means in armed conflict

8/17/2019 MEANS in Armed Conflict

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES

GENERAL REGIMES

SPECIAL REGIMES

SANCTIONS

MEANS in armed conflict

Rules of Conduct of Hostilities


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Often said : MILITARY LEADERS OUTLAW WEAPONS THAT THEY NO LONGER NEED,

AGAINST WHICH DEFENCE WOULD BE TOOEPENSI!E OR DIFFICULT, OR THAT THEY FEEL

WILL BE POTENT TOOLS ONLY FOR THEIR AD!ERSARIES"#

E$# Ai% &a%fa%e

Hist'%i(a))* : it +as een diffi(-)t t' .%'+iit '%%est%i(t t+e -se 'f /eans 'f &a%

Weapons and Projectiles:


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0CARDINAL1 PRINPCIPLES OF IHLIC2 AD!ISORY OPINION ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS 345567

« STATES MUST NEER MA!E C""#A"NS THE $%&ECT $' ATTAC! AN( MUSTC$NSE)UENT#* NEER USE WEAP$NS THAT ARE "NCAPA%#E $' ("ST"N+U"SH"S

%ETWEEN C""#"AN AN( M"#"TAR* TAR+ETS , PROHIBITION AGAINST INDICRIMINATE MEANS

8 "T "S PR$H"%"TE( T$ CAUSE UNNECESSAR* SU''ER"N+ T$ C$M%ATANTS : "T "S

ACC$R("N+#* PR$H"%"TE( T$ USE WEAP$NS CAUS"N+ THEM SUCH HARM $RUSE#ESS#* A++RAAT"N+ THE"R SU''ER"N+-.STATES ($ N$T HAE UN#"M"TE(

'REE($M $' CH$"CE $' MEANS "N THE WEAP$NS THE* USE , PROHIBITION AGAINST MEANS THAT CAUSE UNNECESSARY SUFFERING

OR SUPERFLUOUS INJUR

« Means of injurin/ t0e enem1 2elli/erent are not unlimited ,

3Ha/ue " art 44 5


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0Ca%dina)1 .%in(i.)es 3IC27Gene%a) and s.e(ifi(%e9i/es

Pro0i2ition a/ainstindicriminate

means

Pro0i2ition a/ainstmeans t0at causeunnecessarysuerin! "rsu#er$u"us in%ury

+eneral re/imes : AP" 3art 678798778 75 CCW ENM$(

Special re/imes :

Protocols to t0e CCW %iolo/ical Weapons Con;ention C0emical Weapons Con;ention Antipersonnel #andmines Cluster Munitions Con;ention

« Means of injurin/ t0e enem1 2elli/erent are notunlimited , 3Ha/ue " art 445


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+eneral remarrestriction of -se 3a certain


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P%'+iti'n 'f t+e -se 'findis(%i/inate /eans

P%'+iiti'n 'f t+e -se 'f /eans t+at (a-se-nne(essa%* s-ffe%in9 '% s-.e%f)-'-sin-%*

"ndiscriminate means indiscriminate met0ods

Means unla=ful re/ardless ofcircumstancesintrinsicall1 indiscriminate

Means unla=ful dependin/ on t0ecircumstances of use conte@tual

Part of indiscriminate attac


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IC2 : 8 a +a%/ 9%eate% t+an t+at -na;'ida)e t' a(+ie;e)e9iti/ate /i)ita%* 'e(ti;es <

Proportionalit1 test D

Oeter ) *+,-,./ S"$ etc 0Proportionalit1 2et=een t0einjuries>sufferin/ and t0e militar1ad;anta/e e@pected from t0e use of t0e

=eapons

REMEM%ER :

4 proportionalit1 tests in "H# 3ad 2ellum in 2ello5 9 proportionalit1 test in "HR# "s t0is a Bt0 t1pe of proportionalit1 test D

