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LANDFILL SITING, DESIGN AND LANDFILL SITING, DESIGN AND OPERATIONSOPERATIONS
World Bank Landfill Learning Event, Urban WeekMay 8, 2006, Room H3-290
Bob Isenberg, PE, CPG
MAJOR LANDFILL TOPICSMAJOR LANDFILL TOPICS
Regulatory controlsRegulatory controlsSitingSitingPermitting and DesignPermitting and DesignConstructionConstructionOperations and MaintenanceOperations and MaintenanceEnvironmental MonitoringEnvironmental MonitoringClosure and Post ClosureClosure and Post Closure
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Governing RegulationsGoverning RegulationsU.S. EPA RCRA Subtitle D (40 CFR 257 and U.S. EPA RCRA Subtitle D (40 CFR 257 and 258)258)•• MarylandMaryland Dept of Environment; COMARDept of Environment; COMAR•• VirginiaVirginia Dept of Environ. Dept of Environ. Quality;VSWMRQuality;VSWMR•• S. CarolinaS. Carolina SCDHECSCDHEC•• MinnesotaMinnesota MPCAMPCA•• OhioOhio OEPAOEPAInternationalInternational•• Israel Israel ---- Ministry of the EnvironmentMinistry of the Environment•• Australia Australia –– (Queensland) EPA(Queensland) EPA•• OthersOthers……....
Basic TermsBasic TermsSanitary LandfillSanitary Landfill•• engineered facility for burial of household engineered facility for burial of household
wastewaste•• does not pose a substantial potential does not pose a substantial potential
hazard to human health or environment.hazard to human health or environment.
Solid WasteSolid Waste•• any discarded material, not including any discarded material, not including
domestic sewage, industrial waste domestic sewage, industrial waste discharges, contaminated soil, etc. discharges, contaminated soil, etc.
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““AcceptableAcceptable”” Sanitary WastesSanitary Wastes(Virginia)(Virginia)
Agricultural, ashes (nonAgricultural, ashes (non--hazardous), hazardous), commercial, compost, construction, commercial, compost, construction, debris, demolition, garbage, household, debris, demolition, garbage, household, some industrial, inert, institutional (except some industrial, inert, institutional (except regulated medical), municipal solid waste, regulated medical), municipal solid waste, putrescible, refuse, residential, rubbish, putrescible, refuse, residential, rubbish, scrap metal, sludges (no free liquids and scrap metal, sludges (no free liquids and stabilized), trash, white goods, nonstabilized), trash, white goods, non--regulated hazardous waste, special, waste regulated hazardous waste, special, waste oil, vegetative, yard waste.oil, vegetative, yard waste.
““NonNon--AcceptableAcceptable”” WastesWastes(Virginia)(Virginia)
Free liquids, bulk or nonFree liquids, bulk or non--containerized liquid waste, regulated containerized liquid waste, regulated hazardous waste, solid waste with hazardous waste, solid waste with over 1 ppb of dioxins or 50 ppm of over 1 ppb of dioxins or 50 ppm of PCBs, unstabilized sewer sludge, PCBs, unstabilized sewer sludge, pesticide containers (not triple pesticide containers (not triple rinsed), drums (not empty or rinsed), drums (not empty or cleaned), contaminated soils. cleaned), contaminated soils.
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General Siting RestrictionsGeneral Siting RestrictionsAirportAirport•• distance to airportsdistance to airports•• piston aircraftpiston aircraft--50005000’’; jets; jets--10,00010,000’’
FloodplainFloodplain•• Outside 100 year floodplainOutside 100 year floodplain
Unstable areasUnstable areas•• Geologic features, sinkholes, KarstGeologic features, sinkholes, Karst
WetlandsWetlands•• Max. 2 acres disturbed plus other limitationsMax. 2 acres disturbed plus other limitations•• ““no net lossno net loss”” or significant degradationor significant degradation
Fault areasFault areas•• 200 feet separation200 feet separation
Seismic impact zonesSeismic impact zones
Siting Restrictions (contSiting Restrictions (cont’’d)d)VA Distances from disposal area or leachate VA Distances from disposal area or leachate storagestorage•• 100100’’ water body, riverwater body, river•• 5050’’ facility boundaryfacility boundary•• 500500’’ water source (well)water source (well)•• 10001000’’ interstate highwayinterstate highway•• 500500’’ other roadsother roads•• 200200’’ active filling areas to residence, school, hospital, active filling areas to residence, school, hospital,
nursing home or recreational park area nursing home or recreational park area
Ability to monitor groundwaterAbility to monitor groundwater>1 miles upgradient of public water supply>1 miles upgradient of public water supplySteep sloping areas (>33%)Steep sloping areas (>33%)Exemptions allowed Exemptions allowed
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Permitting & Design ProcessPermitting & Design Process
VirginiaVirginia•• Notice of Intent to VDEQNotice of Intent to VDEQ•• Part A Application (geologic)Part A Application (geologic)•• Part B Application (engineering)Part B Application (engineering)
MarylandMaryland•• Phase IPhase I•• Phase IIPhase II•• Phase IIIPhase III
Geologic/Geologic/HydrogeologicHydrogeologic Application Application
Site location mapsSite location maps•• TopographyTopography•• Wetlands and water bodiesWetlands and water bodies•• Landfill footprint and facility boundaryLandfill footprint and facility boundary
Transportation StudyTransportation Study•• Adequacy of roads, intersections, signage, etc.Adequacy of roads, intersections, signage, etc.
