main solomon 1990 procedures for identifying infants as disorganized disoriented during the...

8/9/2019 Main Solomon 1990 Procedures for Identifying Infants as Disorganized Disoriented During The Ainsworth Strange Situation

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Attachment

in thePreschool Years

Theory, Research, andIntervention

EDITED BYMark T. Greenberg, Dante Cicchetti, and

E. Mark Cummings

The University of Chicago Press

Chicago and London


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The University o Chicago !ress, Chicago "#"$% The University o Chicago !ress, Ltd.,London

& '((# by The University o Chicago )** rights reserved. !ub*ished '((# !a+erback edition'(($ !rinted in the United tates o )merica (( (- (% / $

The University o Chicago !ress grateu**y ackno0*edges a subvention rom the 1ohn D. and

Catherine T. Mac)rthur 2oundation in +artia* su++ort o the costs o +roduction o this vo*ume.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

)ttachment in the +reschoo* years 3 theory, research, and intervention 45edited by6 Mark T. Greenberg, Dante Ciccetti, E. Mark Cummings, +. cm.78The 1ohn D. andCatherine T. Mac)rthur 2oundation series on menta* hea*th and deve*o+ment6

Inc*udes bib*iogra+hica* reerences.I9:3 #;


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Contents

Contributors vii!reace3 The Third !hase o )ttachment Research iA

Robert N. EmdeIntroduction3 Bistory o a Co**aboration in the tudy o )ttachment AiiiMar T. !reenberg" Dante Cicchetti" and E. MarC#mmings

PARTI THEORETICALISSUES'. )n rganiationa* !ers+ective on )ttachment beyond Inancy3

Im+*ications or Theory, Measurement, and Research $Dante Cicchetti" E. Mar C#mmings" Mar T. !reenberg" andRobert $. Marvin


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C:TE:T%. ecurity o Todd*er;!arent )ttachment3 Re*ation to Chi*drenFs

ocio+ersona*ity 2unctioning during Hindergarten


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/ J !rocedures or IdentiyingInants as Disorganied4Disoriented

during the )ins0orth trange ituationMary Main and 1udith o*omon

The ends of scientific c'assification are bestans%ered %hen the ob1ects are formed into gro#-s res-ecting

%hich a greater n#mber of genera' -ro-ositions canbe made, and those -ro-ositions 2being3 more im-ortant,

than co#'d be made res-ecting any other gro#-s into%hich the same things co#'d be distrib#ted.

71ohn tuart Mi** '-%/, ++. /"";/"%.

TBE)I:RTBtrange ituation is a *aboratory;based observation o the inantFsres+onse to t0o brie se+arations rom, and reunions 0ith, the +arent 8)ins0orth,9*ehar, aters, K a** '(%-6. Inant res+onses to this situation are customari*yc*assiied as itting to one o three overa** +atterns o behaviora* organiation3 sec#re8the inant sho0s signs o missing the +arent u+on se+aration, greets the +arentactive*y u+on reunion, then sett*es and returns to +*ay, identiied as category B3

insec#re*avoidant8the inant sho0s *itt*e or no distress at se+aration rom the +arent,and active*y avoids and ignores the +ar;

Mary )ins0orth +rovided continuing encouragement and su++ort 0hi*e 0e 0ere engaged in deve*o+ingthis eA+ansion o her origina* system or c*assiying inant attachment organiation. 9ryan Co0*ey, =ickiCar*son, 1ude Cassidy, Dante Cicchetti, !at Crittenden, 9ob Barmon, :ancy Ha+*an, and U*rike artner 0erehe*+u* in criti?uing ear*ier editions o this manuscri+t. e are grateu* or the eAtensive and careu* criti?ues+rovided by Mary )ins0orth, Caro* George, Erik Besse, and Marinus =an I1endoorn.

e are grateu* to the o**o0ing researchers or +ermitting us to vie0 their trange;ituation videota+es3Lei*a 9eck0ith, UCL) choo* o Medicine anda 9ronson, Institute o Buman Deve*o+ment, 9erke*ey

=icki Car*son, ashington University, and Dante Cicchetti, University o Rochester Mary 1. FConnor,Marian igman, and :ancy 9ri**, UCL) usan +ieker and Hathryn 9arnard, Chi*d Deve*o+ment andMenta* Retardation Center, University o ashington, eatt*e.

u++ort rom the Barris 2oundation o Chicago made the +re+aration o this +a+er +ossib*e. In its ear*ier+hases, the 9erke*ey ocia* Deve*o+ment !roect 0as su++orted by the i**iam T. Grant 2oundation, and by9io;Medica* u++ort grants ';///#$";$


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '$'

8category+6 or un+redictab*e caregiver res+onsiveness 8category C6. The inant o there*ative*y reecting mother may then be seen as ado+ting a strategy o minimi0ingthedis+*ay o attachment behavior re*ative to the actua* *eve* o activation o the

attachment behaviora* system 8+attern +6, 0hi*e a ma5imi0ation strategy mayconceivab*y be ado+ted instead 0hen the caregiver is insensitive, nonreecting, andun+redictab*e 8Main, in +ress Main K Besse, this vo*.6.

Given this understanding o the +" B" and Cattachment +atterns, the )ins0orthc*assiication instructions seem to describe the behavior eA+ected or an inant 0ho isusing one o these three centra* strategies in res+onding to +arenta* *eave;taking andreturn 0ithin an unami*iar environment. ith )ins0orthFs c*assiication instructionsvie0ed in terms o inant attachment strategies, 0e can see 0hy Main and eston8'(-'6 had ear*ier udged Nunc*assiiab*eO3

a3other0ise c*assiiab*e Ngrou++O inants 0ho, though avoidant on reunions, 0eregreat*y distressed by each se+aration rom the +arent, and thus seemed unab*e tomaintain a NstrategyO o minimiing the eAhibition o attachment behavior by divertingattention rom attachment;re*ated events

b3 other0ise c*assiiab*e Ngrou+ B


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gestures at the moment o reunion70ere not contributors to any o the +reeAistingscoring systems estab*ished by )ins0orth 8)ins0orth et a*. '(%-6. The ne0 systemcou*d on*y be deve*o+ed, thereore, by rene0ed study o the trange;ituation

videota+es themse*ves.$. ,e discovered that a'most a'' 2thirty*fo#r of thirty*si53 of the 9#n*c'assifiab'e:

