micro 6502 journal april 1980

8/3/2019 Micro 6502 Journal April 1980

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/micro-6502-journal-april-1980 1/82

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I SYM KIM APPLE AfARI PET OSI AIM SYM KIM APPLE ATARI APPLE KIMATARI a s / AIM PET APPLE SYM KIM AfARI A1 SYM KIM AfARI APPLE PETOSI AIMSYM KIM AfARI APPLE PETOSI APPLE PETOSI A IM SYMKIM ATARI PETAPPLEC

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PROGRESSIVE SOFTWAREPresents

Software and Hardware for your APPLEMissile-Anti-Missile (Aplsft) $9.95

Ulility Pack combines four versatile programs by Vince Cor-setti, for any memory configuration.

· Interger to Applesoft conversion: Encounter only those syn-tax errors unique to Applesoft after using this program toconvert any Integer BASIC source.· Disk Append: Merge any two Interger BASIC sources into asingle program on disk.

· Interger BASIC copy: Replicate an Inleger BASIC programfrom one disk to another,as often as required, with a singlekeystroke.· Applesoft Update: Modify Applesoft on the disk to eliminatethe heading always produced when it is first run.· Binary Copy: Automatically determines the lenglh and star-ting address of a program while copying its binary file fromone disk to another in response to a single keystroke. $9.95

Solitare - Old European peg game, played by one (similarto Chinese checkers). Object - to finish with last peg incenter.Charles B. Smith $9.95

Water The Flowers - Math (add., subt., rnult., div,.) grades1-6. (disk)Judy Pegg $9.95

Othello one or two players Similar to chess in strategy. Youcan win with a single move. Vince Corsetti's program keepboard details and flip piece. $19.95

Blockade lets two players compete by building walls toobstruct each other. An exciting game written in IntegerBASIC by Vince Corsetti. $9.95

Saucer Invasion, Space Maze, StalWars, Rocket Pilot:Written 'by Bob Bishop Each $9.95

HardwareLight Pen with seven supporting routines. The light metertakes intensity readings every fraction of a second from 0 to588. The light graph generates a display of light intensity onIhe screen. The light pen connects points that have beendrawn on the screen, in low or high resolution, and displaystheir coordinates. A special utility displays any number ofpoints on the screen, for use in menu selection or games,and selects a point when the light pen touches it. Thepackage includes a light pen calculator and light pen TICTAC TOE Neil D. Lipson's programs use artificial In·telllqence and are not confused by outside light. The HIRESlight pen, only requires 48K and ROM card $34.95

TO ORDERSend Check or Money Order to:

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U.S. and foreign dealer and distributor Inquires invitedAll programs require 16K memory unless specified

Polar Coordinator Plot $9.95

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Tables Generator forms shape tables with ease from direc-tional vectors-startinq address, length and position of eachshape. Program saves shape tables anywhere in usablememory.Murray Summers $9.95

Sales Forecast provides the best forecast using the fourmost popular forecasting techniques: linear regression, logtrend, power curve trend, and exponential smoothing.Neil D.Lipson $9.95

Single Drive Copy Is a special utility program, written byVince Corsetti in Interger BASIC, that will copy a diskette us-ing only one drive. It is supplied on tape and should be load-ed on to a diskette. It automatically adjusts for APPLEmemory size and should be used with DOS 3.2 $19.95

Curve Fit accepts any number of data points, distributed in

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Applesoft II Shorthand

If you want to make Applesoft a little easier to use, trythis program which permits entire commands to be inputwith a single control key. Since the command lookup istable driven, you can select the keys to conform to yourown preferences. The techniques used provide a valuableunderstanding of how to add your own modifications.

This routine allows a programmer totype in an entire Applesoft command withthe use of one control key.

Overview

The routine Shorthand ties into the in-put hooks at $38 and $39 (56 and 57decimal) and uses a table inside the RAMversion of Applesoft II. In Applesoft'stable, each command is represented asan ASCII string with the high bit off ex-cept for the last character of the stringwhich has the high bit set. The routinealso uses a monitor routine to read a key.If it is a control character, shorthand getsan address from its internal table. If thehigh byte of the address is 0, the routinepasses the control character back. II theaddress is not 0 shorthand passes thecommand stored at that location back.

Step 1 turns DOS ott. Step 2 turnsShorthand on. Step 3 turns DOS back on.But DOS will not be on at the same timeas shorthand.

To use with ROM version.

Shorthand could be adapted to run

with the ROM version of Applesoit II.The addresses in Shorthand would haveto be changed. I do not have access to aROM card and so do not know the ad-dresses. But If the ROM version is just arelocated RAM version, the addresses inShorthand and table just need $C800 ad-ded to them.

Shorthand does not use all of the con-trol keys because some have specialfunctions. These functions are shown inTable 1. If you do not mind losing these

April,1980

functions, these keys can be used also.The choices for which command is tied towhich key is shown in the program listing.It you do not like my choices, you canchange the command addresses storedin Table 2. The addresses are for the RAMversion and will not work for the ROM ver-sion.

Use Of Shorthand

Shorthand is relocatable and can beplaced anywhere in memory. I normallyload it. at $300-$3AE, which is where Iassembled it. But it can be placedanywhere. Applesoft's HIMEM: can be us-ed to protect some upper memory,

Example:A 32K system without DOS can have

Shorthand loaded at $7F51-7FFF andthen HIMEM: can be set to 32593.So to bring up Shorthand use the follow,ing steps:

1. LOAD and RUN the ApplesoftTAPE'

2. Enter the monitor by pressingRESET or do a CAlL-151

3. Type300.3AERor type

7F51.7FFFR

4. Start tape with Shorthand on itand press RETURN, stop thetape when it has loaded

5. TypeOGPress Return

6. TypePOKE 1144,0Press RETURN

MICRO -- The 6502. Journal

Allen J. lacy1921 W. OglethorpeAlbany, GA 31707

7. If Shorthand is at $300-$3AEtypePOKE 56,0; POKE 57,3If Shorthand is at $7F51-$7FFFtypePOKE 56,81: POKE 57,127

8. Press RETURN

9. If Shorthand is at 7F51 typeHIMIM: 32593Press RETURN

Another good place to store ShorthandIs between Applesoft II and your program.The problem is that Applesoft's LOMEM:

does not set the lowest memory used byApplesoft, but sets the point at which Ap-plesoft will start storing variables. But tnemonitor can be used to set pointers. Todo this the following steps are used:

1_ LOAD and RUN the Applesofl IItape

2. Enter the monitor by pressingRESET or do a CAlL-151

3. Type3000.30AER

4. Start the tape with Shorthand onit and press RETURN

When it has loaded stop thetape.

5. Type67:BO 30Press RETURN

6. Type 30AF:030AF:OPress RETURN

7. TypeOG

23:5



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23:6 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal

MUCOlf)Q<nQCOCO~o<C:OO.:COO

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April, 1980



Press RETURN

8. TypeNEWPress RETURN

9. TypePOKE 1144,0Press RETURN

10. Type

POKE 56,0:POKE'57,48Press Return

Shorthand will now be tied in.

Step 5 sets the pointer which tells Ap-plesott II where to start storing a programto $3080. Step 6 sets the byte just belowthe start point to 0, I do not know why Ap·plesoft wants this, but it will bomb if it isnot done. Step 8 causes Applesolt toreset the rest of its pointers to reflect thenew start point.

Now every time you wanl 10 type one ofthe commands stored in the lable justpress the control key and another key atthe same time.

Example:To enter INPUT press the control key atthe same time as the I.

I have made labels for my keyboardshowing which command is under whichkey. To return full control to the keyboard, use the command IN O. To turnShorthand back on just POKE the correctvalues back into 56 and 57. Shorthanddoes not have to be turned off when youare finished programing and want to runa program, unless the program wants for

input one of the control keys which Short-hand uses. I normally set the hooks whenI bring up Applesoft and leave them set.

The routine should work with DOS. I donot have DOS so these techniques arenot tested. Since DOS communicateswith the rest of the system via the inputand output hooks at $36-39, you can notset Ihe hooks to tie in shorthand without '

turning off DOS. But DOS has its own in-ternal hooks. Unfortunately the hooks areat different places for different memorysizes. In a 48K system the input hook is at$A998, $A999 (22120, 22119 decimal). Forsmaller systems subtract 48K-X fromthe numbers, where x is the memory size.The above information came from Explor-ing the APPLE II DOS by Andy Hertzfeldin MICRO 9. So POKE the address ofShorthand in the DOS hooks

Anol her way that shou Id work Is to turnDOS off by the use of the following steps.

1 . After bringing up Applesoft andloading Shorthand typePR O:IN 0Press RETURN

2. Use POKEs to set 56 and 57 ifShorthand is at $300POKE 56,0:POKE57,3

3. When you are finished typeCALL 976Press RETURN

Step 1 turns DOS olf. Step 2 turns shor-·thand back on. DOS will not be on at thesame time as Shorthand.

Table 2

800 END 803 FOR 806 NEXT BOA DATABDE INPUT 8E3 DEL 8E6 DIM 8E9 FEADBED GR BEF TEXT 901 HLIN 905 VLIN909 HGR2 900 HGR 910 HCOLOR= 917 HPLOT91C DRAW 920 XDRAW 925 HTAB 929 HOME920 ROT= 931 SCALE= 937 SHLOAD 9]0 TRACE942 NOTRACE 949 NORMAL 94F INVERSE 956 FLASB"95B COLOR= 961 POP 964 VTAB 968 HIMEM:96E LOMEM: 974 ONERR 979 RESUME 97F RECALL985 STORE 9811.SPEED= 990 LET 993 GOTO997 RUN 9911.IF 99C RESTORE 911.3 o r

9A4 GOSUB 9A9 RETURN 9AF REM 9B2 STOP

9B6 IN 988 WAIT 9BC LOAD 900 CONT904 LIST 90B CLEAR 9DD GET 9E0 NEW9E3 TAB ( 9E7 TO 9E9 FN 9EB SPC(9EF THEN 9F3 AT 9FS NOT 9F8 STEP9FC + 9FD - 9FE * 9FF /AOO t ADl AND 11.04OR A06 )

A07 A08 -) 11.09SGN ADC INTAOF ASS A12 USP A15 FRE A18 SeRN(AlD POL A20 POS A23 SQR 11.26 RNDA29 LOG A2C EXP A2F COS A32 SIN11.35 TAN A38 ATN A3B PEEK A3F LENA42 STR$ A46 VAL A49 ASe A4C CHR$A50 LEFT$ As5 RIGHT$ As8 MID$

23:.8 MICRO -- The 6502. Journal

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April,1980



amount of code and time .speni ac-tu~lIy ~rfit>fmiri9 matt) functionsmay be insignificant relative to theamounts required 10 do all 01 'theother programming steps reqatred-the set up, testing on e bit, bran-ching, SUbroutine jumps, and soforth. So, while there will pr.obablybe a ,timeImprovement WItI'!a ')6 bitTicro l('1l:,eavymath programs, thesavings may net be as great asinillany imagined.

Where doeslhe 16_bitcomputerexcel the!]? I am (lot aura that, In

general, It Does.Given the1:jeneral·1 '1h!gh~r cj)st 01 the micro, thehigher cost ana complexity of a 16~it data bus, and so forth, the 16bitmust justify Itself for _a particularapplication. It is not a generally"better" soluttorr, There are somef~~tures of a typical 16 bit microthat would be nice to nave inthe 8bit aswell. This Is partioularly truein lmJilfoved addressingcapablllfles, Since the addressspace 0f most 8 bit micros IS ac-twilly ~6 bits, it would make sense,in manY'Instances to tie able tohandle the full range of addressspace with i6 bit registers. In the

6502,a numberof 16bit addressingmodes are already supported. TiletWQmain places wl)ere the 8 bitlimit is restricttve arein the relativebranches and in the indexedinstructions. The "proposed" 6516discussed by flao(!lall Hyc!ein thlsissue shows how the benefits of a16 bit rntcrocan be combined withthe strengths of the 8 btt micro toform a superior computer. II s in-te.restiJ1,g 10 note, however, thatmany oIthe improvements are not-based 'on 16 bits, but are tnoepen-denf enhancements. My latest In-'telligence suggests that the initialstatement in the referenced article,"Synertek is almost ready to shipthe SY6516" . is a bit optlrnlsttc,But, if we all call and ask ourSynertek Re~s about this superiorproduct, maybe we can get someaction!

a I\eyboard to .generatemore than259 characters'?Since 8 bits"cali'beus~ to repr,esenl -256 uniC{uevalues, ltls adeqUate for this,work.Infact, it is Ifleill. fA 16 bjf machineelther must ign0Je bait of eachbyte, which is of course wastetuland essenli~lIy reduces it to a:n8~t machift~, or must pack two··lfbltmytes into each 16 bit wold. A(lsthen it must, of eeerse, unpjackthetwo bytes fmr proc~ssing, repaekthem a:gain, arid sO forth.Th"erefore,the8 bit micro is perfectfor most WOrt;! processing basad

applications. Since tfus singll'lapplication category must accountfor a large pereentage' of thesystems tiei'ng .purcha!led .today,the strength of the 8 bit microshould not be surprizing.

Another apptroatlon I worked onused a high spee~ photo scannerto digitize matenal fer use. innewspaper production . halftonesand text. The scanner pm<iluced8bit chunks of data. The mini-computer was 16 bit based, and alot 0'foverhelid w~~ spent in p.ack-ing and uripacKfng data, makingrecerds come out to an integralnumber ~I wordS, and other suchnonsense.Wtlile the fact that 8 bitswere appropriate to this particularapplicat1el'1may have been pureserendipity, I am sure that thereare numerous proeess controltypes 01appliCation which haveasimilar data rangeandwt)leh couldbest be served Q Ythe 8 bit micro.

0kay, liow about numbetpto·cessing. Surely the 16 bit micro ISbetter at performing m~th tunc-tiORSthan the 8 pit micro. lirue,there is some advantageto a 16bitmicro if your application requires a

lot of number crunching. 16 bitmath eperatlons can handle twiceas mu'ch data as ,8 bit ones. But,the savings may be minimal. Inmany numeric calculations, tlie

Several years ago, ·the guests~aker atthe tecal comptlter club~a gentleman from TexasInstruments, talked abtiulI; Iljsimportance of tHe size of amicr0processor. USing all kinds ofcharts, tableS, and varioUSratherlogipal sounding argl:lments; hedelermilled th!3,t 8 bit micros didnot make any' sense and weuldnever lird much pop~lariW orapplication! A 4 bit micro is all tha1is required1nmost proeess controlsltnations, and anyone wanting to90 real computer type stutf-nurnber crunc!llng, ass~mbling,text processing • 'would muchprefer a 16 bit micro. conctestonrthe 8 bit micro was doomed. Well,hundreds of 'thousands of 8 bitmierocamputer:s later, it is obviousthat there [s a market for the 8 bitmicro. Isn't 20120 ttindslghtw(lInderlul!

Actually, I did not buy,this thesisat the time it was presented. I hadworked on a number' ofprojeetswith either minis or a precursor ofthe rntcres.vand had discovered anumber of 'instances in which an 8

bit processor was superior to itsbigger brother. Does this seemstrange: Let's examine the details.

One obvious type of apptlcetlon,in which W eall participate to somedegree, is any form €II word pro-eessing. HoW many bits Goes itnormally take to represent the 1'10r·mal alphanumerics and specialsymbols that we use in everydaywriting, BASIC, assembler pro-gramming, and so forth? ASGIIdefines 128Gharacle,rs,InchJdingabunch of speciaOzed eontrolcodes, and that seems to beenough for most cappllcatiens.

Even if you want 10 add specialsets, such as greek for APl. J thetotal nuniber of unique codes re-qtlireo is no~mallygoln€!to be lessthan 256deoimal. Canyou imagine



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The APPLE Stripper

One of the classic dilemmas in BASIC has to do with

REMarks. If you use them, they take up space and time. Ifyou do not use them, the code is hard to understand. Thisprogram resolves the problem. It permits you togenerously REMark your program for documentationpurposes and then remove the REMarks for the run-timeversion.

BmCrouchP.O. Bo.x 926

Long Beach, CA 90801

As a writer of custom business soft-ware for the APPLE computer,1 kept runn-ing Into the same conflict; good program·ming style insisted that I document myprograms with frequent REMarkstatements. My customers would have ahard time understanding or changing myprograms if I did not,

On the other hand, large business pro-grams use a great deal of memory andevery byte is precious. The Applesoftmanual tells us that the statement: 1.30THIS IS A COMMENTuses up 24 bytes ofmemory. In a large program, a lot ofmemory will be taken by REMs, leaving

less for arrays and program operation. Italso means more frequent waits while themachine "housecleans" its string space.

The answer is obvious; write the pro-gram with REMarks and then removethem in the final working version. Ifchanges are needed, make them on theversion with REMarks and then removethe REMs again after the bugs have beencorrected.

Removing REMs by hand took 100 longso I wrote a simple program to do it forme. II is disk based and will work on anyAPPLE with a disk drive.

Program Requirements

To use this program you need onlyobserve a couple of simple rules. First,NEVER GOTO or GOSUB to a REmark.Always GOTO or GOSUB to the first lineof code after the REMark.

Secondly, for maximum benefits, putyour REMarks on a separate line ratherthan at the end of a line of code. This pro-gram only eliminates those lines where aREM is the first thing in the line.

April,1980

10 REM

REM KILLER

20 REM BY BILL CROUCH39 REM PO BOX 92640 REM LONG BEACH CA 99801

50 PRINT CHR$ (4);-MON I,O,C"60 DIM ARRAY(1000)70 ONERR GOTO 24080 X ~ 090 REM

READ TEXT FILE

100 HOME: REM CLEAR SCREENlie PRINT CIIR$ (4); "OPEN PROG. FILE"120 PRINT CHR$ (4);"READ PROG.FILE"130 INPUT L$: REM GET A LINE FROM DISK14'" IF LEFTS (L$,5) .. "6300"'" GOTO 25"': REM CHECK FOR END OF TEXT150 IF L$ = ""GOTO 130: REM ELIMINATE NULL STRINGS160 LN = VAL {L$),LN INT (LN): REM SAVE LINE NUMBER17'" IF LEFT$ (L$,l) = ""THEN L$ .. RIGHT$ (L$,( LEN (LS) - 1)): GOTQ 1

70180 IF LEN (LS) < 2 GOTO 130: REM IF LINE USED UP GET ANOTH.ER19i1 IF ASC (L$) < 65 THEN L$ = RIGHT$ (L$,( LEN (L$) - 1): GOTO 17e200 IF LEFT$ (L$(3) .. "REM" TIIEN X = X + l:ARRAY(X) ~ LN: REM KEEP TRAC

K OF REMS210 IF X > 995 GOTO 250: REM STAY WITll.INARRAY220 GOTO 130: REM DO IT ALL AGAIN230 REM

WRITE STRIP FILE

2411 IF PEEK (222)< >

5 GOTO 139: REM CHECK FOR OUT OF DATA ERROR250 PRINT CHR$ (4);"CLOSE"260 POKE 216,0: REM CLEAR ONERR GOTO FLAG270 IF X = ' "GOTO 340: REM NO REMS IN PROGRAM280 PRINT CIIRS (4);"OPEN STRIP.FILE"290 PRINT CHRS (4);"WRITE STRIP. FILE"300 FOR Y = 1 TO X310 PRINT ARRAY(Y): REM SAVE LINE t OF REM320 NEXT Y330 PRINT CBR$ (4);"CLOSE"340 END

]PRf0

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 23:11



I N T H O IN G .• . N I B BT H E R E F E R E N C E

F O R A P P L E C M P U T I~ ~ N IB B LE IS :

A SOF7WARE GUIDEfor high quality ApplicationsPrograms for your Home and Business,

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·Graphics and the Challenger C1P, Part 4

This continuing series on Graphics and the Challengershows how to apply the material to create pictures anddemonstrates how this may be used in Computer AidedInstruction.

Computers are well suited Ior.use in aneducational en~ironment, whether this isin a class room at a local high 'school, col"lege, or in an Industrial training seminar.The computer can aid the instructor orcan be used as an individual instructor.With the introduction of the micro pro-cessor and the number of low cost per-sonal computers that are owned and us-ed by individuals as a hobby, the cern-puter must be considered as a trainingtool for use in the home environment.

Children seem fascinated by corn-puters and are equally fascinated by anydevice that has a keyboard. If the corn-puter has any form of graphics display,either animated or still, they seem even

more delighted to experiment with thedevice. This leads to the point that ifchildren are drawn to the computer, thenthe computer, if programmed to be ateaching aid, can be a valuable tool intheir education.

With this evidence I decided to try todevelope a program that combines theelements that have the most attractionfor children. Also, through this method,the program will at the same lime be aneducational tool.

The program, Which I will call "Picture"was developed to be a teaching aid in thedevelopement and spelling of English

words. The proqrarn uses Graphics todraw a picture of several objects. Thenthe ct:J ild is asked to spell the differentparts of the picture that have beendisplayed. The child tries to spell thenames of the objects displayed, and thecomputer displays the answer "Righi" or"Wrong" on the screen in large letters.

In Part 3 of this series ("Graphics andthe Challenger C1P"), we described the

features of the C1P. We developed someprograms using Basic and MachineLanguage, in combination, to further ex-plore the Graphics capabilities of theC1P. Many techniques were discussedand many Basic functions and state-ments were used in our example pro-grams. This time let's continue with ourgraphics developmenmt and try a newprogramming approach.

This article has a two-toto purpose.First to continue our discussion of how touse the Graphics of the OSI ChallengerC1P, and to secondly present a workingprogram using the Graphics techniques

William L. Taylor246 Flora Road

Leavittsburg. OH 44430

il) a Computer Assisted Instruction pro-

gram (CAl). The program in this part willbe used as a CAl tool and will be treatedas an example program. This program, byno means, is complete. That is, it can beexpanded by the user. The program simp-ly is a pure example of how to developgraphic plots: get these characters out tothe monitor screen. Combining theseGraphics with a program is a .useful toolIn the hands of the enterprising program·mer. From .the techniques that arepresented in this example, the user willmore fully understand how to developsuch programs of his own.



Program Description

Let's start with a description of the"picture" program. First, what the pro-gram does is to generate a picture on themonitor screen. This picture is shown inthe video memory map plotting chart inFigure 1. Notice that we have developedroutines in the program that will POKEcharacters from the Graphics Set In theCharacter Generator ROM out to themonitor screen at the locations shown onthe chart. In part 3 of this series, I gave asimilar video memory chart. This time wewill use the chart as in Figure 1. Noticethat in the chart, we have drawn the pic-ture that we wish to POKE out 10 thescreen. All the memory locations can noweasily be found, and routines written toaccomplish the end task. Such a routineis located in the program between lines10000 and 10420. This routine is used todraw the House, the Airplane, the Sun,the Man and the Car in the picture. All theparts of the picture were built from theGraphics elements in the CharacterGenerator ROM. A list of these characterelements appears in the upper left cornerof Figure 1.Please examine the program listing, etsr-ting at line 10000. Take the value in thestatement line, For A = 53606 To 53926Step 32_ From these statement valuesfind the corresponding value on the videomemory map chart in Figure 1. It will befound that when the statement line at10000 is compared to the memory map,you will be able to see just what the For-Next loop does. The Characters will bepoke'd to these locations. Examine theprogram completely from line 10000 1010420 to see how each unit works com-pared to the map. This example shouldgive you a clear understanding of how touse the memory chart so that you candevelop routines for your own program.

