matter luminous beings are we, not this crude matter! -yoda, on the nature of the force

MatterMatter““Luminous beings are we, not this Luminous beings are we, not this

crude matter!”crude matter!”

-Yoda,-Yoda,on the nature of The Forceon the nature of The Force

MatterMatter

Any substance in the universeAny substance in the universe

Has mass, takes up spaceHas mass, takes up space

There are only two forms of existence in There are only two forms of existence in the Universe; matter and energy.the Universe; matter and energy.

Ways to Classify MatterWays to Classify Matter

CompositionComposition Based on what types of particles make up a Based on what types of particles make up a

substancesubstance Elements, Compounds, MixturesElements, Compounds, Mixtures

PhasePhase Based on how particles are arranged because Based on how particles are arranged because

of Energyof Energy Solid, Liquid, Gas, PlasmaSolid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma

PhasesPhases

o SolidsSolidso Particles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called Particles are locked in a regular, repeating pattern called

a crystal latticea crystal latticeo Strong forces between certain solids lead to high melting Strong forces between certain solids lead to high melting

pointspoints

More on SolidsMore on Solids

HardnessHardness Describes how hard a solid is compared to Describes how hard a solid is compared to

other solidsother solids Based on the attractive forces between Based on the attractive forces between

particles in a solidparticles in a solid

Shape and VolumeShape and Volume

Solids do not change shape or volume Solids do not change shape or volume without adding energywithout adding energy

Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous Wax, glass, Play-Doh, are amorphous solids – they change shape when energy solids – they change shape when energy is applied, but retain that shape afterwardsis applied, but retain that shape afterwards

PhasesPhases

LiquidsLiquids Particles are touching, but not locked in Particles are touching, but not locked in

patternpattern Particles can “slide” past one another, causing Particles can “slide” past one another, causing

the liquid to flowthe liquid to flow

More on LiquidsMore on Liquids

ViscosityViscosity Describes how well a liquid flowsDescribes how well a liquid flows Based on attractive forces between the Based on attractive forces between the

particlesparticles


Liquids do not change volume but do take Liquids do not change volume but do take the shape of their containerthe shape of their container

The surface of a liquid is assumed to be The surface of a liquid is assumed to be parallel to the surface of the Earth when at parallel to the surface of the Earth when at restrest

Amorphous solids are also classified as Amorphous solids are also classified as “super-cooled liquids”“super-cooled liquids”

PhasesPhases

GasesGases Particles are very far apartParticles are very far apart Particles collide with each other or their container Particles collide with each other or their container

rarelyrarelyThese collisions define the “pressure” of the gasThese collisions define the “pressure” of the gas


Gases change shape and/or volumeGases change shape and/or volume

They take the shape of their container, They take the shape of their container, expanding to fill the containerexpanding to fill the container

Explains why aromatics/perfumes will Explains why aromatics/perfumes will spread across a roomspread across a room

PhasesPhases

PlasmaPlasma Like a gas, but MUCH higher energyLike a gas, but MUCH higher energy Particles collide with so much force, electrons Particles collide with so much force, electrons

are knocked off of atomsare knocked off of atoms This creates a “charged gas” stateThis creates a “charged gas” state

Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they Plasmas are uncommon on Earth, as they start around 5000ºCstart around 5000ºC Only in lightning, auroraeOnly in lightning, aurorae

VolumeVolume ShapeShape

SolidSolid DefiniteDefinite DefiniteDefinite

LiquidLiquid DefiniteDefinite Takes shape Takes shape of containerof container

GasGas Expands to fill Expands to fill containercontainer

Takes shape Takes shape of containerof container

PlasmaPlasma Expands to fill Expands to fill containercontainer

Takes shape Takes shape of containerof container

What is the lowest energy state or What is the lowest energy state or phase of matter?phase of matter?

1.1. SolidSolid

2.2. LiquidLiquid

3.3. GasGas

4.4. PlasmaPlasma

What phase of matter has particles What phase of matter has particles sliding past one another?sliding past one another?

1.1. SolidSolid

2.2. LiquidLiquid

3.3. GasGas

4.4. PlasmaPlasma

What phase of matter is rarely found on What phase of matter is rarely found on Earth?Earth?

1.1. SolidSolid

2.2. LiquidLiquid

3.3. GasGas

4.4. PlasmaPlasma

What is the highest energy state or What is the highest energy state or phase of matter?phase of matter?