Bay +rea infants sho%ed %hat0e at first co#'d on'y identify as ine5-'icab'e" 9odd":or conf'icted -atterns of behavior d#ring the $trange $it#ation> the -artic#'arbehaviors e5hibited differed across infants.)s noted ear*ier, 0e origina**y eA+ectedthat a thorough eAamination o the trange;ituation behavior o unc*assiied inantsmight yie*d a set o severa* ne0 organiations o inant trange;ituation behavior, oreAam+*e,D" E" " and !attachment c*assiications. Bo0ever, 0hi*e t0o inants hadbeen set aside as Nunc*assiiab*eO because it 0as not c*ear that they 0ere attached to

the +arent 0ith 0hom they 0ere seen in the trange ituation 8the ather6, no t0o othe remaining thirty;our inants behaved simi*ar*y enough to 0arrant the creation one0 categories. Rather, these inants sho0ed a diverse set o behavior +atterns. Thevery *ack o organiation im+*icit in the diverse behaviora* characters observedmitigated against the conc*usion that 0e had discovered ne0 N+atterns oorganiationO 8see )ins0orth et a*. '(%- roue K aters '(%%6. Indeed, the array obehaviors observed seemed to be identiied as things o a kind chie*y by using aneAc*usion criterion3 at the moment o the 8diverse6 behaviora* dis+*ays 0e marked ascon*icted, odd, or ineA+*icab*e, 0hat the unc*assiied inants shared in common 0asthat they 0ere %itho#tan obvious strategy or dea*ing 0ith surrounding circumstances,

and4or that they 0ere notoriented or notorganied. /. ,e searched for a sing'e thematic heading %hich" %hi'e ade6#ate'y describingthe behaviors observed" %o#'d remain genera' eno#gh to -ermit recognition of ne%instances by other %orers. :o term 0as considered com+*ete*y satisactory7ho0ever, Ndisorganied and4or disorientedO 0as se*ected 0ith the +roviso 2a3 that itdescribes behavior on*y and 8b6 that it is not e?uiva*ent to the eAtreme menta* statessometimes deined as such in adu*t +sychiatry.

The common theme in the diverse *ist o NineA+*icab*e, odd, or con*ictedObehavior +atterns sho0n by unc*assiied inants 0as the *ack o a readi*y observab*e

goa*, +ur+ose, or eA+*anation. e*ecting a ina* descri+tive heading or the diversearray o behaviors observed 0as diicu*t. hi*e many o the behaviors observed cou*dbe inter+reted as evidencing con*icting behaviora* tendencies, in act a broad range oinant trange;ituation behaviors7+articu*ar*y those eAhibited by insecure inants7can be seen as the outcomes o con*ict. Diverting attention to a toy at the moment oreunion 0ith the +arent can, or eAam+*e, be seen as an eAam+*e o 0hat etho*ogiststerm dis-'acementbehavior, 0hi*e re+eated*y c*inging to the +arent and then +ushing


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '$$

a0ay may be seen as a'ternation 8see Binde '(%#6. Thereore, Ncon*ict behaviorOseemed too broad a heading to distinguish the trange;ituation behavior ounc*assiiab*e inants rom the behavior o other inants or 0hom the return o the

+arent a*so aroused con*icting tendencies.The most striking theme running through the *ist o recorded behaviors 0as that o

disorgani0ation or, very brie*y, an observed contradiction in movement +attern,corres+onding to an inerred contradiction in intention or +*an. The term disorientation0as a*so needed, because, or eAam+*e, immobi*ied behavior accom+anied by adaed eA+ression is not so much disorganied as seeming*y signa*ing a *ack oorientation to the immediate environment. hi*e a revie0 o the actua* behaviorsobserved 8tab*e '6 sho0s that our category tit*e is sti** not u**y satisactory 8see es+.the discussion o a++rehensive movements, ++. '$";/#6, Ndisorganied4disorientedO

sti** seems an acce+tab*e descri+tive heading.:ote again that the terms are a++*ied on'y to s-ecific as-ects of the infant?sbehavior.The terms disorgani0edand disorientedhave been used 0ithin the disci+*ineo +sychiatry to describe severe adu*t menta* states. ur use o the term is descri+tiveo inant movement +atterns.

@. ,e revie%ed these thirty*fo#r $trange*$it#ation videota-es again andconstr#cted a descri-tive narrative record of the behavior -atterns %hich had seemeddisorgani0ed and4or disoriented.e described the behavior in detai*, together 0ith theconteAt and time o occurrence.

". ,e st#died the narrative descri-tions of the disorgani0ed4disoriented behaviors

seen in these infants %ith the aim of deve'o-ing a set of more abstract or thematicheadings #nder %hich the -artic#'ar behaviors co#'d be organi0ed.:ecessari*y, noeAhaustive *ist o disorganied or disoriented behavior +atterns can be +rovided. tudyo the behaviors eAhibited, ho0ever, +ermits us to identiy higher;order themes under0hich 0e can organie eAam+*es. The ina* *ist o thematica**y oriented indices odisorganiation and disorientation in behavior is +resented in tab*e '.

%. ,e #sed o#r 'ist of thematic headings and behavior e5am-'es in con1#nction%ith a revie% of si5tyc*assiiab*e 8), 9, C6 infants from the same Bay +rea sam-'e.A#r aim %as to determine %hether these c'assifiab'e infants had in fact sho%n the

same array and intensity ofD behaviors as #nc'assifiab'e infants d#ring the $trange$it#ation.)*though 0e had a*ready estab*ished that thirty;our o thirty;siA inants 0hohad origina**y been *et unc*assiied sho0ed disorganied4disoriented behavior+atterns, the +ossibi*ity remained o+en that simi*ar +atterns had a*so been sho0n byinants ear*ier determined to be c*assiiab*e. Revie0ing our videota+es o +" B"and Cinants to determine 0hether they too sho0ed substantia* indices o disorganiationand4or disorientation 0as, thereore, an im+ortant ste+ in the deve*o+ment o thecategory. ur revie0 sho0ed that seven o the siAty inants did. come c*ose to Dattach;


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ment status using these identiiers 8Main K o*omon '(-"6, but none matched theunc*assiiab*e inants in intensity or timing. Thereore, these indices a++eared todistinguish a s+ecia* category o inant behavior.

2o**o0ing our revie0,$

0e continued to consider on*y +revious*y Nunc*assiiab*eOinants asD8disorganied4disoriented6. the thirty;our out o


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '$

under seven thematic headings3 8'6 se?uentia* dis+*ay o contradictory behavior+atterns 8


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T)9LE '. I:DICE 2 DIRG):I@)TI: ):D DIRIE:T)TI:82or Inants ' immediate'y #-on re#nion"ho%ever" the infant t#rns abo#t and moves shar-'y a%ay from the -arent" sho%ing strong avoidance.