The program "Picture" contains twoother Graphics Routines. These routinesare used with the program to inform theuser (or student) if he has identified andcorrectly spelled and element on the pic'ture, or If he has Identlfled and Incorrectlyspelled the object. These routines displaythe words: Right and Wrong, respectively.These words are in large graphic formatat the top of the C1P's monitor screen. Avideo memory location map of theseelements are in Figures 2 and 3 _ Pleasereview these two figures for the memorylocations. The subroutines for thesegraphic displays are located beginning atline 20000 for the word "Right" and at line5000 lor the word "Wrong".

These two subroutines were developedin the same manner as the one for the pic-ture. That is, the video memory locationswere plotted on the video memory plot-ting chart. Next, the graphics elementsthat were needed to generate thecharacters were selected from the list ofgraphics elements and finally, routineswere written to do the task of POKEingthe elements out to the screen. Analyze

23:16

OKLIST

1 GOSUB 8000P II · ~ _ .T,1._tF, ' .E*,+::+;*":F 'R It'·~T3 5 PR IHT" ****

50 PRI~·n60 PF:IHT" HELLO It" A CO~'PUTEF~ r', '-,- 't·~At..jE ISCHALLEt--lGEF~ "

70 PRH4T: PRINTse PRIt-IT" I.dHAT IS 'y'OUR HAI'lE?"9 0 INPUT A$100 PF~HH: PF~nHilHELLO "A$;" GLAD TO !"'1EET \'OU"1 H3 PF: It4T: PF~ un" TH I 5 IS A SPELL It-~G GA~1E"" A$120 PRnn:PRu·n" I I.dILL SHOl<.t·lOU A"130 PRIHT" PICTUF:E. 'iOU AF~E TO"140 PR H4T II TELL !'lE THE PAF:TS it

150 PF:It--lT" THAT ' v'OU Kt·~Olo.t"155 FOR IJ=-~ TO 100(1(1: t·iE::-::T I)

160 POKE 11.232:POKE 12J15170 ;<=L'SF.~a ::> : : : : -18(1 GOSU8 10(H30-

19~] PPHn:pF.:It--IT" DID \'OU SEE THE PICTUF.:E'"?"200 PF:ItH" TELL t'1E THE FAF!TS": PRUH210 FRIt·n: FRIt·n" SPELL THE PHF~TS.THAT r·lf-Ik£

THE PICTURE"220 IHPUT 8:f230 IF B$=" POOF" THEH A==2240 IF E:$="CHH1t·iE\-'" THEH A=2250 IF E::f= "l.dH-lDOI.J THEN A=2260 IF 8$="DOOR" THEH A=227~) IF B$=" 'y'flF.:D" THEH A=228~3 IF 8$:.::" ROOF" THEt--l 1=i=2290 IF 8$=" CH I t'1NE'y'" THa~ A=2

+0 +5 +10 +15

161= • 5337953411

176= ~ 5344353475

178= . .. 5350753539

" 5357129= rv 53603

5363526= -e 53667

536991 ;= l :G -5373f

53763237= ~ · 5379 ·5

53827

226= 0 53859

5389114 6 = =11 53923

53955

14 7 = [J 539875401954051

193= A 540835411554147

+0 +5 +10 + 15 +2 0

C1P Video Memory Map In Decimal

MICRO __ The 6502 Journal

53403534355346753499535315356353595536275365953691537235375553787538195355153883

5391553947539795401154043540755 0 4 1 0 15413954171

April,1980



300 IF 8 $= " SUt·4" THE t· lA=2310 IF 8$="PLAt·iE" THEH R=2~::30 IF A<>2 THE t · . j::iOSUBSl2l(10335 IF A=2 THEN GOSUB 20000500 GOTa 20(150 0 0 FORA=53541 TO 53637 STEP 3250 10 PO I<EF t .•161: r · ~E> ' :TA

5020 FOR A=53544 TO 53640 STEP 32503~J POKE A . .61 :t ' IE j< :T.5040 POKE 5363:3.. 175: POi<E53E,39~

177 : PO KE 5360 6 . 176 : POKE 5360 7 , 178S0 S0 FO R R= 53 54 6T0 53 64 2STE P3 25060 POKEA~!61 :NEXTA5070 POKE 5354 7 , 151: POKE 5354 8 .161:

PO KE 53573 , 1505080 POKE 535.3(1 .. 175: PO};::E 53611 , 177:

POKE 53612.1785090 POKE 53644 ,1615100 FOR R=53550 TO 53646 STEP 325111 : : :1OKE PI . .1 61 : t -l E i , :T5120 FOR R=53552 TO 5364 8 STEP 3251310 POKE A. 161 H -I E : :<T5140 POKE 53551. 161 :POKE 53647.16151510 FORA=53554 TO53650 STEP325160 POKE A.161 :NEXT 85170 FOR A=53556 TO 53652 STEP 325180 POKE A.161:NEXT A

52£10 FOR A=535 '30 TO 53654 STEP 3252 10 POKE A.161:NEXT A522 0 FOR A=53592 TO 53720 STEP 32523£1 POKER ..161: HE}< :TA5249 FOR A=5359 1 TO53719 STEP 6452 50 POKE A,161: HE ~< ;TA5260 FOR T=l TO 50 0 :NEXT T527~:a ~·::=L1SF~ > =: )

52 8 0 RETURH800£1 FOR Q=4 372 TO 40 9 58 0 10 READ F: POKE Q .F:302~) t . . jE><T!8 0 30 DATA 169 .3 2, 160 .8 .162 .0 .15 7.08 04 0 DATA 2 08 J2 32 .=0 8.2 50 .2 38 ~2 408050 DATA 15,136,208.244,169.2088 0 60 DATA 14 1, 2 4 0 , 15 , 9 6;~;07E1 RETURN1 00 0 I ] FOR A=536(16 TO 53926 STEP 3210010 POKE A.161:NEXT A10020 FOR 8=53607 TO 53927 STEP 3210030 POKE H. 161: t · j E i <T

10090 POKE ·A.161:NEXT A1£1100 FOR A=5364 2 TO 5365010110 POKE A.161 :NEXT A10120 FOR A=53611 TO 5361710130 PCWE 8 .. 161: t · l E ~<T10 14 0 FOR A=53580 TO 5358410 150 POKEA, 161=NEXT A10160 FOR 8=53549 TO 5355110170 PO KE A.161: NE XTA10 18 0 POKE53518,16110190 POKE 53486.17110191 FOR A=53704 TO 5371610192 PO KE A.161: NE XTA10193 FOR A=53736 TO 5374810194 POKE H.161:NEXT 81(1195 FOP 8=53768 TO 5378010 19 6 POKE R.161:NEXT A10 2 0 0 FORA=53804 ·ro 5380510205 POKEA.161 :NEXT A10207 FOR A=53836 TO 538 3710240 POKE A, 161 :NEXT A10250 FOR 8=538 9 6 TO 539 0 110260 PO KE A.161: NE XTA10270 FOR A=53928 TO 5393310 2 8 0 POKE A, 161:NEXTA10290 FOR 8=53937 TO 539401030C1 POKE 8.. 161 : t·~e<T 810 310 FOR A=53905 TO 539 0 81~]320 POKE A; o161 : t · 1 E><TA10330 FOR A=53873 TO 5387610340 POKE A., 161 : t · ~E~<T10350 FOR 8=53841 TO 53844

10360 POKE A.161:NEXT AU3370 FOR 8=5380'3 TO 5.381210380 POKE 8.161:NEXT 810390 FOR 8 =538 0 0 TO 538011e4~)0 POKER., 16 1: t . . jE~<1 = t10 40 2 PO l< E5 347 7 . .3710405 POI<:£534·93> 2 2 610410 FOR 8=53955 TO 5397910 4 2 0 POKE A.19 3 :NEXT A104 30 FOR D=1 TO 50 00 : NEX TD1 (1440 ~<=LlSR ( > < )10450 RETURt . . J280121(1

FOR A=53509 TO 536372012110 POKE A.161 :NEXT A2 00 2 0 FOR A=53511TO 53575

STEP 3,21[1040 FOF, ' A=53517 TO 53672 STEP 31 20~33(1 pm::E H ., 161: t·-IE><TPI1O~j50 PCWE A., 176: t · ~E> ; ; T - 201340 POt:::e 53607 ..1 7 :: 1: PO I<E53E,3 '3100;:;:,[1 FOP A=5351·=': TO 53716 STEP 33 177;pca<E 53574. 161:PQI<E 5351121• 161:I .O~37t:1POKE A.,.17:3: hE i< T A10080 FOR 8=53673 TO 53683

April,1980 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal .23:17



20045 POKE 53575~175:POKE 53606.162:F'O~~E 53574.1154

20050 FbR A=53513 TO 53641 STEP 322121060POI<E A. 161: t ~E> ; :TR20065 POI<E 53545.,322~Xj7[1 FOR A=5357i:;' O 53643 STEP 3220080 POKE A.161:NEXT A20090 FOR A=53581 TO 537(1'3 STEP 3220100 POKE A.161:NEXT A20110 POKE 53580. 161:POKE 53644.161:

PO!<:E 537C~8 J 16120140 FOR A=53519 TO 53647 STEP20150 POKE A.161:NEXT A20160 FOR A=53~85 TO 53649 STEP20170 POKE A.161:NEXT A20180 POKE 53584.16120190 FOR A=53524 TO 53652 STEP 3220200 POKER.,1E,1: t - - 1E> :TR202 a: :1 POKE 53523.,161 : POi<E 53525" 16120230 FOR E=1 TO 500=NEXT E2(1240 ::<=US~:.:: ' : :)2025[1 I?ETURt~OK

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SYMple BASIC Data Files

The SYM·1 has a Microsoft BASIC available in ROM. DataSave and Data Load via the cassette are NOT supportedby this version. The routines required to implement thesetwo important functions are presented here.

II you've read "A SYMple Memory Ex -pansion" in the August 1979 issue 01MICRO and "Another KIM Expansion" inthe September 1979 issue of KilobaudMicrocomputing, then you know that Ilike Micro·Z's BASIC for the KIM. You willalso know that I have the Synertek BAS·1BASIC for the SYM. Both versions werewritten by Microsoft, have 9·dig.it decimalaccuracy, etc. but differ in some of theirfunctions.

Comparing the Micro·ZSynertek BASICS

Synertek BASIC has a more convenientUSR function and a &"hex" function thatare definite improvements over theoriginal BASIC. Their ROM version has noGET function like Micro-Z's. Another dit-ference is that a response of a carriagereturn only to an INPUT statement willcause a break in program execution withSynertek's BASIC. Micro-Z has supplied apatch to defeat this break. The SynertekROM does not include any trig functions,but they have recently released TechnicalNote #53·SSC that gives you full trigcapability usinq only 313 bytes of RAM.

The main difference between the twoBASICs, then, is the data save/data loadfeature added to his version by Bob Kurtzof Mlcro-Z, This is a very valuable featurethat Microsoft left out, BASIC can not beused to maintain any types 01 files suchas mailing lists, inventory records, orfinancial records without this feature.Perhpaps you could enter the data viaDATA statements, but that would be avery trying task indeed! Th is feature isthe major reason that I have preferredMicro·Z's BASIC over Synertek's ..

April, 19BO

Data Savel Data Load forSynertek BASIC

Listings 1, 2 , and 3 are my first at-tempts' to provide the same datasave/data load functionality for the SYMwith BAS·1. Listing 1 is just BASIC tn -ltiallzatlon, program loading, and a LISTof the program. All terminal input hasbeen underlined for clarity. The littlecrooked arrows represent a carriagereturn typed In.

Listing 2 Is a RUN of the programshowing the means used to save thedata. Three separate records are saved;the page zero pointers, the numeric dataand string pointers, and the string dataitself. To reload this data, BASIC must beinitialized with the same memory size andthe program can not have been modified.

listing 3 is another RUN 01 the pro-gram after memory was cleared and theprogram reloaded. The data saved inlisting 2 was restored, as can be seen.No, it is not as convenient as Bob Kurtz'smethod, but it works! Bob packs all thedata together with a machine languagesubroutine and save It as one record.Another subroutine loads the combinedrecord and then unpacks it, moving thedata back to its original locations.

Machil1e Language VersiOI1 ofData SavelData Load

Listing 4 is a machine languagesubroutine that will save and load BASICdata files without having to turn controlover to the SYM monitor. The data is stillsaved in three separate records, but theyare recorded/loaded one right afteranother by the routine. An extra fewseconds for each save or load (for sync,etc.) shouldn't hurt anyone, should lt?

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal

John M. Blalock3054 West EVans Drive

Phoenix, AZ 85023

Listing 5 is a VERIFY dump of thesubroutine. Load it in, VERIFY betweenthe same addresses, and if you checksums match mine then you keyed it incorrectly. Now we know why Synertek putthose check sums on the VERIFY dumps!The rest of listing 5 shows BASIC in-itialization and the loading altha revisedBASIC program.

Listing 6 is just a LIST of the revisedprogram. Note the memory size wasspsctfted to allow room for the machinelanguage subroutine which is called bystatements 100 and 400. With either ofthe two methods, put the call to the loadroutine after any DIM statements andbefore the main program body. The call tothe save routine should be at the very endof the program, as shown. Any changesto the program that increases thememory size needed for it will preventdata saved by a prior version from beingloaded correctly.

Listing' 7 is a RUN of the revised pro-gram wherein the data that is entered issaved at the end of the RUN. listing 8shows memory being cleared, BASIC lnl-tlatlzatton identical to that used in listing7, and then the BASIC program beingreloaded. The RUN of the program loads

the data saved in listing 7.

I f you plan on saving and loading datafiles very often, dedicating 148 bytes ofmemory to this subroutine should pay foritself in convenience over the methodgiven earlier.

SYMple Memory Expansion Update

Regular readers of MICRO willrecognize from the listings that my SYM·pie memory expansion board is still work-

23:21



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A Perpetual Calendar Printer for the AIM

If you know the proper tricks, a Perpetual Calander isquite easy to program. Hereit is presented for the AIM 65.In addition to being an interesting demonstration, itpoints out a few programming tricks required when usinginteger numbers in BASIC.

Another calendar printer? Yes, but witha couple of newtwists. First, it puts out tothe AIM printer. So the next time so-meone asks, "Okay, but what can it ac-tually do?," you can give him an answerhe can put in his pocket and take homewith him.

Second, it has a built-in perpetual-calander algorithm that finds the startingday-ol-the-weekfor any month of any yearfrom 1583AD (the start of the Gregoriancalendar) to 999999999AD (or until wechange the calendar, or until the worldends, whichever comes tlrst.) The

algorithm is fairly simple, but the resultscan be impressive. For example:

HOW MAN YMONTHS? 1tt1 C ~ t· ~ HlTlER~:? .f ....,---:-,-

...L;" i" ~

***** JULY 1776 ***5 M T W T F 5

1 2 J : 4 ;:-

'- '. .., 8 9 10 11 12 13

19 2 02 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 25 i~ 2(

"So, IndependenceDayhappenedon aThursday."

"You meanit figured out all those leapyears clear back to 1776?"

"Well, the equivalent 01that, yes.""How do I know it's right?""You don't.""Okay, print me December, 1941. I

know what day Pearl Harbor happenedon."

April. 1980

HOW MANY MONTHS? 1

** DECEMBER 19 41***.--' t'1 T ~,l T F

2 59 10 11 12

14 :1 .5 .f _.-.i.~, i 7 IE: 19 . : : ' :A- -_ -

21 22 23 24 2 5 26 2 7

"So December 7th was a Sunday.""Hey, that's right! Okay, print me the

start of year 2000."

HOw MAN YMONTHS? 2

*** JANUARY 2000***. -:: ~i

29 10 11 1~ 13 14 15

16 :7 18 AQ ~~ 21 2223 2 4 25 26 27 2 8 29

** FEBRURRY 2000***s ,, F -'

i_ .-'

6 ~ 10 11 1213 ! 4 15 16 17 18 19-'::'f1_'-' 21 22 23· 24 25 2 6


Mel Evans1027 Redeemer

Ann Arbor,MI 48103

6

"How about that! It got February right.Century years aren't normally leap years,but every fourth century is, and there iliS~"

"Right. Want a calendar of this month,and may;bethe rest of the year?"

"Sure, but make it through nextFebruary. Why do ali calendars end atDecember?"

"I don't know, but Ihis one won't."F:U;~HOW MANY MONTHS?FIRST MONTH#? 10

**~ OCT08ER 1979 *.*~ M T W T F S

i .-,e; 49 re 11 12 1::

14 15 16 1./ -. . .- ...1.':' 19

· :: ~ ·1 .~. '- -: ., . ._... .:...:.. -_ - .: :..:;...... 26 27

** NOVEMBER 1979***~ M T W T F 5

1 27

15 1619

:142 f1 21

. . . . ,l{

'-1 . -, ·-'1-;-~~ ~.::. 2425 2 6 27 28 2 9 30** DECEMBER 19 79***

T F = -,

i. : : . J: .-

t:

9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 :1 .7 19 2(1 21 . -..- .~.::.

23 24 25 · -'1 .· - .- ," ",'::'~t .::. f

23:27



:1 .3.- . ,- .~~!

T ~,j.,. . . . . '-.r

- , -- 4 .5;;. -~I 9 [1 1 1 .

, r-

c ~ ..i. .'

:l.~ ·i tl 1.

1_! , . . .-. - ,. ; - -J: - 4 - - - -; -. . : . . : . .:.. ~.:.. '- .:.. "-"

- -,. ~-

,;;.-- - - ~2 1

-' ,.:~::~: ~EE ;. .., ij ,~:. !e-

; 1 ~ r» [> .,-r :. . . . . . ~. _, -C' .r_ :~:

S j" 1 T ~lJ T F 1 = :-:1 -,~

-, 4 ~ 6 7 ~:;~ .-1. .-- .

_ .-i 2 1 1 ."1 - .. ." '" - ,l - ~ " ~ '- : . . ._r:,

:17 .~ - .' ~..! 2 0.1 . ,-. ,-, e-,

~ , : ! - ~ z: z,_

,- . . -.~ .- -, .' ,-, . -~l- 't z, - - z, ~. .:.. , . : : .o ~:.'

The day-ol-the-week algorithm ap-peared in BYTE (Day 01 Week and Elaps·ed Time Programs," W. B. Agocs, BYTE,September, 1979, p. 126.). I read it,thought "That's neat," and forgot it. Then

a calendar printing program for Teletypecame out in Knobaud ("Calendar Pro-gram," SteveTabler, Kilobaud Mlcrocom·putlng, October 1979, p. 102,.).Can theAIM do that on us printer? Sure it can!Can I build in that day-ol-week algorithmso that it doesn't need starting instruc-lions? Sure I can! The resulting AIMBASIC program is listed in Figure 1.

The starting day-ai-week algorithm isin lines 851hrough 150. It uses "Zeller'scongruence," as explained inAgoc's arti-cle. Zeiter first does some juggling ofmonth and year numbers before gettingdown to the main computation of the day·of-week (variable OWin tine 150).

The algorithm packs more power than Ineededhere; it works lor any year, month,and day-of-month (day-of-month isvariable OMin line 130).Since I only need-ed the beginning day-ai-week of eachmonth to be printed, I set OM = =1 in line129. To restore Ihe algorithm to its fullpower, just delete that one statement,and use OM as an input.

AIMBASIC(like most BASICs)does notallow much lormat flexibility in printingnumbers, so to squeeze those date-linesonto the 20·column printer., a stringvariable, L$, is used to build each linebefore printing. L$ is lirst nulled (e.g.,line290), and is then built up, character bycharacter, as in line 350:

L$ =: L$ + CHR$(48 + 02)

This statement adds 02, the second(units) digit of a two-digit date number, toline L$. As shown in Appendix E of the

AIM BASICmanual, CHR$(48)is ASCII"0" (zero),and the other digits follow. So,if 02 =: 5, say, ASCII "5" is added to thestring. After the last character has beenadded, the line is printed (e.g., line 380).

23:28

If you are fussy about format, theabove technique gives you total controlover each column of each line. If numbersdon't print to suit you; don't printnumbers, print characters.

AIM BASIC has one quirk which Ihaven't noticed in others (but if you'rerunning a different BASIC,you might iiketo check it out). If X evaluates internally

as less than an Integer, but is sufficientlyclose to that Integer, it will print as Ihe In-teger, but INT()<)will truncate down to thenext-lower integer; e.g., ifX =: 4.99999..,you get:

PRINT X5

PRINT INT (X)4

Don't believe it? Try this:

LIST

T.i.

t~T <: :< )= n _; I N T ( : : . : :7t3 EN[)

F:Ut · J

>< =5 IN T < > :: ) = 4

To prevent this from happening, add adab to X before doing INT(X).How much

is a dab? Anything less than the smallestmeaningful Increment in X. Thefirst equa-tion in line 258,lor example, is computingthe cenlury from Ihe year:

C =: INT{Y/l 00 + .005)

If year Y increases by 1, Y/loo in-creases by .01, so the added dab is halfthat. This assures that it will work for Iheyear 2000,and is small enough so it willalso work for 1999.

Another example is on Line 262:INT(YC/4 + .1).

When YC increments by one, YC/4 In-creases by .25, and the added dab is less

than half that. The previous .005wouldwork fine here, too, but .1 costs fewerbytes.

A linal note of minor interest. Line 80sends Iwo line·feeds to the printer beforestarting the calendar, and line 430sendsit five line'leeds, so you can tear off thefinished calendar without having 10 pumpth "LF" key.And PRINTTAB (100)is sureneater than a string of five PRINTstatements, isn't it?

