luncho task1
TRANSCRIPT
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There are some special words for numbers,fractions and percentages.
Look at the following table which shows a
number in different years (1990-1995) :
1990 1995
1200 1800
You could describe the above table using
numbers, fractions or percentages:
The number went up by 600, from 1200 to
800. (Number) The number went up by half, from 1200 to
1800. (Fraction) The number went up by 50%, from 1200 to
1800. Percentage)
The number went up 150%, to 1800.(Percentage)
1992 1994 1996 1998
500 1000 3000 12000
Use "trebled," "-fold," and "times:" The number doubled between 1992 and
1994. The number trebled between 1994 and 1996.
The number quadrupled from 1996 to 1998
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There was a twofold increase between1992 and 1994.
The number went up sixfold between 1992
and 1996.
The figure in 1996 was three times the
1992 figure. The figure in 1998 was four times the 1996
figure.
1992 1994 1996 19981000 800 400 100
Use Fractions:
Between 1992 and 1994, the figure fell
by one-fifth. Between 1994 and 1996, the number
dropped by a half. The figure in 1998 was one-tenth the 1992
total.
Vocabulary 1: The Language of
Graphs
!Prepositions
Between 1995 and 2000 From 1995 to 2000
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Fell
Declined
Dropped Decreased Sank
Went down
Movement: Up
Rose W
ent up Increased Grew
Strong Words (Use Carefully!)
Fell
Shot up Rocketed Surged
plummeted plunged
Adjectives
slightly
a little a lot sharply
suddenly steeply
gradually
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gently steadily
No Movement
remained steady
were unchanged
did not change remained constant
remained stable stabilized
Tops and
Bottoms
reached a peak
peaked reached their highest level
fell to a low sank to a trough reached a bottom
(Click here to see this graph with popup
words)
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Look at the graph above,
from the IELTS preparation
text"Insight
into
IELTS"by VanessaJakeman and Clare
McDowell, CambridgeUniversity Press.
The graph shows the
fluctuation in the number
of people at a Londonunderground station overthe course of a day.
The busiest time of the day
is in the morning. There is
a sharp increase between06:00 and 08:00, with 400
people using the station at8 o'clock. After this the
numbers drop quickly toless than 200 at 10 o'clock.
Between 11 am and 3 pm
the number rises, with aplateau of just under
300 people using thestation.
In the afternoon, numbersdecline, with less than 100
using the station at 4 pm.
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There is then a rapid rise to
a peak of 380 at 6pm. After7 pm, numbers fall
significantly, with only aslight increase again at
8pm, tailing off after 9 pm.
Overall, the graph shows
that the station is mostcrowded in the early
morning and early evening
periods.Vocabulary Tips
Don't repeat verbs
Before you start towrite, make a list of
synonyms (words with
the same meaning)
See how many waysyou can rephrase the
title of the graph. Useone in the intorduction
and another in theconclusion same
meaning)
B
e careful withprepositions. They can
make a big difference inmeaning. For example,
"roseby"is verydifferent from "rose
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to." Learn your verbs
with the prepositionthat goes with them.
Ba
Types of Graphs
You are likely to meet only two types of graphs
in IELTS or other intermediate English tests -time and comparison graphs.
In time graphs you have to describe changesover time.
In comparison graphs you have to compare
different items - countries, people, products,places, etc.
Here is a time graph.
You have to compare different methods of
transport used in the US over the last century -train, bus and air.
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You could start with
y train (because it is the oldest method)
y by air (because it is the biggest method of
public transport today.)y However, don't start with bus because it is
very small and not the main idea
The main trend with rail transport is that it rose
to a peak in the 1920s and 1930s and thendeclined.
The main trend with air is that it started late, inthe 1960s, but it has shot up to become by far
the biggest carrier of passengers
You have to compare the amount of water used
for domestic, agricultural and industrialpurposes.
There are two ways to write about this graph:
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y by country (make groups like Saudi Arabiaand Oman which have mainly agricultural
use, then Bahrain and Kuwait which have
mainly domestic use, etc)
y by use (Agriculture, then Domestic, then
Industrial.)
Start with Agriculture because it is the biggestuser. Group together Saudi Arabia and Oman as
the top users, and then group UAE and Qatar asthe middle group of users, using 60% of water
for agriculture. Finally mention Bahrain andKuwait.
Your second paragraph should be about
Domestic use, the use of water in the home,because it is the second biggest use. Start with
Kuwait and Bahrain (grouped together) (morethan 50%) and then write about Qatar and the
UAE.
Tourismin Dubai, 1990-1994
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Dubai Tourism, 1990-1994
The graph shows the numbers oftourists in hundredsofthousands visiting Dubai between 1990 and 1994.There areseveral features in the graph.