Ca*m, contented +*ay sudden*y succeeded by distressed, angry behavior. 2or eAam+*e3Infant ca'm and #ndistressed d#ring both se-arations from the -arent" b#t becomes e5treme'y foc#sed

#-on the -arent" sho%ing high'y distressed and4or angry behavior immediate'y #-on re#nion.

=. $im#'taneo#s Dis-'ay of Contradictory Behavior Patterns

The inant dis+*ays avoidant behavior simu*taneous*y 0ith +roAimity seeking, contact maintaining, or contactresisting. 2or eAam+*e3

7hi*e he*d by or ho*ding onto +arent, inant sho0s avoidance o +arent such as the o**o0ing3 8a6 inantsits comortab*y on +arentFs *a+ or eAtended +eriod but 0ith averted gae, ignoring +arentFs re+eatedovertures 8b6 inant ho*ds arms and *egs a0ay rom the +arent 0hi*e he*d, *imbs sti, tense, and straight8c6 inant c*ings hard to +arent or substantia* +eriod 0hi*e shar-'y averting head4gae. 8:ote3

Disorganied on*y i inant is c*inging hard 0hi*e shar+*y arching a0ay. Many inants *ook a0ay or turnheads a0ay 0hi*e ho*ding on *ight*y ater a +ick;u+.6

7Inant a++roaches 0hi*e simu*taneous*y creating a +ath0ay 0hich avoids and moves a0ay rom +arent,and this cannot be eA+*ained by a shit o attention to toys or other matters. Thus, rom its ince+tion theinantFs Na++roach seems designed to orm a +arabo*ic +ath0ay.

Movements of a--roach are re-eated'y accom-anied by movements of avoidance s#ch as thefo''o%ing>8a6 infant a--roaches %ith head shar-'y averted" 8b6 infant a--roaches by bacing to%ard

-arent"8c6 infant reaches arms #- for -arent %ith head shar-'y averted or %ith head do%n.

7Distress" c'inging" or resistance is accom-anied by mared avoidance for s#bstantia' -eriods" s#ch asthe fo''o%ing>8a6 infant moves into corner or behind item of f#rnit#re %hi'e angri'y" o-en'y ref#sing orresisting -arent78b6 infant cries angri'y from distance" %hi'e t#rning in circ'es and t#rning a%ay from

-arent.8:ote3 )rching back0ard 0ith *ai*ing arms, and thro0ing se* back0ard on *oor are +art onorma* inant tantrum dis+*ays and are not necessari*y considered disorganied.6

E5tensive avoidance of -arent is accom-anied by s#bstantia' distress4anger indices" s#ch as> infantsi'ent'y averts head and body a%ay from -arent %ho is offering or attem-ting -ic*#- b#t maes stiff"angry icing movements and hits hands on f'oor.

$im#'taneo#s dis-'ay of other o--osing behaviora' -ro-ensities. or e5am-'e>7InantFs smi*e to +arent has ear e*ements 8very strong inde5i marked, see no. "6.7hi*e in a++arent good mood, inant strikes, +ushes, or +u**s against the +arentFs ace or


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eyes. 2These #s#a''y s#bt'e aggressive movements are sometimes immediate'y -receded by a some%hatda0ed e5-ression" or may be accom-anied by an im-assive e5-ression.3

8. Undirected" Misdirected" Incom-'ete" and Interr#-ted Movements and E5-ressions

eeming*y undirected or misdirected movements and eA+ressions. 2or eAam+*e3

7U+on becoming distressed, inant moves a0ay rom rather than to +arent. 8:ote3 Do not consider briemoves a0ay rom +arent disorganied 0hen an inant has been crying and dis+*aying desire or contactor a *ong +eriod, and +arent has ai*ed to satisy inant. Inant may brie*y move a0ay 0hi*e crying inres+onse to rustration in these circumstances, coming back to +arent to try again, 0ithout beingdisorganied.6

7Inant a++roaches +arent at door as though to greet +arent, then attem+ts instead to o**o0 stranger out othe room, +erha+s active*y +u**ing a0ay rom the +arent. 8This +attern seems more misdirected orredirected than undirected see no. % or simi*ar behavior.6

7Initiation o eAtensive crying in +arentFs +resence 0ithout any move to0ard or *ook to0ard the +arent.8:ote3 This is not necessari*y disorganied i +arent is a*ready nearby and attentive. It a*so is notdisorganied i the inant, having a*ready been crying and ocused on the +arent or an eAtended +eriod,sim+*y does not *ook at or move c*oser to the +arent or a e0 seconds.6

7)ny marked ai*ure to move to0ard the +arent 0hen +ath is not b*ocked and inant is c*ear*y rightened.

7imi*ar*y, eA+ression o strong ear or distress regarding an obect 0hi*e staring at it, 0ithout0ithdra0ing rom it or *ooking to0ard +arent.

E5tensive or intense e5-ressions of fear or distress accom-anied or fo''o%ed by moves a%ay from ratherthan to -arent" as" infant a--ears frightened of stranger in -arent?s -resence" moves a%ay and 'eansforehead on %a''.

Infant cries at stranger?s 'eave*taing" attem-ts to fo''o% her o#t of room. 2This behavior -attern may

be more misdirected or redirected than #ndirected7 see a'so no. .3Incom+*ete movements. 2or eAam+*e3

7Movements to a++roach +arent are contradicted beore they are com+*eted, or eAam+*e, inant moveshand to0ard +arent and 0ithdra0s hand ?uick*y beore touching +arent, 0ithout rationa*e. r re+eated,hesitant, sto+;start a++roach movements 8or reach movements6 to0ard +arent.

7EAce+tiona**y s*o0 or *im+ movements o a++roach to +arent, as though the inant is resisting themovements even 0hi*e making them 8Nunder0aterO a++roach movements6.

E5ce-tiona''y s'o%" 'im-" movements of striing at" -#shing at" or -#''ing at the -arent?s face" eyes" ornec 29#nder%ater< movements3. The s#bt'e b#t definite aggressive intent is a'most indiscernib'ebeca#se of the incom-'ete" s'o% nat#re of the movements.ee a*so .

Interru+ted eA+ressions or movements. 2or eAam+*e3

7)ter a *ong +eriod o contented +*ay, sudden out;o;conteAt crying or dis+*ays o distressed anger0ithout rationa*e.

