magnified x-ray phase-contrast imaging at the lcls schropp | esrf-workshop: dycomax | march 29, 2017...

DyCoMaX

Magnified X-Ray Phase-Contrast Imaging at the LCLS

AndreasSchroppDESY

Notkestr.85

D-22607Hamburg

Germany

Andreas Schropp | ESRF-Workshop: DyCoMaX | March 29, 2017 | page

X-Ray Nanoscience and X-Ray Optics- and P06-groups

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Prof.Dr.ChristianG.Schroer(DESYandUniHH)Dr.GeraldFalkenberg(DESY-P06beamlineresponsible)

PETRAIII(DESY,Hamburg) ESRF(Grenoble) LCLS(SLAC,MenloPark)

S.Botta,D.Brückner,M.Döring,R.Döhrmann,J.Garrevoet,L.Grote,R.Hoppe,M.Kahnt,S.Klare,M.Lyubomirskiy,J.Reinhardt,D.Samberg,M.Scholz,A.Schropp,W.Schröder,F.Seiboth,M.Seyrich,K.Spiers,F.Wittwer

ScanningcoherentX-raymicoscopy,usingfluorescence(XRF),diffraction(SAXS,WAXS),absorption(XAS)andptychographic(CXDI)contrast.


High-Resolution Imaging at an XFEL

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AdvantagesofanX-rayFEL> shortX-raypulses(50fsandbelow)> highbrilliance,intensebeam> highlycoherent

➙ hightemporalresolu\on(ultrafast)

Someexperimentsrequirehighspa\alresolu\onaswell:> diffrac\onimaginginreciprocalspace> magnifiedimaginginrealspace

Ineithercase,highestspa\alresolu\onrequiresfocusingtheX-raybeam. H.N.Chapmanetal.,Nature470,73-U81(2011)

PPE-Fellowship:“FocusingX-rayfree-electronlaserbeamsforimagingandcreatingextremeconditionsinmatter”


Magnified X-Ray Phase-Contrast Imaging

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L1

L2

f magnifiedprojection

KB mirrorFresnel zone platerefractive lens

object

synchrotronradiation Diffraction-limited focus at the XFEL:

illumination with lateral coherent light

> efficientuseoffluence> highspa\alresolu\onpossible:L1=100mm,L2=4143mmM=42

> effec\vepixelsize≈50nm> phasecontrast:difficulttoobtainquan\ta\veresults


Magnified X-Ray Imaging with Coherent Radiation

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Imaging with curved wave field:

(spherical wave)

In paraxial approximation:

Thin object is modelled by a transmission function .

Wave front behind the sample:

L1

L2

f magnifiedprojection

KB mirrorFresnel zone platerefractive lens

object

synchrotronradiation

B. Abbey, et al., Nature Physics 4, 394 (2008)


Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS)

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X-raylaserinoperationatSLACNationalAcceleratorLaboratorysince2009(StanfordUniversity).

SLAC,MenloPark

target chamberhigh-harmonic

rejection mirrors

focusing lenses (Be-CRLs)

Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) instrument


High-Power Optical Lasers at MEC

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femtosecondlaser

nanosecondlaser

longpulselasersystem> wavelength:527nm> variablepulselength:2-20ns> variabletemporalpulseshape

> energy:4x10J> onepulseevery10minutes

Mul\-Joulehighintensityshockdriverfortargetinterac\ons

shortpulselasersystem> wavelength:800nm> pulselength:≤40fs(150psuncompressed)

> maximumenergy:150mJperpulse

> repe\tonrate:10Hz

TW-classshortpulselaserfortargetdriverandshortpulsediagnos\cs

Upgradedto25TW!


Nanobeam Characterization by Ptychography

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Needillumina\onfunc\oninsampleplane!!

Usingscanningcoherentmicroscopy(ptychography)todeterminethecomplex-valuedillumina\onfunc\on.

Tungstenteststructureswith50nmsmallestfeaturesize.

ptychographysample

SEM-image


Nanobeam Characterization by Ptychography

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> 125nm(FWHM)centralpeak> sphericalaberra\onpresent,producingaseriesofsidemaxima> importantinforma\onrequiredtoimprovetheop\csSchropp,A.etal.,Fullspa(alcharacteriza(onofananofocusedx-rayfree-electronlaserbeambyptychographicimaging,Sci.Rep.3,1633(2013)

measureddiffrac\onpanernsfromnano-structuredsample

intensity complexamplitude

reim

2 µm 2 µm

intensity complexamplitude

2 µm2 µm

numericallyretrievedobject

2 µm

SEM-image


Influence of the Illumination Function

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complexwavefield

20 µm

propagatedintosampleplane

20 µm

sphericalwavesubtracted

fullcaus\cofnanofocusedXFEL-beam phasecontrastimageofNi-mesh

retrieveddensitywithoutknowledgeofillumina\on

reim

1 µm


Transmission Function - Time Series

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Tomographic Reconstruction of Density Profiles

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Datacontainstructuralinforma\onwithhighspa\alresolu\on!

