mfrs and inventory cycle
TRANSCRIPT
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Identifying relevant Malaysian Financial Reporting Standard with Inventory Cycle
Referring to have been stated above, the selected company was a small sized entity and
therefore, the processes under its inventory cycle was not complex like those in retailers as
well as manufacturers.
Figure 1.1 Inventory cycle with shaded area for activities related to MFRS
Principally, the fundamental issue in accounting for inventories is to define the amount to be
recognized as asset as well as amount to be charged as expenses in contrast to associated
revenue. Therefore, FRS 102 Inventories provide guidelines in determining the cost of
inventories, cost formulas used to assign costs of inventories, the amount recognized as
expenses and write down to net realisable value. Inventories comprises those:
Held for sale in the ordinary cost of business; In the process of production for such sale; or In the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the
rendering of services (Lazar & Choo, 2008).
Order goods(Purchasing
activity)
Receiveinventory
Inventorycataloguing(barcode)
Sellingactivity
Inventorybeingreduced
Reorder
Inventory
cycle
Measurement of cost of inventoryFRS 102
Measuring the NRVFRS 102
Cost FormulaFRS 102
Cost FormulaFRS 102
Revenue from sales of
oodsFRS 118
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Inventories also includes goods purchased and held for resale which encompasses buying
merchandise by a retailer.
Connecting to the selected business, the existence of the inventory of Waqec Stationary Sdn
Bhd, are essentially buying the merchandise and held them for sale in the ordinary cost of
business which is under the classification of inventories.
As we can see from the figure 1.1 above, FRS 102 Inventory in this case mainly
focuses on the shaded area, which are numerous accounting issues arise particularly in
determining the costs of inventories, Net Realizable Value.
Purchase Order Activity
When purchasing a certain commodity, Waqec Sdn Bhd will be issued invoices from various
suppliers. It contains the receipt of a purchase order which is also the agreed amount of cost
that will be borne by the buyer, which is the entity itself.
Cost
According to FRS 102 Inventories,cost of inventory contains all costs incurred to carry the
inventory to its present location and condition. This comprises all costs of purchase,
conversion costs and all other costs. The cost of purchase incurred by Waqec Sdn Bhd was
basically those costs attributable to the acquisition of finished goods (such as stationaries,
papers, etc) and these consist of the purchase price, related taxes as well as transport costs.
However, the transport costs was incurred only when Waqecs supplier was unable to deliver
the products in place. Moreover, Waqec does not incur specific costs that are excluded as
inventory costs such as abnormal amounts of wastage or storage costs (once the stocks
arrived, employees display them straight onto the shelves provided).
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Selling Activity
Among the selling activities, there are several consideration in terms of acquired
costs, selling price, selling costs as well as its way of disclosing the amount. Here, applying
the FRS 102, arising the issue of how an entity measures the inventories. Measurement of
inventories should be at lower of cost and net realisable value.
Net Realizable Value
FRS 102 determines net realizable value as the ordinary course of businesss
estimated selling price less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to
make the sale. In this case, the company essentially purchased a certain units of products
from a certain supplier based on the preference of manager which usually favours lowest
price from them. The pricing usually were charge at a standard retail price, which are
recommended by the suppliers itself. Only then, the supplier will set the margin for the seller
to sell. Let say, 30% margin. Therefore, when a product was purchased at RM 1 for each
product, the seller will sell it at RM 1.30. However, some of the products do not have the
recommended price and hence, the manager set it at market price or even lesser.
Linking to the FRS 102, the company does not own the net realisable value. This is
because, net realisable value should be estimated selling price less estimated selling costs,
and what would be disclosed is that if the acquired cost is less than net realisable value, then
the acquired costs multiplied by number of units purchased would be stated, and vice versa
whichever is lower. However, in this situation by Waqec, the acquired cost is let say RM 1
for a pen, adding up a mark-up at 30%, resulting to RM 1.30. The acquired cost is RM 1 and
there is no specific allocation for the estimated selling costs amounting to no amount of net
realisable value and hence we cannot compare which price is lower.
