossary lists the vocabulary words found in the selections in this book. Thedefinition given is for the word as it is used in the selection; you may wish to consulta dictionary for other meanings of these words. The key below is ,1 guide to thepronunciation symbols used in each entry.

hanisteupnstair

bide (tfor,

a at 0 hope ng sing

a ape 0 fork, all th thin

it father 00 wood, put th this

e end 00 fool zh treasure

e me oi oil a ago, taken, pencil,

it ou out a lemon, circus

ice u up,

primary stress

hot -secondary stress0 u use

abate (o bat") ,". to n-durc in amount. dvg''L'l', orintensity: to lossvn: p.569

acute (a kut ") nil]. sharp: strong or intense; p.268

,Iggrmlating (ag' ra vat ing) lid). irritating:ilnnoying; p.812

a~Jonv (ag' a ne) 11.intense physical or emotionalsuffering; p.568

amiahlv (ii' me a ble) ad". in ,1 frie-nd Iy,good-natured Wily; p.250

-uistocrat (a ris ' ta krat) II. ,1 member of till'upper class; p.169

authentic (aw then' tik) nd]. not fake: real orgenuine; p.41

R58 GLOSSARY

p.52'

borne

brazen

dcfi.

ccohere

com

COlli pel

the I

COll1pH

d iffl

cOllcer

i'. 1'l'LllIl'ir VII l';llllili,ld, grildo 0inlcnsid.ul: clisminuir: p.569

couqre

oi"P

consci.111/;. ('(lrLlllk; i"llt'rll' 0 illll'11Sll; 11.268 nun

IIrI;. irri 1.1IIII';.iwn

II. slIi"rill1iVlllll l'llllll'illilill tl i"isiCl)in h-nso: p.568

couspn,lpp.

111/". til' 1ll,IIH'J"ilillllistllSil ()til' nnl urul bIiVIlO; p.250

convey

St<1tl

cowenshillalta: p.169

IIrI;' Ill) l<llsll; rl'ill (l cumhei

gl'lllliIlO; p.41 III ,1r

cunninsly;

banister/cunning

Bbanister (ban' is tar) n. a handrail and its

upright supports along the edge of astaircase; p. 509

bide (bTd) v. to wait patientlyfor a good opportunity;p.521

borne (born) v. given birth to; p.33

brazen (bra' zan) adj. shameless,defiant; p.415

ccoherence (k6 hlr' ans) n. logical connection;

consistency; p.496

competently (kom' pat ant Ie) ado. done ably, withthe necessury ability; p.172

compromise (kom' prs miz") II. a settlement ofdifferences reached by each side giving in oncertain demands; p.79

conceived (kan sevd") v. planned; p.268

congregation (kong' gra ga' shan) II. an assemblyof persons who meet for worship; p.81

conscious (kon' shas) II. the part of themind that stores thoughts, feelings andexperiences of which the mind isaware; p.703

conspicuous (kan spik' 0 as) adj. easily seen,apparent; p.793

convey (ksn va') v. to show or communicate bystatement, gesture, or appearance; p.228

cowered (kou' ard) v. moved away in fear orshame; p. 724

cumbersome (kum' bar sam) adj. not easilymanaged or carried; p.208

cunning (kun' ing) adj. artfully shrewd or cmfty;sly; p.351

Glossary/Glosario

Bbanister/pasamanos II. una baranda y sus

soportes verticales que se encuentra a 10largo del borde de una escalera; p.509

bide/esperar (el momento justo) v. aguardarcon paciencia la llegada de una buenaoportunidad: p. 521

borne/nacin v. fue dado a luz: fue parido: p.33

brazen/descarado adj. desvergonzado,desafiante: p.415

ccoherence/coherencia II. conexi6n logica:

consistencia; p.496

ccmpetentlv/competentemente ndu. hechecapnzrnente, con In habilidad necesaria: p.172

compromise/compromiso II. acuerdo dediferencias logrado cuando cada Indoconcede ciertos deseos: p.79

conceived/concebido v. planeado; p.268

conqreqaticn/conqreqacien II. asarnblea depersonas que se une para rezar: p.81

conscious/consciente adj. se reficre a In partede la mente que guarda pensamientos,scntirnientos y experiencias de la que lamente esta enterada: p.703

conspicuuus/conspicuo adj. f5cilmente visto,npparente: p.793

convev/trausmitir v. rnostrar 0 cornunicar porusercion. gesto 0 apariencia: p.228