MICRO -- The 6502Journal

LIST4 F. : E r ~ .~ REM PERPETUAL-

CAL EN DAR PR IN

20 FOR I=1TO 12:RE

~~ ~OR I=~ TO 12 :REFi[:: F.:- , t (I ) : N E > ~ T I4 (1 I N F "U Tii H 0L1 1 t ·1ANiT;

t-10t, ~T H SH.; r"~

50 IF N=l THEN INPUT "rllCtNTH i ; r ;f60 IF N}l THEN INPU

T it F IF~ T t ·1cn ·~T H # II j t l1. . . \ ; ! I tlPUT "'T'ERR" .:'r'::;(i F'F:I NT TA Ei( 40 ::-85 REM CONVERT TZ ~ L L E RMONTH S YEA:= - :~~1 ti 2 : :: ::i -2 : ~r:Z=: iri100 IF M=l THEN MZ

110 IF M=~ TH ENMZ=

STARTINGDAY-OF-WEEk12 0 CZ=INTtYZ)100+

=1

140 Dl=Dl+INT(YZ;4~

150 DW=Dl-?*INT(Dl7 -+. ~11,~~ :1155 REMPRINT HEAD~

!_J~ F-175 REM BUILD FIRST

DAT E - L I N E& P R I N T

rce L$=u ii: Dl=[:IL·l-. 519 0 FOR 1=1 TO 72 (1(1 [:if : : I - [::rj+12 10 I F ](D1 THEN Lf

=L-t+" "2 2 0 I F I ) D 1 T H EN L

2 30 I F 1(6.5 THENL$=L$.J-H II

Aprll,1980



240 NL~T !25(j p~: I N T Ll2 55 REM CHECK FOR

LER P - ' r ' E AR2 58 C =I NT( Y/ 10 8 +.

5) : 'l '~C=!T'- l~}E!*C

2 62 I F YC = 4 * I N T ( Y C I4 + . 1) THEN A(2)=29264 IF YC< .5 THEN A

c =4 :+ :1 t- ~T <C . ' 4+. : 1 . )

B L 1 IL DREMA IN IN G DATE - L IN ES

A r~[~ PF~ I r-~T2:3~ :1E t~:: 1

TO

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5 :: ' :0 2 = [ : 0 1-iEl:t:[:'lIF [J1 (. 5 THEN

4 ' ~~ M=M6 1: I F M) 12 .5THEN N =1 : ' 1 ' = ' 1 " +14 2 0 N=N - l : I F N ) .5 T

- L:t=L'!+ ;,

THEr'l$:=L$ +CH~:'$( 4 ~ = ~- [ :r1 )350 L t = L t + C HR : t ( 4 8 + D

2)}6€1 IF

i=L$+"THEN

4~0 REM DA TA MONLENGTHS AND NAM

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IF EtL.5 THENJU:4E4 '9 ; :~L~A T A:t: ~+ :+: :f: :+ ; T ~!

' .~ ;_r ~"

t 1 D N TH500 DATA ***OCTOBERJ ** NOVEMBER.** DE

A M 65 SoftwareHELP!!

9 S\.!perutit1ty programs l or a ll AIM 5 5 p rQ9,amr ne ifS, HEX INPUT: tong and.si'lQ(Iv{ltSlolls. used lorentering ttex b)"te5 into mernc-v. DUMP" HEXOUT:Pri nt OJl yOU!' memory In 'we· torrnats 1 0 0 'easy r:-hec.kin.g or location 01Incli"'i(hJal bytes FIELD SORT: A lield SOI1I11ogoutme tnet hnds I.Isa~e Inrnai" l) ' t~sks Inc:lud ing I'1Blplng yOu Otgf,Jllize VOur progr;o.mmll'l9 RESTORE;A program which BU10mlll11GsIJyrestores your ednor etter ycu've re-eruered i.

~7::~:U~!~~~~~~: :~~~;~rl~:~~~;toSna:~~~o;I~:'~~~;~~~t~o;BCE~I~'Of use wl1n Ihe 8ss,embler ROM (HOW can yO\1do whbcut O lC1) 11pnntstheb eg in ni ng and e -n dl ng e ee -e se ee 0 'your sYn'lbol1ableaiong with Men 'abel In.:fout programand its acc-ess, iillI In a handy lorrmu RELOCATE: '5apowe-fut program which allows y ou 10 mo ve or relocate Ilfogfams or data inmemory. AUwho wrfte. ads p i CIrpfeat eprog ram" or Sunrounnes WIt! i8&:1iPret:II'ltethiS. II allows yo u to ct ac c t j' l.em .. .. .hel'E!'rHlI yo u'd i I'h .e Yo ,", ce n e v en open up_,"_",, __ ~;_"_ ..~in ~he nndote or a program lor inser hfloQ rlIrSSlng new_.or

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Inc-lcwcslnumtH:r er 1!'1e-s.~STARWAY 090: Places VOUat theccnrrcts 01acrtpoted epacecratt, You must succ,tts:sfully' pilOI yOL lr cra n b .a cl l to I l' lemcthersntp lor a 50!1 renoez .... ue YOIJ~ supply or Iuet is limlte-d and must b eu se e w n nc ar e t o a . ..ol-CHhsastor,E,SP': Eve n compu te rs ca n h ave . SI P 1 0" se em10). You I a number. aeewer a iil}w quest-ens

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April, 1980 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 23:29



Bi-Directional Scrolling

Everyone knows that a teletype only moves the paper inone direction . up. Likewise, the Apple display onlyscrolls one way· up. Now you can have scrolling in bothdirections - up and down- with these routines ..

By using 'the machine languageroutines given below, it is possible toscroll either textlgr page in either direc-tion.

The up-scroll routine is derived fromAPPLE computer's red Reference Manualwith the difference bei ng that a zero-pagelocation Is 'referred to determine whichpage to scroll. The down scroll routinemakes similar use of the same zero-pagebyte.

To use the routine a few entry conditionsmust be met:

1. Load the binary routine into the$300 page of memory starting at $300.

2. Set polnters 6,7, and 8,9. If youwant to bring new informationonto the screen from RAM asyou scroll 6,7 must point to thelocation in memory where thedata to be loaded onto the topline of the screen will come fromwhen you scroll the screen pagedown. Similarly 8,9 point to theplace in memory to get the datafor the bottom line when youscroll up.

Roger WagnerSW Data Systems

P.O. Box 582Santee, CA 92071

If you want to use this routine to direct-Iy view memory, the easiest way to setthe poinlers 6,7 and 8,9 is to set 8 and 910the address you want to start viewing at.Put the low order byte in 8 and the highorder in 9. (The screen height plus 1.)Then set 6,7 to the same value as 8,9 wereoriginally, l.e., the low and high byte bringthe starting address. Last of all, scrollback down one line to bring the startingaddress line Into position as the first lineof text visible at the top of the screen.

If you do not want new data broughtonto the screen, then 6,7 and 8,9 will have

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April,1980 MrcRO -- The 6502 Journal 23:31



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0361 68

Change of Address?

We are still having problems with thoseof you who are moving around. Pleasenotify us of any change of address sothat you will not miss any issues. ThePost Office does not rerum theundelivered copies, so we lose both thepostage and the magazines. Send ad-dress Changes to MICRO, c/o Carol Stark,Box 6502, Chelmsford, MA, 01824. Pleaseinclude your old label or your subscrip-tion number.

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April,1980



to point to a part of memory that contains40blank space characters. One way to dothis is to freeze on blank line on eitherpage 1 or 2, and then set 6, 7 and 8, 9must be reset to that value each time thescroll is done. This is because normallythe scroll routine updates 6,7 and 8,9 bythee screen width so as to remain syn-chronlzed with the screen display anothertechnique is to just clear the top or bot-

Symbol Table

~ iNDLFT 01 : , \ £ ' 1 )~ mo ~ DTH 0 3 2 1I f l c .T f ) P 0 0 2 2

tom line to blanks each time a scroll isdone.

3. Location 5 must hold a 4 forpage 1 scrolling, and an 8 forpage 2.

To use page 2 in Applesofl is more dif-ficult, but can be done. First, location$3AB in the machine code must bechanged from $05 to $1 F. Also, you mustPOKE 31 with a 4 or 8 as compared to thePOKE 5 in Interger.

4. That's all. Now when you wantthe screen to scroll just 'CALL768' to scroll up, and '845' toscroll down.

Special Notes:If you are going to use page 2 of text/gr

in Integer Basic, be sure to protect thevariables with a 'lOMEM': 3072. This maybe done before running the program, or ifyou know how, put as an early line in theprogram.

*]I.)} 5BF

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The real rub is that Applesoft programsnormally begin in memory at $800 (hex)which conflicts with page 2 use. The wayaround this is to do a 'POKE 104, 12:POKE 3072, 0' before loading your pro-

gram. After loading do a 'CALL 54514' (un-necessary with DOS 32.). Unless you do a'RESET', 'Control·B' other programs. un-fortunately, use of page 2 with the RAMversion of Applesoft is to my knowledgeimpossible. (Sorry ...)

W NC i !H ' i 1 3 111 2 1

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~ ' TABf;?'9(:

VTABZ 1319EBA : J ) 1 l C e3~8SC lC 2 @3B 5

ENO 0 3 0 0

If you wish to move the scrollingroutine for some reason, the onlylocation-dependent aspects of the codeare 5 'JSR's and 1 'JMP' within it. Sincethese operations always reference ab-solute addresses they will have to be re-written. Of course, if you have a relocateutility, it is that much easier.

For further enlightenment, see thesample Integer Basic program whichmakes use of the scrolling routine. HaveFun!

Location dependent:

$303:319:34A:353:369:39E:

JSRJSRJMPJSRJSRJSR

$39E39E39C39E39E3A6

If page 2 of TEXT/GR Is to be used, it mustbe protected by a 'LOMEM:3072' for integer BASIC, or a 'special Load' (asdescribed in article) when using Ap-plesoft.

Note: $3AB must be changed from $05 to$1F for Applesoft.

SYNERG IS TI C SOP TWARE

I*-t4THE MODIFIABLE DATABASEby Chris Anson & Robert Clardy

The Modifiable Database is a general purpose, user orienteddatabase program that can be easily customized for your specificdata management application. Create any number of applicationprograms such as mailing lists, bibliography files, inventory con-trols, personnel files, accounting programs, etc. The only limita-tion is your own imagination.

The program uses fast and flexible machine language searchand sort routines, provides for easy record editing, and can searchor print up to 2 disks of records with a single command. Allcommands are invocable by a few keystrokes. There's never beenan easier to use or more flexible data management program.

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Did you read about the Dungeonmaster who became soenchanted playing a real life version of Dungeons andDragons that he disappeared for a month?

You'll be able to hold on to reality just a little better when you playthe Dunionquest= computer version, the greatest of all the role-playingfantasies.But don't bet 00 it

Sit at your computer. You're the hero. Enter theDunjonquest "Temple of Apshai" and into thegreatest fantasy adventure you've ever experienced.The Temple has over 200 rooms and catacombs inwhich lurk more than 30 kinds 0 .£monsters andbeasts ready to do you in - in real time - before youcan reach any of the 70 or so treasures waiting for thebero. You may spend days, weeks, months ... the restof your life ... striking at the forces of evil, or runningfrom them, or calling on powers you can never com-pletely understand. Always, always demonstrating invarying degrees your strength, constitution, dexterity,intelligence, intuition, the force of your ego.

Unlike chess or bridge or monopoly,tbis role-playing game-like other goodrole-playing games - is an experiencerather than a game: it is not played somuch as it's lived or experienced. Youralter ego goes forth into the world ofdemons and darkness, dragons anddwarves. Your character will do what-ever you want him (or her .or it) to do.

Actual photo 01screen during a Dunjonquest game.In Room 3 in the Temple of Apshai, our hero observestwe treaacres unattended by dragons, monsters ordemons ... for the moment. He is completely free ofwounds; he is not at all fatigued. He carries 44 pounds ofarmor and 19 arrows in his quiver. He has already slainfive demons. Will he capture the treasures before movingon ... or before the forces of darkness intercept him?

"The Temple ... " comes complete with a superblyillustrated 56~page rule book and cassette program,designed to operate with the Level II 16K TRS 80, thePET 32K or the Apple II 48K IApplesoft) computer.Only $24.95 complete, including shipping andhandling on orders placed within the next 30 days.(Apple or TRS 80 disk available for $29.95).

Dunjonquesr's "The Temple of Apshai" is guaranteedto be the best version of Dungeons and DragonslDragons and Dungeons. It's a product of the two guyswho are Automated Simulations: Jim Connelley andJon Freeman. [im is a Dungeon Master, running con-rinnous Ji) &. D campaigns. He's been a data pro-cessing professional with Westinghouse, GTESylvania, Logisticon ... an expert in computer-based

math-modeling and in simulation of complex phe-nomena. Jon is a game player, designer and author.He's a frequent contributor to Games magazine; hisbook, "The Playboy Winner's Guide to BoardGarnes" I S a paperback best-seller,

As we. said", guaranteed: Guaranteed to be the bestversion, guaranteed that you'll be happy with it.Order now, use it for two weeks. If you don't enjoycompletely this fantasy adventure experience thatgoes beyond all others, send it back to us. We'llrefund your money in full; no questions asked.

Master Charge or Visa card holders: charge "TheTemple of Apshai" to your credit card. Just call OUI

toll free number: (800) 824-7888, operator 861 (InCalifornia, call operator 861 (800) 852-7777. InHawaii and Alaska, operator 861 (800) 824-7919/ andyou can begin enjoying YOUI Dunjonquest game indays. Or send your check (or $24.95* (or $29.95/" to

AutomatedSimulations

Dept. LWP.O. Box 4232Mountain View,CA 94040

"Callfomla residents, please add 6.5% lax,



Soft""are

DOMINOES S 6.95

APN MATHPACK $19.95

SPACE WARS 5> 9.95

FORECAST s 9.95

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t" 0(" ."1

HOME ACCOUNTING s 9.95

SHOOTING GALLERY s 9.95

for the PET

OTHELLO $ 9.95

SUPER NIM S 6.95

GRAND PRIX S 6.95

$ 6.95

BASKETBALL S 9.95

VISA

All ord@fSinclude 3% postage and handling with 3 minimum of

$1.00. Callfornia realdents include 6% Sales Tax.MASTERCHARGE

PET IS A TRADEMAR K OFCOMMODORE eUSINESS MACHINES. INC,

PROGRAMMAINTERNATIONAL, Inc.3400 Wilshire Blvd.Los Angeles , CA 90010(213) 384·0579

384·1116

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Dealer Inquiries lnvitad

LETTER SQUARES s 6.95

DIRfREF $ 6.95

E.S.P. $ 9.95

BLOCKADE s 9.95

SLOT MACHINE s 6.95

BATTLE SHIP S 9.95

ZAP $ 6.95

lQ2 ]J(Q@ J~

~

~

~

~

U Ja"""t~D I,m11,aC D,DI

311,aD -cnc tm



The SY6516 Pseudo-te Bit Processor

While the 6502 is a great microprocessor as it stands,advances are being considered to make it even better.One of the approaches is to add some new capabilitiessuch as some 16 bit operations, improved addressing,and more.

For those of you who may havewondered what the 6502 equivalent of theMC6809 would be, wonder no longer.Synertek is almost ready to ship theSY6516.

Synertek announced the 6516 almost ayear ago, but due to production problems,it never quite made it. The 6516 wasdesigned by Atari Inc. (back then it was tobe called the 6509) for use with the Atari400 and 800 computer systems. Unfor-tunately, Synertek was unable to deliverthe chip in time for Atari to use it in theircomputers.

What is a Pseudo 16-bit Computer?

A pseudo 16-bit computer uses an in-ternal16-bit register arrangement,.but ex-ternally it uses an eight bit bus. Sixteenbit data is multiplexed in, much like theAlpha Micro computer on the S-100 bus.In addition to the new 16-bit instructions,the 6516 maintains all of the 8-bit instruc-tions of the 6502. You may reassembleyour source files currently on the 6502and run them directly on the 6516. All theinformation that I have recieved says thatthe 6516 is SOURCE code compatablewith the 6502 and that it is OBJECT codeincompatable with the 6502. I have heardrumors that Synertek is attempting tomake the 6516 object code compatable,but quite honestly, I don't believe there ismuch chance of it happening.

Unlike the Motorola MC6809, whichhas a distinct set of 8-bit instructions anda distinct set of 16-bit instructions, theSY6516 contains a special register (the"Q" register) which toggles the systemback and forth between 8-bit operationand 16-bit operation. In addition, allregisters in the 6516 (A, X, Y, and SP) are

23:36

now 16-bits wide. The "Q" register con-tains four bits which may be programmedto put the accumulator inthe 16-bit mode,the X-register in the 16-bit mode, theY-register in the 16-bit mode, and memoryin the 16-bit mode (for use with INC, DEC,ASL, ROL, ROR, LSR, etc.). If the ac-cumulator is programmed to be in the16-bit mode, then LOA will load the ac-cumulator with 16-bits, the low order bytecoming from the specified address andthe high order byte coming from thespecified address plus one. If the ac-cumulator is in the 8-bit mode, then theLOA instruction behaves identically tothe LOA on the 6502. The other registers(X, Y, and Memory) behave identically.

It does not take twice as long to per-form a 16-bit instruction compared to theequivalent 8-bit instruction, as you mightexpect. Usually only one additional clockcycle is required. This means that 6516code will run as much as 3 times fasterthan 6502 code performing the sameoperation.

In addition, several instructions havebeen "speeded up" over the 6502equivalent. For instance, implied instruc-tions now only require one cycle for com-plete execution (the 6502 requires 2).Several other instructions have beenspeeded up as well (see Table One).

Variety of addressing modes is whatmakes the 6502 as flexible as it is. The6516 includes many more addressingmodes in its instruction set. In particular,indirect addressing (without the indexedby Y or preindexed by X), 16-bit relativeaddressing (there is now a jump relative,so your code can be relocatable), anddirect page addressing.

Direct page addressing is something


Randall Hyde12804 MagnoliaChino, CA 91710

really special. It is available on the 6502 ina restricted form; on the 6502 it is calledzero page addressing. Direct page ad-dressinq is different, in that any of the256 pages in the 6516 address space maybe used. The particular page is selectedby the 8-bit direct page register "Z". Thedirect page facility should clear up manyproblems associated with zero page con-flicts occuring in the 6502.

The New Instructions

The 6516 has a total of 114 instructions(compared to the 6502's 56). This gives atotal of 255 different opcodes. Some ofthe new instructions are listed on thenext page.

The User Flag

Bit 5 of the P register has been undefin-ed to this point in the 6502. The 6516utilizes this bit as a user defined flag. In-cluded in the instruction set are instruc-tions to set and clear this flag, as well asbranch if set, and branch if clear. Thisuser defined flag will prove to be a greathelp to users who are writing a booleanfunction. Up till now, the 6502 program-mer had to use the carry or overflow flag.The user defined flag will help allieviate

problems associated with the use of theaforementioned flags.

The 6516 instruction set was defined toallow maximum capability with theminimum number of instructions possi-ble. For those of you who would really liketo have seen an instruction of the form:

JMP (LBL,X)

you may simulate this by:

LOY LBL,XYPC

April, 1980



SOFTWARE"Precise, humanized, well documented an excellentvalue" are the applauds now being given to UnitedSoftware's line of software. These are sophisticatedprograms designed to meet the most stringent needs ofindividuals and business professionals. Every packageis fully documented and includes easy to understandoperator instructions.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - A comprehensive, interactivesystem like those run on mainframes! Six modules comprising 42K ofprogramming allow you to; create. edit, delete, display, print, sort,merge, etc., etc. - databases of up to 10.000 records. Printer routinesautomatically generate reports and labels on demand. 60 pages ofconcise documentation are incl uded. Req u1rements - 16-32K PET and2040 Dual Disk. (printer optional) .... Cost $125

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE/PAYA.BlE - A complete, yet simple to useaccounting system deSigned with the small businessman in mind. Theuniied SoHware system generates and tracks purchase orders andinvoices all the way through posting "controlled" accounts payabte anoaccounts receivable subsystems.Keyed Random Access file methods makes data access almostinstantaneous. The low-cost solution for the first time computer userwith up to 500 active accounts. Requirements - 32K PET, Dual Disk. any80-column printer .... Cost $175

CASH RECEIPTS 80DISBURSEMENTS - Makes it a breeze to track alloutgoing payments made by any type of business operation. Checks

are tracked by number and categorized by type of expense. Sorting.summary, and audit trails make it easy to post to general ledger. Thissystem also categorizes incoming receipts, Uses KRAM file accessmethod. Requirements - 32K PET, Dual Disk (printer optional) .... Cost

$99.95

KRAM - Keyed Random Access Method - The new, ultra-fast accessmethod for the PET Disk, provides keyed retrieval/storage of data, ineither d irect or sequential mode, by either full or partial key values.Written by United Software in 6502 machine code. and designed withthe PET in mind, It exploits all the benefits of the PET Disk, allowi ng fu lloptimization of your system. Eliminates the need for "Sort" routines!KRAM provides flexibility never seen on a micro before. KRAM ismodeled after a very powerful access method used on large-scale IBMVirtual Storage mainframes. So "KRAM" all you can into your PET - itwill love you for It. .. Cosl $79.95

(SUblicenses available to software houses.)

PROGRAMS FOR

ENTERTAINMENT

Super Startrek. , , . ' 14.95

PET Music Box. , , . . . . . . . 29.95Space Intruders UNITED SOFTWARE("Best Game of 1979") .. $19,95 PROGRAMS FOR BUSINESS

Jury/Hostage. .. _. . . . . .. 12.50Kentucky Derby/Roulette 9.95 Checkbook _ $15.95Alien I.Q./Tank .. 9.95 Mortgage .....•..•. , 15.95Tunnelvision/Maze Chase 14.95 Finance " , ". 12.95Submarine Attack. 9.95 Bonds ,. 12.95Battle of Midway........ 7.95 StOCk Analyzer 22.95Laser Tank Bailie. . . . . . . . 9.95 Stock Options. . . . . . . . . .. 24.95Swarm ..... ,', 14.95 6502 Macro Assembler, . 49.95

Look for the RED-WHiTE-BLUE United Software Display atyour local computer dealer, or send check or moneyorder,plus $1.00 shipping to;

UNITED SOFTWARE OF AMERICA750 Third Ave.New York, N.Y, 10017

Dealer inquiries invited

See your Apple dealer or contact Daki nS Corporation. P.O. Box 21187 ,IJenver, Colorado 80221. Telephone:(303) 426-609~MD.lkin5 developedthe business app l i cation softwar" The Controller' for Apple Computer Inc.

CAKIN5 UTILITIES.... ... Oo\U~ F~fl ljC A rt!) 1' It. 1lU-

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t. n cr C A LC V l ATO F !

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8. ~ lOOu·S DIIIn

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.. . D ltJ X~ PRf lG ilW tol IHI ii AI ~ U J ll :1I l - •

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• z_ 1H( M Il A' ( Dr TO II

.. l . Tl« COPIB:

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s. ' rH£ U 111£CROSS ItEJTJaJIa

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The Cruncher removes REMstatements and compresses code in Applesoftprog~e fromptar is a powerful data entry subroutine that canh3ndle both string an numeric data. Options include using commas,decimal points, and leading zeros with right-justified numerics. AA maxi IllUlil fi e1d 1ength can be specifi ed to pre vent overfl ow \ n bothnumeric and alphanumeric fields, The Diskette Copy formats an out-put disk, copies each track, and verifies that the output matchesthe input. PLUS F OUR M J R EUTILITIES TO AID YOUROWNPROGRAMMING.Sugges ted Retail Pri ce for Oaki n5 Pro 9raImli n9 Ai ds is $39.95.