First ofall, the total number oftourists increasedrapidly between 1990 and 1994. In 1990 therewas atotal of450,000 tourists in Dubai. This rose sharply to625,000 in 1991, an increaseofmore than 30%, androse slightly again to just under 700,000 in 1992. Inthefollowing two years, the number ofvisitorsstarted to pick up again and reached 1 million in 1994.
This was more than double thefigurefor 1990.
The second trend is that therewas ahuge increase inthe number oftourists from Russia. In 1990, Russiantourists comprisedonly 20,000 or less than 5%ofvisitors. This number shot up to 50,000 in 1991 anddoubled again to more than 100,000 in 1992.Between 1992 and 1994, the number trebled,from110,000 to 330,000. This meant that Russian tourists
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made up one-third,or 33%, ofDubais 1 millionvisitors in 1994. In comparison, the number oftouristsfrom other countries increasedonly slightly,from550,000 in 1991 to 580,000 in 1994.
In conclusion, although the number oftourists fromall countries is increasing, Russian tourists arebecoming more and more important for the tourismindustry in Dubai.
Annual fish catch (millions of tonnes): North America
North American fisheries have been in severe decline since the late 1980s, with at leastone-third of all species overfished.
North American Fish Catches
The graph shows changes in fish catches
for the US and Canada over the last 30
years.
The most significant feature is that fish
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catches have declined drastically in both
the US and Canada since the mid-1980s.Although Canadian production is much
lower, its echoes US
figures, declining orincreasing at the same rate.
Between 1972 and 1977, US fish catches
averaged between 2.5 and 2.75 million
tonnes per year, while Canadian landingsfluctuated between 800,000 and 1.1
million tonnes. In 1997, however, there
was a big increase in fish caught in theUS, and this rise continued up to a peak
of 5.5 million tonnes in 1987. During the
same period, Canada's catch increasedfrom 1 million tonnes to 1.5 million
tonnes, an increase of 50%.
From 1987 onwards, there was a sudden
decline in both countries. US figurestumbled to 4 million tonnes in 1995, adrop of 28%, and Canadian catches
plunged to 0.5 million tonnes, a drop of
66%. In the following four years, UScatches fluctuated around the 4 million
tonne mark, while Canadian catches rose
very slightly.In general, both Canadian and the much
larger US catch have declineddramatically since their peak in the mid-
1980s.
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Heart Attacksby Ageand Gender, USA
y
Heart Attacks by Age andGender
The graph shows how
age and gender influence
the frequency of heart
attacks in the US.Less than 6% of all heart
attacks occur in the 29-
44 age group. The
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number of women who
suffer heart attacks in
this group is negligible -only 3000 per year,
compared to 123,000
men.
However the proportion
of men and women with
heart attacks rises
dramatically between 45
and 64, with over half a
million per year. Over
420,000 men a year in
this age group haveheart attacks. The
incidence amongst
women increases -
women have one heart
attack for every three
men in this age group.
Over the age of 65, the
number of men suffering
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heart attacks only
increases slightly.
However there is a hugeincrease in the number
of women with heart
attacks - they comprise
over 40% of all victims.
In conclusion, men are
more likely to be the
victims of heart attacks
at all ages, but women
are increasingly likely
over the age of 65.
Fertility Rates (Births perWoman)inGulfCountries, 1990-2000
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y Click here to see a sample text
Fertility Rates
The chart shows striking changes in thefertility rate of women in six Gulfcountries Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Oman,Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain between 1990and 2000.
In the ten year period, there was adecline in the number of births perwoman in all countries. The biggestdeclines were in two countries which hadlow fertility rates at the start of thedecade, Bahrain and the UAE.
Fertility rates vary greatly between the sixcountries. Oman and Saudi Arabia had thehighest rates, with over seven births perwoman in 1990. This compared witharound 4 births per woman in Bahrainand the UAE, and just 3.75 in Kuwait
By 2000, the rate had fallen below threebirths per woman in Kuwait, Bahrain andthe UAE, with a drop of over 25% in a
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eca e n e . owever, n auArabia and Oman, the rates fell by just20%, from 7.0 to 5.5.
In summary, there were major decreasesin birth rates in all countries, but some
countries in the region have double thefertility rate of others.
Oil Production
Oil Production Capacity
The graph shows Oil
Production Capacity in
millions of barrels per
day for selected Gulfcountries. There areseveral features in this
graph.
The most significant
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feature is that oilproduction will increase
sharply in almost all the
countries shown.Kuwait and Iraq areboth expected todouble
their output between
1990 and 2010, withKuwait's production
rising from 1.8 millionbarrels per day (bpd) in
1990 to 3.8 in 2010.Iran will also increase
its output by a slightlysmaller amount. After
remaining steady at 2.5million bpd from 1990
to 2000, the UAE's
output is expected toapproach 4.0 millionbpd in 2010. Only
Qatar's production ispredicted to fall, back
to 0.8 million bpd after
a slight rise in 2000.