cowered/se aqachn v. se encogio de rniedo 0

verguenza: p.724

cumbersome/pesado yo torpe ud]. que no secontrola 0 transporta facilmente; p.208

cunning/astuto adj. h,lbil y diestro;p.351

GLOSSARY R59

deftly/enterprise

Ddeftly (deft' Ie) adv. skillfully; p.415

delinquent (di ling' kwant) n. a personwho repeatedly breaks laws or socialcodes; p.568

descendants (di sen' dants) n. people whocome from a particular ancestor or group ofancestors; p. 589

diffused (di fOzd') v. spread widely;dispersed; p. 650

dingy (din' je) adj. not bright and fresh;discolored, dull; p.633

disproportionately (dis' pra par' sha nit I e) adv.not in correct proportion to other relateditems; p. 561

distinguished (di stin' gwisht) v. marked asseparate or set apart; p.358

dramatic (drs mat' ik)adj. exciting, vivid,striking; p. 520

Eebbed (ebd) v. became less or weaker;

declined; p. 649

ecological (e' kaloj' i kal) adj. concerning thepattern of the relationship between livingthings and their environment; p. 197

eliminating (i lim' a natinq) v. getting rid of,disposing of; p. 631

embrace (em bras') v. to clasp in the arms;hug; p.43

endure (en door') v. continue to be;last; p.531

enhances (en hans' iz) v.makes greater orheightens; intensifies; p.495

enterprise (en' tar priz') n. a businessorganization; p.230

R60 GLOSSARY

Ddeftly/habilmente adv. agilmente: p.415

delinquent/delincuente n. persona querepetidamente rompe leyes 0 c6digossociales; p. 568

descendants/descendientes n. personas quevienen de un antepasado particular 0 grupode antepasados; p.589

diffused/difumino v. esparci6 ampliamente;disemin6; p.65O

dingy/deprimente adj. con poco brillo y frescura;descolorido, apagado; p.633

disproportionately/desproporcionadamente adv.sin estar realizado en proporci6n correcta;p.561

distinguished/distinguido v. destacado por estarseparado 0 apartado de los demas: p. 358

dramatic/dramatico adj. excitante, vivido,sorprendente; p. 520

ebbed/retrocedie v. disrninuy6;decay6; p.649

ecoloqical/ecoleqicu adj. perteneciente a la pautade la relaci6n entre entidades vivas y suambiente; p. 197

eliminating/eliminar v. deshacerse de,desechar; p.631

embrace/abrazar v. apretar 0 estrechar entre losbrazos; p.43

endure/soportar v. continuar con; sobrevivir;perdurar; p. 531

enhances/mejora v. resalta 0 incrementa lascaracteristicas de algo; intensifica; p.495

enterprise/empresa n. una organizaci6n denegocios; p.230

,j!

extinction/incongruous

extinction (iks tinqk" shan) n. the dying out of aplant or animal species; p.197

Fforeboding (for b6~ ding) n. a feeling that

something bad will happen; p.852

frenzy (fren~ ze) n. a state of intenseemotion; p. 865

Ggait (gat) n. a particular manner of walking or

stepping; p.567

gnarled (narld) adj. rough, knotted, and twisted,as if from old age or from work; p. 508

grimace (qrim" is) n. a twisted expression of theface; p.252

Hhorde (hord) n. a large crowd of people or

animals; p.196

immersed (i mars") v. completely occupiedmentally; form of the verb immerse; p.190

immortality (im' or tal" ate) n. the state of livingor lasting forever; p.333

imprisoned (im priz" and) v. put or kept in aprison; p. 351

impulse (im" puis) n. a sudden urge to dosomething; p. 413

inaudible (in 6' da bal) adj. not able to beheard; p. 259

incongruous (in ka'1~groo as) adj. not harmoniousor matching; absurd; p.l90

,<tll1cuon/extincIOIl n. morir de una especieanimal 0 vegetal; p.197

inrebodinq/aprension n. sentimiento que algomalo va a pasar; p. 852

irenzv/frenesi n. estado de emocionintensa; p. 865

GJait/morio de andar n. una manera particular decaminar 0 pisar; p. 567

jnarled/nudose adj. aspero y endurecido, como sise debiera a la edad 0 al trabajo; p. 508