Alternati;e means D

Dinstein )# 12./ 3ays Par4s/ etc:$nl1 if causes sufferin/ or injur1 t0at

can 2e a;oided8 /i;en t0e militar1constraints of t0e situation8 21 t0e useof alternati;e means

Pro0i2ition of « mau@ superflus , > unnecessar1sufferin/ or superfluous injur1


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Re9-)ati'n 'f /eans 'f &a%fa%e :+ist'%*

9F St. Peter2ru/ (eclaration:pro0i2ition of t0e use of 2ullets =it0 e@plosi;e or inflamma2leeffects E@plode =it0in +-/an 2od1 antiGpersonnel use

9 Ha/ue (eclaration: pro0i2ition of t0e use of 2ullets =0ic0 e@pand or flatten easil1in t0e 0uman 2od1

E@. dumGdum "n &a%fa%e not in la=G

enforcement

(isa/reement on =0atmunitions>2allistics co;ered 21t0e pro0i2ition

947 +ene;a +asGprotocol

Protocol for t0e Pro0i2ition oft0e Use of Asp01@iatin/8Poisonous or $t0er +ases8 andof %acteriolo/ical Met0ods of Warfare.

IConsumed 21 t0eCon;entions on 2iolo/ical andc0emical =eapons


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Re9-)ati'n 'f /eans 'f &a%fa%e

9FB St. Peters2ur/ 9 G9J Ha/ue

Con;entions 947 +as Protocol

GENERAL REGIME AP" art 67 345 395ENM$( 3 95CCW 39J5

CCW protocols39JG4JJ6535

SPECIAL REGIMES %iolo/ical Weapons

Con;ention3945 C0emical Weapons Con;ention3965 AntiGpersonnel landmines 395 Cluster munitions 34JJ5

NonGProliferation Treat1 39F5

C-st'/a%* )a& :Historicall1 :customar1 la= codification in treaties N$W : treat1Grules also customar1 la= D 3or =0ic0 part is customar1 la= )


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Additi'na) P%'t'(') I

C'difi(ati'n 'f (a%dina) .%in(i.)es API a%t =>3?7 : pro0i2ition to emplo1 means t0at cause

unnecessar1 sufferin/ and superfluous injur1

API a%t >43 @7 : pro0i2ition a/ainst indiscriminate attac4 3>7 and >3?73a7 3ii7


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En;i%'n/enta) de9%adati'n

API=>3?7 and >>: pro0i2ition of('))ate%a) dama/e and intendeddama/e

« =idespread ,8 « lon/Gterm ,and « se;ere , dama/e to t0e

natural en;ironment3cumulative5

er1 0i/0 t0res0old

« Ne;er 2reac0ed , D

Humans or nature in focus D Customar1 la= D N"ACD "CRC rule B7 Nuclear =eapons D

ENMOD 3455 : pro0i2itsen;ironmental modificationtec0niues as de)ie%ate meansof =arfare

« =idespread ,8 « lon/Gterm , "r

« se;ere » effects. (alternative)

$utside : tactical inter;ention incom2at operations

CCW C i C i C i l


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CCW : Con;ention on Certain Con;entional Weapons 3 « UN Weapons Con;ention ,

«"n0umane Weapons Con;ention ,5

C'n;enti'n K frame=or<

Specific pro0i2itions : in protocols

"n order to 2ecome State part1 to Con;ention: must ratif1 at least 4 protocols.

Amended 4JJ9 : applica2le to N"ACs

PROTOCOLS :

" 3non detecta2le fra/ments5 3 designed) protect com2atants

"" 3antiGpersonnel mines and 2oo21Gtraps5‘primarily designed L Amended 9F

protect ci;ilians

""" 3 incendiar1 =eapons5 G outside : incidental incendiar1 effects>

com2ined effects G pro0i2ited a/ainst ci;ilians A%t ? 3?7 and 3=7 : no airGattac< =it0

incendiar1 =eapons on militar1 o2jecti;e located

=it0in a concentration of ci;ilians protect ci;ilians

" 39753 2lindin/ laser =eapons5(designed, combat function) protect com2atants

34JJ65 3ERWG e@plosi;e remnants of =ar5

3mar< and clear up minefields and ot0eU$s5 protect ci;ilians

$%SERAT"$NS : Mostl1 protection of ci;iliansKK CCW LprecedesL ot0er le/al re/imes