Infant interr#-ts a--roach to -arent on re#nion %ith a bo#t of angry behavior" directed a%ay from the-arent" then contin#es a--roach. +s" begins strong a--roach #-on re#nion b#t interr#-ts a--roach to'oo a%ay and strie hand on f'oor %ith angry so#nds" then com-'etes f#'' a--roach.

Infant rises or begins a--roach immediate'y #-on re#nion" b#t fa''s -rone in 9de-ressed: 2h#dd'ed3-ost#re.


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. $tereoty-ies" +symmetrica' Movements" Mistimed Movements" and +noma'o#s Post#res

)symmetries o eA+ression or movement. 2or eAam+*e37)symmetries o movement on a++roach to +arent 8asymmetrica* cree+ing, heavy or ast on one side on*y6,

0ith or 0ithout sudden, un+redictab*e changes o direction.7)symmetries o acia* eA+ression direct*y u+on the a++earance o the +arent, or eAam+*e, an eAtreme*y

s0it Ntic 0hich *its on*y the *et side o the acia* muscu*ature.tereoty+ies. 2or eAam+*e3

7EAtended rocking, ear +u**ing, hair t0isting, and any other rhythmica*, re+eated movements 0ithoutvisib*e unction. 8:ote3 Do not inc*ude Nstereoty+iesO that make sense in the immediate conteAt, asrubbing eyes in a tired inant, or some initia* ear +u**ing or hair +u**ing in the strangerFs +resence6.

7Marked stereoty+ies 0hi*e he*d by the +arent. 8Do notinc*ude rubbing eyes i inant has been crying, orbrie continuation o +revious stereoty+ies 0hi*e in arms in an inant 0ho sho0ed the same stereoty+iesduring se+aration.6

)ssum+tion o anoma*ous +ostures. 2or eAam+*e3Re-eated ass#m-tion of #ninter-retab'e -ost#res" as" head cocing %ith arms crooed over head.

+ss#m-tion of h#dd'ed" -rone" de-ressed -ost#re for more than t%enty seconds" #n'ess infant is c'ear'ytired.7)ny +osture stereoty+ed or a +articu*ar baby, as, c*osing eyes and ho*ding hands or0ard at shou*der

height or severa* seconds in res+onse to each reunion.Mistimed movements. 2or eAam+*e3

7Un+redictab*e bouts o activity or movement 0hich seem to *ack norma* +re+aration time or initiation,and4or 0hich have a erky, automaton;*ike 8unmonitored6 ?ua*ity. 2or eAam+*e, a sudden burst o erkyarm and *eg activity in an inant 0ho had been sitting tense and immobi*ied a second +rior.

@. ree0ing" $ti''ing" and $'o%ed Movements and E5-ressions

ree0ingis identiied as the ho*ding o movements, gestures, or +ositions in a +osture that invo*ves

active resistance to gravity. 2or eAam+*e, inant sits or stands 0ith arms he*d out 0aist;high and tosides. $ti''ingis distinguished rom reeing in that inant is in comortab*e, resting +osture 0hichre?uires no active resistance to gravity. 2reeing is considered a stronger marker o disorientationthan sti**ing.

2reeing and sti**ing suggestive o more than momentary interru+tion o activity. 2or eAam+*e3

ree0ing 'asting t%enty seconds or more" and sti''ing 'asting thirty seconds or more" accom-anied byda0ed or trance*'ie facia' e5-ression. or e5am-'e" free0ing accom-anied by tense" smooth c'osing ofthe 'ids or by 'ife'ess stare.

Interr#-ting a bo#t of resistant or distressed behavior" free0ing 2ten or more seconds3 or sti''ing 2t%entyor more seconds3 is accom-anied by a da0ed or trance*'ie e5-ression.

ree0ing 'asting t%enty*five seconds or more" and sti''ing 'asting thirty*five seconds or more" %hi'e he'd

by -arent #n'ess infant has recent'y been engaged in hard crying 2be'o%3. 8:otes3 5'Q ConteAt shou*d beconsidered. 5


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*o0ed movements and eA+ressions suggesting *ack o orientation to the +resent environment.

2or eAam+*e3

7Marked*y a+athetic or *ethargic movements, as though inant is 0ithout +ur+ose in moving or0ard.

7*ack, de+ressed, daed, or a+athetic acia* eA+ression es+ecia**y 0hen uneA+ected, as accom+anyinga++roach to +arent on reunion ending in raised arms. 8:ote3 Consider on*y eA+ressions s+eciied above.:eutra* or im+assive eA+ressions are not considered indicative o disorientation 0ith res+ect to thecurrent environment.6

. Direct Indices of +--rehension Regarding the Parent

EA+ression o strong ear or a++rehension direct*y u+on return o +arent, or 0hen +arent ca**s or a++roaches.2or eAam+*e3

Immediate res-onses to noting -arent?s entrance s#ch as the fo''o%ing> 8a61ering bac" %ith fearf#'e5-ression7 8b6 f'inging hands abo#t" over" or in front of face" or over mo#th" %ith fearf#' e5-ression7

8c6 dashing a%ay from the door4-arent #-on re#nion" %ith h#nched or t#ced head and sho#'ders.7ther eA+ressions o ear or a++rehension soon o**o0ing reunion, such as fearf#' facia' e5-ression on

-ic*#-.

ther indices o a++rehension regarding the +arent. 2or eAam+*e3

7Moving behind chair or behind urniture 0ithout immediate rationa*e 8+ursuit o toy, interest in obectbehind chair, or brie eA+*oration6, es+ecia**y 0hen inant is then out o reach or out o sight o +arent.

72o**o0ing a hesitant, seeming*y cautious a++roach to the +arent 0ith a ra+id, tense Na0ayO movement.

7ering obects to the +arent 0ith tense arm and over an unusua* distance, as though avoiding +arenta*NreachO s+ace.

7Raising or tensing shou*ders 0hen a++roaching or in contact 0ith +arent.

7Bigh*y vigi*ant +osture or a++earance 0hen in +resence o +arent. Movements or +osture tense, inantgives im+ression o being hy+era*ert to +arent even or es+ecia**y 0hen +arent +ositioned behind her.

7. Direct Indices of Disorganization or Disorientation

)ny c*ear indices o conusion and disorganiation in irst moment o reunion 0ith the +arent. 2or eAam+*e3

7Raising hand or hands to mouth direct*y u+on the return o the +arent 0ithout accom+anying conused,0ary, or earu* eA+ression. 8Do not inc*ude thumb or inger sucking, +utting obects in mouth, orremoving obects rom mouth. Do not inc*ude i hands a*ready near ace.6

7!reeting< stranger bright'y at the moment of re#nion %ith -arent" that is" a--roaching stranger %ithraised arms immediate'y as -arent enters.8:ote3 Distinguish rom the bright or ha++y *ook to stranger

made by many inants at the moment o the +arentFs return, oten accom+anied by +ointing to +arent tourther mark the event.6

'inging hands over" abo#t" or in front of face direct'y #-on ret#rn of the -arent and in c'ear res-onseto ret#rn of the -arent.

