Paae Four CLicaao Sanday Tribane

Man's Place Among the PrimatesScience Makes Him Relative but Not a

Descendant of the Monkeys(Contillu.d from pag. on••)

many miles. Beneath this thickblanket of liquid rock, underblllfons of tons of ashes. wereburled the herds, the elephants,the hippopotami, and the pr1m1.tive men.TIme moved on. Centuries

came and centuries went. Othervolcanoes erupted, pouring newlayers of volcanic deposits uponthe blanket of lava that hadburled the beasts and the men.By and by these deposits at-talned a depth of eighty feet.Then something happened In

a big way in the depths of theearth under Java which causeda change in the land levels ofthe island. Streams and riversbegan gnawing into thll etghtyfeet of volcanic waste. The Soloriver, for example, kept cuttingaway, year after year and cen-tury after century, until its rapidwaters worked down to the levelupon which the early men andbeasts dwelt at the time of thefirst eruption.In the autumn of 1891 Dr.

Eug~ne Dubois, a celebratedDutch paleontologist, found indigging into a bank of the Soloriver near Trlnil the top part ofa skull of one of the afore-described early citizens of Java.Other fossil fragments were dis·covered about the same time.These Dr. Dubois asoclated withthe skull. He considered hisfinds in the light of remnants ofa link connecting apes and men-the long-sought missing link.He called the original possessorof the skull cap the ape-man ofJava. He gave to It the sclen-tific name of PithecanthrolN'erectua.In March, 1936, a part of a

skull believed to have been thatof a child of the same type asthe original ape-man was foundin the Identical region that pro-vided the 'ftl'st discovery. Dr. G.H. R. von Koenlgswald, researchassociate of the Carnegie insti·tution of Washington, withinrecent months has found st1l1further fossil remains of Pithe-canthrolN'-another skull cap,a lower jawbone, and severalteeth.Measurements of the brain ea-

paelty of PithecanthrolN' andcomparison of it with that ofanother famous anthropologicalfin!!, the Peking man (Binan·thropus pekinena\a), indicate,according to Dr. von Koenigs-wald's theory, that the Javaman was the more primitive ofthe two and, indeed, the mostprimitive fossil man of whomscience has knowledge. ThatPithecanthrolN' actually dweltupon earth earlier than Binan·thropus, however, Is disputed byDr. Franz Weidenreich of thePeiping Union Medical college,who believes, and Is supported inhis belief by a number of anthro-pologists, that the Peking manwas the earlier of the two.Fossil remains of BinanthrOlN'have been found in the Choukou,tien caves near Pelping (Pe-king), China, from 1919 to thepresent time.The painting on page one

shows in a graphic manner thepositions of the human branchesof the family tree of the pri-mates. It w1ll be noted that inthe drawing the Java man is theone closest to the apes and thathis branch is an offshoot of alarger branch that bears otherprehistoric men-the previouslymentioned Peking man, the PUt·down man of England, and theNeanderthal man.That the ape-man of Java and

the three other pr1m1t1vetypesmentioned were not direct an-cestors of modern man also Isrevealed in the painting, whichembodies the belief most popu-lar among scientists, yet Dr. vonKoenlgswald's recent studieshave led him to. conclude thatafter all PffhecanthrOlN' mayhave been one of modern man'sforefathers.

•••In 1848 a young lieutenant in

the British army found a prehls·torte skull In a deserted quarry .at Gibraltar. Nine years laterworkmen while clearing out acave in Germany discovered thefossilized skull and limb bones ofa man of the same species thatha~ provided the skull found atGibraltar. This early inhabitant

(Photo. court••" American MUHumofNatural Hi.tory, N.w York.)