Consistent with SW Management PlansConsistent with SW Management PlansHydrogeologic and GeotechnicalHydrogeologic and Geotechnical•• Borings, wells, sampling, testing, monitoringBorings, wells, sampling, testing, monitoring•• Groundwater conditionsGroundwater conditions
Impacts on recreation areas, habitat, etcImpacts on recreation areas, habitat, etc……..Submitted for reviewSubmitted for review
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Engineering Application ProcessEngineering Application ProcessEngineering Design & Operations PlanEngineering Design & Operations Plan•• Site conditionsSite conditions•• Design Plans and Technical ReportDesign Plans and Technical Report•• Groundwater and surface water monitoringGroundwater and surface water monitoring•• Landfill gas management planLandfill gas management plan•• Closure and Post Closure plansClosure and Post Closure plans•• Leachate managementLeachate management•• Operations & Maintenance PlansOperations & Maintenance Plans
ApprovalApproval ””DraftDraft PermitPermit”” Public HearingPublic HearingDirectorDirector’’s decisions decision
Engineering Design ConsiderationsEngineering Design Considerations
Foundation and slope stabilityFoundation and slope stabilityBottom liner design and Bottom liner design and leachateleachate managementmanagementSettlement of waste and foundationSettlement of waste and foundationAirspace and lifespanAirspace and lifespan•• Height and depthHeight and depth•• Flow ratesFlow rates•• Waste density and compactionWaste density and compaction
Availability of local soilsAvailability of local soilsConstructabilityConstructabilityPhasing of cellsPhasing of cellsClosure scheduleClosure scheduleAnd othersAnd others…………....
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Composite Bottom LinerComposite Bottom Liner(EPA and VDEQ Standard)(EPA and VDEQ Standard)
Composite Liner
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EPA EPA ““Subtitle DSubtitle D”” Single Composite Single Composite Bottom Liner (since 1991)Bottom Liner (since 1991)
Minimum 2 percent slopeMinimum 2 percent slopeTop to Bottom:Top to Bottom:• 18”-24” collection/protective soil
High permeability• Flexible membrane liner (FML)
60 mil HDPE or 30 mil for othersIntimate contact with soil below
• 24” low permeability soilcompacted clayK<1.0 x 10-7 cm/sec
•• Prepared base (native soil or compacted fill)Prepared base (native soil or compacted fill)•• IsraelIsrael’’s equivalence based on infiltrations equivalence based on infiltration
<5 mm per year<5 mm per year
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Low Permeability Soil Liner
Cell 8 Battle Creek Landfill, Page Co, VA
Clay Liner Construction 2005
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Agru Am Micro Spike
Prince William County Landfill
HDPE Liner
Protective aggregate (leachate collection)
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Leachate Storage and Treatment Leachate Storage and Treatment OptionsOptions
Large Tank with Containment
Haul to POTW with Tankers
On-site Treatment
Construction is CriticalConstruction is CriticalEngineered Plans and SpecificationsEngineered Plans and Specifications•• EPA Guidance for QA/QC of soils and EPA Guidance for QA/QC of soils and geosyntheticsgeosynthetics
ASTM StandardsASTM StandardsGeosyntheticsGeosynthetics Research Institute (GRI)Research Institute (GRI)
•• Quality Control (QC) PlanQuality Control (QC) Plan•• Quality Assurance (QA) PlanQuality Assurance (QA) Plan
Field and laboratory testingField and laboratory testing•• Verifies properties and dimensionsVerifies properties and dimensions•• Basis for Basis for ““Certification ReportCertification Report”” by VA Professional by VA Professional
Engineer Engineer
Final walkFinal walk--thru inspectionthru inspection•• Certifying EngineerCertifying Engineer
Permission/Certificate to Operate (CTO)Permission/Certificate to Operate (CTO)
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Soil liner compaction and Moisture Conditioning
Field Density testing for Soil Liner
Undisturbed soil sampling for permeability testing
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60 mil textured HDPE Rolls delivered to site
Mfgr. Roll and batch identification #
60 mil textured HDPE Deployment
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woven
non-woven
Deployed HDPE at Battle Creek Landfill, Page Co, VA
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HDPE Double Track Fusion Welder (“mouse”)
HDPE at Effe (Central) Landfill
Negev Desert, Israel (2004)
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Vacuum Box Weld Testing
Extrusion Weld Repairs
Pressure Testing Results
Liner Panel Numbering
HDPE Deployment over Anchor Trench
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Cell 8 Battle Creek Landfill, Page County, VA
Leachate Flow Direction
Perforated Leachate Collection Pipe
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Operations and MaintenanceOperations and Maintenance