Raising hand or hands to mo#th direct'y #-on the ret#rn of the -arent %ith a c'ear'y conf#sed or %arye5-ression.


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Conf#sed or conf#sing se6#ences of very ra-id changes of affect in first fe% seconds of re#nion %ith-arent" as"8a6 ra-id movement of %ithdra%a'8b6 accom-anied by conf#sed cry*'a#gh8c6 s#cceeded by

a--roach movement.Direct indices o conusion or disorientation beyond the irst moments o reunion 0ith the +arent.2or eAam+*e3

72a** 0hi*e a++roaching +arent 0hen inant is good 0a*ker. imi*ar uneA+*ained a**s 0hen +arent reachesor inant, or 0hen +arent ca**s rom outside o door.

7Disorganied 0andering, es+ecia**y 0hen accom+anied by disoriented eA+ression.7Ra+id*y +ursuing +arent to door, +rotesting de+arture, then smi*ing at door as though in greeting as door

c*oses.7Disoriented acia* eA+ression. udden Nb*indO *ook to eyes, 0here inant has +revious*y used eyes

norma**y.

:TE3 Ita*ics mark very strong indices, 0hich in themse*ves are usua**y suicient orDcategory +*acement.

distress u+on se+aration, ca**ing and crying or the +arent, then backing a0ayimmediate*y u+on reunion, their aces sudden*y eA+ression*ess. They then eAhibitstrong avoidance.

ne o us 0as ab*e to identiy an inant as disorganied4disoriented immediate*yu+on seeing her irst reunion e+isode. The inant 0ent at once to her mother at thedoor, arms u+ or contact in a u**, strong, NsecureO reunion res+onse. he 0asidentiied as disorganied, ho0ever, 0hen she turned a0ay rom the door 0ith aconused, +u*ed eA+ression, advanced a e0 ste+s into the room, and stood 0ith adaed *ook staring straight ahead. This 0as an abused inant 0ho on the basis o her

strong, immediate +roAimity;seeking behavior, had been c*assiied as secure 0ithin thetraditiona* system.

$im#'taneo#s Dis-'ay of Contradictory Behavior Patterns

In our revie0 o the *iterature concerning diicu*t;to;c*assiy inants, 0e havea*ready described severa* instances o the simu*taneous dis+*ay o contradictory+atterns. In a +revious study, abused inants 0ere described as cree+ing or 0a*kingto0ard their caregivers side0ays, or 0ith head averted, or backing to0ard them ratherthan a++roaching ace;to;ace 8George K Main '(%(6. imi*ar behaviors 0ere

observed in some D inants3 or eAam+*e, an inant in our 9ay )rea sam+*eNa++roachedO mother by moving back0ard to0ard her on her stomach, ace averted.ther inants in our sam+*e reached strong*y or the +arent immediate*y u+on reunion

7but 0ith head he*d shar+*y do0n. The im+ression in each case 0as that a++roachmovements 0ere being +artia**y but unsuccessu**y inhibited through simu*taneousactivation o avoidant tendencies 8see George K Main '(%(6. Thus, contradictory+atterns 0ere activated but 0ere not suicient*y inhibitory to *ead to the com+*eteoverriding o a++roach movements.


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '/'

)n even more striking eAam+*e o the simu*taneous dis+*ay o contradictory+atterns 0as avoidance %hi'e in contact %ith the -arent.This a++eared in reunione+isodes, oten ater the inant seemed sett*ed rom +revious distress. Inants 0ho 0ere

marked unc*assiiab*e sometimes sat u+on the +arentFs *a+7+erha+s even comortab*ymo*ded to the +arentFs body70hi*e *ooking a0ay, either su**en or daed. ne inantseemed comortab*e seated on his motherFs *a+, his body conorming to hers, his armsand hands re*aAed. Bis eA+ression 0as, ho0ever, +ecu*iar*y avoidant, and he turnedhis head a0ay and su**en*y, im+assive*y ignored her many overtures. ) second babysat on the *oor or severa* moments 0ith her hand on motherFs *a+, *eaning to0ard hermother but simu*taneous*y turned s*ight*y a0ay as though intending to a++roach thetoys3 si*ent and trance;*ike, she ai*ed to turn com+*ete*y either to the toys or to hermother. ) third '


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continuous cry. hi*e crying, he neither *ooked at the mother, oriented to her, orundertook an a++roach movement. Rather, he cried 0hi*e *ooking straight ahead ohim.

EA+ressions o anger to0ard the mother a++ear in inants in each o the threecentra* )ins0orth categories. In each category, the eA+ression o anger takes acharacteristic orm. hi*e insecure;avoidant inants do not eA+ress anger o+en*y,sometimes they thro0 a toy at the +arentFs eet. trong, direct eA+ressions o angercombined 0ith +roAimity seeking characterie inants identiied as active*y insecure;resistant4ambiva*ent 8C'6. 2ina**y, secure inants can a*so eA+ress anger to0ard themother u+on reunion, and in our 9ay )rea sam+*es inants have occasiona**y beenc*assiied as secure even 0hen an o+en*y rustrated, eA+ressive Ns0i+eO has beentaken. 2or these inants, Nhitting atO mother seems a brie, communicative eA+ressiono rustration7oten at being oered a toy 0hen contact 0ith mother is 0anted

instead.Revie0 o our ta+es oDinants sho0ed an occasiona* very s*o0 striking at the

+arentFs ace, but in incom+*ete, 0eak movements 0hich initia**y a++eared undirectedand thereore innocuous. =ie0ing the videota+e at norma* s+eed, the movements o theinantFs hand might seem, or eAam+*e, to indicate on*y an eort to gras+ the +arentFsg*asses 0hich had *ed to accidenta* abbing o the +arentFs ace or eyes. That thesemovements 0ere in act de*iberate*y directed at the +arentFs ace or eyes7rather thanbeing undirected7cou*d oten be inerred rom s*o0 motion ana*ysis. In severa* cases,0e observed a change to a daed, aint*y aggressive acia* eA+ression ust +rior toinitiation o the s*o0 and a++arent*y undirected aggressive movement.