The Copier copies absolutely any kind of file or program from onediskette to another. The Variable Cross Reference produces a cross-reference for all variable names used 1n an Applesoft BASIC program.The Line Cross Reference creates a cross-reference for an ApplesoftBASIC program, showi ng wh"re a gi v en 1 i ne is referenced by G O T O ,GOSUB,.THEN, or LIST statements. The Patc~er e l Io .. s you to dtsp l ayany sector of a diskette, and then to updat" any data within thatsector. PLUSTHREE MOREUTILITIES TO FACILITATE YOUROWNPROG~ING. Suggested Retail Price for D.lkin5 Prograrrming Aid.s II is $49.95.

Each utility pa.ckage includes a program diskette and very completedocumentation. The hardware requirements are a n Apple II, 48K o fmemory, 2 Disk 11'5, and a printer. Languages are Applesoft/Assembler.

DISK DRIVE WOES? PRINTER INTERACTION?MEMORY LOSS? ERRATIC OPERATION?

DON'T BLAME THE SOFTWARE!

Powe r li ne Spi kes, Sur ges & Hash c 01.1 Id be the cui p rit IFloppies, printers. memory & processor often interact!

Our unique ISOLATORS eliminate equipment interaction

A NO curb damaging Power Line Spikes, Surges and Hash.

·.SOlATOR (150·1 A) 3 filter isolated 3·prong sockets;

integral Surge/Spike Suppression; 1875 W Maximum load,

1 KW load any socket ..... ,., .. ,.... $54.95

·ISOLATOR (150-2) 2 filter isolated 3-prong socke t banks:(6 sockets total); integral Spike/Surge Suppression;

1875 W Max load, 1 KW either bank . . . . . .. $54.95

·SUPER ISOLATOR (lS0-3). similar to ISO-l Aexcept double filtaring & Suppression .•.. $79.95

"ISOLATOR (lSO-4" similar to ISO·1A except

unit has 6 individually filtered sockets. .. $93.95

*ISOlATOR (ISO-51. similar to 150-2 except

unit has 3 socket banks, 9 sockats total .. $76.95

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Announcing ...

OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS SOFTWAREUPGRADE YOUR APPLE II ® WITH A NEW SYSTEMS SOFTWARE PACKAGE

• Unified Operating System• Disk Rle Manager• Commercial Basic• Editor IAssem bier IDebugger• Data Base Manager

Optimized Systems Software does not use Apple DOS®. ass is a unified and complete systems softwarepackage with its own Operating System and Ale Manager. The Operating System, the Rle Manager andthe Basic combined use only slightly more RAM than Apple DOS ® alone. Requires 48K Apple II ® withDisk II .

Operating System

• Byte and Block 110• Simple User Interface• Simple Device Interface

(create your own)

File Manager

• Open, Read, Write, Delete, Lock, etc.• Random Access via Note & Point• Rle Names of Primary. Ext type

Basic

• Nine Digit Precision DECIMAL Floating Point• 32K Byte Strings• Variable Names to 256 significant characters• 1/0 Interface Statements

(no PRINT "control-D ... " )

Editor/ Assembler/Debugger

• Line Editor(Edits Basic programs, too)

• Mini Assembler• Maxi Assembler• Disassembler

• Step, Trace, etc.

Available NOW at Special Introductory Prices

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BeforeApril 15$49.95$49.95$89.95(2nd Q )

BeginningApril 15$69.95$69.95

$109.95

Order today. Add $2.00 for shipping & handling. California residents add 6% sales tax. Visa/Masterchargewelcome. Personal checks require 2 weeks to clear.

Note: Apple II ~ Apple DOS ® are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

Optimized Systems SoftwareShepardson Microsystems, Inc.20395 Pacifica Dr., Suite 108-Cupertlno, CA 95014(408) 257-9900



MICROCOMPUTER MEASUREMENT and....f"'iiii'l ~~ 11'5·232~ ~PRINTER

R5·232 INTERfACE POWI

POWER

"·'8':ANALOG INPUTMODULE

PETMOD

PET INTERFACE

K IM INTER fACE

~

1 : :1. g ooBXPANDERMODULE

111 '5 ·BI I INTERfA·CE

c:5

~gAPPLE INUHf ACE

The world we live in is full of varlables wewant to measure. These include weight,temperature, pressure, humidity, speed andfluid level. These variables are continuousand their values may be represented by avoltage. This voltage is the analog of thephysical variable. A device which convertsa physical, mechanical or chemical quanti-ty to a voltage is called a sensor.

Computers do not understand volt-ages: They understand bits. Bits are digitalsignals. A device which converts voltagesto bits is an analog-Io·digital converter.

SENSORS

• TEMPERATURE

• LIG HT tEVEl• PR ES SURE

• p H• HUM ID ITY

• ACCELERATION

• SOUND

• ETC ...

rl:lL:_j

REMOTES

• APPLIANCES

• LIGHTS

• MOTORS

• PUM PS• ALARMS

• H I·fIS• TELEVISIONS• H EATER S

• fANS

• ETC . ..

REMOTECONTROLLER

Our AIM 16 (Analog Input Module) is a 16input analoq-to-dlqltal converter.

The goal of Connecticut microCompu-ter in designing the uMAC SYSTEMS isto produce easy to use, low cost dataacquisition and conlrol modules for smallcomputers. These acquisition and controlmodules will include digital input sensing(e.g. switches), analog input senSing (e.g.temperature, humidity), digital output con-trol (e.g. lamps, motors, alarms), andanalog output control (e.g. X·Y plotters, orosci Iloscopes).

Connectors

_ .' ..

"

The AIM 16 requires connections to itsinput port (analog inputs) and its outputport (computer interface). The ICON (InputCONnector) is a 20 pin, solder eyelet, edgeconnector for connecting inputs 10 each ofthe AIM16's 16 channels. The OCON(Output CONnector) is a 20 pin, soldereyelet edge connector for connecting thecomputer's input and output ports to theAIM16.

The MANMOD1 (MANifold MODule)replaces the ICON. It has screw terminalsand barrier strips for all 16 inputs forconnecting pots, joysticks, voltagesources, etc.

CABLE A24 (24 inch interconnect cable)has an interface connector on one endand an OCON equivalent on the other. Thiscable provides connections between theuMACSYSTEMS computer interfaces andthe AIM 16 or XPANDR1 and between theXPANDR1 and up to eight AIM 16s.

XPANDR IThe XPANDR1 allows up to eight Input!Output modules to be connected to a corn-puter at one time. The XPANDR1 isconnected to the computer in place of theAIM16. Up to eight AIM16 modules arethen connected to each of the eightports provided USing a CABLE A24 foreach module. Power for the XPANDR1is derived from the AIM16 connectedto the first port.

Analog Input Module

The AIM 16 is a 16 channel analog to digitalconverter designed to work with mostmicrocomputers. The AIM16 is connectedto the host computer through the compu-ter's 8 bit lnput port and 8 bit outputport, or through one of the uMAC SYS-TEMS special interfaces.

The input voltage range is 0 to 5.12volts. The input voltage is converted 10 acount between 0 and 255 (00 and FF hex).Resolution is 20 millivolts per count. Ac·

curacy is 0.5% ± 1 bit. Conversion timeis less than 100 microseconds per channel.All 16 channels can be scanned in less than1.5 milliseconds.

Power requirements are 12 volts DC at60 ma o

The POW1 is the power module for theAIM16. One paWl supplies enough powerfor one AI M16, one MA NMOD 1, si xteen sen-sors, one XPANDRl and one computer ln-terface. The paWl comes in an Americanversion (POWl a) for 110 VAC and in aEuropean version (POWle) for 230 VAC.

TEMPSENS

This module provides two temperatureprobes for use by the AIM16. This

module should be used with the MANMOD1for ease of hookup. The MANMODl willsupport up 10 16 probes (eight TEMp·SENS modules).

Resolution for each probe is 1°F.



CONTROL for PET,Apple, KIM, and AIMComputer Interfaces

and Sets

For your convenience the AIM16 comes aspart of a number of sets. The minimumconfiguration for a usable system is theAIM16, one POW1, one ICON and oneaCON. The AIM16 Starter Set 2 includesa MANMOD1 in place of the ICON. Both01 these sets require that you have ahardware knowledge of your computerand of computer interfacing.

For simple plug compatible systemswe also olfer computer interfaces and setsfor several home computers.

INTRODUClNGSUPER X-tO MODULE

Open a door or window and turn on aligh t, tape recorder, alarm!

Control lab equipment. CLOSE THELOOP on the real world.

AN INEXPENSIVE CONTROLSOLUTION FOR

HOME SECURITYENERGY CONSERVATION

GREENHOUSESENVLRONMENTAL CONTROL

INDUSTRIAL CONTROLLABORATORIES

SUPER X-10 MOD SPECS1. Remote controller

Controls up to 256 different remote

devices by sending signals over thehouse wiring to remote modules. UsesBSR remote modules available all overthe USA (Sears, Radio Shack, etc.).Does not require BSR control module.Does not use sonic link.

2. Clock/calendarTime of day· hours, minutes, secondsDate - month, day - automatically cor-rects for 28,29,30 -and 31 day months.Day of the week.

3. Digital inputs/outputs8 inputs· TTL levels or switch closures.

Can be used as triggers for storedsequences.

8 outputs· TIL levels

PLUS:CLOCK, CALENDAR,

REMOTE SEQUENCE TRIGGERS

4. Computer interfaces5·100: Requires one 8·bit input port andone 8·bit output port.Requires cable assembly.PET, APPLE, TRS-80, KIM, SYM, AIM65:Plug-in sets available - no cable assemblyrequired.Other: same as S-100

5. Self-contained module in metal case withits own power supply. Physical sizeapproximately 5X6X2.

Price (until April 30, 1980): $199.00 (5-100),$249.00 (other)

All prices and specifications SUbject tochange without notice. Our 30·day moneyback guarantee applies.

AIM16 (16 channet-a bit AnalogInput Module)POW1a (POWer module-l10 VAC)POW1e(POWer module·230 VAC)ICON(Input CONnector)QCON(Output CONnector)MANMOD1 (MANifold MODule)CABLE A24 (24 inch interconnectcable)XPANDR1 (allows up to 8 Input orOutput modules to be connected to acomputer at one time) 59.95TEMPSENS2P1 (two temperature probes,·10'F to 160'F) 49.95LlGHTSENS1 P1(light level probe) 59.95

179.0014.9524.959.959.95

59.95

The following sets include one AIM16,one POW1, one OCON and one ICON.AIM16 Sta rter Set 1a (110 VAC) 189.00AIM16 Starter Sel1e (230 VAC) 199.00

The following sets include one AIM16,one POW1, one OCON and one MANMOD1.AIM16 Sta rter Set 2a (110 VAC) 239.00AIM16 Starter Set 2e (230 VAC) 249.00

The following modules plug Into theirrespective computers and, when usedwith a CABLE A24, eliminate the need forcustom wiring of the computer interface.PETMOD(Commodore PET) 49.95KIMMOD (KIM, SYM, AIM65) 39.95APMOD (APPLE II) 59.95TRS-80 MOD (Radio Shack TRS-aO) 59.95

19.95

~[ID~~[JDSYSTEMS

Order FormCONNECTICUT microCOMPUHR, Inc.

150 POCONO ROADBROOKFIELD, CONNECT/CUT 06804

TEL: (203) 175-9659 TWX. 710·456·0052

The following sets include one AIM16,one POW1, one MANMOD1, one CABLEA24 and one computer interface modulePETSET1a (Commodore PET·110 VAC) 295.00PETSET1 e (Commodore PET·230 VAC) 305.00KIMSET1a (KIM, SYM, AIM6S·110 VAC) 285.00KIMSET1e (KIM, SYM, AIM6S·230 VAC) 295.00APSET1a (APPLE 11·110 VAC) 295.00APSET1 e (APPLE II . 230 VAC) 305.00TRS·aOSET1a (Radio Shack TRS·aO-110 VAC) 295.00TRS·80 SET1e (Radio Shack TRS-80 .230 VAC) 305.00

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE TOTA

SUBTOTAL

Handling and shipping - add per order $300

Fore ign o rders add 10' 1. f or AIR pos tage

add 7% sales lax

TOTAL ENCLOSED

NAME

COM~NY

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE ZIP

VISA 0 MIC 0 Expiralion dale

Card number _



MICRO SUBSCRIBERS SPECIAL

J u s t a b o u t a y e a r a g o , S k y l e s E l e c t r i c W o r k s i n t r o d u c e d

a 1 5 i n c h w i d e k e y b o a r d w i t h a l l P ET f u n c t i o n s o n n i c e ,p l u m p , f u l l - s i z e d k e y t op s w i t h t o r s i o n s p r i n g a c t i o n .S . E .W . k n e w t h a t m o s t o w n e r s o f t h e PET 2 0 0 1 - 8 ~ o u l d n ' tr e m a i n h a p p y w i t h t h e u n d e r s i z e d k e y t o r s a n d u n s a t i s -f a c t o r y s r r i n g a c t i o n .

N ow y o u h a v e a n n o u n c e d t h a t , e f f e c t i v e i n J a n u a r y o f1 9 8 0 , a l l P ET s a n d CB M s w o u l d f e a t u r e f u l l s i z e d k e y -b o a r d s .

S o , t h a n k y o u , C ommo d o r e , f o r c o n f i r m i n g t h a t S . E .W .w a s r i g h t a l l a l o n g .

Meanwhile, S.E.W. hasn't been resting ... and now offers with the BigKeyBoard an 18 inch ribbon cable at no extra charge ... and a cassette taoecontaining BASIC and machine language programs that convert the BigKeyBoard to ASCII or typewriter operation, including lower casecharacters, and upper case through the shift key. Even a shift lock,quotations in the proper place, numbers across the top row.

All key tops double shot for lifetime durability. Switching action uses gold cross-pointcontacts; torsion springs are gold plated. Housing is black heavy gauge aluminum. Entireunit can be rinsed to clean under water and left to dry. 120 day warranty. Only $125.00.

MICRO SUBSCRIBERS SPECIAL TILL MAY 15, 1980 $99.50·

Wouldn't You Love Your PET 2001-8 Even-MoreWith the Skyles Big KeyBoard?Enclosed is my MICRO address label showing subscription number, please send-Big Keyboard(s).Enclosed is a check $ *. Charge my VISA, Mastercharge(circle one) # Expires---

rcentomte resldents: please add 6% or 6.5% sales tax as required

1231 E South Whisman Road

S kyles Electric Works MountainView,CA 94041 .(408)735 ..7891



PET Keysort

One of the most useful operations to perform on a realdata base is a keysort. On the PET, due to some problemsin the 'garbage collection' procedures, sorting stringarrays can become very time consumming. A complete,general purpose keysorting program is presented whichhas many useful features and is efficient.

One of the most needed features of anybusiness database program is a goodsort routine. On the PET computer, thereis also a real need for a way to sort stringarrays without changing the strings. Thisis due to a quirk in the PET's "garbagecollection" routine. PET was designed soevery time a string is changed, a newstring is created. Old versions are erasedonly after memory is filled. Then it deletesall the unneeded strings at once. Asstring space increases, collection time in·creases dramatically. With 24K of stringsin memory, it can take several minutes.

Until fulure ROM's speed this process,

it is best to avoid unneeded stringmanipulations. This makes a differentsort program essential. For example, inan attendance program I developed, aheapsort is used. The heapsort itselflakes about .20 minutes to sort 500records. However, garbage collectionadds another 2 hours! Clearly this isunacceptable.

One solution would be to defineanother array of integer Siring pointers,and sort that array. This would avoid mov-ing strings entirely. As it happens. BASICalready stores its strings that way. EachSiring array is a table or pointers toanother array 01 the actual strings. Thepointers are above the program inmemory, at the end of the vartabtes. Thestrings are usually at the top of memory,though they may be anywhere.

I wrote a 'pointer sort' using the pointertable. It worked, but took 100 muchmemory, and had to be part of each pro-gram USing it. I decided to put it inmachine language instead. In the finalform, it uses just under 1K of memory, atthe top of memory. It resets BASIC's topof memory pointer to protect itself from

April, 1980

BASIC, and saves a copy of PET'szerobase to protect basic from the pro-gram. The other main features ofKEYSORT, are as follows:

1. extreme speed2. simple operation3. has defaults for all options4. works with BASIC arrays5. Remains until PET is reset6. accepts any number of fields

within a string7. sorts any specified string array in

memory8. accepts any character as a field

marker

9. both strings and fields may in-dividually vary in length

10. extensive error ckecking

The two BASIC demonstration pro-grams will illustrate these features.LIsting #1 creates an array of randomstrings to sort. It does 3000 names in 28seconds. Once you create an array tosort, merely enter 'sys(31841}, 10 sort it,either directly or from a program. Later,when you are ready to sort on an arrayother than the first in memory, tryoutlisting #2. II uses all of KEYSORT's op-tions at once. First, it selects the 'a$' ar-ray as the one to sort, ignoring all otherarrays. Second, it selects the ',.. characteras the marker between fields. Using amarker allows one string to hold about128 separate fields at once. The arraymay be instantly resorted on any of thesefields, as shown in sample run #2, whichsorts on field #4, actually the fifth field,since there is a field #0.)You may sort byname one minute, by birthdate the nextand by zip code after that.

There is no need for strings to have afixed length. Nor is there any need forfields within strings to be any special


Rev. James Strasma120 West King Street

Decatur,IL 62521

length. This avoids any waste of arrayspace. KEYSORT's default field marker isthe [tab] character, chr$(9). This is easilychanged, as shown in listing #2. Alsothere need not be any end of field markerunless you select one. Listing #1 worksfine without fields. If time is very impor-tant to you. Note that using fieldsdoubles the sort time. In return, it allowsyou to maintain a single data base, forseveral programs, and sort only the fieldsneeded by the particular program current-Iy in use. That saves a lot of typing time.

When you study the asssembly sourcelisting of KEYSORT, you will note a

subroutine called 'spg'. This is a routineany 6502 owner can USe to save up to halfof zero base. By placing it at the end 01the normal program flow, it only has to becalled once, and its ending 'rts' thenreturns to BASIC.

After you assemble and save a copy ofKEYSORT, call it without any arrays inmemory. You will immediately see:

?arrayerrorready

This is KEYSORT's error message.Here it means no array was found.However, in the process, it reset Himemto protect itself from BASIC. You shoulddo this each time you load KEYSORT,before defining strings. Otherwise theywill overwrite the program. Note that ifanother program has already movedHimem lower than KEYSORT needs, theprogram leaves it alone. .

If you see the '?array error' message atother times, one of several things hasgone wrong. Perhaps there is no array tosort, ie. you cleared the variables. Ormaybe the array has more than one

23:43



dimension-only one is allowed. (Un-sorted arrays may have all the dimen-sions you wish.

Then again, you may have erred in pok-ing In KEYSORT: that becomes thedefault for future sorts, Note that at theend of listing #2, the seven commandlocations are reset to zero. Unless thenext sort uses the same KEYSORTfeatures or more, you will need 10 zerothose functions not desired In the nextsort.

Both the assembly listing and the hexdump of KEYSORT here are for a 32KPET. However, the program is easilyrelocatable. There is no data in the bodyof the program, and the program does notchange itself. To relocate It, merelychange all of the high order bytes of 3byte instructions, except for the one thatjumps to $C357 at $7 of 8. This Is a call tothe new ROM's error message printer.Table #1 shows all the locations tochange for relocation at the lop of all PETmodel's memory. If you have an 'oldROM' PET, (SK '79 or earlier vintage), youwill need to make the changes listed intable -2. You will also be limited to 256element arrays, as the old ROM's couldn'thandle more elements than that at once.

Other 6502 users with Microsoft maybe able to adapt KEYSORT to their needs.My local 6502 group is converting it to theApple, which uses a similar memorystructure. It may help you to know howPET stores arrays; Each array starts with7 housekeeping bytes. The first byte ofthe first array's housekeeping is address-ed 'by 'aras' in BASIC ($2c-2d,) low andhigh.) The last aray ends just before theaddress in 'ears', ($2e-2f). The first 2housekeeping bytes in each array containits name. If it is a string array, $80 will beadded to the second character of thename as a flag. Even if there is no secondcharacter,byte 2 will contain $SO.Bytes 3and 4 are the low and high bytes of the ot -fset from the start of the current array tothe start of the next one. Byte 5 is thenumber of dimensions in the array, 1·3.Bytes 6 and 7 are the HIGH and low bytesrespectively of the number of elements inthe array. (This is backwards from theusual 6502 format.) There will be 1 moreelement than in the DIM statement, as theOth element counts too. The Oth elementbegins immediately after the housekeep-ing bytes. Each element consists of 3

bytes. The first is the length of the string.The other 2 are the low and high byteslong. Also, when first dimensioned, all thelength bytes and address bytes are set tozero.

I wont't try to fully 'explain the BASICand assembly listings of KEYSORT; theyare fully commented. The only unusualfeature in the BASIC programs is the useof PET's built-in 60th of a second jiffyclock, TI. When entering the assemblysource, save $3500 for the text file and

23:44

$0200 for labels. If you have less roomavailable. delete some comments.

If you have questions about KEYSORT.or need help, write me at the above ad-dress. Please include a stamped replyenvelope. If you want a custom tape copyof KEYSORT, please send along $5 for mytime. Also, specify the starting or endingaddress you wish, and which ROM setyou have.

Table 1: Locations to change onrelocation

$7C is found at:7EFF

$70 is found at:7CF57EAD

$7E is found at:7E4S

$7F is found at:7D8F7DAA7EOC7E9A

$7C627F3A

$7C7570337EDC

$7DF77E87

$70447DA470C77E6S7EBS

7ECBTo relocate for:

PET 4K, change 7s to OsPET 8K, change 7s to 1sPET 16K, change 7s to as

Code will reside at Hlmem.

Table 2:Changes for using old ROMsSource Changes:

Line 430 ARAS .DE $7EStart of array space [650 & 670J

Line 440 EARA .DE $80End of array space [1080 & 1120J

Line 450 HIM .DE $86End of memory [560, 590, 610,

& 630]line 460 ARER .DE $S5

Offset Into error table [1320]Line 470 ERRP .DE $C359Error msg. and stop [1330)

Object Code Changes

$7C77 = $7E$7CC7 = $S1$7C64 = $S7$7C6E = $86$7CF7 := $85

$7C7B = $7F$7CCF = $80$7C6A =$S7$7C72 = $S6$7CF9 ==$59

108 REM) SORT DEMO #1110 F'RINT"SAt'1PLE Rl_l t~OR LI::;TIHG #1" =F'RINT12 0 SZ=10 :REM)ARRAY SIZE13(1 II I i' 1 A$( ~:;2)14 0 REr-C 'l 'lAkE UP SIR H4C iSTO ~;O ~'T150 FO R 1=0 TO S2160 A$=""170 FOR J=1 TO 10 tRND(0 ) +1180 A$=A$+CHR$(65+26tRND(0»19(12 f H 2 1210220230240

At(I)=AtppmT r ..Ai

t'~D::TTl=TI : PH 1) Z EROTH E C LOC :K

: : : ; OF ~T2 50 T2=TI=REM)STOP THE CLOCK260 F'RUiT· F'RHH"ORDER AFTE,r:;;:: :;ORTHiCi" : F ·F. ·n~T270 REM) PRI NTTHE SORTEDSTRINGS280 FOR 1=0 TO S2290 PRINT I,AI(I)3(10 r~L<T310 REM) BRAG ABOUT THE TIMEREQUIRED320 F'RHH:PF;::INT"TINE TO :;:;OPT="(T2-Tl), ... (1"::;ECOtm:::

F::EADV.