““Operations PlanOperations Plan”” per Permit per Permit •• Equipment and personnelEquipment and personnel•• Maximum average daily flowMaximum average daily flow•• Peak daily flow ratePeak daily flow rate•• Waste lift thickness, compactionWaste lift thickness, compaction•• Load inspectionLoad inspection•• Daily cover, intermediate coverDaily cover, intermediate cover•• SchedulesSchedules
Record Keeping and reportingRecord Keeping and reporting
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WASTE UNLOADING AND SPREADING
WASTE SPREADING & COMPACTION
WASTE COMPACTION AND GRADING
DAILY COVER PLACEMENT
ROCHEDALE GARDNER LANDFILL
BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
Common Operations ChallengesCommon Operations Challenges
WeatherWeather
LitterLitter
DustDust
OdorsOdors
FiresFires
Pest Pest ManagementManagement
CommunicationsCommunications
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Entrance Road
Signage
Administration Building
Scale Facility
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Facility Ground Improvements
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Modern Scales & ScalehouseModern Scales & Scalehouse
Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental Monitoring
Groundwater wellsGroundwater wellsLandfill gas probesLandfill gas probesSurface water monitoringSurface water monitoringErosion & SedimentationErosion & Sedimentation
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Effective GW ProgramEffective GW Program
Groundwater Monitoring SystemGroundwater Monitoring System
•• Per regulations: 9 VAC 20Per regulations: 9 VAC 20--8080--300300
•• Goal to monitor impact in uppermost Goal to monitor impact in uppermost aquiferaquifer
Upgradient wells (background quality)Upgradient wells (background quality)
Downgradient wells to represent conditions Downgradient wells to represent conditions at WMU boundary at WMU boundary
Number and spacing are site specificNumber and spacing are site specific
Dependent on hydrogeologic settingDependent on hydrogeologic setting
Effective GW ProgramEffective GW ProgramSampling and Data AnalysisSampling and Data Analysis•• Follows EPA SWFollows EPA SW--846 and VDEQ regulations846 and VDEQ regulations
•• Statistical methods analysisStatistical methods analysis
•• ““Detection MonitoringDetection Monitoring””basic parameters & frequencybasic parameters & frequency
•• ““Assessment MonitoringAssessment Monitoring””if impacts detectedif impacts detected
Protection And Maintenance Of Monitoring Protection And Maintenance Of Monitoring WellsWells
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Well LocationWell LocationUpgradient Downgradient
Well ComplianceWell Compliance
GW Flow Direction
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GW Well DesignGW Well Design
Design based on field conditions
Wells cased and grouted to maintain integrity
Wellhead ProtectionWellhead ProtectionBollards
Locks
Concrete apron
Fencing
Signage
Flagging
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Sample Collection and PreservationSample Collection and Preservation
Consistent Consistent frequency and frequency and sampling sampling proceduresproceduresProcedures for:Procedures for:•• Collection, Collection,
preservation and preservation and shipment, analytical shipment, analytical procedures, chain procedures, chain of custody, QA/QCof custody, QA/QC
Indicator Parameters for Indicator Parameters for LandfillsLandfills
Temperature Temperature pHpHCOD COD Chloride/SulfateChloride/SulfateNitrogen CompoundsNitrogen CompoundsConductanceConductanceExtended ParametersExtended Parameters
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Extended Chemical ParametersExtended Chemical Parameters
Total suspended Total suspended solidssolidsVolatile organicsVolatile organics(VOCs)(VOCs)
CadmiumCadmiumCalciumCalciumChromiumChromiumCopperCopperLeadLeadMagnesiumMagnesium
ManganeseManganeseMercuryMercuryPotassiumPotassiumSodiumSodiumArsenicArsenicZincZincOthers as required Others as required by VDEQby VDEQ
Landfill Gas ControlsLandfill Gas ControlsControl decomposition gases Control decomposition gases Gas management planGas management plan•• Active or passive controlsActive or passive controls•• FlareFlare•• LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationMonitoring for migration at facility Monitoring for migration at facility boundary or inside buildingsboundary or inside buildingsMethane gasMethane gas•• < 25% of lower explosive limit (LEL) in < 25% of lower explosive limit (LEL) in
structures (12,500 structures (12,500 ppmppm))•• <LEL at facility boundary<LEL at facility boundary
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Typical LFG CompositionTypical LFG Composition
MethaneMethane 4545--58%58%Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide 3535--45%45%NitrogenNitrogen 11--5%5%OxygenOxygen 11--5%5%MoistureMoisture 11--5%5%Trace gasesTrace gases 11--3%3%Trace Chlorinated Gases (vinyl Trace Chlorinated Gases (vinyl chloride, benzene, etc.)chloride, benzene, etc.)