!roAimity seeking 0as a*so sometimes interru+ted by sudden aggressive movement+atterns. The inant o a ather 0ho had recent*y attem+ted suicide and 0ho 0asre?uent*y subect to homicida* antasies +rovided an es+ecia**y strong eAam+*e.During the second reunion, the inant interru+ted her strong a++roach 0ith asimu*taneous eA+ression o anger and avoidance. Cree+ing ra+id*y or0ard to0ardather, she sudden*y sto++ed and turned her head to the side and70hi*e gaingb*ank*y at the 0a**7s*a++ed a toy and then her em+ty hand on the *oor in a c*ear*yangry gesture, sti** 0ith head averted and gae b*ank. This interru+tion *asted on*ythree to our seconds. he then continued her strong a++roach and reached to be

+icked u+. ) minute *ater, 0hi*e sti** being he*d by ather, she three times brought herarm do0n in a gesture that invo*ved a++arent*y accidenta* striking o atherFs ace 0itha toy.

This inantFs ace remained im+assive or eA+ressed a good mood on each o theseoccasions. The chi*d 0as identiied asDso*e*y on the basis o the above +atterningand 0ithout any kno0*edge o the atherFs history. )side rom these brie gestures, shea++eared secure.

In another eAam+*e o subt*y interru+ted, incom+*ete a++roach movements, oneinant re+eated*y *eaned to0ard the mother 0hi*e standing at her knee, but in a s*o0,heavy manner suggesting that he 0as resisting and +ushing a0ay at the same time.thers a++roached in an abbreviated, start;


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '/$

sto+ manner, seeming*y unab*e to make smooth or0ard movements. T0o inants?uick*y a++roached the +arent but then as ?uick*y veered a0ay beore arriving besideher, one 8be*o06 then shar+*y rocking on hands and knees.

$tereoty-ies" +symmetrica' Movements" Mistimed Movements" and+noma'o#s Post#res

tereoty+ies and anoma*ous +ostures are observed in anima*s in con*ict situations8Binde '(%#6 and are a*so common*y associated 0ith neuro*ogica* diicu*ties. The+atterns considered here inc*ude anoma*ies o +osture such as head cockingstereoty+ies such as rocking, ear +u**ing, hair +u**ing, and head banging andasymmetrica* or mistimed movements. 2or eAam+*e, one inant re+eated*y raised bothhands to her ears 0henever she 0as hugged by the mother3 the mother 0as *ateridentiied as abusive. )nother inant a++roached the mother on reunion, then veereda0ay and rocked vio*ent*y on hands and knees, acing the 0a**. These +atterns have noobvious orientation 0ith res+ect to the immediate environment and may have noobvious stimu*us. They are oten described as Nc*inica* indicators o stressO8Crittenden '(-%6 and, 0hen seen in medica**y norma* inants, are among thoseconsidered most 0orrisome by observers.

)symmetrica* acia* eA+ressions immediate*y u+on hearing or seeing the +arent0ere observed in three inants rom ma*treating ami*ies. The immediate res+onse toreunion observed in one serious*y ma*treated '


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+eriods o Nreeing o movementO 8deined by us as cessation o movement in a+osture re?uiring resistance to gravity, e.g., ceasing movement or severa* seconds0ith arms at shou*der height6 and Nsti**ingO 8deined by us as cessation o movement in

a re*ative*y restu* +osture, e.g., a**ing +rone and ceasing motion, or *eaning backagainst the +arent, unmoving6 occurred in many, inants 0ho had +revious*y beenidentiied as unc*assiiab*e. The inant usua**y had a daed, some0hat disorientedeA+ression during these e+isodes.

The inant o a c*inica**y de+ressed mother sti**ed immediate*y o**o0ing reunion.hen mother entered the room in the irst reunion e+isode he rose, took t0o ste+sto0ard her, and then e** +rone in a de+ressed, hudd*ed +osture or many, seconds. )tmotherFs second entrance, he +*aced his hands over his mouth, bo0ed his head, ande** +rone again, crying. Lited and he*d on motherFs *a+, he again bo0ed his head andsti**ed com+*ete*y or one minute.

Direct Indices of +--rehension Regarding the Parent

Main and Besse 8this vo*.6 have suggested that a state o ear or a++rehensionregarding the +arent 8originating in a +arent> 0hose behavior is either rightening orrightened6 may be invo*ved in the deve*o+ment o the disorganied4disorientedres+onse +attern or many inants. )s such, it may +*ay a ro*e in many o the behavior+atterns *isted ear*ier in tab*e ' 8e.g., interru+ted a++roach movements and avoidingthe +arent direct*y o**o0ing a greeting6. Bo0ever, in some dyads7+articu*ar*y thoseseen in ma*treatment or high;risk sam+*es70e have observed more direct indices o

a++rehension. 2or eAam+*e, one ma*treated inant a++roached her mother hesitant*y,then moved ?uick*y a0ay 0ith raised shou*ders, her neck bent or0ard in a tense,hunched +osture. thers a++roached the mother 0ith head and chin tucked, *eaving?uick*y.

)t a theoretica* *eve*, signs o a++rehension may seem *ess disorganied ordisoriented than many o the other behavior +atterns *isted in tab*e '. im+*yincreasing oneFs distance rom a eared individua* is hard*y an indication o behaviora*disorganiation.ear of the attachment fig#re in an attached infant"ho0ever, usua**yres#'ts in disorganiation o behavior, because the inant is not in a +osition tocom+*ete*y 0ithdra0 rom the attachment igure and in stressu* situations may need to

a++roach her. Thus, the attached but earu* inant may greet the +arent 0ith a earu*smi*e or a++roach in a disorganied manner rather than sim+*y 0ithdra0ing 8seeGeorge K Main '(%(6.

Direct Indices of Disorgani0ation or Disorientation

Tab*e ' describes on*y a e0 o many direct indices o conusion, disorganiation, ordisorientation. Turning and NgreetingO the stranger rather than the +arent 0as observedin severa* inants at the moment o the +arentFs entrance. T0o ma*treated inants+ursued the +arent, +rotesting de+arture,


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2igure '. Res+onses o our inants, '


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then smi*ed immediate*y NatO the c*osed door. ome inants cre+t ra+id*y ater thestranger, crying at her de+arture as though at the de+arture o the +arent.