However, the greatestincrease will be from
Saudi Arabia. In 1990,its output capacity at
8.5 million bpd
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exceeded the combinedproduction of Iran, Iraq
and Kuwait. This lead is
expected to continuewith a 75% increase inproduction to 14.5
million bpd 2010.
In summary, while
most of the countriesare expected to show
increases, Saudi Arabiawill maintain and
strengthen its positionas the major producer.
(194 words)
HCT Graduates
Graduates from the Higher Colleges of Technology's Women's and Men's Colleges,
1999
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Top of Form
Higher CollegeGraduates
The chart shows male andfemale graduates from theHigher Colleges ofTechnology colleges in theUAE.
The most outstandingfeature of the graph isfemale graduatesoutnumber males in all thecolleges. For example, inDubai, there are 30% morewomen graduates thanmen. There are also largedifferences in Al Ain and inRas Al Khaimah. However,the number of men andwomen is almost equal in
the colleges in Abu Dhabi.There are also bigdifferences in the sizes ofthe colleges. Ras AlKhaimah has less than 300students altogether, whileAbu Dhabi has about 600
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an u a as a mos
In summary, womenoutnumber men in all thecolleges, and there aresignificant differences in
the sizes of the colleges.124 words
Internet UsageinTaiwanby Age Group, 1998-2000
Internet Usage in Taiwan by Age
The graph shows changes in the age
profile of Internet users in Taiwan
between 1998 and 2000.
The main users of the Internet in
Taiwan are young adults between 16
and 30 years old. In 1998, they
accounted for more than half of all
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users. In 1999 the number dropped
slightly to 45%, but even in 2000
they were the biggest group.
The second biggest group of users is
aged between 31 and 50. They made
up 41% in 1998, falling slightly to
37% in 2000. When combined with
the 16-30 age group, over 94% of
users in 1998 were between 16 and
50.
However this number is dropping
steadily as more children and older
users log on. In 1999, the number of
children online quadrupled from 2%to 8%, and it continued to increase
in 2000. There were similar
increases for older users, rising from
4% in 1998 to 10% in 2000.
In summary, while adults between16 and 50 still represent the great
majority of Internet users in
Taiwan, their share is declining as
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more children and older users join
the web.
(180 words)
ComputersandInternetinthe Arab World
Computers & Internet in the Arab World
The chart shows striking differences in the
level of computer and Internetpenetration in the Arab world.The UAE and Kuwait are by far the mostcomputerized countries, with Lebanon adistant third. The UAE has over 150computers for every 1000 inhabitants,compared to Kuwait's 130 and Lebanon's
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60. In contrast, countries such as Egypt,Morocco and Syria have less than 20computers per 1000 inhabitants.
There are also great differences in
Internet use and availability. The UAE hasby far the highest proportion of users,with more than one-third of its populationusing the Internet. Kuwait and Lebanonare second and third again, with 100 usersper thousand in Kuwait and 80 inLebanon. In some countries the numberusing the Internet is negligible: SaudiArabia has less than 20 users perthousand, and there are fewer than 5
users per thousand in Syria.One unusual feature of the graph is thatInternet use does not seem to be directlyrelated to the number of computers. Inseveral countries (the UAE, Lebanon,Jordan and Oman), there are moreInternet users per thousand people thancomputers. However, in other countries,such as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Syria, thenumber of Internet users is lower than thenumber of computers.In summary, there are major differencesbetween computer use and Internet usein the Arab world, but the UAE clearlyleads the area in both number ofcomputers and number of internet usersper capita.
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Phones
The graphs below show the number of land-line phones (ordinary connections) andmobile phones per thousand people in two different countries between 1996 and 2000.
Write 150 words comparing the two countries.
pp nes ana a
US Spending Patterns, 1966 -1996
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USSpending Patterns 1966 - 1996
The piecharts show changes in
American spending patterns
between 1966 and 1996.
Food and cars made up the twobiggest items of expenditure in
both years. Together they
comprised over half of household
spending. Food accounted for
44% of spending in 1966, but
this dropped by two thirds to
14% in 1996. However, the
outlay on cars doubled, rising
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from 23% in 1966 to 45% in
1996.
Other areas changedsignificantly. Spending on eating
out doubled, climbing from 7%
to 14%. The proportion of salary
spent on computers increased
dramatically, up from 1% in
1996 to 10% in 1996. However,
as computer expenditure rose,
the percentage of outlay on
books plunged from 6% to 1%.
Some areas remained relatively
unchanged. Americans spentapproximately the same amount
of salary on petrol and furniture
in both years.
In conclusion, increased
amounts spent on cars,computers, and eating out were
made up for by drops in
expenditure on food and books.
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