> quan\ta\vevaluesforthephaseship

Schropp,A.etal.,ImagingShockWavesinDiamondwithBothHighTemporalandSpa(alResolu(onatanXFEL,Sci.Rep.5,11089(2015)


Elastic Wave in Diamond

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> shockvelocity> quan\ta\vecompressionvalues> spa\alresolu\onofabout500nm(limitedbytheSASEbandwidth)

60

50

40

30

20

dis

tanc

e [µ

m]

3.02.52.01.51.00.5 time [ns]

shockdecay

shockvelocity

Schropp,A.etal.,ImagingShockWavesinDiamondwithBothTemporalandSpa(alResolu(onatanXFEL,Sci.Rep.5,11089(2015)

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

com

pres

sion

maximum compression fit ~ t-1.3

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

wid

th o

f co

mpr

essi

on w

ave

[µm

]

3.02.52.01.51.0time [ns]

a)

b)

> characteris\c\mescaleofshockdecay> PCI:highsensi\vityofabout1%larcecompression(notvisibleinabsorp\on!)


Nanofocusing Setup at MEC (PCI-Setup)

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XFEL-beam

> combinesptychographyandPCI> improvedstabilityandposi\oningaccuracy

> hexapodsforthealignmentofBe-CRLsandsample

> longtravelrangeforthealignmentofBe-CRLs(FOV)

> cleaningapertureaperlens> beamstop> compactdesigninordertoenableafastexperimentalsetup Will be redesigned and implemented at the MID-

and HED-instrument of the European XFEL!

A.Schropp,etal.,DevelopingaplaIormforhigh-resolu(onphasecontrastimagingofhighpressureshockwavesinmaJer,Proc.ofSPIE,Vol.8504,85040F(2012)

B.Nagler,etal.,Thephase-contrastimaginginstrumentatthemaJerinextremecondi(onsendsta(onatLCLS,Rev.Sci.Instrum.87,103701(2016)


Perfect X-Ray Focusing

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F.Seibothetal.,“PerfectX-rayfocusingviafittingcorrectiveglassestoaberratedoptics”,Nat.Commun.8,14623(2017)

> ShapeerrorsofsingleBe-CRLsaresmallerthan500nm!Extremelychallengingtoimprove!

> Correc\vephaseplateforthewholestackoftheBe-lensrelaxesthemanufacturingrequirements.

> Diffrac\on-limitedandaberra\on-freeX-rayfocusingpossiblebyinser\nganaddi\onalphaseplatemadetomeasure.


XFEL vs Synchrotron Radiation — Peak Brilliance

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> Timestructure≈100fs> Photonflux≈1012photons/pulse

> Shockspropagateatabout10km/sandfaster,i.e.,shockfrontmovesabout1nmwithintheXFEL-pulsedura\onandabout1µmduringasinglesynchrotronX-raypulse.

> Shockfrontcanbesharpontheatomiclengthscale.

> Timestructure≈100ps> Photonflux≈109photons/bunch

XFEL

SynchrotronRadiation

hnp://www.xfel.eu/overview/in_comparison/


XFEL vs Synchrotron Radiation — Peak Brilliance

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> Time-resolvedimagingwithmoderatespa\alresolu\on(>1µm)atthesynchrotron?- improvequantumefficiencyofthedetector

- directimaginginsteadofPCI- pinkbeam?

hnp://www.xfel.eu/overview/in_comparison/

> Timestructure≈100fs> Photonflux≈1012photons/pulse

> Timestructure≈100ps> Photonflux≈109photons/bunch

XFEL

SynchrotronRadiation


XFEL-beam

Summary

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> XFEL:x-raymicroscopywithbothhighspa\alandtemporalresolu\on.> Beamcharacteriza\on(ptychography)requiredtoobtainquan\ta\veresults.

> PCIyieldsquan\ta\veresultsonshockvelocity,compressionand\mescaleofshockdecay.

> Time-resolvedX-rayimagingonamoderatelengthscaleatthesynchrotron?

diamond kapton

iron


Acknowledgments

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Peter-Paul-EwaldFellowship(VolkswagenStiftung)

“FocusingX-rayfree-electronlaserbeamsforimagingandcreatingextremeconditionsinmatter”

AtSLACJerryHas\ngsHaeJaLeeBobNaglerEricGal\erUlfZastrauBriceArnold

AtDESYandTUDChris\anSchroerFrankSeibothRobertHoppeVivienneMeierJensPatommelDirkSamberg

AtLLNLRipCollinsYuanPingDamienHicks

AtKTHUlrichVogtDanielNilssonFredrikUhlénHansHertz


Thank you very much for your attention!

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NanoLab

Synchrotron radiation source (highest brilliance)

VUV & soft-x-ray free-electron laser

Cooperation partners UHH · MPG · EMBL · HZG CSSB partner institutes Sweden · India · Russia

MPI-SD

FLASH

PETRA III

+X-Ray Free-Electron Laser atomic structure & fs dynamics of complex matter

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magnified x-ray phase-contrast imaging at the lcls schropp | esrf-workshop: dycomax | march 29, 2017...

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