Direct*y u+on sighting 8or even hearing6 the a++roach o the +arent, some inants

eAhibited conusion. e observed one inant hunch her u++er body and shou*ders athearing her motherFs ca**, then break into eAtravagant *augh*ike screeches 0ith aneAcited or0ard movement. Ber braying *aughter became a cry and distress;ace0ithout a ne0 intake o breath as she hunched urther or0ard. Then, sudden*y, herace *ost a** eA+ression.

ne o the most striking eA+ressions o conusion 0as a hand;to;mouth gesture0hich occurred immediate*y u+on reunion in severa* o the disorganied inants 8seeig. '6. ne chi*d had been crying and ca**ing during se+aration but immediate*y onreunion bo0ed his head, ste++ed back0ard a0ay rom the +arent, and +ut hand tomouth in a gesture resemb*ing indecision, shame, or a++rehension. T0o o the inants+ut both hands to mouth and cheeks immediate*y u+on hearing the motherFs ca**. Theim+ression in one case 0as o conusion, and in the other conusion miAed 0ith ear.evera* o these direct indices o conusion, disorganiation, and4or a++rehensionobserved at the +arentFs entrance are sho0n in the dra0ings taken rom videota+e inigure '.

DIRECTI:2RDETERMI:I:GBETBER):I:2):TBULD9E)IG:EDTDIRG):I@ED4DIRIE:TED)TT)CBME:TT)TU

This is a *ist o ste+s to be taken in determining, irst, 0hether a given inantFstrange;ituation res+onse is or is not c*assiiab*e 0ithin the traditiona* system 8+" B"C" U+BC6 and, second, 0hether the inant is to be assigned to disorganied4disorientedattachment status. The directions given in this section are summaried in tab*e < 8+age'/-6. The system shou*d be a++*ied on*y under the o**o0ing conditions3

'. The individua* 0orking 0ith the system must be thorough*y ami*iar 0ith, andre*iab*e in uti*iing, the )ins0orth+" B" Cinancy c*assiication system 8)ins0orth eta*. '(%-6. The 0orker must be ami*iar enough 0ith the+" B" Csystem to recognie aninant 0ho ai*s to meet the traditiona* c*assiication criteria. This 0i** a*so assist the0orker in, or eAam+*e, recogniing eA+ected versus uneA+ected tem+ora* +atterning in

inant behavior.


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '/%

+arent is +resent. Con*ict behaviors such as ear +u**ing and indices o ear such asinhibition o movement are not uneA+ected 0hen the inant is a*one or is conronted bya stranger in the +arentFs absence.

/. TheDc*assiication system is designed or use 0ith inants bet0een '< and '-months o*d. Chi*dren 0ho sho0 disorganiation and disorientation in the trangeituation in inancy may *ater sho0 considerab*y *ess or even no overt*y disorganiedbehavior, and instead eAhibit contro**ing, +*acating, or other res+onse +atterns. TheDinants in our 9ay )rea o**o0;u+ study ty+ica**y eAhibited a re*ative*y 0e**;organiedcontro**ing;+unitive or a contro**ing;caregiving res+onse to0ard the +arent by " yearso age 8Main K Cassidy '(--6. imi*ar*y, Crittenden has noted that 0e** beore " yearssome ma*treated chi*dren deve*o+ a com+*iant, N+seudocoo+erativeO res+onse +attern8Crittenden '(-%6.

e have a++*ied theDcriteria sho0n in tab*e ' successu**y 0ith chi*dren u+ to'- months, but at


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'/- M)I: ):D LM:

T)9LE


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '/(

Dbehavior +atterns, in +ractice the 0orker shou*d begin study o the videota+e byattem+ting to assign an +" B" or C c*assiication and subc*assiication. In the irstsearch to determine 0hether the inant can be assigned to an +" B" or Cc*assiicationor is in act U+BC8unc*assiiab*e6, it may be he*+u* to note the o**o0ing3

a3 The inant may be unc*assiiab*e in+" B" Cterms because he or she ?ua*iiesa*most e?ua**y 0e** or t0o incom+atib*e attachment c*assiications, either by miAingbehavior +atterns in a given reunion 8e.g., + and C6, or by ?ua*iying or onec*assiication on the basis o behavior observed in the irst reunion, but or a secondand uneA+ected c*assiication in the second reunion, or eAam+*e, B/ o**o0ed by+'.89ehaving as an + inant on the irst reunion and a B inant on the second reunionre+resents, o course, an eA+ected se?uencing o res+onses to reunion and usua**y?ua*iies the inant or )ins0orthFs subgrou+ B< attachment c*assiication.6

b3 The inant may be unc*assiiab*e because o other vio*ations o eA+ectanciesregarding the se?uencing o behavior or an inant eAhibiting a given attachmentstrategy. +eciica**y, an inant 0ho avoids the +arent strong*y on both reunions, butcries and ca**s or the +arent in distress 0hen *et 0ith the stranger, cannot be given an) c*assiication. imi*ar*y, an inant 0ho is ca*m and undisturbed during se+aration,but becomes distraught and resistant on*y u+on reunion, cannot be given a Cc*assiication.

c3 :ote that )ins0orth has recent*y revised the descri+tors or the B/subcategory as +resented in )ins0orth et a*. '(%- 8+ersona* communication, 1anuary'(-6. tereoty+ies, and gaing a0ay 0hi*e he*d, are no *onger to be consideredcriteria or the B/ subcategory. I intense, marked, or re?uent, they are more *ike*y tobe indicators oDattachment status 8see tab*e '6. The *ines to be omitted rom thecurrent c*assiication directions 8)ins0orth et a*. '(%-, +. "


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+ora* conteAt. This 0ritten record 0i** be vita* to any uture deve*o+ment o Dsubcategories.

I=. I the inant sho0s one o the Nvery strongO indicators 8indicators given in

ita*ics in tab*e '6, the inant shou*d be considered or immediate assignment to the Dcategory. In many cases, one o the behavior +atterns ita*icied has a++eared asvirtua**y the on*y eAam+*e oD+atterning during the trange ituation or an inant*ater discovered to be ma*treated, or or a dyad in 0hich the +arent 0as *aterdiscovered to have had +sychotic e+isodes or very marked, unreso*ved trauma.