1.1. SolidSolid

2.2. LiquidLiquid

3.3. GasGas

4.4. PlasmaPlasma

What phase of matter has particles What phase of matter has particles locked in a regular, repeating pattern?locked in a regular, repeating pattern?

1.1. SolidSolid

2.2. LiquidLiquid

3.3. GasGas

4.4. PlasmaPlasma

Phase ChangesPhase Changes

You must add or remove Heat Energy to You must add or remove Heat Energy to change from one phase to anotherchange from one phase to another

Warming up!Warming up!

Three Phase Changes that require Three Phase Changes that require addedadded heat energy:heat energy:

MeltingMelting Going from Solid Phase to Liquid PhaseGoing from Solid Phase to Liquid Phase

VaporizationVaporization Going from Liquid Phase to Gas PhaseGoing from Liquid Phase to Gas Phase

SublimationSublimation Going from Solid Phase to Gas PhaseGoing from Solid Phase to Gas Phase

Cooling down!Cooling down!

Two Phase Changes that require Two Phase Changes that require removalremoval of heat energy:of heat energy:

CondensationCondensation Going from Gas Phase to Liquid PhaseGoing from Gas Phase to Liquid Phase

FreezingFreezing Going from Liquid Phase to Solid PhaseGoing from Liquid Phase to Solid Phase

CompositionComposition

Pure SubstancePure Substance Follow exact measures or proportionsFollow exact measures or proportions Made up of only one kind of particleMade up of only one kind of particle

MixturesMixtures Can be any amounts or kinds of particlesCan be any amounts or kinds of particles

Pure SubstancesPure Substances

ElementsElements Made of only one kind of atomMade of only one kind of atom All atoms of an element are alikeAll atoms of an element are alike Found on the Periodic TableFound on the Periodic Table

CompoundsCompounds Two or more atoms chemically combinedTwo or more atoms chemically combined Follows a formulaFollows a formula Cannot be separated except:Cannot be separated except:

by chemical meansby chemical means

to form a new compoundto form a new compound

OxygenOxygen

1.1. ElementElement

2.2. CompoundCompound

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

1.1. ElementElement


Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride

1.1. ElementElement


CalciumCalcium

1.1. ElementElement


Carbon TetrachlorideCarbon Tetrachloride

1.1. ElementElement


MixturesMixtures

HomogeneousHomogeneous Particles so small or so well mixed that the Particles so small or so well mixed that the

particles can’t be seenparticles can’t be seen Also called a solutionAlso called a solution

SolutionsSolutions

Can be any phase in another phaseCan be any phase in another phase

Parts – Parts – Solute – substance being dissolved, usually in Solute – substance being dissolved, usually in

less amountless amount Solvent – substance doing the dissolving, Solvent – substance doing the dissolving,

usually in greater amountusually in greater amount

If air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen, If air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen, which is the solvent?which is the solvent?

1.1. NitrogenNitrogen

2.2. OxygenOxygen

What is the solute in orange juice?What is the solute in orange juice?

1.1. WaterWater

2.2. Orange particlesOrange particles

Which is the solvent in sweet tea?Which is the solvent in sweet tea?

1.1. SugarSugar

2.2. WaterWater

3.3. TeaTea

4.4. IceIce

What is the solute in muddy water?What is the solute in muddy water?

1.1. WaterWater

2.2. Dirt particlesDirt particles

Types of SolutionsTypes of Solutions

Concentrated – high ratio of solute to Concentrated – high ratio of solute to solventsolvent

Dilute – low ratio of solute to solventDilute – low ratio of solute to solvent

Alloy – solutions of metalsAlloy – solutions of metals

Amalgam – solution in Mercury (liquid Amalgam – solution in Mercury (liquid metal)metal)

Aqueous Solutions – water as the solventAqueous Solutions – water as the solvent

Solution ProcessSolution Process

““Surround and Surround and Separate”Separate”

Particles of the Particles of the solvent pull solvent pull particles of solute particles of solute into solutioninto solution

Speeding Up SolutionsSpeeding Up SolutionsAgitationAgitation Stirring makes particles collide more oftenStirring makes particles collide more often

Surface AreaSurface Area Grinding up a solute makes it easier to Grinding up a solute makes it easier to

“surround and separate” them into solution“surround and separate” them into solution

TemperatureTemperature Heating a solution speeds up the particles, Heating a solution speeds up the particles,

increasing the number of collisionsincreasing the number of collisions NOTENOTE: When dissolving a gas in a liquid, a : When dissolving a gas in a liquid, a

colder liquid slows down the gas particles and colder liquid slows down the gas particles and dissolves more total gasdissolves more total gas

Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why a powdered solution explains why a powdered aspirin works faster than a tablet?aspirin works faster than a tablet?