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Additionally, FRS 102 also give guidance in terms for obsolete or damaged stocks
that will eventually resulting lower net realisable value compared to its cost. The net
realisable value may have dropped when the costs to complete the product has increased.
Estimates of net realisable value are based on the most reliable evidence available at the time
the estimates are made. Where inventory is held to satisfy firm sales contract, the net
realisable value is based on contract price. However, Waqec Sdn Bhd is rarely to have
obsolete goods as most of the products are tangible.
Cost of Conversion
This is usually incurred by manufactures to convert the raw material into finished
goods. Conversion costs are production costs, such as labour and overhead that directly
related to the production of output. Waqec Sdn Bhd only sells finished goods which in turn,
does not incur any conversion costs. For some extend, it incurs several fixed costs such as
electricity bills, rental costs, however, the company did not absorb the costs to the each
product sold. Instead, it will deduct them as expenses from profits generated.
Cost Formulas
When the entity buys or sell products at times during a reporting period, the issue arise
on how to allocate the costs to the numerous products in order to determine cost of sale and
closing inventory. This is because, the profits computed and value of closing inventory is
affected by the cost formula used. There are several cost of formulas which can be used, such
as:-
Specific identification method, this is particularly for non-interchangeable productsand for specific projects whereby cost are assigned to the identified items in
inventory.
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First In First Out and Weighted Average Method. For products and services that areinterchangeable, FIFO or weighted average method is to be used. The entity should
use the same cost formula for all inventories that have similar nature.
There is not much relevancies between what the company applies and to what has been
demanded by FRS 102 which are to use either FIFO or Weighted Average Method. FIFO
method assumes that the items of inventory that were purchased are sold first, and
consequently items remaining in inventory at the end of the period are those recently
purchased. On the other hand, weighted average cost formula suggests that the cost of each
item is determined from the weighted average of the cost of similar items at the beginning of
a period and the cost of similar items purchased during the period. In fact, Waqec Sdn Bhd
used Just In Time systems which means that the entity will be able to minimize inventory by
obtaining goods only as when they are needed in the production process and consequently
reducing inventory costs. Their re-purchasing activity of inventory basically will be once the
amount of merchandise lessen up which is done by manual stock count and data derived from
the Point of Sales system.
Revenue FRS 118
FRS 118 basically addresses the issue of what point revenue is recognized and the amount
that can be recognized. The standard that deal with accounting for revenue results from
various area such as; the sale of goods, rendering of services and use of the entitys assets by
others yielding interest, royalties and dividends. Moreover, it also requires revenue to be
measured at the fair value of the consideration received. Referring to Waqec Sdn Bhd, the
company measures revenue whenever there is cash received. This is in compliance with the
guidelines itself, whereby typically the consideration received will be in cash or cash
equivalent, in which the revenue equals the consideration received or receivables. As the
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main consumer of the business is students, it engages its transaction in cash basis. Hence
circumstances where there is delay in the receipt of the consideration will be non-existence.
Additionally, according to FRS 118, revenue is recognized when it is:
Probable that the benefits of future economic will flow to the entity, and The benefits can be measured reliably
In terms of recognition criteria, it can be applied to each transaction separately or even to
each component of a transaction to reflect the substance of the transaction. FRS 118 has
determined three types of revenue such assale of goods, rendering or services and interest,
royalties and dividends. For Waqec Sdn Bhd, as its main activity is selling stationeries and
thus it is included in the sale of good category. Furthermore, the entity recognized the
revenue whenever the products have been sold whereby buyer pay the money for the products
purchased and the seller received cash, which is in other word, transferring to the buyer the
significant risk and rewards of ownership attached to the products and this is in compliance
with FRS 118.
Recommendation
1. It was noticeable that the company does not comply much with the requirement listedin FRS. The manager should be introduced on how a company should disclose their
amount of inventories by knowing the measurements, techniques of measuring, etc
2.