JrimacejmHeca n. expresion torcida de lacara; p.252

~irorde/horda n. muchedumbre grande de gente 0

animales; p.196

. nmersed/absorbido v. completamente ocupadomentalmente; p.190

'mmnrtatrv/inmortafidad n. estado de vivir 0

permanecer para siempre; p. 333

.mnrisoneu/encarcelado v. puesto en unaprision: p. 351

muulse/impulso n. gana repentina de haceralgo; p.413

inaudihle/inauuihle adj. incapaz de ser oido:p.259

. rccnqruous/inconqruo adj. ni harmonioso niemparejado; absurdo; p. 190

GLOSSARY R61

inconsolable/loathe

inconsolable (in ksn 56' la bal) adj. unable to becomforted; p. 358

inconvenient (in' kan ven' yant) adj. not easy todo, use, or reach; p.81

inflammable (in flam' a bal) adj. capable of beingset on fire easily; p.210

influx (in' fluks) n. a continual flow; p.228

inhumane (in hu man') adj. not feeling orshowing kindness, pity, or compassion forother human beings or animals; p.635

intellect (int' al ekt') 11. power of mind to know,understand, and reason; p. 33

intercept (in' tar sept') v. to stop the course orprogress of; p. 250

internal (in turn' al) adj. of, relating to, or existingon the inside; p. 648

intolerant (in tol' ar ant) adj. unwilling toallow or endure differences of opinion orpractice; p.175

invasive (in va' siv) adj. having a tendency tospread and have harmful effects; p.197

Jjubilation (j60' ba la shan) 11. great joy and

excitement; p.834

Llaboratory (lab' ra tor' e) n. a room, building, or

workshop for doing scientific experimentsand tests; p. 705

lapse (laps) v. to slip or fall; p.414

legitimately (Ii jit' a mit Ie) adv. in a way thatfollows the rules; legally; p. 335

liable (If' a bal) adj. likely; apt; p.18

loathe (loth) v. to regard with extreme disgust;hate; p.804

R62 GLOSSARY

inconsolable/inconsolable adj. incapaz de estarconsolado; p. 358

inconvenient/inconveniente adj. no facil de haccr,usar 0 alcanzar; p. 81

inflammable/inflamable adj. que se puedeprender fuego facilmente: p.210 .

influx/afluencia n. flujo continuo; p.228

inhumane/inhumano adj. que no siente 0

demuestra temura, lastima 0 compasi6n porotros seres humanos 0 animales; p.635

intellect/intelecto n. capacidad de 1acabeza desaber, entender y razonar; p. 33

intercept/interceptar v. detener el curso 0

progreso de; p.250

internal/interno adj. relacionado con 0 que existeen el interior; p.648

intolerant/intolerante adj. no dispuesto a permitiro soportar diferencias de opini6n 0

practica: p. 175

invasive/invasivo adj. que tiende a difundirse ytener efectos dafiinos: p. 197

Jjubilation/jubilo 11. gran alegrfa y

animo: p.834

Llaboratory/laboratorio lZ. cuarto, edificio

o taller para experimentos y pruebasscientificos; p. 705

!apse/decaer v. empeorar 0 bajar; p.414

legitimately/legitimamente adu. de manera quesigue las reglas; legalmente; p.335

liable/propenso adj. tener tendencia a; apto; p.18

loathe/aborrecer v. mirar con gran desgusto;odiar; p. 804

1 ma

M~ ma•1I

me

mE

me

ml

ml

ml

Nno

nu

oob

ob

ob

op

OIJ

ppC'

maximize/patriotism

Mmaximize (mak' sa rniz")v. to make as large as

possible; p. 561

meditation (med' a ta' shan) n. the act of thinkingor reflecting deeply; p.414

melancholy (mel' an kol' e) adj. sadlythoughtful; p.892

monetary (mon' a ter ' e) adj. of money; relatingto money; p.560

musty (mus' te) adj. smelling of damp ormold; p. 504

mutely (mOt' Ie) adj. without speaking;silently; p.338

mutilated (mOt' al at' ed) adj. severely deformedor injured; p. 673

Nnobly (no' ble) ado. in a worthy manner;

courageously, bravely; p.531

nuisance (n60' sans) n. something that isirritating or annoying; p.560

oobliged (a blljd") v. to be grateful; p.33

obscure (ab skyoor') adj. not well known; p.229

obscure (ab skyoor') v. to hide; p.728

oppressive (a pres' iv) adj. hard to bear;distressing; p.262

overrunning (0' var run'ing) v. overflowing orspreading over or throughout; p. 588

ppatriotism (pa' tre a tizam) n. love for and

enthusiastic support of one's country; p.522

-.