3 landmines and cluster munitions5


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SANCTIONS

CONTROL &it+('n;enti'na) &ea.'ns

No collecti;e 2od1 or institutionor mec0anism of generalcontrol =it0 t0e production orauisition of arms 3too man1militar1 secrets in;ol;ed5

API a%t =6 : indi;idual re;ie= 21 eac0 State N% : no o2li/ation to ma


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S.e(ia) %e9i/es

3Nuclear =eapons5

%iolo/ical =eapons

C0emical =eapons Antipersonnel landmines

Cluster munitions


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N'nP%')ife%ati'n T%eat* 34567

T0e States concludin/ t0is Treat18 -

Considerin/ t0e de;astation t0at =ould 2e ;isited

upon all man


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A%ti()e IEac0 nuclearG=eapon State Part1 to t0e Treat1 underta


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N-()ea% Wea.'ns

Use of nuclear =eapons : IC2 ad;is'%* '.ini'n 4556 : t0ere is no treat1 nor customar1 rule aut0oriin/ t0e use of

nuclear =eapons

t0ere is no treat1 or customar1 rule compre0ensi;el1 anduni;ersall1 pro0i2itin/ t0e use of nuclear =eapons

t0reat or use of NW =ould

« /enerall1 2e contrar1 to-. t0e principles and rules of0umanitarian la= ,

%UT t0e Court -.cannot conclude definiti;el1-.in an e@tremecircumstance of selfGdefence8 in =0ic0 t0e ;er1 sur;i;al of aState =ould 2e at sta


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Bi')'9i(a) Wea.'ns C'n;enti'n345?7

ICon;ention on t0e Pro0i2ition of t0e (e;elopment8Production and Stoc


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A%ti()e 4: Eac0 State Part1 to t0is Con;entionunderta


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e/ (a ea.'ns 'n;ent 'n3455=7

A%t# I 347# Eac0 State Part1 to t0is Con;entionunderta


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A%t# I 3?7 Eac0 State Part1 underta


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E$(e.ti'ns P-%.'ses N't P%'+iitedUnde% t+e C'n;enti'n:

A%t# II 357 3a7 "ndustrial8 a/ricultural8 researc08 medical8p0armaceutical or ot0er peaceful purposesO

A%t# II 357 35 Protecti;e purposes8 namel1 t0ose purposesdirectl1 related to protection a/ainst to@ic c0emicals and to

protection a/ainst c0emical =eaponsO A%t# II 357 3(7 Militar1 purposes not connected =it0 t0e

use of c0emical =eapons and not dependent on t0e use oft0e to@ic properties of c0emicals as a met0od of =arfareO

A%t# II 357 3d7 #a= enforcement includin/ domestic riotcontrol purposes.


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La& enf'%(e/ent in()-din9 d'/esti( %i't('nt%') .-%.'ses:

A%ti()e II 37: QRiot Control A/entQ means:

An1 c0emical not listed in a Sc0edule8 =0ic0 canproduce rapidl1 in 0umans sensor1 irritation or

disa2lin/ p01sical effects =0ic0 disappear =it0ina s0ort time follo=in/ termination of e@posure.

A%ti()e I 3>7: Eac0 State Part1 underta


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(efinition of c0emical =eapon: An1 c0emical =0ic0t0rou/0 its c0emical action on life processes can cause

deat08 temporar1 incapacitation or permanent 0arm to0umans or animals.

(efinition of Riot Control A/ent: An1 c0emical =0ic0 canproduce rapidl1 in 0umans sensor1 irritation or disa2lin/

p01sical effects =0ic0 disappear =it0in a s0ort timefollo=in/ termination of e@posure.