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal April,1980



1gO F:Ef1) KE'T'SORTIIEf'10 #2110 PRINT"SAl'lPLE PUt·~ FOR LISTING #2": PRINT120 S2=10: PHD AR~~A'T'SIZE130 Fl=4:REM) FIELD # TO SORT BY140 III =ASC(")" ) : I<:EI'OFI ELI! DEL rn r TER150 S$=" A$" :REN) :::ORT AFi'PA'r'NANE160 ZC=32731:REM) START OF Z.P. COpy

17£1NNFL=ZC+2: REf'1) FLAGS GIllEN ARPA'T'180 IIFLG=2C+3: RHD FLAG::; t'4B~ DELI t·l.190 DLIN=2C+4=REM) STORES DELIMITER200 FDFL=ZC:+5: REf'C' FLAG::: KE' r' FIELD210 FLD5=ZC+6:REM) STORES KEY FIELD #220 DIN B$(10.2) REM) GARBAGE23(1 DI t'l C;.~( i 0)240 DIN DOG)250 DIM A$(SZ) =REM) ACTUAL SORT ARRAY260 F:E '1) NAKE L IP :::TR NG::; TO : : :OR :T270 FOR 1=0 TO SZ280 A$=""290 FOF.:K= 1 TO 5: PEN> # OF FIELDS300 FOR J=1 TO 10*RND(0)+1310 A$=A$+CHRS(65+26*RND(0))320 t·1E><T330 r;;:Hf> FIELD DELIMITEFi:340 IF K(5 THEN A$=8$+CHRS(Dl)350 NE><r360 8$(1)=8$370 PF :nn L A$3130 t·1E:=-n390 REM) TELL SORT FIELD # IS GIllEN400 POKE FDFL s A::;C( "#")41(1 PEr{> TELL : : ;ORT ~JHICH FIELD TO I_I:::E420 PCWE FLD:::..Fl41R REM) GIVE SORT NEWDELIMITER

440 POKE DLHL Dl450 Fi:Hl) TELL :::OF.:TTO CHAt·jOEDELH1ITER::;4hr 71 POKE IfFLG. A::;C( "(~"")470 REM) CHANGE SORT ARRAY NAME TO BASIC4130 F:Hl} TELL :=;OF:TSETTI HCi HAr'lE490 POKE W1FL..A::iC( "$")500 POKE ZC,ASC(SS):REM) CHARACTER #1510 S2=ASC(MID$(St.2)):REM) & #252[1 IF :=;2=A:;:::C" $") THEN :=;2=12:=:530 POKE 2C:+1..:::;2540 Tl=TI:REM) ZERO THE CLOCKSSE"!svs ':::31::41;. : REt'D Sr.::IRT,560 T2=T I :PEN) :3TOF' THE CLOCI(57(1 REN) CANCEL ::;PECIRL OPTI OH:::;580 FOR I=ZC TO ZC+6590 : POKE 1.061::10ND::T610 PRHn: PRHlT":;OF.'TED m·.j FIELD #"Fl: F'pnn6213 R E rl) ' F jF -:~~T THE SORTErI ~;TF.:~~Ci~::630 FOR 1=0 TO S2640 : PRINT I,AS(I)650 NE;";T660 REM) BRAG ABOUT THE TIME REQUIRED670 PF:INT: PRlt-iT"TIrlE TO SOPT=" (T2-T 1)/'60 "::::ECOt--iDS

READ'r'.

/

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MICRO -- The 6502 Journal April,1980



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MICRO -- The 6502 Journal:

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sec1d.? tkstu:: #1st·;:.. *1. - : :1( : / .3 .tk+ 1sbc: #0sta *k+l

;if k()l 901:0 JeqlCiM=' #~1tlr-,e .j E"':;,1Ida *k~:lne ._ ieq, 1

. : 1 ' -· 1= =i


.: r-'( 2) =!.) 1+~:

.;(r-' ( 1 ) ) = (r' ( ~.) )

23:49



?D;::;5- R5 (17

?If:=~?- S5 1 E :

?[r;=:9- AS C1~~:7D:::f;- 85 1 C?I':::Ii- 20 !I~-:I 7F

?D9 ( i - A5 20? I i 92 - A0 00

7Ii94- 91 157D96- C :B7D97- A5 217D99- 91 157D9B- CB7D9C- A5 227D9E- 9 1 15

217[121:'::02L::n]22[u]-.')---:, lA;:_.c_..L. r_oI

2220 .; 1)( i )=5

2240

22502260227("122:'::0229023002316

1cl;., *i5t,~. *r-·~:+1Ida *1+1S1::.~. :fr-.:3+2

Ida *sld '::I #0

st.~. (d+l).' '::I

1 '::!I d .= .. *s+2st.~. (r·l +1), ' : :<

.; e)~C:Jl-J-.:rJ-f'':'1ez a -~:. a s,-/r·7DA0 - A2 24 233b s~~7 DA 2 - EDDB 7 F 2 3 4 0 s l o p7DAS- 4: ': ; :

7DR6- :B5 007DA8- SID FE: 7F?DAE;- 6E:7DAC- 95 00?IJAE- e F t?DAF- 10 F1?DB1- 60

7II.:E:2-- ~!87 DB : : ; : -A 5 O I l7DE:.5- E9 017DE?- :'::5 O Il?II :E:9-5 [1E7DBE:- £9 007I(BII- 85 DE

?IIBF - :::5 1,_.( , D e l - A 5 O I l?DC3- :'::5 H:

236[1237[12:;:;31]2:39[124002410242f1243[1 .: 1=1-12440 d e e : 124502460247024:'::0249[12~5(10251 (1 .: 1" - · 1= I252~J25:~:~J

7DC5 - 20 £3 7F 2 550

7DC:::- A0 C1 t 1

?DCA- Bl 157DCC- :35 207DCE- DB7DCF- Ii1 15?DD1- :'::5 21?I1D3- CS7IrD4- E:1 15

?DD6- :'::5 22

?DDe- AS OI l7I tDA - B5 'j.~197DDC - AS 0E? I tDE- : ' : : 5A

?DEO- A5 £19?IIF2- :35 [17

?IIE4- AS OR

23:50

25 6:'=1 ;5::: 1 ) ( I)·-:'C:-7C.t.:..,_~ I ,,_,

25::::02 5 9 02:::00261(1

2640

265(1266~J .: j= I

269(127002?1{i ,; i = . . .1

272[1 i e-:{j27::!:[12740

ld::< : I tlocsIda CIO· ,, 1 . •xt : · j i -I.;..

Id.~. *t1., > ::st..:.. CP·,,1., : :<1:' [3.

st,3. *(1 ..;:{

d e : : . : ;bi;.l S lo»~-,ts

1 d . : : ..;+ :1sbc #1st..:.. *IIda *1+1sbe: #0st,a ;+ ;i+1

s1::3.. *t-·3+2Ida *1st.:.. *t-'3+ 1

l(~'::i #~JI d . :: .. (r·l + 1 :: ' _ '';:Ist.3. t.sI "r1: :J

1(~.3, (,~--1+ 1 ) .' r:lst.,;., *s+ l

1 . : : 1 . 3 .(t-·l + 1).,'::1

sta *,-=-+'::'

Ida * Ist.:.. * . _ ileJa *1+1st,;.. tj+l

l~,a.. tjsta *iId.a tj+l


; c o n v e r t e d 1 t o r ( l )

.:S

to .::'':: 1;:.:.

.;flir:' Z.P. IOC·3.t.ions.

."$? f rn . : :( ; . ::,;end or-' t-'etlwn

.:-1

.;conv , 1 +o r: ( 1 )

April,1980



7[1E6- :::5 08

7 DE9 - 2 6 0 97DEB- 2 6 { )A

?DEII- A5 OA7 I IEF- [5 OC;

7DF 1- F(1 0.5? D F J - 9 0OIl7DF5- 4C 90 7E7 D F : = : -A5 0 97DFA- C5 D E :

7 D FC - 90 047DFE- FO 5,E7E00- FO F:3

7E(12- A·5 (19

7E04- : 35 I f :

2750' si;:a *i+1276(j .' .j:::.5 +._i

2770 ole2 780 r o l *)2790 r o l *)+12 : 3 (11 : 3 oor {J ICo ·3 )"- ·e ·J ,5< k2 810 Ida *j+ l2 8 2 0 omp *k+1

2830 beq he q2840 bee j{k2 8 50 t o J ) )mp j) k2 : 3 6 0 heq I da * J2870 omp * k2 8 8 0 beo J{k2 89 0 beq Je~<2 9 0 0 bes t o j )2910 ,If j{k t he n r l : : : J2 9 2 0 J(k Ida *i2930 sta * r3+1

7E06- A5 OR 2 9 4 07£08 - 85 Ie 2 9 5 07E0R- 20 .1::37F 296f1

7E0II- AO 007£0F- Bl 1·57E 11- : 35 1, .-7E13- cs7E14- : E : l 157E16- 85 1:::7£1:::- cs7E19 - Bl 157E1B- :35 19

7EID- 1S7E1E- R5 157£2 0 - 69 rn7 E 2 2 - : = : 5 1 57E24- AS 1t.7E2 6- 69 (107E28- 6:5 1 1 _ 1

7£2A- FlO027£2C- B1 157E2E - E !5 1 C :7E::;:0- 8 : = :7E31- Bl 1.5(.E33- ::~51 E :

?E:35- 88

7E36-£1 15

I d 2 < .* ._ i+st·:.. *_ , - : : ; : + 2

297e r"'2=r.}(,j)

2 9 8 02 9 9 03 0 0 03~j103~3203030::;:13403050: ' ; : 0 6 0

Id'~ #0l(J,~. (r-l + 1 ) .1 I~

st.3. *r-21 rj~::I

leid: (r·1 + 1 ) .' 'dst.3. *r-2+1

i :0. (.--.i + 1) 'd

st2<. : + : , - - 2+2~:0?t1.' ~"·l=JT)( . ..i+l)30:,303{19031(1031103120:3 1 :~![1

1d.=..ade:st.=..Ida

*r-'1+ 1#.-,'-':;:j"-·1+ 1* t - ·1+ : )

3140

3160;::1 7'J31;=:031.9~~1

IIi·-< # 21( .1·=- .< r - · l+ 1) I~

3200 Ida. (r'1 +1::'., 'd

~321 ~j~322,D

1C~.3. (t-·l + 1 'j ~I I~

7£3:3- 85 1A 32407E3A- A5 19 : : ; :2 .51: : :"1?E:3C:- :=:5 1F ~32607E3E - A5 1~ 32 707E40 - 8 5 IE 32 8 07E42 - A5 17 32907E44- 8 5 1D 33007E46- 2~J IlF 7E 3:310

April, 1980

li:~·.3_.t."f-'·2+2std. *r-4+2Id.3, itr2+1st3. *r--4+ 1Id.3. tr--2st.3. *r-4


; doub Ie j

.:hi fit··st

:i + hi =.' t h en c:k. 1.:,

.:(r-·( 1)) tel (;.(2)

;3 b~. betw. ptrs.. : LJ; :t ( r- - (1)) b l=, 1 e le ,

;DO~~ t o r(3) & r(4). : I .) (j + 1)

23:51



7£49- A5 147E4II- C5 177E4IJ- 9~J E.1F7E4F- F0 OD

7E5.1- 1:37E52- A5 097£54- 69 01

7£56- 85 097E5:3- A5 OR7E5R- 69 (107£5(:- ;::5 OR

7E5E- A5 f1 97E6~Z1- 135 .1.E:7£62- A5 OR7£64- S:5 1C

: ' : : :341 : : .1335033603370 .; J=: ._ i+l33:=:(1339(134003410342034312134403450 .: r-·l=: j3460 . 112 ' : ' 11 .<3470

7£66- 2 0 B3 7F 35003490

7E69- AO 027E6B- E: l 15

7E6D- 85 lC7E6F- : : : :87£70- Bl 15

:::5 1I:--:'-I1" c..' c; ....

7E74- :=:8?E"?5- 1:1 157E,?'7- :::5 1A?E79'- R·5227E7E:- :::5 ~1F7E 7I 1- AS 2 17E7F - :3.5 1 E7£ : : : :- A5 2~J7E~::3- :'::5 1 II

lda *t··lern ) ' : ' r- ·2bee .j e -~: i J .<be':t ._ ii?':tt.::

c : Ie :Ida. *..iadc #1

st.:.. *. . iId.3. + ..1+ 1.3.dc #0st.:.. *._i+l

lda *..ist.~. *,'-,3 + 1ld.~. +. . . i+ 1ST.:.. *r·3+2.i5r~ cor.v

353~3

354 (1

Ida (r·1 + 1:;'.' '= ,

~356~~1357[1~:5~::(f359f136'JO:3610

363036403650366[1

7E85- 20 DF 7£ 3670?Ei:::=:- ,A.S 147E;3A- [:5 17'7£:3C- Ffl 027£8E - BO 1£

st..~_ .;:r·:~:+1c~e':I1(~.=-. .::t-·l+ 1 ) .''= ,5t.·3. ifr-3ld.~ *s+2sTa. t.r--4+2ld.~. *s+ 1ST·~. lk-4+ 1Id.3. *S:

ST.3. *r·4-.J Sr-' cml':r

: ':::6:.~~J3?Cl(i

3680 ;it s(v(j) go to s(uJ

:~ :730. : - 1=1

7£90 - A5 0 7 374 8 JJk7E9 2 - 85 lB 37507£9 4 - AS 0 8 37607E96 - 85 Ie 37707E 9 8 - 2 0 B3 {~ 378 0

7E9II- A5 20?E9F- 9 1 157£81 - cs7ER2 - A5 2 1?EA4- 91 1~~?EA6- C::::?Er:'7- A5 227Ef~9- ~~1 1 :i

~'::~~:~JD:3:=~1~= i

:3;::-40:3:'::5(1

?E8B- 4C 2D {D 3 8 9 0

23:52

Ida *ist.,~ *;-,3+ 1L~.3. " '1+ 1st · ; : . . ( '3+2

st,~. (y'l +1)" ' .= i

1 n':J


, : r - (2) :>=r' (1)

. : ..1 =;:_.d k

.:con'·..'• ._ 1 to (.( 1)

.:(r( 1 ,» =:ed ".,,~j:: '

.'cop';:! fot-· s/r'

~j,)(j)

, .-. ' = .

.;t-·.;-su Its her'e

. : r- ' ( :_ ; ;) . .s i J I , , - j t -· ( 2 )

.; f' r ' ; : :1 ::,})".( 2 )

.: !.) (.j,') .. :;<~==5_.' S

,.;::.o (r-' (' 1) )

April, 1980



7ERE- A5 (1{'

7EBO- ::~5 i .E :7EE:2- A5 1Z1 : : !lE .£ :4 - ~::51 i-·

7EE:6- 20 B3 7; : -?EE:~~- A5 i - : r?EBB- 85 18?E.E:D- A5 16?EE:F- 85 19

?ECl- A5 09?EC3- 85 IE:7EC5- A5 [fA7EC7- 85 IC7EC9- 20 .B3 7F

7ECC- AD (to

7ECE- SI 1·57E[ l0- 91 1:::?£D2- C87EIIJ- Bl 1 57 £ [ 1 5 - 91 187£D7- (:8?EIt8- Bl 157EDA- 91 F'?EDC- 4(: E0 lii

7EDF- Afi 00?EE 1- :::4 fiF?EE:3- A6 (16?EE5- Df1 DB7EE?- A5 ID?·EE9- :'::5 1 (1

?EEB- R5 lA7EEII- ~::511?EEF- 1:::7EFO- 913 7Ci7EF2- AS 047 EF 4 - I I I I E7EF6- FO 0:=:?EF:=:- r : : = :

7EF:..~- C4 1Ii?EFB- :..~OF7

:391 (1 S<: i.).)

:392(139:::l~:394~J

l;:E'. * 1st~. 'fr<::+.11('~,~. +=1 + 1si::.3. + ' ; · - < 3 + 2

399~:14~3("1t1 . :r·1 =

*3104 £ 1 2 0403~j40404 0 5 1 : : 140604 0 7 ( 140:::04090410041104 1 2 0413041*3415~j4160417041 :::~j4190420042104220

:3950

3970398(1

424t 1

42504260427(142~3~342904:'::0043.1043204330

,J : s , . · · con:·)h. ::o .. ¥" · ·1+1st.:.. *r--2+ 11d.:.. *r·1 +2sta *r'2+2

Ida *jst:.. *r--:'::+1I d.:.. ~:j + 1sta *t-'3+2j sr-' conv

.: 1.)( i )=r.) ( . .1 )Id'~ #0I d~ . ( , " - · 11)., ' : 4st."" (r'2+1::','~1 n'=,Ida. (r·1+1).,'~

st,~. (r·2+ 1)." J~

In':ol

Id.3. (r·1 +1)., ';:ist·:.. <r·2+ 1) ,_ ;: J

._ imr:~ i :<d. ;em m- ' $.- S.··'t-·

st'::! *Inl(~::< *+ lc~s~)r~ie no+zrd·:;. ~W4st·?. *1~-,1Ida. *r':~:

- ...-. :: : ' 1 , ., .: : 1.*ln2c l.::b e e fsh

notz Id3, :t.d l i i' ,

c o n t e m p ( r 4 + 1 ) J ' : 4

cnt.3 lr:'~

Cjo:. '~ *t-·4bee: coni;

?EFD- 4C F3 7(: 43407F0[1- f}; [IF 4350 fndd7F02 - CA7F03- F0 0;;:"

7F05- BO Fl7FO?- c := : :7FO:::- III IE7FOR- FO 057FOC - C4 II i7FOE - 90 F77F 1(1- cs

7F12- 9:::7F 1~:-- :3:37F14- E5 ~)F

Apr.il, 1980

4360

__rnjO C'O;:>: ; :

s t . ! :=J :t .1f-;

b:.eq. sf lei~:fC:S cnt.:3380

4390 sfld44[1044104420

4440

be.:t fnefCP';:I *, . - -4bee 5+le i

4450 fn>?f446044?~J44:::(1

in';:i

de'~t :l_3.

S;?C

sbc *In


.:S"'S<:t)(j) "'5

.;COrY}. 1 to (·(2)

.;conv, j to t"·( 1 : : '

.;back te, m i dd Ie

.: J s t, l_J·:;.r·. In r'(3)

.;2nd. in t"'(4)

. :+i nd shot-·ter· :t

. :+ ie l d de l ir n it > ?r '

.:em» f 1.3:~j to :t Ch,3f"·.

: fOUt"id de 1 i n,

.:sor-·t fie l o : ~

.;courrt orr.; @ Si:lr·-t + i e· lei.:ne>~t eh,3f"·.

;field be'::lond sort.:end 0+ :t?

;end or next field

23:53



7F16- '-11:'" 1(1 449H'·~,

7Fl !~- r-~ OF 450::1-' 1:.0

7F1A- A .5 OF 451 tj7Fle- 18 45207F1D- 65 1E 453(17F1F- 85 l E 45407F21- AS i F 45507F23- '-q 0 0 4S6£1I_ .

7F25- 85 i F 457 (17F2?- A0 e o 45807F29 - 8 4 OF 459£17F2B- A6 (16 46007F2D- AS [14 461 ~37F2F- Dl IB 46207F31 - FO 08 46 :3 (1""~"'") C8 4640r"':';;"';j-

7F34 . - C4 i F ! 4 6 5 8 17F;36- 9 8 1 F7 4660(.F38- 4C F"' 7[: 4670. . . . . . . . .

7F3B- 8 4 (iF 468(17F3D- CA 469·)

7F3E- F0 0 2 4 7£107 F 4 0 - B0 Fl 4 71 (17F42 - C E : 4720?F4:3- II I l B 47307F4 .5 - F0 05 4740?F47- C4 lA 47507F49- 9(1 F7 47607F4B- C"") 47707F4C- H'-' 4780..0

7F4D- qo 4790.,r_J'

7F4E- : ; ;E~ 48007F4F- E5 [W 4 :31 (17F.51- '-It:' 1 1 4:~:20~0

7F.53- E6 fW 48 : 3 07F5S- AS OF 48407F57-- 1,-, 4850: -

7F5:3- 65 l B 4 : : 1607F5R- 85 i f : 48707F.5C- AC"1 4880..' !".;.

7F5E- 69 00 4S91217F60- ,-'1:" .1C 490£1'~;_I

7F62 - A5 10 4 9107F64- C5 1 1 492137F66- F0 ~)8 4931 :17F6: : : - BO oe 4~ : ; ' 4 0

4951 : ; . 1

7F6A-J"'I::;" (iF 496~j· · . . . : ,

7F6C- A2 01 497 .3?F6E- I I 0 oe 49:::a)7F70- ;',11::" elF 4990.._!71:"7--:'_ A2 00 5(1[10r- . e:

7F74- F0 (i6 501 f17F76- AS 1 1 50 2 07F7S- rill:" OF 5030,·...i

7F7A- A ' - ' 02 5 l14 f ;5 05 ( 1

7F7C- C9 00 .5060

23:54

sta ; t In1

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E•.de .+'1"-'4+1st a "*~"'4+1Id.a *~-'4+2ade #$£10

,s ta lk-4+2l e / ' : !~ 7 1s t ' : ! *Inld){ * t Ids

Ida, * d l i mc n t 2 c m~ (r3+1),':!

c n t 4 i n ' : !CP';:! *r<';:bee en t 2jr{l~ OOPS

t n d 2 s t ' : ! t I n(lex

beq. std2bc s cn t 4std2 i n ' : : !

emf,) (r·3+ 1)., ';:I

tl,e,'~fr-le2CP';:! *t-'3he;:' sfd2In':!

+ne2 d",,':!t"::'E.