, v. to make as large aspossible; p. 561

n. acto de pensarprofundamente; p. 414

adj. tristementepensativo; p. 892

l' adj. perteneciente al dinero;relacionado can el dinero; p. 560

{ adj. que huele a humedado moho; p.504

adj. sin hablar; ensilencio; p.338

adj. deformado 0 dafiidoseveramente; p. 673

adu. de manera digna; convalor, con coraje; p. 531

n. algo que irrita 0

fastidia; p. 560

v. sentir gratitud; p.33

adj. no bien conocido; p.229

v. esconder; p. 728

adj. diffcil de soportar;angustiante; p. 262

v. extendiendose sobreo atraves de; p.588

n. arnor y entusiasmo pordefender el pais propio; p.522

GLOSSARY R63

perish/refrained

perish (per' ish) v. to pass from existence;disappear; p.531

persistently (par sis' tant Ie) ado. enduring;continuing for a long time; p.170

perturb (par turb') v. disturb greatly; p.897

petition (pa tish' an) 11. a formal request toa superior for some favor, privilege, orcompensation for a loss or wrong; p.720

plateau (pia to') n. a period of time ora stage where relatively little happens;p. 707

poise (poiz) 11. relaxed and self-controlledcomposure; p. 863

prejudice (prej' a dis) 11. an opinion formedwithout considering all sides of aquestion; p.895

preliminary (pri lim' a ner' e) adj. preceding andleading up to the main event, subject, oraction; p. 588

profound (pra found') adj. showing greatunderstanding, knowledge, or insight;p.269

prosperity (pro-sper' a te) II. the condition ofhaving success, wealth, or good fortune; p.675

publicity (pu blis" ate) 11. activities designedto increase public interest in somethingor somebody; p.673

aquench (kwench) v. satisfy; p.353

Rrash (rash) adj. characterized by too great haste

or lack of thought; p.352

refrained (ri frand") v. kept oneself from doing orsaying something; p.271

R64 GLOSSARY

perish/perecer v. morir; ruinarse 0

destruirse; p. 531re

persistently/persistentemente ado. perdurablemente;continuando por un tiempo extendido; p. 170

perturb/fastidiar v. molestar enormemente; p.897

re

repetition/peticiun n. exigencia formal a un superiorpor algun favor, privilegio 0 compensaci6n poruna perdida 0 un mal; p. 720 .

plateau/estancamiento/meseta n. periodos detiempo 0 etapa cuando relativamente pocoocurre; p. 707

re

re

poise/desenvoltura n. compostura relajada ycontrolada; p.863

rh

prejudice/prejuicio 11. opini6n formada sinconsiderar todas las perspectivas de unasunto 0 cuesti6n; p.895

rh

preJiminary/preliminar adj. precediendo yllegando hacia el even to, tema 0 acci6nprincipal; p. 588

profound/profundo adj. demostrandogran comprensi6n, conocimientoo percepci6n; p. 269

sSl:

st

prosperity/prosperidad n. condici6n de tenerexito, riqueza 0 buena fortuna; p.675

si

puhlicity/pubJicidad II. actividades disefiadaspara aumentar el interes publico en algo-oen alguien; p. 673

si

si

a Sl

quench/saciar v. satisfacer; p.353

s1

rash/precipitado adj. imprudente, sinpensamiento 0 preocupaci6n; p.352

st

refrained/se abstuvo de v. se impidi6 de hacer 0decir algo; p.271 s1

reputation/stealthily

reputation (rep' ya ta' shan) n. what peoplegenerally think about the character of aperson or thing; good name; p.19

resolute (rez a loot') adj. characterized bysteady determination; p.337

resolutions (rez ' a 160' shanz) 11. resultsof settling, explaining, or solving;p.497

resolve (ri zolv") v. to decide firmly; p.531

retrieve (ri trev") v. to bring back; p.80

rival (rT' val) adj. describing two or moretrying to achieve what only one canpossess; p.230

riveted (riv' it id) v. fastened with threadlessmetal bolts; p. 333

sscoundrels (skourr' dralz) II. dishonest people,

villains; p.510

sheepishly (shep" ish Ie) ado. with embarrassment;with a feeling of being at fault; p.44

sidekicks (sld" kiks) 11. close friends orcompanions; p.18

singe (sinj) v. to burn superficially or lightly;scorch; p. 208

sinister (sin' is tar) adj. bad, evil, dishonest;p.259

solemnly (sol' am Ie) ado. in a grave or seriousmanner; p.678

stately (stat' Ie) adj. impressive or dignified;p.42

static (stat' ik) n. crackling or hissing soundsthat interrupt normal sounds, such as thosefrom a microphone; p.23

