management of bio medical waste
TRANSCRIPT
Management
Of Bio Medical
Waste
What is Bio-medical waste
??Definition Any solid, fluid or liquid waste, including its container and any
intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, in
research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of
biological and the animal waste from slaughter houses or any
other like establishments.
Generated from Waste generated by health care facility
Research facility
Laboratories
Hazardous health care waste 85% waste is non infectious
10% are infectious
5% are hazardous
Two type of hazardous Bio
medical waste Non hazardous: Approximately 75-90% of the
biomedical waste is non-hazardous and as harmless as any other municipal waste. (E.G, Plastic, Glass, Cardboared, etc)
Hazardous waste:10-25% is hazardous and can be injurious to humans or animals and deleterious to environment. It is important to realise that if both these types are mixed together then the whole waste becomes harmful.
Bio Hazard Symbol
Types Of Biomedical WasteOptions Waste Category
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines and Cytoxicdrugs
Category No. 6 Solid Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste
Options Waste Category Treatment & Disposal
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste Incineration / deep burial
Category No. 2 Animal Waste Incineration / deep burial
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Local autoclaving / microwaving / incineration
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps Disinfection by chemical
treatment / autoclaving /
microwaving and mutilation / shredding
Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines and Cytoxicdrugs
Incineration / destruction and drugs disposal in secured landfills
Category No. 6 Solid Waste Incineration / autoclaving / microwaving
Category No. 7 Solid Waste( generated by disposal items)
Disinfection by chemical
treatment / autoclaving /
microwaving and mutilation / shredding
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste Disinfection by chemical
treatment and discharge into drains.
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash Disposal in municipal landfill
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste Chemical treatment and
discharge into drains for liquids and secured land for solids
Categories Examples
Components ExamplesHuman Anatomical Waste Tissues, organs, body parts
Animal Waste Generated during research/experimentation, from veterinary
hospitalsMicrobiology & Biotechnology Waste
Laboratory cultures, micro-organisms, human and animal
cell cultures, toxins
Waste Sharps Hypodermic Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, Broken Glass
Discarded Medicines and Cytoxic drugs
Barium Enema, X-Rays, Cancer Chemotherapy, Tar-Based
Products
Solid Waste Dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material contaminated
with bloodLiquid Waste Generated from any of the infected areas
Chemical Waste Alcohol, Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine Powder, Glutaraldehyde,
Picric Acid, Fertiliser, Ammonia
Non-Infectious waste, 80%
Pathological and Infectious
waste, 15%
Chemical and Pharmaceutical
waste, 3%
Sharps, 1%
Radioactive,Cytotoxic and heavy metals,
1%
Bio-Medical Wastes
percentage
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL
WASTENon-
Hazardous Waste
Bio-degradable
Non bio-degradable
PotentiallyInfectious
Waste
Dressings, swabs,
laboratory wastes,
instruments used in patient
care..
Potentially Toxic Waste
Radioactive
Chemical
Pharmaceutical
Hospital Waste
Pharmaceutical Waste
Chemical waste
Lab reagents
Radioactive Waste
Developed Countries- 1-5 kg/bed/day, with variations
among countries.
In India- 1-2 kg/bed/day with variation among
Govt. and Private establishments.
* 80 percent waste generated in a hospital is non
hazardous and can be dealt with normal domestic
waste management system.
* 15 percent pathological & infectious waste.
* 3 percent chemical & pharmaceutical waste.
* 1 percent sharps.* 1 percent radioactive, cytotoxic and heavy metals.
According to my survey research
In SGPGI- 100 Kg of bio medical waste/day
In Globe Medicare - 50 Kg of bio medical
waste/day
In Kamakhya Hospital-10-15 Kg of bio medical
waste/day
In Brajraj Hospital-50 Kg of bio medical
waste/day
COLOR
CODE
TYPE OF CONTAINER WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT
OPTIONS
Yellow Plastic bags 1, 2, 3 and 6 Incineration/deep burial
Red Disinfected container/plastic
bag
3, 6 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
Waving/Chemical
treatment
Blue/white
transparent
Plastic bags/puncture proof
container
4 & 7 Autoclaving/Micro
waving/chemical
treatment, Destruction &
shredding
Black Plastic bag 5, & 9, AND
10 (SOLID)
Disposal in secured land
fills
Principles of Control of Hazards of
Biomedical Waste in Health Care
Establishments
* Each institution should develop its own bio waste management
policy and ensure that the health care workers are adequately
trained to handle biological waste.
* Measures such as universal safety precautions, hand washing
and proper segregation of waste material should be
encouraged.