S~:IC:: *If'r

sta * l n 2

i n c * I nIcJ~. '*Inelc,3-c/.::*'-'3+ 1st;3<, ;+=r- : . : :+1

ac~c #$00s t a *r'~:+,2I(~ (5<. : ;: 1n 1CrtlP t I n 2beq. e ' = t~:'C:5 ttUo'(

; j .13hich lorr:;1er'?

sta '*In

+sh

bne be'£15

e q st a t i nIdx #0

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; o n I ' : ! ree.s differ

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,:stew'e le2st.:1 st. shc,t~ter-j) t~mp

.,same

.; JIAfMJ

,;2nd. shortet~

April,1980



Label File

at"'a:; =002Cbe':lIs =7F7Ccn t 2 =7F2Fcon+ =7EF4deh =0009df l'f.'! =0003ear-a =002EeOl =7F70-fljf 1 =0005+ Ids =00(36- f n e 2 =?F4C-fsiz =7CFBho/'{ =7C6Bj =0£109j ecd.< =7E5E1 =000:DIn2 =0011malt1 =7D2Dndec =7D34notz =7EF2oOPS =7CF3

,-'3 =001As(v =?EAEs-fd2 =7F4251O:::t ""'(DAOtwo{( =7FA3

ar-er .... =0£180i::kna =?C8Ac:nt3 =7EF8con',) =7FB3dec2 =7D31d i - f =7FACe - f n d =?CD6er·r·p =C357-f 1 c.2 = ?CAe-fncl2 =7F3E;Tr!eT = 7F 11heq =7DFBi =01-:KI?j(_k=?EI;J2j,:?i~r =7DD8Ifl =(100F10c;5 =0024n =0012r,ex =7F82nu II =7FS:Dr·l =D(114

r~ 4 =C101Dsart =7(:61s-rld =7FO?to..:i:> =7DF5(..II =012123

/,/000E1> 8000,,8(1013]

Decision

Systems

Pre $~l 1lj ng Ih e 0 1 h er S id e of .t he App le II "

ISA.M~ OS An il'llllil'Sra te d s et o f rout fr te a i op " t he creation and: rnanipu Iii'! ion 01inde)[ed files. A enteve recor ds sequen tially by kElY. va lue or pa rua I k eyv al ·u e. f [1 1i ;I $ ne ve r h ave to b e r eo rg e n lr ed .

Req u ; ", ,, 0 ;.k, Ap pl e s o ftInK A 0 M or48K RAM I

$50

PBASJC~DS A sopni:s.l.icaWdpreprocessor for structured :BAS1C. Galnlhe-powerof '~ASCAl-l ike log ic s truc tures- Bit a fraction of the (,O$(_ use allfllil9uI~r BA,SIe s ta tements plus 14cornrna nda .and 9 nQ'Wetatemen-lS/ seuctnras ~W H I LE, UNTil. CASE. etc. J Wol1!:s with I NT EGEA Of

AP PLESO FT prog fa ms.

Hen uI ,os: Oi'k. Acplasott InK ROM or 48K RAM I

$35

UTI L~OS A n ,Applesott I i .Jtility packa ge tha t ine ll JdEl$ improved error interrupthandli ng tretu rn to the sta\ament fo!lowing the one in 'Brror) j a routinethat ~elec~ivelY clears errev variables ~fo..reDIM Orchaining],.an lneer-face routine that provides 8 GOSUB' f"acjlity 'from I1't.achine ia'"guaget o Apptesott and all advanc-ed formatting t(ill.lline for' prlnttng l'Ium-a-ricvalues. Works WI' h neget tv e ve lu es; l ne en s commas i n 'Va lLJ. e tc.Also coruams a ! -gad.e .ro put ihe routines into RAM with your program.

R equ nes: Oisk, App leeoft I R OM of R AM I

$36,

n B){<tS restdants add 5% l . '3 .x)

Dec: Ji $i o n S '! f' ·. ~t>Bm$P_O_Box 1J006

Denton. TX 76203

.. Apple II is -a r eg is te re d tr ad ema rk 0 1 t he. A 1 J,p le C ompu 't. lil r Co .

ar·t1f1l=1Z100ecm~'r· =7EDFcn t 4 =7F33C,.::,~j =7FDBc4ec 1 =7DB2c 41i =£1004-ehi'd =?CCEfar-.a =7CEB-rIch =?CE6+ndd =7F00f sh =?F62hi m =0034-iec-d =7DE0~)k =7E90k =IJ00E;ln1 =001010k =7C98n~r·e =7CDCnm+ 1 =€1002one({ =7F9F1t~2 =iZt€11?

s =0020

slop =7DA2two'::: =7F76wI"Y'i'n=7CAf1

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ompu e rs M o ntgo mery ville. PA1 8 9 3 6[ 2 1 5 )699·8386



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S ou th ea ste rn S o ftw a re

DATA CAPTURE 3.0

Is DATA CAPTURE just another smart terminal program for your Apple II@)orApple II PluS@l?

NO. It is a GENIUS TERMINAL PROGRAM and is designed to be used with theMicromodem II@P.

Tired of watching data and programs scroll off the screen forever? Then DATACAPTURE is the program for you.

• ANYTHING that appears on the screen of your Apple II can be captured.Any program or data.

• You can then save what you have captured to disk, dump it to your printer

or even do simple editing with DATA CAPTU RE.• You can use DATA CAPTURE to compose text offline for later transmis-sion to another computer. Think of the timeshare charges this will save you.

• Use DATA CAPTURE with the Dan Paymar Lower Case Adapter and youcan enter lower case from the keyboard for transmission to another computeror capture both upper and lower case.

• A program is also included to convert your programs to text files fortransmission using DATA CAPTURE.

• You receive two versions of the program. One is for upper case only and

one for both upper and lower case use with the above adapter.DATA CAPTURE will save you money if you are using a timesharing systembecause you can compose messages offline for later transmission. You can alsoquickly capture data for later reading, printing or editing. Requires DISK II@P,APPLESOFT II@.

Price $29.95

If your local dealer does not have DATA CAPTURE then order directly. We shipDATA CAPTURE within 3 working days of receipt of order and welcome yourpersonal check. We also accept Visa and Master Charge. Add $49.95 if you would

also like to order the Dan Paymar Lower Case Adapter at the same time.

Ask for a catalog of our software .

• Apple II, Apple II Plus, Disk II and APPLESOFT II are trademarks of Apple Computer Company .

• Micromodem II is a trademark of D.C. Hayes Associates, Inc.

SOUTHEASTERNSOFnNARE7270 Culpepper DriveNew Orleans, LA 70126

504/246-8438 504/246-7937



KIM Scorekeeper

Always on the lookout for new applications for the basicKIM·1, a general purpose, multi-player scorekeeper ispresented. The techniques can be readily modified foruse on a SYM·1 or AIM 65, and the scorekeeping functioncan be included as part of larger game programs.

Ever have a problem getting someone10 keep score for your friendly game ofHearts? Well KIM would like to be avolunteer. KIM will keep up to nineseparate scores for you to display and up-date from the keyboard. Each player canhave from 0 to 9999 points, sufficient formost card games or other games needinga scorekeeper. Bridge fans can drop thelow order zero from their scores (150points tor a grand siam??). I must creditthe idea to a hardware project in OctoberPopular Electronics by Joseph Fortuna.Heused decade counters and 7-segmentLED drivers to two-digit scores. Atelephone dial was used 10 increment tocounters. I immediately saw a job thatK IM could do with software. Naturallywith all the power of KIM available I hadto improve and expand the idea.

The KIM SCOREKEEPER uses nine2-byte memory registers to save theplayers' scores. Normally one of theplayers' scores is displayed continuouslyin the KIM display. The high order digit ofthe display is the player number,1 to 9.The next digit is blank and the four loworder digits contain that player's score ..To display another player's score the PC(Player Change) key is pushed and thedisplay goes blank. Then a number from 1

to 9 is pushed to get that player's score inthe display. After a player is selected, thescore can be updated. A p.layer's scorecan be increased by entering the numberto be added to the score and pushing the'E' (Enter) key. Up to four digits can beentered. During entry of a number, thedisplay shows the number being enteredin the four low order digits with the twohigh order digits blank. Digits are shiftedthrough the display as they are entered, Ifmore that four digits are entered, the highorder digits are shifted out and lost as inthe KIM monitor.

April,1980

The player's score can be decreased bypushing the '0' (Decrease) key to set sub-tract mode. When the subtract mode is ineffect, any number entered wil be sub-tracted from the player's score when the'E' key is pushed. The high order digit ofthe display will show a minus sign whenthe number being entered is to be sub-tracted. Subtract mode stays in effect un-til the' +' key is pushed to reset the pro-gram to add mode. The' +' and '0' keysare effective anytime except when perfor-ming the player change function. If anykey except 0 to 9, ' + ' or '0' is entered dur-ing the update operation the displayreturns to the current player. The 'C'(Clear) key may be used to zero the cur-rent player's score.

As shown by the programs, SCORE-KEEPER has two main display loops. Onedisplays the current player and his scorewhile waiting for a command from thekeyboard. The other displays the numberbeing entered while inputting digits from

Joel Swank4655 SW 142nd, 186Beaverton, OR 97005

the keyboard. The code is divided Intosubroutines for the sake of modularityand readablllty, The KIM subroutineGETKEY is used for communication fromthe keyboard, and the HEX to 7-segmentconversion table in the KIM ROM is usedto generate characters. The display Isdriven directly by the su broutine DISSEG.DISSEG is more flexible than the KIMsubroutine SCANOS since it allows in-dividual control of each segment of theKIM display. Thus any pattern can bedisplayed. DISSEG reads data frommemory at SEGBUF and dumps it directlyto the KIM display high order digit first.This subroutine could be used in a widevariety of games for KIM.

KIM SCOREKEEPER is an example ofKIM's ability to replace and improve ahardware gadget. There is nothing I likemore than finding a hardware functionthat KIM can replace with software.Someday I will calculate the weight of thehardware that my KIM has displaced.

•••******* .*** •••• **.***** •• ** •••••••• **. . . .H'1I1 :0~1!l2:1l1l1!l3:1l1l1!l4:I!lllilS:01!l11l6:IH!1!l7:

1 !l 011l 8: 0 21! l1 !l""09:!Il1!l1!!!:U, , , :'''112: 1!l2~1!l,'11'13: 11200112 114: 0 2111l0015: 112001I1l16 : 112 1!l11l0017 : 0211l1lBillS: l'!2000019: 020001! l21!1 :0021: 021! !1! l

. .. .. .KII . ISCOREKEEPER

VERSION 1 SEPTEM8ER 1979. .. .. .

***.***** •••••••••••••• ***.*** ••••• *••••

SCORER ORG $02011

ZERO PAGE STORAGE

PLAYER ..MODE •CuRPLA ..CURKEY ..TEMP ..INDE)( . .SEG8UF •NUMBUF •

ZERO ..


$IlI!!BIl$ 1 l 1 l 9 4$IH!l9SUI!!96$ I i l l l 97$Il!ll98$ 1 l ~ 9 9$ 1 l i ! 9 F

PLAYER SCORE TA8LE~ .ADD ELSE SUBTRACTINDE)( TO CURRENT PLAYERLAST KEY ENTEREDREGISTER SAVE AREAREGISTER SAVE AREADISPLAY BUFFEHNUMBER INPuT BUFFER

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s " " s " " " " mmI Sl S 1SI 1SI 1SI 1SI l SI "'& l SI " " " " " " " " " " SI Sl I Sl SI Sl I Sl S" " " " " " " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

April, 1980 MICRO -- The 650.2 Journal 23:61



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A IO N



051 BASIC in ROM

While the various Microsoft BASICs are easy to use, they

are difficult to understand due to an intentional lack ofdocumentation. To help understand your 051 BASIC, atable of ,the locations of the subroutines to service themain commands is presented. The program whichgenerated the table is provided as a starting point for youto explore your BASIC.

A previous article in Micro 18:9 by S,R.Murphy gave a 'peek into OSI BASIC inROM by listing a number of scratch padlocations in page zero. in the present artl-cle, I wish to delve further into the innerworkings of BASIC by explaining thedispatch table,

At the bottom of the BASIC ROMs, bet-ween $AOOOand $A083, is a list of ad-dresses known as the dispatch table.These are the starting addresses of allthe machine subroutines needed to carryout the BASIC keywords such as END,FOR, NEXT etc. The addresses are in hex-idecimal in the normal machine format of

low byte first followed by the high orderbyte, For example, starting at $AOOOyoufind the data:

$AOOO 39$A001 A6$A002 55$AOO3 A5

Thus the first two entries in thedispatch table are $A639 and $A555.These point to subroutines in the BASICROMs.

Now we need to know what eachsubroutine does, Conviently there Isanother table starling at $A084 contain-ing a list of all the BASIC keywords, Thefirst entries in this table are:

$A084 45$AOa5 4E$AOS6 C4$AOS7 46$AOS8 4F$A089 02

Except for the C4 and 02, the datalooks like ASCII code. If the high order bit

April,1980

is removed from C4 and 02, then it isASCII code for ENDFOR. You candemonstrate the list of keywords foryourself by running the program:

10 FOR X = 41092 TO 4131520 Y = PEEK (X)30 PRINT CHR$ (Y);40 NEXT

If you have the OSI graphicscharacter generator, the last letter ofeach word will be a graphicscharacter instead of a letter. Thehigh bit being set is used to separatethe entries in the word list. To con-

vert these to letters and leave aspace between key words, add thefollowing line to the above program:

25 IF Y > 127 THEN PRINTCHR$(Y-128);:Y =32

Now we have two lists, one of ad-dresses and one of functions. These canbe combined to give an address for eachfunction.

END $A639FOR $A555

However things are not quite that slrn-pie. Unfortunately the two tables are notstrictly in the same order. Also some ofthe address entries refer to thesubroutine location and others to thelocation, less one. The address table isfurther complicated in the case of thearithmetic operators by a third entrywhich is the precedence value.

Following is a BASIC program thatsorts out these quirks and outputs a listof BASIC KEYWORDS together with thehex address of the machine code


E.D. Morris, Jr.3200 WashingtonMidland, Mt 48640

associated with that keyword. Notice thatthe program does not contain datastatements, rather PEEK's directly atyour BASIC ROM's. The program stepsthrough the dispatch table printing outeach address. The value of Q is added toeach address and is either 1or O.The cor-rect keyword is found by PEEKing at Duntil a character is found with the high bitset.

The subroutine at line 500 converts abinary word into ASCII digits for printing.

For those of you who have trouble withthis program or for those who have a sore

index finger from typing in that 24K gameprogram, I am providing an output listing.However I urge you to run it yourself toprove all this stuff is really "in there." TheBASIC program also contains lnforrna-tion about the location and structure ofthe two tables.

Looking at the sample run, the ad·dresses for END and FOR found earlier,are incorrect by one byte. Users of theUSR function know that the subroutineaddress must be placed at $OOOBand$OOOC. The dispatch table associateslocation $OOOAwith the USR function.Location $OOOA contains 4C or JMPwhich completes the three byte tnstruc-tion.

It is interesti.ng to note that the BASICkeyword table is identical to a numericallisting of the BASICtokenS(MICRO 15:20).The keywords TAB, TO, THEN, and STEPare missing from the dispatch table.However these commands are never usedalone but always occur with anotherBASIC keyword (PRINT, FOR, IF andFOR·NEXl). The purists will note theabsence of AND, OR, GREATER, LESS

23:65



and EQUALS .. 1musl confess, these didnot fit neatly into my BASIC program.

If you have ever tried to make sense of"that 8K block of data up Ihere at $AOOO,"it looked like a hopeless task. With thedispatch table at hand, you can break itdown and attack one function at a time.

Sample Run(Program output listing)

A63AA556AA40A70CA923AD01A94FA7B9A6B9A691A73CA61AA69CA6E6A74FA638A75FA67B8432FFF4FFF7AFDE8429A82FA661A4B5A68CA461B7D8B862

B7F5OOOAAFADAFCEBAAC8BCOB5BDBB1BB8FCBC03BC4CBC99B41EB38CB08C

B3BDB39BB2FC8310833CB347B46FB458B5FEB6CDBAB6

ENDFORNEXTDATAINPUTDIM

READLET

GOTORUN

IFRESTOREGOSUBRETURN

REMSTOPON

NULLWAITLOADSAVEDEF

POKEPRINTCaNTLIST

CLEARNEWSGNINTABSUSRFREpasSQR-ANDLOGEXPCOSSINTANATNPEEKLENSTR$

VALASCCHR$LEFT$

RIGHT$MID$

23:66

These subroutines are available 10 use ifyou are into machine code programing.Mr. Murphy Is wrong: OSI users are notdisinclined to explore their machines. Theproblem, until now, has been thai too llt-

+

f. , .

tie information was available. So let's diginto OSI's BASIC and publish a completememory map similar to those already outfor the PET and APPLE.

BASIC Program

10 Q=I:D=4109220 FOR C=40960 TO 41060 STEP 225 IF C=41016 THEN Q=0:D=4123730 X=PEEK(C+l):GOSUB 50040 X=Q+PEEK(C):GOSUB 50050 PRINT" P I ;60 X=PEEK(D)70 D=D+l80 IF X<128 THEN PRINT CHR$(X); :GOT06090 X=X-1.28100 PRINTCHR$(X)110 NEXT C115 D=41224120 FOR C=41062 TO 41074 STEP 3130 X=PEEK(C+2):GOSUB 500140 X=1+PEEK(C+1):GOSUB 500150 PRINT" ";160 X=PEEK(D)170 D=D+l180 IF X<128 THEN PRINT CHR$(X); :GOTO 160190 X=X-128200 PRINT CHR$(X)210 NEXT C220 END

500 REM PRINT SUB.510 H=INT(X/16)520 "L=X-16*H530 IF H<10 THEN H=H+48:GOTO 550540 H=H+55550 IF L<10 THEN L=L+48:GOTO 570560 L=L+55570 PRINT CHR$(H);CHR$(L);

580 RETURN/

'"

Would you like to become a Micro Dealet?

MICRO is a quality 6502 magazine. Our current dealersreport that having MICRO available for sales in tnetr stores ac-tually helps sell 650,2based systems.We require a rnlnlmumquantlty of only 10 eoples per month,

and we offer a standard trade discountOther items available are the Best of MICRO, Volumns 1 and

2, and All of MICRO.If you are interested in becoming a MICRO dealer, please

write to:

MICROBox 6§02

Chelmsford, MA01824

MICRO -- The 65D2 Journal -April, '1960



Said the Toolkit to the WordProcessor: "You're in My Space!"Said tbeWord Processor to the~oolkit: "Let's Share ... bere's

Socket Z Me™!''From the original producer of peripherals exclusively for

PET lovers everywhere ... the device that allows you to

select between the BASIC Programmer's Toolkit and the

Commodore Word Processor II while they occupy the same

address space.

-The Socket 2 ME ... doubles your memory expansion in

a single socket. It's a 2.5" x 2.75" board that fits neatly

into the Toolkit/Word Processor socket on the main logic

board of all new PETs. Then both the Word Processor andthe Toolkit plug into the Socket 2 ME.

A miniature slide switch ~ part of the kit ~ mounts with

double-stick tape (supplied) to the front part of the right

side of the PET base .. almost hidden by the overhang of

the top of the PET cabinet. The slide switch is connected

to the Socket 2 ME by a special cable [also supplied) , ..

and you're up and running.

Up and funning; installation took only a minute or so. Flip

the switch from Toolkit to Word Processor. And back. Noneed to open the PET,

Complete with the first-rate installation and operating in-

structions you've come to expect from all Skyles docu-mentation.

YOU HAVE AN ORIGINAL 2001·8 PET?No problem. The Socket 2 ME interfaces with the BASIC

Programmer's Toolkit model TK 160E or TK 160S con-

nectar board, the Word Processor. II interfaces with the

Socket 2 ME, the slide switch is placed on the PET base,

Then, as long as the PET 2001·B has at least BK of memo

ory expansion, the system is up and. running.

YOU HAVE A COMPUTHINK DISK AND YOUWANT A BASIC PROGRAMMER'STOOLKIT?How would you like to switch between the Comoutninkand the Toolkit with a single SVS command?

Just add two small jumpers to the Computhink system and

a short program to the DOS diskette .. Plug in the BASIC

Toolkit TK aOE, enter the SVS command and your systemis up and running,

NO ROOM ON THE PET 2COMPUTHINK DISK BOARD?All your sockets arebooked? F ret not; Sk vies comes to th erescue, Skyles Electric Works now has a modified EPROM

board available with sockets for the Toolkit and Cornpu-think ROM chips. Plug in the ROMs, add a jumper (sup-

plied) to the PET 2 Computhink disk board, plug the new

EPROM board into the Computhink disk board. Power up

and enter a short switch.ing program into the DOS disk-ette. Switch between the Computhink disk and the Tool-kit-with a single SVS command,

ORDER NOW - with Skyies' 10-day money-back guarantee:

Socket 2 ME: $$22 .50~Commodore Word Processor II: $.100.00'"

Commodore Word Processor III: $200.00*

BASIC Programmer's Toolkit

Model TK BOED $85,00"

Model TK 160ED $95,OO*"t

'Add $2.50 to each for shipping and handling,

tNore: If Computhmk EPROM board is returned, stter purchase of TK 160ED, Skvles Will refund $20.00.

"'Socket 2 ME" is me trademark of Skyles ElflCtric Worb. ~I LOcal ifornia residents: please add 6% or 6.596 ~/es tax as required ~ ~

CALIFORNIA ORDERS PLEASE CALL (408) 257·9140

1

231 E South Whisman Road

Skyles Electric Works ~Oo8)1~5~7~~iw CA4041



Now You Can Have

P U / O U T P U TFor Your Apple Computer

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MICROSTIK

EXTRA LONG, HEAVY DUTYcables and connectors

MICRO BOX AND MICRO-STIK PROVIDE APPLEOWNERS WITH THEHARDWARE TO EXPLORETHE INPUT/OUTPUT CA-PABILITIES OF THEIRCOMPUTERS.

A SIMPLE COMMAND fromthe Apple keyboard or a BasicProgram can switch an exter-nal device. Connect AC loads,such as lamps, motors, relaysor solenoids directly throughthe MICROBOX's 4 AC OUT-L~TS. Loads can range from 0to 220V AC and draw up to 200Watts each. Solid StateSwitching ISOLATES the loadfrom your Apple for completesafety Four LEDs provide avisual on! off status ot eachload.

A Complete Instruction!Tutorial Manual is includedwith the MICROBOX.

INCUSTRIES

REAL-TIME INPUT

The MICROSTIK is a sturdy,two axis joystick. Metal CableConnectors assure troublefree usage over time, andenable extension cables to beadded easily. Use theMICROSTIK to add real-timeinput to your game, graphic orexperimental programs. EachMICROSTIK contains aPUSHBUTTON for added in-put possibilities.

MICROBOX and MICROSTIK sitcomfortably on, or aside the AppleComputer. They have been designedto match the Apple. In color anddesign.

CONN ECrS DIRECTLY10 the Apple GameSocket, ACCEPTS 2Dual Axis MICROSTIKSor 4 Paddles

ISOLATED SWITCH·ING 01 4 AC loads orrelays from a basicprogram. 4 LEDstatus indicators.Toggle Switch input(sw3)

ORDER TODAY AND CON-NECT YOUR APPLE TOTHE OUTSIDE WORLD.

The MICROBOX and MICRO-STIK can be purchased atmost computer stores or canbe ordered directly by mail orthrough our convenient 24hour telephone service.