Two n.w. of a ••rebuilt" akull ofP.ldDg maD. baa.d on the ercmi\Jll1of an adult f.mal.. plus fragm.nts

of oth.r alna11&.

of Europe, who Is thought tohave existed there roughly about50,000years ago, was called theNeanderthal man (Homo nean·derthalen8i3) after the afore-mentioned cave, located In theNeander valley near DUsseldorf.A complete Neanderthal ram-

ily, modeled by Frederick

Blaschke, Is reproduced In oneof the eight dioramas in the Hallof the Stone Age of the OldWorld in Field Museum of Natu-ral History, Chicago. These dio-ramas, planned and directed byDr. Henry Field, curator of phys·ical anthropology, tell the story

of man's cultural and physicaldevelopment during the last250,000years.The Neanderthal man was

a repulsive creature from themodern viewpoint. Hew a sshort in stature <about 5 feet4 inches tall>, but rugged andmuscular. He had huge eye-brow ridges, and his head wasset almost directly upon heavyshoulders. He was so ugly andferocIous in appearance that ItIs believed the European legendsof the ogres arose from his earlypresence on the continent. TheNeanderthal men, of whom morethan fifty skulls have been foundto date in Germany, France, andas far away as Palestine, arethought to have entered Europefrom the east or southeast sometime before the third and laststage of the last great ice age.The y had filnt instruments,knew the use of fire, and buriedtheir dead with a display of re-spect, but they painted or carvedno pictures upon the walls of thecaves in which they dwelt.

• ••A discovery of great impor-

tance to the study and classlfica·tlon of pr1m1tiveman was madenear PUtdown, Sussex, England,in the years between 1911 and1915. It was there that CharlesDawson found the greater partof the left half of a human skull,part of a jawbone, and someteeth. From these fragmentsSir Arthur Smith Woodward, a

noted British paleontologist, reoconstructed the curious humancreature which was given thename of the Piltdown man. Itsscientific name Is EoanthrolN'dawsoni, Eoanthropus meaning••the dawn man."From the meager evidence

For picture P\UJlOll.. lemon· soak.d piIl.appl. Mg. look b.tt.r _.brown.d. But th.y teut. b.tt.r .aut •• d bl butt.r.

By MARY MEADE

HEREARE examples of asimple luncheon and din-nero Spaghetti platter

with cheese sauce and hard·cooked eggs, plus a crisp vegeta-ble salad, bread, and fruit sauce,makes a luncheon hearty enoughto satisfy the appetites of bothyoungsters and grownups. Anda dinner of noodle ring filledwith fresh peas and creamedmeat or fish, and garnished with

lemon pineapple slices, is com-plete with a salad and cake.SPAGHETTIWITH CHEESE SAUCE

AND EGGS(Sorv•• five)

Va pO\llld•••••h.tt12 cup. ..dlum wblto Nlueo'I. po\llld ch••••• cut ba pl_.

Hard cooIl.d ••••

Cook the spaghetti in boU1ngsalted water until tender. Drain.Melt cheese in white sauce inthe top of a double boiler. Tui-nhot spaghetti onto a platter,

(FI.ld Mu••um of Natural HI.tory photo.)A N.anderthal family at hom•• as d.picted bl a Fi.ld m\lSe\Jll1diorama mod.l.d by Fr.d.rick Blasc:hlr:••

available scientists have con-eluded that the PUtdown manwas of a much higher order thanthe ape-man of Java, represent-ing an advance of many stagesfrom the apellke fellow whoroamed Java a h a If m1lllonyears ago. The painting on pageone discloses the Piltdown manas separate from and not in linewith any of the three other pre-historic men of a group most

naclans (named after theAurlgnac cave, Haute-Garonne,France). They filtered in t 0Europe from Asia about 30,000to 35,000 years ago. They em-ployed bone and filnt Instru-ments, burned crude lamps, drewpictures upon the walls of caves,wore jewelry made of shells, andburled their dead with offerings.Whether or not they found

Neanderthal men st1ll living in

(Photo. court•• ,. Cam.at. la.Ututioaof W••hla.toa.)

At l.ft: Dr. G. H. R. 'YonEo.Digs-wald and nati'Y. aaagtants at the• it. of an important dilc:onryAbon. Pith.canthropus akull found

by Dr. 'YonJ:o.lligswald.

frequently classified as submen.First of the true men (men of

the same species as those whoInhabit the world today) to enterEurope are known now as Cro-MagDons, after the Cro-Magnoncave of Dordogne, France. Ear·liest of this type were the Aurlg·