RCAs are included in t0e first definition.

%ot0 are e@plicitl1 pro0i2ited to use as a met0od of =arfare3A%t# I 347 and 3>7


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Mine Ban T%eat* 34557

'ull title: Con;ention on t0e Pro0i2itionof t0e Use8 Stoc


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Gene%a) ')i9ati'ns

A%ti()e 4 347 Eac0 State Part1 underta


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C'n;enti'n 'n C)-ste% M-niti'ns

A%t# 4

4# Eac0 State Part1 underta


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T0e relations0ip 2et=een t0e /eneralrules and t0e specific rules

T0e fact t0at a =eapon is not su2ject to specificpro0i2ition d"es n"t necessari$y mean t0at t0e

=eapon is allo=ed: $ne must al=a1s assess =eapons =it0 re/ard to t0e 2asic principles of distinction andunnecessar1 sufferin/.

T0e uestion of customar1 reac0 of /eneral>


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T0e uestion of customar1 reac0 of /eneral>special re/imes

Most treaties not si/ned 21 all

Some treaties do not pro0i2it /eneral use

)uestions of customar1 la= :

"CRC CUST$MAR* STU(* PART "Rules JGF 32ut contro;ersies5

%EWARE :Unla=fulness 0i/0 costs of use-.

Ma1 still 2e an efficient instrument of 0umanitarian protection

E. "SRAE# #"%AN$N JF "SRAE# +AA J


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Topic of increasin/ impact : nonGlet0al =eapons

(ifficult to distin/uis0 2et=een Ilet0al and InonGlet0al =eapons3AP mines are desi/ned to 2e nonGlet0al5

"f a =eapon is cate/orised as InonGlet0al t0is does not 0a;e an1impact on =0et0er t0e =eapon is pro0i2ited G for e@ample tear /asis pro0i2ited as a means of =arfare

T0e potential a;aila2ilit1 of nonGlet0al =eapons>tec0nolo/ies : 0o=does t0is influence t0e standards of conduct of 0ostilites D 3 and t0eunla=fulness of c0emical =eapons etc5 3 (u2ro;


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"MP$RTANT T$ !EEP "N M"N( :

antiers"nne$ use anti&materia$ use

Rules pro0i2in/ use in certain a%eas

Rules pro02itin/ use at a$$ times or in 'arare onl1

desi9ned effects8 nat-%a) effects andrdin(identa) effects

EAMP#E : Ammunitions factor1


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EAMP#E : Ammunitions factor1 3Presumed : "AC8 AP" applies5

#a=ful tar/et D« militar1 o2jecti;e ,

W$R!ERS ARE PRESENT

« ci;ilians ,

tar/et immunit1

KK API>?3?7 : effecti;e contri2ution

to militar1 action-..=0osedestruction -offers a definitemilitar1 ad;anta/e

API>347 t0ose =0o are not« com2atants ,

AP>3=7enjo1 tar/et immunit1 as

lon/ as do not ta3?7 ci;ilians s0all not 2e t0e

o2ject of attac


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AP" art 7 395 « constant care to spare ci;ilians , 3precautions in attac


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"ndiscriminate means3>43@7 7 (7

"ndiscriminate means>43>7a7 :treat as a sin/le

militar1 o2jecti;e a num2erof clearl1 separated distinct militar1 o2jecti;es

API >3?7 a3ii7 all feasi2le

precaution in t0e c0oice ofmeans-. Wit0 ;ie= toa;oidin/ or minimiin/incidental loss of ci;ilianlife etc..

THEN : Proportionalit13API a%t >43>7 7 A%t>3?7 a 3iii7 :

E@cessi;e in relation toconcrete and direct militar1ad;anta/e anticipated.

Criticism : tend to start att0e 2ac


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Conceptuall1 : indiscriminate attack is distin/uis0edfrom a direct attack a/ainst t0e ci;ilian populationor ci;ilian o2jects in t0at t0e attac

means in armed conflict

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