michael s. beauchamp, ph.d. assistant professor department of neurobiology and anatomy university of...
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Michael S. Beauchamp, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at
HoustonHouston, TX
Motor Systems: Lecture 5
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Hierarchical Organization Of Motor Structures
Level 4: Association Cortex
Level 2: Brain Stem
(Red Nucleus, Reticular Formation, Vestibular Nuclei, Tectum, Pontine
Nuclei, Inferior Olive)
Level 1: Spinal Cord
Level 3: Motor Cortex
Side Loop 1:Basal Ganglia
(Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra,
Subthalamic Nucleus)
Thalamus
(VA,VL,CM)
Side Loop 2: Cerebellum
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Cerebellar Functions
10% of brain volume, > 50% of brain’s neurons
The coordination of movement
Maintenance of balance and posture
Coordinated execution of voluntary movements
Motor learning
Cognitive functions
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Gross Anatomical Organization of Cerebellum
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DentateFastigial Interposed
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
AlsoLateralVestibular
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Cerebellar Afferents and Efferents
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Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
Fastigial Nucleus• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex: vermis• excitatory input: vestibular, proximal somatosensory,
auditory, visual• projects to vestibular nuclei, reticular formation
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Cerebellar Afferents and Efferents
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Deep Cerebellar NucleiFastigial Nucleus• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : vermis• excitatory input: vestibular, proximal somatosensory, auditory, visual• projects to vestibular nuclei, reticular formation
Interposed• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : intermediate zone• excitatory input : spinal, proximal somatosensory, auditory, visual • projects to contralateral red nucleus
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Cerebellar Afferents and Efferents
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Deep Cerebellar NucleiFastigial Nucleus• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : vermis• excitatory input: vestibular, proximal somatosensory, auditory, visual• projects to vestibular nuclei, reticular formation
Interposed• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : intermediate zone• excitatory input : spinal, proximal somatosensory, auditory, visual • projects to contralateral red nucleus
Dentate• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : lateral hemisphere• excitatory input: cortex via pontine nuclei• projects to contralateral red nucleus, thalamus (VL)
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DeArmond Fig. 81
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Cerebellar Afferents and Efferents
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Deep Cerebellar NucleiFastigial Nucleus• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : vermis• excitatory input: vestibular, proximal somatosensory, auditory, visual• projects to vestibular nuclei, reticular formation
Interposed• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : intermediate zone• excitatory input : spinal, proximal somatosensory, auditory, visual • projects to contralateral red nucleus
Dentate• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : lateral hemisphere• excitatory input: cortex via pontine nuclei• projects to contralateral red nucleus, thalamus (VL)
Vestibular• inhibitory input from cerebellar cortex : flocculonodular lobe• excitatory input: vestibular labyrinth• projects to motor nuclei
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Cerebellar Afferents and Efferents
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Cerebellar PedunclesInput and output tracts of cerebellum
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (restiform body)Primarily afferent fibers from medulla
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (brachium pontis)Primarily afferent fibers from pons
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)
Primarily efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei
Cerebellum controls the IPSILATERAL side of the body
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Functional Divisions of CerebellumVestibulocerebellum
flocculonodular lobelateral vestibular nucleioldest part of cerebellumpostural and vestibular reflexes
Spinocerebellumvermis and intermediate zonefastigial and interposed nucleimotor coordination
Cerebrocerebellumlateral hemispheresdentate nucleiplanning and timing of movements
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Cerebellar Afferents and Efferents
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Internal Circuitry of Cerebellum
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Cerebellum Produces Movement Disorders
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Cerebellum and Motor Learning
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Coordination of movements
Pavlovian Classical Conditioning
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The Cerebellum and Motor Learning
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Cerebellum and Motor Learning
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Coordination of movements
Pavlovian Classical Conditioning
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Cerebellum as a Control System
Feedback Controller for Slow movements (e.g., posture)
Feedforward Controller for Fast movements (e.g., most voluntary movements)
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Feedback control system
DESIREDOUTPUT
SENSOR
EFFECTOR OUTPUTError signal
Feedback signal
COMPARATOR
+
–
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DESIRED OUTPUT
FEED-FORWARD CONTROLLER
SENSOR
EFFECTOR
ADVANCEINFORMATION
OUTPUT
Feed-forwardcontrol signal
Feedforward control system
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MOTOR CORTEX
CEREBELLUM
SENSOR
EFFECTOR
ADVANCEINFORMATION
OUTPUT
Feed-forwardcontrol signal
Cerebellum as a feedforward control system
Mossy Fibers
Climbing Fibers (Error signal)
Mossy Fibers
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Internal Circuitry of Cerebellum
desired outputadvance sensory information
error signal
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VOR and feedforward control
vestibular information
about head movement
retinal slip
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Cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor coordination by acting as a feedforward controller, allowing the organism to learn through trial and error what exact pattern and sequence of motor commands is necessary to produce rapid, accurate, and effortless movements
Cerebellum as feed forward controller