Europe when they invaded thatcontinent is not known for eer-tam, Imaginative writers fromtime to time have attempted totell the story of an age-long feudbetween the earlier Inhabitantsand the Cro- Magnons whichfinally resulted In the survivalof the fittest-the men with thesuperior brains. It Is easy topicturetn the mind a group ofAurignacian explorers penetrat-Ing some new district of Europeand spying out here and therea family of Neanderthal cave

dwellers. With their greatercunning and their probably supe-rior weapons these Cto-Magnonscould have trapped and slain orat least ousted from their cavesthe sturdier, brutish Neander-thals.Dr. Field prefers to believe, In

the light of recent evidence, how-ever, that the Neanderthal manand the Aurignacian man didnot meet. He suggests that theNeanderthal man may havebeen wiped out by some Insect-borne disease such as malaria,and he points out that no skele-tons have been found showingcombined . physical eharacterts-tics of the two types of men.There is left of the Neanderthalonly fossil bones, while the mll-lions who inhabit the earthtoday differ from the Cro-Ma·gnons only in robusticity of buildand strength of jaw.

•••Down through the ages, from

the early appearance of fullydeveloped men of the moderntype to this very day and hour,man has been slowly progress-ing, with only occasional lapseshere. and there. That he wasconfined to the eastern half ofthe world In his earlier stagesof development is shown by thefact that no fossilized remainsof truly primitive men, such asthe Neanderthal man, have beenfound In the western world. Infact, It Is believed that men firstcame into North America about25,000 years ago by way of Be-ring strait, or possibly by a landbridge that existed then in thatarea. A later wave of migrationintroduced the domestic dog.For some reason as yet not

fully determIned the human ml-gratlon from Asia into Americawas halted between the time ofthe first domestication of the

dog and the times of the domes-ticatlon of other animals, suchas the ass, the horse, and thesheep. As companions of theIndians no other animals thandogs were found in America byearly European explorers.The painting on page one

shows the Cro-Magnon man ona branch shooting off from amain branch at a point close towhere that maln branch breaksup i n t 0 six different minorbranches. The Australian black'man, who is given a separatebranch of his own, Is consideredof a very low order of modernman, as the painting discloses.When he was discovered In rela-tively recent times he was foundto be livIng stlllin what. roughlycorresponded with the late stoneage in Europe.The division of the human

family into races, such as. thewhite, the yellow, the red, andthe black, of course, predateshistory and at the best can beonly the subject of scientificspeculation.Evolutionists do not hold, as

frequently Is erroneously sup-posed, that man descended fromthe monkeys and the apes. Theydo believe, however, that mansprang from the same greatfamily tree that produced theothers of the primates, the an-thropoid apes, the old world andthe new world monkeys, the tar-slolds, and the lemuroids. Theycontend that somewhere in thedim past, millions of years' ago,there were creatures upon theearth which were the commonancestors of all the primates.Fossil remains of these common.ancestors never have been found-probably never w1ll be found,since the world Is a carelesskeeper of records, and bonesonly under the most fortunatecircumstances are preserved bynature.

Serving Something Simplecircle it with halved hard-cookedeggs, and pour the sauce over it.

NOODLEBING PLATTER'(s.n•• fi.•••)

• ouaco•••• aoodl•• (or.0_. macoroal)1y.. cups hot milk1 cup crac..... c:rum.1 _.pooJI mlacod oDloa1 tobl•• pooa chop..... arooa

pepperJ,4 cup butter1 pbDl.alo, chopped1 cup .ratocl ch_.% to•• pooa oalt3 ••••

Cook noodles (or macaroni)in bolling salted water until ten-der. Drain. Scald milk andpour over cracker crums in amixing bowl. Saute onion andgreen pepper in butter for threeminutes. Stir into milk andcracker mixture. Add pimiento,cheese, seasoning, and beateneggs. Place noodles in a greasedring mold and lift here and therewith fork while pouring in mix-ture. Place in a pan of hotwater and bake about fifty mtn-utes at 350 degrees, moderateoven. When done turn. ontoa platter, fill wit h creamedsea food, and make a ring ofcooked peas around that. Gar·nish the platter with .pineapplerings marinated in lemon juiceand browned in butter with alittle grated lemon rind.

Spagh.tti with ch••••• auc. cmd .ggs fa an bl.xpeuin and aimpl•. IWlc:h.on diah. S.rn it with a c:ri.pY.ll.tabl •• alad. br.ad. and a fruit d•••• rt. Th. r.c:ipe wUl •• rn fi'Y. hWlgry peraou. six not so h_gry.

••