=. I no ita*icied 8Nvery strongO6 indicators, but one or severa* other indicators odisorganiation and disorientation are +resent, the 0orker must decide 0hether theseare suicient to 0arrant +*acement in the D category. The 0orker 0i** observedisorganied4disoriented behaviors in many inants. hat, then, are the cut;o criteria

distinguishing organied inants 0ho are sim+*y s*ight*y to some0hat disorganiedrom inants 0ho shou*d deinite*y be +*aced 0ithin theDcategory e suggest thatconsideration be given to each o the o**o0ing actors3

a3 ,hether the infantFs behavior seems ine5-'icab'e7 and4or indicative ofmomentary absence of a behaviora' strategy7 and4or can be e5-'ained on'y by

-res#ming that the infant is either fearf#' of the -arent" or is #nab'e to shift itsattention a%ay from the -arent %hi'e sim#'taneo#s'y being fearf#' of or inhibited incom-'eting a--roach movements 2Main G (esse" this vo'." and ;HH3. ) revie0 otab*e ' sho0s that a*most a** the behaviors *isted are either ine5-'icab'e consideringthe immediate trange;ituation conteAt and4or suggest the absence o an immediate

behaviora* goa* or strategy or, other0ise, are eA+*icab*e on*y i 0e +resume that38'6 the inant is earu* o the attachment igure, or8


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T ''

C*ose attention to the u** videota+e 0i** oten be re?uired to +rovide a rationa*e orbehaviors that other0ise 0ou*d be considered disorganied. )n inant may +ush a toyangri*y against motherFs body in the midst o an a++arent*y good mood 0ithout beingconsidered disorganied i this is a toy mother is continuing to attem+t to NorceO onthe inant, des+ite the inantFs having severa* times a*ready communicated its dis*ike.

b3 The timing of the a--earance of D behavior 0ith res+ect to the trangeituation. ) given disorganied behavior +attern a++earing in the initia* moments oreunion is a stronger indeA o disorganiation o re*ationshi+ than that +atterna++earing *ater 0ithin the reunion e+isode, and reunion e+isodes are genera**y treatedmore serious*y 0ith res+ect toDbehavior than are the +rese+aration e+isodes. Thus,reeing o a** movement in immediate res+onse to +arent entrance is dierent rominitia* reeing at stranger entrance, 0hen a shy inant may be caught in a *ocation that

+revents a++roaching the +arent 0ithout irst dra0ing c*oser to the stranger.ometimes, ho0ever, inants sho0D behavior on'yin e+isode $, but the behavior issuicient*y marked to *ead toDcategoriation in itse*7as, very eAtensive reeing, orcrying 0hi*e moving a0ay to the 0a** rather than the +arent 0hen rightened.

c3 ,hether e-isodes of a--arent disorgani0ation 8or eAam+*e, out;o;conteAtdistress or undirected distress6 are immediate'y s#cceeded by an a--roach to the

-arent" s#ggesting an organi0ed and a--ro-riate #se of the -arent as a


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'< M)I: ):D LM:

these +atterns resemb*es a hand;to;mouth gesture made immediate*y u+on reunion 0iththe +arent.

In +oint o act, 0e recognie the simi*arity o this diverse set o behaviors +art*y interms o 0hat they seem notto re+resent. These are not behaviors that can be grou+edin terms o simi*arity o unction, serving to increase or maintain +roAimity bet0eeninant and attachment igure, or to shit attention a0ay rom the attachment igureto0ard the inanimate. They are not eA+*oration or +*ay behaviors, nor attem+ts atsocia* interaction 0ith the stranger. In other 0ords, these behaviors are recognied in+art by an e5c'#sion+rinci+*e3 they are not readi*y seen as serving the set goa*s o thesevera* behaviora* systems ty+ica**y activated by the trange ituation 8as see9retherton K )ins0orth '(%/ see a*so )ins0orth et a*. '(%-6. Most o the behaviors*isted asDindices do not, in other 0ords, have even a su+ericia* simi*arity, and it is

on*y by deining them through eAc*usion criteria7as disorganied and disoriented7that 0e can ho+e to recognie them as things o a kind.

2or the above reasons, no eAhaustive *ist oDbehaviors can be constructed, andbecause Dbehaviors o**o0 an eAc*usion +rinci+*e rather than serving an obvioussing*e unction, a satisactory interactive scoring system com+arab*e to those devisedby )ins0orth cannot yet be constructed. :everthe*ess, an inant 0ho *eans herorehead against the 0a** and cries in the +arentFs +resence, rises and then a**s +roneon reunion, and *ater interru+ts her avoidance 0ith tantrum behavior seems moredisorganied than an inant 0ho reees brie*y at the strangerFs entrance. :ote,ho0ever, that 0hi*e avoidance can be scored 0ithout kno0*edge o the u**

c*assiication system, and 0ithout the udge having yet decided u+on +4not;+ as acategorica* udgment, suggestions or sca*ingDbehavior as given be*o0 de+end u+ona com+*ete consideration o the suitabi*ity o the ta+e orDc*assiication. e may thenrecognie a sim+*e ordering 0hich +resu++oses that the nature o the behavior, theconteAt o the behavior being considered, its +otentia* rationa*e or eA+*anation, and itsse?ue*ae have a*ready been taken into account3

'. :o signs o disorganiation4disorientation. )ny behaviors that initia**y seemed tobe indices o disorganiation or disorientation have been eA+*ained in other terms.

$. *ight signs o disorganiation4disorientation. There are some indices o

disorganiation or disorientation, but the 0orker does not even begin to consider+*acement in aDcategory.

. Moderate indices o disorganiation4disorientation 0hich are not c*ear*ysuicient or a D category +*acement. :o very strong 8ita*icied6 indicators are+resent, and the indices that are +resent are not re?uent enough, intense enough, orc*ear*y enough *acking in rationa*e or the 0orker to be certain o a D category+*acement. The 0orker using a 0i** have to NorceO a decision regarding 0hether theinant shou*d be assigned to aDcategory. 8:ote3 ratings be*o0 a 8e.g., /.6 mean theinant is not to be assigned to the


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!RCEDURE 2R IDE:TI2I:G I:2):T '$

D category, and ratings above a , or eAam+*e, ., indicate assignment to the Dcategory.6

%. Deinite ?ua*iication or D attachment status, but Dbehavior is not eAtreme.There is one very strong indicator o disorganiation4disorientation, or there are severa**esser indicators. There is no ?uestion that the inant shou*d be assigned toDstatus,even though eAhibition oDbehavior is not strong, re?uent, or eAtreme.

(. Deinite ?ua*iication or D attachment status3 in addition, the indices odisorganiation and disorientation are strong, re?uent, or eAtreme. Either severa* verystrong indicators are +resent, or one very strong indicator and severa* intenseeAhibitions o one or severa* other indices.

=II. I itting 8be*o06, assign the inant to a tentative D subcategory, as,Nsti**ing4reeing,O Na++rehensive movements,O Nde+ressed4a+athetic,O or 9+4C.

main solomon 1990 procedures for identifying infants as disorganized disoriented during the...

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