stealthily (stelth' a Ie) adu. in a secret manner;sneakily; p.864

n. 10 que la gente piensageneralmente del caracter de una persona 0

cosa; buen nombre; p.19

ad]. caracterizado pordeterminacion firme; p. 337

11. resultados deprocesos de acuerdo, explicaci6n 0 soluci6nde problemas; p. 497

v. decidir firmemen te; p. 531

v. recuperar; p.80

adj. describiendo ados 0 mas personasque intentan lograr 10 que 5610 uno puedeposeer; p.230

v. sujeto can tornillos de metalsin rosca: p. 333

II. personas deshonestas,villanos: p.510

adu. can vcrguenza: canun sentimiento de culpabilidad; p.44

II. compaiiero 0 amigointima; p.18

v. quemar superficial 0

ligeramente; abrasar; p.208

adj. malo, corrupto,deshonesto; p.259

adu. de manera grave 0

seria; p.678

adj. impresionante 0dignificado; p.42

Il. sonidos crujidos 0 silbsantesque interrumpen sonidos norm ales, comoaquellos de un micr6fono; p. 23

adu. de manera secreta;furtivamente; p.864

GLOSSARY R65

stifled/turmoil

stifled (stl' fald) adj. held back; muffled; p.270

subconscious (sub kon' shas) 11. the part of aperson's mind that stores thoughts, feelings,and experiences of which the person is notaware; p.703

subdued (sab d60d') adj. quiet andrestrained; p. 821

superficial (s60' par fish' al) adj. lackingdeep meaning; shallow; unimportantor unnecessary; p.895

surveyor (sar va' ar) 11. one whose work is todetermine the shape, area, and boundaries ofa region; p. 587

sustain (sa stan) v. keep going; keep inexistence; p.647

Ttangible (tan' ja bal) adj. able to be seen, touched,

or felt; p.7'l2.

technique (tek nek/) 11. a method used to performan operation or achieve a goal; p.718

tedious (ted' e as) ndj. causing boredom orweariness; p.416

tempest (tem' past) 11. a violent storm; p.359

tormented (tor ment' ad) adj. caused to feel severemental or physical discomfort; p. 360

treacherous (trech' ar as) adj. dangerouslyuntrustworthy; p.673

tremor (trem' ar) n. a rapid shaking or vibratingmovement; p. 338

turmoil (tur' moil) n. state or conditionof confused agitation or commotion;p.638

R66 GLOSSARY

u

stifled/sofocado v. reprimido; ahogado; p.270 lsubconscious/subconsciente 11. parte de la mente

de una persona que guarda pensamientos,sentimientos y experiencias de la que elindividuo no esta enter ado; p.703

u

subdued/apagado ndj. calla do y restringido;p.821 v

superficial/superficial adj. que carece desentimiento profundo; poco profundo;sin importancia 0 necesidad; p.895

v

surveyor/top6grafo 11. uno cuyo trabajo esdeterminar la forma, area y fronteras deuna region; p. 587

v

vsustain/sostener v. soportar; mantener en

existencia; p.647 v

Ttangible/tangible ndj. capaz de ser visto, tocado 0

sentido; p. 7'l2.,

technique/tecnica 11. metodo usado para haceruna operacion 0 lograr una meta; p. 718

tedious/tedio adj. que causa aburrimiento 0

cansancio; p.416 .

tempest/tempestad II. una tormenta violenta; p.359

tormented/atormentado(a) adj. causado de sentirseun grave malestar mental 0 ffsico; p.360

treacherous/traicionero adj. peligrosamenteindigno de confianza; p. 673

tremor/temblor 17. movimiento rapido sacudienteo vibrante; p.338

turmoil/aqitacien 11. estado 0 condicion de 0

nervios generales, conmocion yconfusion; p. 638

unattainable/wavered

uunattainable (un a tan' a bal) adj. not able to be

achieved or gained; p. 497

vvacancy (va' kan se) 11. unoccupied or empty

space; p. 353

vaulted (vol" tid) v. jumped or leaped;p.504

velocity (vi los' ate) n. rapidity of motion;speed; p.211

vexed (vekst) adj. annoyed or distressed;

p.269

vile (vII) adj. extremely bad; repulsive;p.523

wwavered (wa' vard) v. moved unsteadily up and

down or from side to side; swayed; p.352

adj. que no se puedelograr u obtener; p.497

11. espacio vacio:p.353

11. saltado 0 sobrepasado (dichode un obstaculo): p. 504

11. rapidez de movimiento;rapidez; p.211

ad]. irritado 0

afligido; p.269

ad]. extremadamente malo;repulsivo; p.523

1'. actuo con indecision;vacilo: p.352

GLOSSARY R67