map quiz today.. chapter 5 from confederation to nation
TRANSCRIPT
Map Quiz Today.
Chapter 5From Confederation to Nation
The Second Continental Congress
• 1776-1781: Served as temporary gov’t of USA
• Successes:– Created an army and navy– Supplied army with weapons, etc.– Sent diplomats to negotiate a peace treaty
The Second Continental Congress
• Failures– Lacked the power to collect taxes– Difficult to find money to pay for the war
The Articles of Confederation
• This document created our first government, written in 1777
• Congress (Legislative Branch)– Each state gets 1 vote– 9 votes are needed to pass a law– 13 votes to change the A. of C.
• No Executive or Judicial Branch
The Articles of Confederation
• States purposely create a weak gov’t.
• Leaves a lot of power to the states
• Congress could:– Negotiate with other nations
• Declare war, make peace
– Borrow money– Ask states to donate money
The Articles of Confederation
• Congress could not– Collect taxes– Regulate trade between states– Prevent states from printing money
The Articles of Confederation
Approving the A. of C.
• Some states claimed land in the west, others didn’t
• VA, NY could raise money through the sale of western lands
• MD and others couldn’t.
• MD wouldn’t approve A. of C. until all states gave up land in the west (1781)
• What is to be done with the western land?
• Northwest Ordinance: 1787– Thomas Jefferson’s idea: “Add-a-state” plan– New territory would be made into states on an
equal footing with the original 13
Northwest Ordinance
Jefferson’s plan
Northwest Territory
Northwest Territory
Ohio
Michigan
Illinois
Indiana
Wisconsin
Ohio
Michigan
Illinois
Indiana
Wisconsin
Problems in the US in the 1780s
• British refused to leave their trading posts and forts in the Northwest Territory
Silly Americans! You cant make us go!
Problems in the US in the 1780s
• Spain did not allow Americans to use the New Orleans (This made it difficult for Americans living on the Mississippi River)
Problems in the US in the 1780s
• Each state could stop imports from other states
To DelawareNo Pennsylvania
corn allowed!
• Inflation: Each state printed its own money
• Paper money becomes worthless
Problems in the US in the 1780s
Shay’s Rebellion (1786)
• Farmers in Massachusetts are put in jail for failure to pay debts
• Daniel Shay’s leads a rebellion
• Many Americans realize the Articles of Confederation isn’t working
Annapolis Convention
• Representatives from 5 states meet to discuss regulation of interstate trade
• Alexander Hamilton suggests another meeting.
Philadelphia Convention
• Philadelphia, Summer 1787
• 55 Delegates meet in Independence Hall
• Rhode Island did not attend
• What are they doing?– Changing the A. of C.?– Create a new government?
The 13 states
• Free states and slave states
• Large states and small states
• Importers and exporters
• There will be a need to compromise
The delegates
• Ben Franklin: Elder statesman
• George Washington– President of the convention– Took no part in the debates– His presence reassured Americans that the
convention was ok
• James Madison: Took notes on the debates
Compromises
• The Great Compromise
• Virginia Plan:– Representation in the Congress would be
based on population– Bigger states should have more
representatives
Compromises
• The New Jersey Plan– Each state should have only 1 vote– As in the Articles of Confederation
The Great Compromise
• Connecticut Plan
• Senate: Each state has two senators chosen by the state legislatures (makes small states happy)
• House of Representatives: Bigger states have more representatives; chosen by the people (makes big states happy)
Compromises
• Three-Fifths Compromise– Number of representatives for each state was
based on population– Should slaves count in determining
representation?– If slaves are counted, slave states (South) will
have more representatives
Compromises
– Compromise: Count three-fifths of the slave population
– Note: If slaves had been counted as “full people”, the slave owners would have more power in Congress
Federalism
• Power is shared between national (federal) government and state governments
• Some powers are shared (taxation, borrowing money)
Federalism
Federal Government• Maintain Army• Foreign policy
(Treaties, War)• Print money• Regulate interstate
trade• Copyrights, patents
State Governments• Schools• Marriage & Divorce• Create corporations• Licenses
Roles Listed in the ConstitutionRoles Not Listed in the Constitution
Improvements in the Constitution
• Easier to amend (change) than the A. of C.
• Created a judicial and executive branch
• Gave Congress the power to tax
• States cannot coin money
The Three Branches of Government
Legislative
Legislative
• Congress– House of Representatives and Senate– Creates laws– May declare war– House: Responsible for taxation– Senate: Approves Treaties– Elastic Clause: Congress is given the power
to carry out all its functions
Executive
Executive
• President– Commander in Chief of the military– Enforces the laws– Negotiate treaties– Appoint judges
Judicial
Judicial
• Supreme Court and other federal courts– Currently, there are 9 justices
Stephen Breyer
Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader
Ginsburg
Samuel Alito
Anthony KennedyJohn Paul
Stevens
John Roberts
Antonin Scalia
David Souter
Checks and Balances
• Separation of powers: Power in government is divided between the branches
• Each branch has powers over the others
• No branch is more powerful than any other
President
• May veto (say no) to a law passed by Congress
• President decides who will become a Supreme Court Judge
Congress• Congress may override the president’s
veto (with 2/3 vote)
• Senate must approve Supreme Court Judges
• Congress may amend (change) the constitution, to override a court’s decision.– (2/3 Congress + ¾ of the states)
Supreme Court
• Court may declare laws unconstitutional (Judicial Review)
Ratifying the Constitution
Ratification
• After the Constitution was written by the delegates, it had to be ratified (approved) by the states
• Each state created a special convention to debate and vote on the Constitution
• 9 of the 13 states must ratify the C. for it to go into effect
Ratification
• Federalists: Supporters of the new constitution
• Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the new Constitution– Feared the new government would be too
powerful
Ratification
• First state to ratify: Delaware
• 9 states had ratified the C. by June 1788, but VA and NY had not
• Constitution is in effect, but without the support of these states, will it work?
The States1. Delaware – Dec 17872. Pennsylvania3. New Jersey4. Georgia5. Connecticut6. Massachusetts7. Maryland8. South Carolina9. New Hampshire – June 178810. Virginia11. New York12. North Carolina13. Rhode Island
Ratification
• The Federalist Papers– Written by James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton, and John Jay– To persuade NY to support the Const.– Defended the new constitution– Explained why a stronger government was
needed to protect freedom
Bill of Rights
• Anti-Federalists in Virginia demanded that a bill of rights be added to the Constitution
• This will be among the first actions of Congress in 1789
Bill of Rights
• Bill of Rights– The first ten amendments (changes) to the
Constitution– List of rights and freedoms of Americans– Limits the power of government
Bill of Rights
• First Amendment: Protects freedom of religion, freedom of speech, right to assembly
• Amendments 5-7: Right to a trial by jury
The Future
• How will the Constitution work in practice?
• Will it need to be changed?
• How will Congress, presidents and judges exercise their power?
TEST TOMORROW!
• CHAPTER 5
The Great Compromise
James MadisonWilliam Paterson
VIRGINIA POWER!
NEW JERSEY POWER!!
DEBATE!
ARGUE!!!
BIG STATE!
SMALL STATE
Compromise Power
Compromise PowerCompromise Power
Compromise Power
Connecticut Plan!Connecticut Plan!