1.1. AgitationAgitation

2.2. Surface AreaSurface Area

3.3. TemperatureTemperature

Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why sugar dissolves solution explains why sugar dissolves

better in fresh tea than iced tea?better in fresh tea than iced tea?




Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why Kool-Aid powder solution explains why Kool-Aid powder

has to be stirred into water?has to be stirred into water?




Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why you can’t make solution explains why you can’t make

“Cold Chocolate”“Cold Chocolate”out of “Hot Chocolate” powder?out of “Hot Chocolate” powder?




Which method of speeding up a Which method of speeding up a solution explains why soup mix solution explains why soup mix

dissolves faster than bouillon cubes?dissolves faster than bouillon cubes?




Describes how well a substance will dissolve Describes how well a substance will dissolve in 100g of water at a given temperaturein 100g of water at a given temperature

Differs with each substance and temperatureDiffers with each substance and temperature

SolubilitySolubility

Amounts of SoluteAmounts of SoluteUnsaturatedUnsaturated Solution has not dissolved as much solute as it can Solution has not dissolved as much solute as it can

holdhold More solute can be dissolvedMore solute can be dissolved

SaturatedSaturated Solution has dissolved as much solute as it can holdSolution has dissolved as much solute as it can hold No more solute can be dissolvedNo more solute can be dissolved

SupersaturatedSupersaturated Solution has dissolved more solute than it can holdSolution has dissolved more solute than it can hold Solute will come out of solution if disturbed until it Solute will come out of solution if disturbed until it

reaches the Saturation Pointreaches the Saturation Point

Heterogeneous MixturesHeterogeneous Mixtures

Mixtures that are not well mixedMixtures that are not well mixed

Particles are so large that they can be Particles are so large that they can be seen or “picked out”seen or “picked out”

Types of Heterogeneous MixturesTypes of Heterogeneous Mixtures

SuspensionsSuspensions Temporary mixturesTemporary mixtures Particles settle out upon standingParticles settle out upon standing

ColloidColloid Particles do not settle outParticles do not settle out Appears as a homogeneous mixture, but the Appears as a homogeneous mixture, but the

particles scatter light (Tyndall Effect)particles scatter light (Tyndall Effect)

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Any description of a materialAny description of a material Size, color, mass, etc.Size, color, mass, etc.

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes Any change to a material that does not Any change to a material that does not

change the materialchange the material ReversibleReversible

Chemical PropertiesChemical PropertiesAny description of a chemical reaction that Any description of a chemical reaction that a substance will undergoa substance will undergo Flammability, inflammability, reacts with waterFlammability, inflammability, reacts with water

Chemical ChangesChemical Changes Any change to a material thatAny change to a material that

Results in one or more new substances with Results in one or more new substances with different chemical and physical propertiesdifferent chemical and physical properties

Has a resulting change in energyHas a resulting change in energy Not Reversible – except to undergo another Not Reversible – except to undergo another

chemical reactionchemical reaction Also called Chemical ReactionsAlso called Chemical Reactions

Melting IceMelting Ice

1.1. Chemical PropertyChemical Property

2.2. Chemical ChangeChemical Change

3.3. Physical PropertyPhysical Property

4.4. Physical ChangePhysical Change

Hydrogen and Oxygen form WaterHydrogen and Oxygen form Water





A blue carA blue car





Iron ore can be melted to form pure Iron ore can be melted to form pure IronIron





Matter & Its PropertiesMatter & Its PropertiesMatterMatterPhasesPhasesPhase ChangesPhase ChangesDiagramsDiagramsPure SubstancesPure SubstancesElementsElementsCompoundsCompoundsMixturesMixturesHomogeneous MixturesHomogeneous MixturesSolutionsSolutions

AlloyAlloyAmalgamAmalgamAqueousAqueousSolubilitySolubilityHeterogeneous MixturesHeterogeneous MixturesSuspensionsSuspensionsColloidsColloidsPhysical PropertiesPhysical PropertiesPhysical ChangesPhysical ChangesChemical PropertiesChemical PropertiesChemical ChangesChemical Changes

matter luminous beings are we, not this crude matter! -yoda, on the nature of the force

Documents

gas phase slide

gas slide

solid phase slide

solid slide

plasma slide

shape of container slide

phase of matter

force slide