TELEPHONE:(703) 471-4291

Order the MICROSET andreceive the MICROBOX, 2MICROSTIKS, the Manualand Cassette, and SAVE $25.

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The MICRO Software Catalogu.e: XIX

Name: Dakin 5 Programm-ing Aids IIApple II48K.Assembler/Ap·plesoft IIApple II, 2 Disk II's,and Printer

System:Memory:language:

Hardware:

Description: Set of seven programs: 1)Copier' copies absolutely any kind of fileor program from one diskette to another2) Variable Cross Reterence- creates across-reference for all variable neamesused in an Applesoft BASIC program,showing all line numbers where a givenvariable name is used. 3) Line CrossReference- creates a cross-reference forall referenced lines in an ApplesoftBASIC program, showing where a given

line is referenced by GOTO, GOSUB,THEN, or LIST statements. 4) Petcber-allows the user to display any sector of agiven file or program, and Ihen to updateany data within that sector. A second op-tion enables the user to specify the par-ticular sector he wishes to update. 5)Screen Printer· permits contents of thescreen to be sent to the printer at anytime the keyboard is active. The progrmremains in effect until you press RESETor reboot the system. 6) Array Eaitor- asimple word processor that allows you tocreate, modify, print and save your owntext tiles. 7) Calculator /I. a rnultlptica-tion/division subroutine that handlesnumeric string data. Written in Assembler

code, and using twenty place accuracy, itruns much faster thatn an equivalentBASIC subroutine. It is also compatiblewith the addition/subtraction subroutine,the Calculator, included in the firstDakin5 Programming Aids packagereviewed in the December 1979 issue ofThe MICRO Software Catalogue XV.

Copies:Price:Includes:

Just released$49.95Professionally

April,1980

Mike RoweP.O. Box 6502

Chelmsford, MA 01824

Author:

bound docurnenta-tion and programdiskette.Dakin5 Corporation(developer of TheController for AppleComputer, Inc.)Local Apple Dealersvailable:

Name: Page Formal TIVIN/OUTApple II300.3FF (256 Bytes)MachineGame Conn 10 TIV

System:Memory:Language:Hardware:

Description: Program to output to and in-put from ASK 33 or 35 Teletype. Givesmultiple kine feeds at end of each pageand waits for you to tear off roll paper or

insert new sheet for neat listings. Usesgame connector.


Jus-t released$2.011Listif.lg and Instruc-tionsKen EllisKen EllisR.D.8 Box 344York, PA 17403

Author:Available:

Name: HI·RES GRAPHICCHARTSGENERATORAPPLE I I , APPLE I IPLUS

32K without ROMcard, 16k with cardAPPlESOFT IIBASICAPPLE II, Disk II(allows optionalfeatures)

System:

Memory:

Language:

Hardware

Description: This program will allow youto generate HI-RES graphic charts, eitherthrough keyboard or text file Input (if us-ing disk). 'Y' axes' will be automatically


scaled with values. 'X' axes will be mark-ed for plotting points. Best of au, oncegraph is automatically created, you can

add your own titles, comments, or syrn-bets-anywhere on the graph. Both upperand lower case characters are provided.Over 30 special symbols are included.Provisions are also included for multiplegraph overlays. Disk II users canautomatically have graphs made from ex -isting data already stored.

Copies: Just releases, 42copies already sold.$19.95 + $1.25 forpostage.Cassette contain-ing program, in-structions on uni-que uses. Please

specify when yourorder, if you haveROM card or not,les StubbsLes Stubbs237.25 Oakheath PI.Harbor City, Ca.90710

Price:

Includes:

Author:Available:

Name: General ledger Ver·sion 2.0Apple II48KApplesoftDual Drives, AnyPrinter

System:Memory:Language:Hardware:

Description: General Ledger Version 2.0- This program Is a complete double-entry accounting system. User definedflex ibil ity allowing up to· 9 ind ividualizeddepartments in all Financial Reports. 10levels of subtotals throughout eachreport gives more detailed FinancialStatements. Using 5" drives, storing theentire Chart of Accounts and/or allposting approaches minicomputer timeswhen verifying account numbers or sor-

23:71



ling records. High-spee<:l printer routineswill process 1,000 postings into 70 ac-counts in less than 30 minutes. USing 8"drives, high-speed sorting routines requir-ing no additonal disk work space and fastbinary searching techniques allow datafiles to be limited only by your availabledisk space. Compatible with any printerand printer interlace.

Copies: Version 1.0, 200; Ver-sion 2.0, Just releas-ed.$180.00David A_McFarlingSmall BusinessComputer Systems4140 GreenwoodLincoln, NE 68504

Price:Author:Available:

Name:System:

VOCAB 1.1APPLE" or APPLE IIPLUSApplesoft32KAPPLE II and DISK II

language:Memory:Hardware:

Description: A vocabulary builder withover 1200 multiple choice questionsallows the user to select either synonymsor antonyms. Intended as study aid forcollege board type exams (e.g., SAT, ACT,GRE, lSAT, etc.). Editor is included for ex-panding or modifying data lists. Severaltest formats with grading are options.Ideal for students with little computer ex-perience.

Price:Includes:

$15.00User documentationand disketteSteven M. SliwaSliwa Enterprises

257 C ClemwoodParkwayHampton, VA 23669

SORTPET,APPlE32KI16K PET; anyApple6502 Machinela.nguage16KI32K PET, anyAPPLE

Author:Available:

Name:System:Memory:

Language:

Hardware

Description: SORT is a 6502 machinelanguage intelligent sort for commercialapplications. Requires almost no userset-up when default values are used.Sorts integer, string and floating point ar-rays of more than one dimension with upto 20 sub-sorts-on-match (if needed).

Copies:Price:Author:Available:

Just releaseddepends on end useDavid B. BlackMATRIX SOFTWAREINC.1041 N. Main St.Ann Arbor, MI 48104

Name: Investment Com·parison

Apple " or Apple "Plus32K with ROM Ap·plesolt, 48K withRAM ApplesoftROM Applesoft.Canbe used with RAMApplesoft by reolocat i ng above

HGR2 display areaor not usinggraphics displayfeature. 1024 bytesof Machine Code isloaded before Mainprogram.Cassette tape. Pro-gram supportsPrinter but driversubroutine not in·cluded. Apple.ll.

System:

Memory:

Language:

Hardware:

Description: We are olten faced with deci-sions such as 'which of two investmentsis best? ' This program provides a meansof comparing them by the use of "Cash

Discounting." Cash Discounting is atechnique that is used to take into con-sideration the effects of inflation. Oftenwe are faced with a decision of 'buyingnow' vs waiting a few years or payingcash vs time payments. The effects of ln-flation are not easy to quantify withoutsome form of computer analysis. Foreach,-of two alternatives, entry include:1. Inflation Rate for both2. Initial Investment $3. Number of years to salvage point andvalue at that time..4. Monthly expenses (or income)5. Adjustments on an annual basis lor themonthly expenses. This provides a meanswhereby you can make expenses track ata different rate than inflation.Display Is in a. form of a 'cash Flow' byyear, and a graphical presentation is alsoprovided. The graphics have labels.


Just released$16.95Cassette, loading in-structions, descrtp-tion, and example.Neil A. RobinTECH·DIGIT21 Canter LaneSherwood, OR 97140

Author:Available:

Name: The Life DynamicTransformation Ex·perienceA.pple"48KApplesolt andMachine LanguageApple" Plus, Disk .I I

System:Memory:Language:

Hardware:

Description: Unique! This program isdesigned for all those people who desireto experience self-transformation, Iife-awareness, making relationships work,

and "getting your act together," but doNOT desire to pay est or Lilespring or anyof the other "trips" of the Human Poten-tial Move.ment, $300 or so. Includes gameplaying as a means to a fun way 01 in-creasing awareness.

Copies:Price:Includes:Author:

Many$15.95(disk) wlinstruclionsAvant·Garde Crea·

tIonsAvant-Garde crea-tionsP.O.Box 30161 Dept.MCEugene, OR 97403

Available:

Name:System:

Memory:Language:

I CHINGApple " or Apple .I IPlus16KInt.eger Basic or Ap·pleso't (pleasespecify)Cassette or diskardware:

Description: Have your own oracle in your

home. Consult the I Ching as others havethrough the ages. Includes a tutorial anda bibliography, as well as an intarpreta-tion of the results.

Copies:Price:

Just released$9.95 on cassette;$14.95 on diskC.BrandonGresham, Jr.Ad Hoc Enterprises23 Van Buren StreetDayton, OH 45402

Author:

Available:

Name:System:

MUSICAny 6502 basedsystem

,1.5KAssemblyTerminal or TVT anda speaker con-nected to one au I·pulport

Description: Music is an interactive pro-gramming language for the creation ofpatterns of sound; "music". It is a corn-positional tool, not merely a music tablecompiler or piano roll type of program.Music's language structure is similar to"ROBOT" (see MICRO no. 10, page 15).Complex hierarchies of user defined tunc-tions . strings of musical events· whichcan be called like subroutines, allow theuser to program highly intricate and sur-prising compositions.Copies: Just releasedPrice: $10.00 (KIM-1 Hyper-

tape cassette: $3.00extra)User manual withprog ramm.i ng ex-amples and a corn-pletely commentedsource and objectcode listingMichael AllenMichael Allen6025 KimbarkChicago, It 60637

Memory:language:Hardware:

Includes:

Author:Available:



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ArizonaHam Shail;'<4 5 0Q . -A N . 1 6t hst.. Pl1oenl.xMillets TV " Radio6 .2 1 E as t S ro .a dw av , M o&s .aCaliforniaSyl.·SMp8038 Clairmont Mesa Blvd.,San "oiego

Byte Shop of Mt. View1"'5 West E. I Ctt ;minQ Rt!a! ,' M t. View

C a. pi la l C ompu ter S ys tems3 396 E I C am in o Ave . • S ac ramen to

C omP-OlBf S M ad e E as y8j9 Easl Ave.0·9, Palmdale

Computer World6'191 Wes tmin st er Ave ., Wes tmln .: s. le r

Com pu ten and1 61 20 S . H aw th or ne, L awn di Ll e

Coast erectrcotce3n8 No. Mili/ l St, MorroBay

Computer1and24001 'VIa eaencame No 904,Mission VIejo

Hobbi·troniCl;i1378 So. Bascom Ave., San Jose

HobbyWorl<l19511Business Cit. Dr" Unit I)

Bor;t,hrldge

Jade ComploIteJProducts49(H w. aoeecrees, Haw'horne

~mpI'TE!Chnlcal Books1 033 N . SYC il tnQt e A li e . , L os A ng el es

Ra di o S na ck D ea le r9250 Mira Mesa Blvd., S.an Oie-go

Sa_f ila Rosa Ocm poter Cell t e r604 7,h SI., Sanla -RosaSilver SpurE1~I. Comm.135S2 Cen lr al Ave ., C hi no

T t'l e C om 'p u t er S iO fB820 Bloadway. Sa nta Monic.a

ColoradoByl.S~"p3464 S. Acoma SI., Englewood

Computertand of North Denver8 749 Wad swc rt h B lv d. , A l" \' .a da

TI'I.& Comput er S to re2300 Wg~lon si., Denver

ConnecllClI1Comp ut er Wor k$l"39 Po. st Rd, E.. Ube rt y P I. aM .We:stporl

D.C.The PrOQr1llm tore4200 Wlscon:s:iIlAvl!!I., N.W..Washington. D. C.

Florld8Ad-yen'ute rmemeueeet200 8aJ d Cyp rlS" !;S ci, Lon!ilwood

AM F EJectronlcs, "45 N. 3O,h SI.. Tampa

Computerl~no 0' F"!. Lauderdale3 96 3- N . P ed er er H'N~ • • F l. l au de rda le

Compulerlal'll! et Jackson... lle2777·6 U nlvers! I), Blvd, W.Jack:s.o-nylile

Curtis waters aruerprtses2 36 Tal bo t Ave. , M el bo ur ne

ukatan Computet StoreAlrpor1"Ad.,OeSlin

wnuams RadiO'& TV Inc.2062 Llbett y St. , J a ck ao nv l He

GeorgiaCompu te r1 .and 01 A tl an ta

2 423 C ob .b p ar kwa y. Smy rn aHawaiiCompu ter ! a .n d o r H e we rI567 N. Feder a! HW)' •• Honolulu

Rad lo S f" Iack Nl.SOC. Store17 12 S , K ing S L. H on ol ul u

illinoIsComputetland- 45 07 No rt h' St et ll ng , P ea -r ls

Mldw@~t Micro Comput ers, Inc.708 S . Maln si, Lombard

IndianaComputer Cen !e r' .o r S ou th B en d51591 US 31 Nortn, scurn B~nd

IowaMer no l) ' B an k~ 1 '2tI Br(ldv 51. . De. . .e·npori

LOUIsianaComp ut et S ho PI J€ ' t oe .32 25 D a. nn y P ar k, S o~l e 2 22 , M et a~ rl e

Mainaaecrc Shack3 15 ·MBl n M all R d . • S o. P or tl an d

MassachusetlsComjlulerCU~175 Main S t. . Cha rl es lown

ComputelCity50 worcester Rei.,F"ra.mingham

Ccmpu1etland 01 Bos1on214 Worcester Rd • • Wellesley

Computer -P.ac.kagE!:! j Unlimited2";4 W. Boylston St. , West Boylat on

l l~h rh ous e C ompu ter S oj t'Wm l! l:1-4 ea u RIYE!( Aye .• Rel'lobalh

The Com put.e r S tO J1 9

120 ce mbr ld g e o st. , elJrlingtonT uU s R ad 10&. EIElctmnic.s2 06 MYS li C Ave ., M ed fo fd

Michigancomputer center: 2 81151 F o rd R dh 'G a r de nCity

ccrncutenene 01 Gran.d Raptds2927 28th sr . S.£.. Kentwood

C omput er laml o f R oc ne sl (! f301 S. U vernots, aocneeier

Cernputenand ol-Southfleld

2Q6 73 Nc nnwe et em HwV. , S oul hf ie ld

Computet Man5tiO w. U Mtle Rd.•ClawsonHobby Hous-e103-5 w. Ter ri to ri al A d . . B at tl e creesMinnesotaCom puter tand 01 Hopki l" ls11319 Hw'y P= . ,Hopkins

Minnesota Sot fware Inc.5422"Fisher S'•• White B~aJ la~e

MississippiO)'ej"'s, Inc.200 E. Mai ll S t . •West F 'oi fl l

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censor idale:. J j Soltware1 65 01 G re enwa ld C ou tl . B eL lt lf l

Monlanatntermcuntaln computer529 So. 9th St.• ·Llvi[lQslon

P er sona l Ocmpu te r't 2 1 R le c: iO ak D r •• C a r ! J u n e t I onTn~ C om r: Ju ! er S to re1;21616ft '! SI. W. '35. Billings

Nabraskaccrnoutertand o rOmaha110 ,31 Elm 51 .. Omaha

Midwest Computer Co. Inc,0025151., Oman a

Midwesr Computer Co. Inc.44.42 S. 84th St. Omatu;1

Midwest Compute, Co. 1nc,4 .403 S . 871h S t • • Omaha

New HampsmreB lI sn bY les C cr npu ter C f: !l nl (lr568 Pleasant si, Concord

CompulerCIIY1 52 5 S . Willow, M;;mCl'testot

p or i e rno u I h C om 1 '1 , 1let center:J 1 gayoes .Ave•. eensmcu I h

ir New Ja,sayComputer'and

35 ptaz.a R to . • 4. W. P ar amus

Computer oMaft 01 NJ00\ At e. 27, lselln

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Lesbee EleClrotltcs inc.21 8roadwa-y. DenvillePersonal corncu IIng Inc,51 Centra' S-I: I_ .Llnwcod

TtIE! cornpur er Empor iurnB[dg. 1OJ , Avenu !! 's 01Commerce242B Rt e. 38. Cherry Hili

New MexicoA Ill!!!!1 Er e ct rc n r c sCo .2:3:2wi s c o I ls in · N. E .. ...A.U:Iti.querque

New YorkAristQCrah314 Fifth Ave., NYC

Compul-er COtnEI200 Hamilt on Ave., While P!ain.5

Comput er Era Corp.1570 31d Ave .. New Y Olk

cemputertanc 01 Nassau79 We5tbury Ave" cart s PlaceComp ut er WOr ld519 Beet on P ost Rd • • P ori Chesier

Comtek Electronics. Inr;;:,2 66 6 C on ey I sla nd Ave " B rOQk .l iy n

Com lek E lec t ronrcs, Inc.Staten Islaoo MallS IOf ll !! 2 2 ( ]A S , a te n~sl8lld

H C J . m eC ompu 18 1 C an t .e r6 71 Mon roe Ave ., R oo he st er

Key ElectrQnlCSSchenectady

Mr. ComputerImp. P la za . Rt e. 9 , Wapp in ge r' :S F 'a fl s

Sortren SyslemsJ08 Columbia Tum.p lk e. Ren ss el ae r

T he C omJ; lut er Tre e I nc .4 09 H oo pe r R d • • E ndwe ll

U e stat e Com puter snop629 F tenc:.h B d. , Campus PtazaNew Harl"lotCi

OhioAltair Business Syst ems., ~nc. .5~2 Nor1hDIxie Or" Dayton

A.s trc Video E!~ctronlcs5O.t E. Main St., LanC-$i!l:h!·,

Compl.lterlana

4579 GreiU Northern Blvd. ,N.Olmsleao

Compu11!!!tlana6429 Bus ch B lOYd• Columbus

CQmputerlGl_nd1 28 C 1S or n ~ d ..Mayfi eld Heigh ts

M Jc ro comp ut e( C en te r7900 Patagon Ad,! cevtcnM ll ;. rc ·M lnl C ompu te r Wor ld74 ~obinwood. Columbus

Universal Amateur Radio, I nc.l~OO A ida D r. , Corumbue

OklahomaSo~MS, Etc.Hy""".33, Walongavern Street productsRad io S t' la ck D -eal er114W.Tofl St. Sapulpa

Oregoncomputenanu 01 Portland1 20 20 S .W. M ai n s, Tigard

comp LUer Pa I hways Un II m t teo, in-c.2 15 1 Di lVCO i 5 1. S. E. . ,aerernPennsylvaniaAud io M ar t5~8Fifth Ave., New BrlgtUon

Arico E lect .· 30 2Wy om ing Ave •• K in pe to n

Attco Elect.B8C~Mountain Shop. ctr.Shaver'lOwn

Comp.l1terWOfkshOPpe· 384iB Wil li am Penn Hwy, M.Onroevllle

comp 11 1atla-ntj of H ardsbu ro04644 Carlisle Pike, Mec:hilon1c:,SOUfg

Erie Computer Co,212"1 West 81h si, . E,I @

Mignly Byt e O ompurer C£onler537 E..a.s.lcn Rd., He(.!itJ.crm

Persona I C om p u r erCorp.2 .11· 2"6Wes l Lancast er A~e ., P ao li

Personal Ccmputer Corp.Prazer Mall, lancast er Alie •• Praz er

Rhode IslandComputer City165 I\ngeU SI.. Pr-oviod!en-c;.-e

TannesseeComputerrab671 S. M e nden Hall Bd., Memphis

H .&H Elec nomcs Ine,509 N. Jackson S1., Tullahoma

TexasCompute, Por t9 26 N . C ol II g. A rl in gt on .

Houston Mic rocomputer Tech.5 31 3 8 1: ss on et , B el la i re

I<A. Elect.

9090 Btemrnons Frwy., panes

Pan Amerlc.an Elect Inc., 1!7 Conway, Mission

UlahQua I Uy T II!Ichnology470 E. 2nd So . • Salt Lake ell,VirginiaHome- C ompu te r C en ter2927 Virginia Beach Blvd.Vfrgin t a BBaCn

SOUlh:!ilde Rad10 cornrn,1 35 P iCkwi c. k Ave ., c ot ont a! H el gh tl 5-

WashingtonAmerlc:tlo Merc·anUle Co. I nc .2418 'st Ave, S., seet ne

comcutertenc o! Soulh King Co.1500 S. 336 St. scu . • 1~FedllralWay

M agnolia Micro Sys19ms2 61 2 Tno rn dy ke Ave . . s eet ue

Person.al ComputersS 10 4 F rev a, S pO ka ne

'T 'e O ld Computet Shop

1301 G. Wa$nir' ltQI.on, RichlandWisconsIneyte Shop O f MUw8u lo !; ee6O~9 west Layton AYe . . Greftnfleld

Petted f;IIIcrc5ystemli4266 W. loomis Rd. , Milwaluk-ee

Forbees ~ierosystl!:ms Inc.

35 N. Brcad. Fairborn If ,he store nearest you does net stock InstantSoftware, use this order blank to purchase your software directly, orcall TolI·Fr •• 1·800·258·5473.

r--Name

.._ . . . . .-~ . . . . . ..- . . ..----,Address __

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Quanlity

Order your Instant Software today!

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$1.00

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Shi pp ing and handl ing

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L._Peterborough, N.H. 03458

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InstantS o ftw a reM In c .

• •I

:Instant Sof1vlare"lnc

Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458603-924-7296



Get a load of this

I n s t a n tSoftware"• • •

Ask for Instant Software at a computer store near you.

PET UTILITY I You're working under ~ ,.serious handicap if you can't write programs inmachine language. The PET Utility I packagegives you the tools you need:.Monilr~ The Monltr program lets you write,ed i t, save, a nd verify an y mach i ne languageandlor BASIC program. Just load and run theMonitr program and then load the program youwant to edit..Programmers Calculator- This program willconvert numbers Into the binary, octal, dec-imal, and hexadecimal systems and functionas a floallng point calculator. It will alsodisplay all four numbering systems slmuha-neousty and allow you to handle large nurn-bers limited only by the sire of your screen.For the 8K PET. Order No. O,105P. $7.95-.

SPACE WARS You must protect your planetagainst a wide variety of alien attacks. in·eluded are:.Space War-One or two players can pilottheir saucers and duel with laser beams orShoot stars.'Star Ship Attack - Your rnl ssion is to pro-tect the food station satellites from destruc-no n by the enemy star ship. You must cao-ture, destroy, or drive off the attacking ship.• Batllelield - Guess the location of the fourenemy divisions and destroy them beforeyour forces are wiped out.Engaging in battle requires the Apple 8 1<andInteg. er BASIC. Order No. 0096A $7.95.

ACCOUNTING ASSISTANT This packagewill netp any businessman solve many ofIhose day-to-dayfinanciai problems. mclud-ed are:-Lean .Amort i2 :atlon Schedll ie - This programwill give you a complete breakdown of anyloan or investment.-Depreciation Schedule =You can get a de-preciatl on schedule using anyone of thefollowing methods straight line, sum ofvears-dlqlts, declining balance, units of pro-duction. or machine hours.

Thls package is available for both the PETand Appl e. II requl res the Apple 16K and Apple-soft II BASIC. Order No. DOaaA $7.95 or the PET8K Order no. 0048P $7 .. 95..