LFG CharacteristicsLFG Characteristics
Methane (CHMethane (CH44) combustible) combustibleLFG produces 500 BTU/cu. FtLFG produces 500 BTU/cu. Ft•• about about ½½ of natural gasof natural gas•• Suitable for electric generation, medium Suitable for electric generation, medium
BTUBTU•• Vehicle fuelVehicle fuel
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Subtitle D LimitsSubtitle D Limits
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)=5% CHLower Explosive Limit (LEL)=5% CH44
Methane may not be >5% in Methane may not be >5% in soilsoil at at property boundaryproperty boundary=100% of LEL=100% of LEL
Methane may not be >1.25% in Methane may not be >1.25% in confined spaces confined spaces (inside structures)(inside structures)=25% of LEL=25% of LEL
LFG Migration Control for LandfillsLFG Migration Control for Landfills
Passive SystemsPassive Systems•• Vent wellsVent wells•• Vent trenchesVent trenches
Active SystemsActive Systems•• Vacuum recovery (wells installed into Vacuum recovery (wells installed into
waste at numerous locations connected waste at numerous locations connected blower)blower)
•• May be used for LFG utilizationMay be used for LFG utilization•• FlaringFlaring
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Landfill Gas Extraction Flare and Well Head
HIRIYA LANDFILL, TEL AVIV
ClosureClosure: “….act of securing a solid waste management facility….”Written closure and post-closure plansFinal cover• minimizes infiltration• limit further maintenance
Final slopes to control erosion and stability• Maximum 33% slopes
Closure to begin• After final waste receipt in unit• Complete closure within 6 months
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Typical Final Cover Systemw/Geomembrane*
30 mil or 40 mil Flexible Membrane Liner*
*may substitute clay soil with equivalency demonstration & testing
12” Drainage Layer or Drainage Net
6” Topsoil
12” to 18”Vegetative Supportor Grading Soil
6” to 12” Soil Leveling Layer
Waste
4% minimum slope
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•• Post Closure: Post Closure: “…“…requirements placed requirements placed upon solid waste management facilities upon solid waste management facilities after closureafter closure to ensure environmental to ensure environmental and public health safety for a specified and public health safety for a specified number of years after closure.number of years after closure.””
•• EPA PCC Period:EPA PCC Period:10 yrs. for disposal pre10 yrs. for disposal pre--10/9/9310/9/9330 years for disposal 10/9/93 or after30 years for disposal 10/9/93 or after
*Period may be increased based on contaminants detected in GW and environmental protection; may be decreased if site is “clean”
Post ClosurePost Closure
Maintain Integrity of Final CoverMaintain Integrity of Final CoverSettlement, subsidence, slope instabilitySettlement, subsidence, slope instability
Stormwater runStormwater run--off / runoff / run--on, erosionon, erosion
Operate, Monitor and MaintainOperate, Monitor and Maintain
Leachate collection systemsLeachate collection systems
Landfill gas controls and wells Landfill gas controls and wells
Groundwater wells; stream samplingGroundwater wells; stream sampling
Post-Closure Requirements(continued)
Environmental Consultants and Contractors
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Oaks Landfill (closed) Montgomery Co., MD
Blue Mash Golf Club
FINAL END USE PLANNING?
Final ThoughtsFinal ThoughtsModern sanitary landfills are engineered, Modern sanitary landfills are engineered, built, monitored and operated to be built, monitored and operated to be environmentally safeenvironmentally safeLFs are compatible with recycling goalsLFs are compatible with recycling goals•• benefits for LFG utilizationbenefits for LFG utilization•• endend--usesuses
Monitored for GW, LFG and Erosion from Monitored for GW, LFG and Erosion from beginning to closure and beyond (30 yrs) beginning to closure and beyond (30 yrs) Performance based requirements to allow Performance based requirements to allow for flexibility and local environmentfor flexibility and local environment