* Rationale patient management policy should be followed
and admissions restricted to those for whom it is felt
absolutely necessary.
* Proper house-keeping is essential and the hospital premises
should be kept clean and well-ventilated.
* Use of disinfectants should be rationalized.
Two types of Disposing bio medical
wasteThermal technology
It Uses Heat To Decontaminate Instruments
And Equipment And The Temperatures In
This Process May Rise To Extremely High
Levels.
Most Of The Microbes Are Destroyed At
Temperatures Below 100°c.
1. Autoclave
2. Incinerator
- Here vacuum pumps are utilized to
evacuate the air in the chamber of
autoclave and steam under pressure
is pushed in, which is able to
penetrate the waste material more
thoroughly. This technology thus
reduces the cycle time to 30 - 60 minutes and the temperatures
attained are 132°C.
-where air is pushed out of the
autoclave by steam under pressure.
This system operates at
temperatures of 121°C and has a
cycle time of approximately
60 - 90 minutes.
- Incineration is a high heat systemprocess of burning combustible
Solids at very high temperature in a
furnace.
- It employs combustion of waste
material in stages, followed by
cleaning of the flue gas through a
number of pollution control devices.
- The end product is devoid of
infectious organisms and organic
compounds of waste, which is
aesthetically acceptable.
- Based on the type of fuel
consumed the division could be-
● Conventional incinerator using
wood/charcoal
● Electrical incinerator
● Oil fired incinerator using
electricity and diesel oil
Mechanical Technology
1. Compaction: Compacting is carried out by a
hydraulic ram against a hard surface.
2. Grinding / Shredding: Waste material is broken
down into smaller particles under negative pressure to
avoid any spillage outside the chamber.
3. Pulverization: Waste is mixed with large volume of
water and bleach solution. The waste is torn to shreds
and then fed to an ultra high speed hammer mill with
large spin blades which pulverize the matter into small,
safe particles.
Final Disposal MethodsGeneral Non Hazardous Waste Secured Landfills
Liquid Wastes Chemical Disinfectant Neutralization With Reagent,And Discharged Into The Sewerage System.
Human Anatomical Wastes Incinerated And Sent To Landfill Sites.
Sharps Needles Can Be Cut By Needle Cutter And ContainedIn 1% Bleach Solution, And Sent To Landfill For Disposal.
Microbiology Waste Autoclave/Microwave/Incineration Landfill Disposal.
Infectious Solid Waste Autoclave/Microwave/Incineration Landfill Disposal.
Radioactive Waste The Solid Wastes Are Disposed By Concentration AndStorage, While Liquids By Dilution And Dispersal
Pressurized Containers Disposed Off With General Waste In Secured Landfills.
General Non Hazardous Waste Secured Landfills
Liquid Wastes Chemical Disinfectant Neutralization With Reagent,And Discharged Into The Sewerage System.
Human Anatomical Wastes Incinerated And Sent To Landfill Sites.
Sharps Needles Can Be Cut By Needle Cutter And ContainedIn 1% Bleach Solution, And Sent To Landfill For Disposal.
Microbiology Waste Autoclave/Microwave/Incineration Landfill Disposal.
Infectious Solid Waste Autoclave/Microwave/Incineration Landfill Disposal.
Radioactive Waste The Solid Wastes Are Disposed By Concentration AndStorage, While Liquids By Dilution And Dispersal
Pressurized Containers Disposed Off With General Waste In Secured Landfills.
General Non Hazardous Waste Secured Landfills
UNDER ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT,
1998BIO-MEDICAL WASTE (Management & handling) RULES 1998
1st Amendment Rules vide S.O.201(E) Dated 06/03/2000
2ndAmendment Rules vide S.O.1069(E) Dated 17/09/2003
Generation/Collection/Reception/Storage
Transportation
Treatment/Disposal
or any other form of handling.
Role Of Doctors, Nurses, Lab
Technicians.
Do not dispose dressings in patients
bin / Ask for disposal bags.
Ensure all the plastics and gloves are cut and put into bleach
solution.
Ensure all used injections are cut using needle cutters.
Ensure compliance of this scheme during ward visits
Help patients understand the scheme.
Media plates to be put in separate
bleach solution.
DON’TS
Put the waste indiscriminately.
Put wrong bags in bin. (Adhere to color code.)
Fill the bags till neck. (Waste would otherwise spillover.)
Handle waste without protective clothing.
Drag the bags after removal. (Bags can burst andthe site could be repulsive.)
Never recap the needle. (Never re-use needlewithout disinfection)
Mix non infectious waste with infectious waste.