MIMIC Test your memory and reflexes withthe live different versions of this game. Youmust match the sequence and location 01signals displayed by your Apple. You'u needan Apple wUn 24K and Integer BASIC. OrderNo. 0025A S7 . .95.

HAM PACKAGE I This versatile package letsyou solve many of the problems commonlyencountered in electronics d.esign. With your8K PET, you have a choice of:-Basic Elactronics with Voltage Dlvider-Sol ve probl ems invol ving Ohm's Law, voltagedivider s, and RC time constants.-Dipole and Yagi Antennas - Design anten-nas easily, without tedious cal culations.This is the perfect package for any ham ortechnician. Order No. 0054P $7.· 95.

SAHARA WARRIORS Enjoy all the grittyreal ism of desert warfare:-Commando - You must send your cornman-does to trap a German general and cut hi rn offfrom his t roops.- F rench Foreign Legion - The battal ions ofthe French Foreign Legion are in a race withthe Arabs. Which side will get its battalionslnto the oasis in the shortest time? You and afriend can find out.

Both programs in this package require anApple 8K and Integer BASIC. Order No. OOSOAS7.95.

I n s t a n tSoftware~lnc

MORTGAGE WITH PREPAYMENT OPTIONIFINANCIER These two programs will morethan pay for themselves if you mortgage ahome or make inves tments :-Mortgage with Prepayment Optlon-Calcu·late mortgage payment schedules and savemoney with prepayments .-Financier - Calculate which I rwsstment willpay you the most, figure annual depreciation,and compute the cost of borrowing, easilyand quickly.

All you need to become a financial wizardwith a 16K Apple and Integer BASIC. OrderNo. 0094A $7.95 ..

CHIMERA I fyou Ihi nk Ihe legendary Chi rnerawas hard to handle, wail until you try thispackage. Included are:.Oropol!s - You must make your opponent'smen "drop off" the board by moving and firingyour own men. For one or two players.·Oots-PlaCe your l.ines carefully as you tryto build and capture the squares .. For oneplayer..Batter·up- You and another player taketurns at bat as your PET becomes bath thepitcher and the umpire. For two players.-R.elle.x - Round and round the little white

ball rolls. Only fast reflexes can guide il intothe center of the maze.You'll almost be able to feel the Chimera'sfiery breath as you play the games on your 8KPET. Order No. 0110P. $7.95.

":OOE NAME:CI PI - !ER Enjoy that same teet- i

ing of intr. igue and discovery with the CodeName: Cipher package. Included are:• Memory Game - Wou Id you like to matchyour memory against the computer's? Youcan wit.h the Memory Game..Codemaster-One player types in a word,phrase, or sentence, and the PET translatesthat message into a cryptogram. The otherplayer must break the code and solve thecryptogram in the shortest lime possible .-Oeeeitiul Mindmasler- This Isn·1 your or-dinary Mastermind·type game. You mustguess the five letters in the hidden codeword.

'Code Breaker - Cracki ng this code won't beas easy as cra.ck;ng walnuts. You·11 need toflex your mental muscles to win this game.

II you want a mental challenge, then CodeName: Cipher is for you. For the 8K PET.Order No. 0112P. $7.95.

Ask your local dealer for the latest lostantSollware catalog or write: Instant Soft·ware Catalog Dept, Peterborough, N.H.03458

Copy rig~t 1980 by Instant Software Inc.14>1erboroug h. New H a mpsh ore 03458

Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458 603·924·7296

AII Righ I. Rese"'ed



BOX 120ALLAMUCHY, N.J. 07820201-362-6574inc.

I -IJD SO N D IG ITA L E L E CTR ON IC S IN C .

ANNOUNCING THE HOE OMNIOISK 65/8

Now, you can "plug in" the latest in a success-ful series of flexible disk systems developed byHOEfor the KIM, SYM and AIMmicrocomputers.The OMNIDISK 65/8 is a complete system,using 8 inch soft sectored diskettes with aformatted (IBM Standard) capacity ....f 256K. Ofcourse, a disk formatting function is includedas are system supporting utilities for filerenaming, disk packing, copy (dual systems)and others.

cent rate on your problem, the disk supportsyou all the way.

OMNIOISK 65/8 is available in an attractivewalnut wood cabinet, or unpackaged for OEMapplications in dual and single drive configura-tions. The HOE disk controller isa state-of-the-art 4%" by 6W' card electronically compatiblewith the 44-pin KIM-4 bus structure. The con-troller and disk-driver are designed to operatewith the popular Shugart 801-R and compatibledevices.

The OEM single drive is $1195, the dual, $1895and the dual in the walnut cabinet, $2200.Price is another reason to ste pup to the prove nquality of an HOE system.

TED, a full featured, line oriented editor isstandard in KIM and SYM based versions toget you up and running on your project in ahurry. The AIM version uses the on-boardeditor. With the OMNIOISK 65/8 you can con-

HDE PRODUCTS - BUILT TO BE USED WITH CONFIDENCEAVAILABLE DIRECT OR FROM THESE FINE DEALERS:

JOHNSON COMPUTERBox 523

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Manchaca, Texas 78652612·282·3570

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Audubon, Pa. 19407215'031·9052

P.O. Box 924

M,ller' Place. N,Y, 11764

516-744-6462



6502 Bibliography: Part XIX

Dr.William R. Dial438 Roslyn AvenueAkron, OH 4432(;

581. Compute, Iss. 1 (Fall 1979)

Moser, Carl W, "Universal 6502 Memory Test," pgs. 32"33.A memory test program with ways to adapt it to PET, Ap·PLE II, SYM, KIM, TIM, OSI 65D, Western Data Systems,AlARI, AIM, Super Kim, etc . ..

Thornburg, Katie A. and David D., "Flying with PET PilOT,"pgs.40·4S.

Kids and microcomputers at Peninsula School.

Tulloch, Michael, "CORVUS itA Disc Drive," pg. 61.How about a 9.6 megabyte memory on line? Compatiblewith the Apple DOS. Plugs into one slot of the Apple II.

Victor, John, "Atari Computers; The Ultimate TeachingMachines?," pgs. 62·64.

Discussion of the advantages of the Alari in educationaluse.

Lindsay, Len, "The Evolution of a Magazine," pgs. 65·66.Discusses the history of the PET Gazette and its successor.

Butterfield, Jim, "PET in Transition," pgs. 68·70.Discusses new modifications of the PET and how programsmust be modified to accomodate the new systems.

Isaacs, Larry, "Retrofitting ROMS," pgs. 76-77.How to replace the old PET Roms with the new units.

Malmberg, David, "Screen Print Routine," pgs. 78·79.General utility to print the screen using the new PETprinters.

Anon., "Cassette Format Revisited," pgs. 80·81.Discussion of the PET Cassette format.

Butler, Brett, "Trace for the PET," pgs. 84-85.TRACE allows you to see Basic executing, displaying eachactual line as It is executed.

Hunkins, Arthur, "d-Bit Digital to Analog Converter," pgs.so.st,

A review of the MicroTechnology Unlimited DAC board forHal Chamberlin's 4·parl music program.

Stuart, Chuck, "Using Direct Access Files with the Dual DriveDisk," pgs. 93·96.

A tutorial on the Commodore 0240 Dual Drive Disk.

582. Creative Computing 5, No 10 (October 1979)

North, Steve, "Mountain Hardware SUPERTALKER," pgs.42·44.

A review of this new accessory for the Apple II.

April,1980

Yob, Gregory, "Personal Electronic Transactions," pg~180-183.

Changes in the New PET; more on the structure of Basicvariables; Simple variables, PET Basic Pointers, Discussion

of cryptograms.

583. The Target (Sept/Oct 1979)

Roland, Don, "AIM 65 MOVIT," pgs. 2·3.A move program for the AIM 65.

Butterfield, Jim. "Mortgage," pg. 4.Mortgage program for AIM Basic.

Clem. Don, "Memory Display," pg_ 5.A program to show what the 6502 is seeing at the outputport of the AIM micro.

Riley, Ron, "AIM BASIC," pgs. 6-8.All about AIM Basic.

Anon., "Statistical Analysis," pg. 10.Regression programs lor the AIM.

584. The Paper 2, Iss. 7 (September 1979)

Busdiecker, Roy, "Think Negative!," pgs. 3·7.Negative numbers and subtraction are covered in this con-tinuing tutorial on binary numbers, with examples for thePET and 6502.

Busdiecker, Roy, "Decimal to Binary," pg. 12.PET Basic program for converting Decimal to Binary.

Busdiecker, Roy, "Warning: Prevent Tape Decay," pgs. 21·22.Use your PET tapes or at least rewind them occasionally toavoid print through on long undisturbed storage.

Oakes, Peter L A., "PLOT 2·MP," pgs. 23·25.A plotting program for the PET.

585. Call Apple 2, No.7 (September 1979)

Wagner, Roger, "Speeding in Appiesott," pg.2.How to speed up Applesoft Subroutines.

Winston. Alan B., "The Multi·Lingual Apple," pgs. 4·5.All about Pascal for the Apple.

Hertzleld, Andy, "Assembler Mini Reviews," pgs. 7·10.A Consumer's guide to Apple II Assemblers: Apple Mini·Assembler, TEDfASM. Micro Products (MoserfBishop)Assembler, Randy's Weekend Assembler, Aresco

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 23:77



MUSICAL COMPUTER I AND II

Learn How to Read Music!

Music lessons taught you in your home or at a studiocost from $7 each half-hour and up! Now, available to

you Apple 11owners, is an opportunity for you to haveyour private music teacher in the comlort 01 your ownhome.

Written by a M.A. educator with over 20 years of musicexperience, this two·program cassette provides an alter-native to music education!

These programs, utilizing high resolution graphics and a32KAppie It, will make music learning fun and enjoyablefor the entire family!

Apple II is a TM ot Apple comoutere.tnc.

COMPUTERAPPLICATIONS

TOMORROWP.O. Box 7000·363Palos Verdes, CA 90274

OSI OSISOFTWARE

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Over 50 programs lor Cl, 02, C4 & Superboard, on lepa and disk. Allcome with listings and compete cocvmentanon.

GAMES - 4K • T.... UTILITIESCHESS FOR 051 • CtP CURSOR CONTROL $9.95spec Uy syste m $19.95STARFIGHTER 5.95Real lime space war.SEAWOLFEFloating mines, Ihreetargel ships, elc.LUNAR LANDERWilh full graphicsTEN TANK BLITZA sophisticated real timetank game.B K GAMESBACKGAMMONBLACKJACKPlays .11Vegas rulesAdd SI.00 each for Color/ Sound

Our $1.00 calalog has free gameand utility lislings. programminghlnls end a lot of PEEKs andPOKEs and olher stull that 051forgol to mention - and a 101moreprograms lor sale.

5.95

91ves rea I bac ksp ace, one keyscreen clear, and midline .dlllngRENUMBERER 5.95

SUPERUTILITY 12.95

Has Renumberer, Variable tablemaker and SearchBUSINESSSMALL BUSINESS ANALYSIS 15.95

Does profil a.nd loss, quick rano,breakaven analyals and more, 13pages of documentation.STOCK PORTFOLIO 6.95

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Keeps track of your Investments

DISKS 5" COLOR/SOUND $29.95DISK 1. STARFIGHTER, ROBO-TANK. SEA WOLFE, BOMBER.TEN TANK BLITZDISK 2 BREAK'THROUGH.LUNARLANDER, ALIEN INVADER, KILL-ERROBOTS, SLASHBALL

AARDVARK1690 Bolton, Walled Lake, Michigan 48088. (313) 624-6316

PET TW O·W AY R S·232and PARALLEL

OUTPUT INTERFACE

Special Features for the PET interface Include:Conversion to true ASCII both In and outCursor controls and function charactersspecially printedSelectable reversal of upper and lower casePET IEEE connector for daisy chainingAddressable - works with other devices

Special Features for the serial interface include:Baud rate selectable from 75 to 9600Half or full duplex32 character bufferX-ON, X-OFF automatically sentselectable carriage relurn delay

Special Features lor the parallel interlace include:Data st-robe . either polarityDevice ready - either polarityCentronics compatible

Complete with power supply, PET IEEE cable, RS-232connector, parallel port connector and case. Assembledand tested,

SADla (1l0VAC) $295SADie (230VAC) $325

CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER, Inc.150 POCONO ROAD

8ROOKFIELD. CONNECTICUT 01104TEL: (203) 775-9659 TWX: 710-456-0052

'VIlA AND 1liiIe AC_C.U'TED - ICND . iCtOUWfMU.aa:, U~IIU.TtOk OATI .l.ND 1.-aM OIlllDDII.ADD tl P'fft 0lIl00- II 'Oft ! 1M ' " '''' •KlHOU ..... IIlOftl£lG_.Cfllot:n ADO10% FOft AI. POI"''''l!.

SADI . The microprocessor based serial and paraltetinterface for the Commodore PET. SAOI allows you toconnect your PET to parallel and serial printers,CRT's, modems, acousnc couplers, hard copy termi-nals and other computers. The serial and parallelports are independent allowing the PET to communi-cate with both peripheral devices Simultaneously orone at a time. In addition, the RS-232 device can corn-municate with the parallel device.



S TOCK MARKET ANALYSIS PROGRAMOJ I WEEKLY AVERAGE 18 97 -DATE

ANAl· (ANALYSIS 1) is as e t of B AS IC Programs w hich enables Ihe user toperform analyses on the D ow Jones Industrial w eekly averagedata, From 6months to 5 years Of user selected D JI data can be plotted on the entire screenin on e 01 5 c olo rs us in g A pple s' H ig h R es olut io n c apa bilit ie s. Th e O JIdata ca nbe t ra ns fo rm ed in to d iffe re nt c olo re d g ra ph ic re pr es en ta tio ns c alle dtranstorms.Th ey a re : us er s pe cifie d m ovin g a ve ra ge s: a le as t s qua re s lin ea r fit ( oe st s tr aig hllin e); lille rs fo r lim e. m agn itude , or perce ntage chan ge s; an d us erc re at ed r el a-lio ns hips be tw ee n t he D JId ata , a t ra ns fo rm . o ra cons tan t using +,-,x) operatorsC o lo re d li ne sca n be draw n betw ee n graphicpclnts, G raphic data values ortheir dates of occurren ce can be displayed in text on Ihe screen. A ny graph ort e x t can be ou tpu t t e d10 a USerSp r i n t e r .The G rid S cale is a utom alic ally se t tot he r an ge 01 the graphs or can be userchanqed. As many colored graphs as

w an ted can be plotted on Ihe screen an d cleared at an y time. The user can coder ou ti ne s t o o pe ra teon Ihe OJl lt r ansfo rm cata or create his ow n disk filedatabase. ANA 1 commands can be used w ith his routines or data base . A n Updateprogram allow s the user10 easily update Ihe O JI file w ith curren t O JI w ee klydata,T he ANA1 11 '10tetter user commands a re: C A - C alcula te , n o g ra ph, C G: C le ar

G ra phs , le ave G rid S. C K - C he ck in go u l p ro gr am , k nownda t a .C O = C alo r ofn e x tg ra ph ( re d, g re en , v io le t, w hi le . b lu e) ,CS = C l ea r Sc re e n.III = D r aw L in e b et we enp oin ts . F I= F ilte r d ata lor lim e. m ag ni.tud e, or pe rce nt c han ge. F U=nata. trans-form, or c on s ta n t F u nc ti enwith +,-.x,/ o pe ra to r, GO= Graphic mode , displaya ll G r aphDataon s cr ee n. GA = G ra phdata 10 s cr ee n, G S ' S et G rid S ca le .HE · Help,sum mary of an y co mm an ds usage.LD= Loa d Ilata fro m dis k file Irom In putteddate to memory. LG= L ea ve G ra phs , a ut om at ic G rid r es ca lin g. L O= Look , s el ec ta range of the LD data andG A :A ll commands can now be used on this range.L S : L east s qua re s lin eartit 01 the data . M A - M ovin g Average of the data. NS=N o S c ale. n ex t graph O n s creen do esnot us e G rid S ca le . N T= Nolrace. P R= Userimp lime n te d P ri nt erroutine.TIl = Te xt m od e. d is pla yText D ata on screen . TI =T ime number 10 d ate or vice versa . TA - Trace. TS ·Texl S to p lo r n um be r o f lin esoulputted to screen when in TO.Ul/U2 = User 1/ 2 imp lime n te d r ou ti ne s.v a :Valu es o fData o ut pu tt ed intext, VG= Value s of Gr id: l ow/high/del la .VT= Values01 Tr an sfo rm o ut put te d intext.

APPLE® II, 48 K , A PPLESOFTR OM CAR D, D ISKII DDS 3. ZANA 1 D ISK 80 MANUAL ••• 149.95ICA residents add 6% sales tax)

GAL.AXYDEPT. ADZP.O . B OX Z 20 7ZSAN D IEG O, C A 9Z122

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• S oft wa re R e vie wIn Appl e Orc ha rd(3/80): "A r em ar ka bly fle xible a pp ro ac h t o t heanalysis and plolling of an y lime series data: ' Overall R ating =85.7

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APPLICATIONSPROM, RAM AND I/O EXPANSION ON ONE BOARD HAVING MANY INDUS-TRIAL/HOME APPLICATIONS FOR DATA ACaUISITION, PROCESS CONTROL,AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF FURNACE, SOLAR HEAT, LIGHTING, APPlI·ANCES , ETC ..•.

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Software for AppJe®11~ .

P ro fe ss io na l' Wo rd P ro ce ss l n g le ts yo u e dit, m ove , d ele te ,find , change and repeat any body of text, m erge and save on disk. D oesrig hI-justified m argin s, cen terin g, pa ge n um berin g. You can e nter n am e& address onto form leite rs w hen prin ti n g. Edit an d m erge any text dis kfile -even flies not crea ted by W RITE-ON-and spool text to d isk for le t-ter prin ting or ed iting . C hain up to 100 files in a single prin ter run .Needs A pplesoft and 32 K .On D isk with operating manuaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $99.50

t , H ere 's a pow erful data file m anager giving you tw o pro-grams-FORMAT & R ETR IEVAL . II han dle s eve rythin g fro m pho ne liststo legal abstracts. You can desig n you r own cata structure with up to5 00 characters per record and up to 15 searchable fie lds In any com -b in atio n. N ee ds 3 2K .OnO isk . $49.95

IL Has all the same reatures of FILEMASTER I plus allowsfo r to ta lin g, a dva nc ed m ath ro utin es , m or e p ow erful pr in t fo rm attin g,la rger data fields, and dlsk-to-dlsk tran sfers ... _ . . . . . . . . . . . .. $99.50

d (Ed u-Wa re ) S ix prog ra ms form a un ique e pic g am e series.M ulti- fa ce te d s im ula tio n o f life In in te rste lla r s oc ie ty. You a nd o ppo ne ntsm ust m ake life & death decision s. K eeps track of your progress fromone game to next. N,eeds 48K and Appiesoft ROM " D isk _ . . . . . $29 .95

r J or our ,0 I A collection of 49 program sfor 16K Apple. Everything from Logic to action games. Only a buc~ a

game. Specify I or II.Price each: Tape .. $49 D isk $54

I This orig in al, full-function gam e is the sam e as the oned eveloped fo r larg e m ain fra me s. F ight off pirate s a nd vicio us dw arfs.7 00 tra vel o ptio ns, 140 loca tion s, 64 objects. N ee ds A pple so ft R OM& 48K . D isk 529 .95

, 11 , U se slack n um hers, d escriptio n, ven do r, re cord ofpurchase and sales dale , am oun t on han d, cost & sell price , to ta l value.H olds up to 300 item s.D isk _ .. . . . . . . . . . . . $40+W lth B ill of M aterials: D isk. . . . . . . . . .. .. 550

() C ross file lor phone lists, bibliographies, recipes. Run up109 lines of 40 colum ns each. Search by Item an yw here .D isk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 520

II 1 C on way's eq uatlon s on 2 96x 180 screen . Am athem atical sim ulatio n to de mo po pula tion g row th w ith bir1h, d ea th an dsurvival a s factors. Tape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10

II ~ol 19 g am blin g g am es : R oule tte . B la ck ja ck , C ra ps,H orse ra ce , Yahtzee , K en o, S lot M achin e, P oke r, a nd A cey-D ucey. N ee ds16K . Tape " $29.95 D isk. . . . . . . . . . $34.95

You in your space capsule battle again st thecomputer's saucer in hi-res graphics. Tape. . . . .. . $12

D iag no stic routl n e to check ra ng e of m em ory. In di-ca tes f aulty addresses, data In m em ory cell, an d faulty data . Tape .... $5

•

pi 1 1 M usic syn thesis co mpo ses origin al Irish jigs. E nte r yourown music and save on tape or d isk. Includes 3 Bach fugues_Tape. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . 510

(E du -Wa re ) T his pa ck ag e c om bin es C OMPU-R EAD -fivespe ed rea din g pro gra ms; thre e P ER CE PTION ga mes w here ra ndo msha pe s a nd sizes m ust be m atched : a nd S TATI STIC S fo r com putin gM ean , Varia nce. S tan da rd D evia tion , an d m uch m ore! N eed s A ppleso ftROM . D isk. . . . . . . . . . .. $39 .95

~ I. 1 I [H ayd en ) H ere's Ihe prog ra m that ca me in third aqain stthe big m achines (m ainfram es an d m axis) at the 9th N orth A mericanC om pute r C he ss C ham pion sh ip a nd place d Iirst In the Europea nM icro co mpule r C he ss C ham pion ships! H as se ven leve ls of pla y w ithLevels 0 - 3 playin g in tournam ent tim e. Need a challenge? This is il!!Tape.. . . $29.95 D isk.. .. $34.95

. ~ HI-lao v~~t< ll ( Pr og ramma I nt er na ti on al) T his a nim at ed s im ula ti onof a m ajor league baseball gam e is fortw o p la ye rs . The score bo ard Is inthe low er left of screen with the "throw poln ter" for directing a throwIn the low er rig ht corn er. W ritten e ntire ly in m achin e la ng ua ge , theaction is quick and sm ooth, m akin g i1the fin est sim ulation of its kind .Tape . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . $15 .95

I I SPr ~ I ,l PHt " II ~ This dig itizer draw in g board, com ple te w ith a pow erful

softw are package on disk. lets you create any picture in color w ith hlqre solution gra phics. It's Id ea l fo r m ass gra phics. You ca n trace , e dit,sa ve a nd recall w hat yo u draw . It's a sim ple -to-use system for stud en ts,a rtists, en gineers and graphic program mers. H as an 8'h"x 1 1" w ork in ga re a. N ew a pplicatio ns ad de d in clude : -Text W rite r ad ds te xt to yo urpictures. You con trol size. color a nd direction a t te d; -Electron ic D rawin g lets you crea te schem atics a nd in clud es common ly used sym bols lotra nsistors. O PAM P S, a nd F ETS : - D ista nce / A rea leis yo u com puted istances on m aps or area of any fram e. A pplesoft R OM and32K required . . $249 .95Ad d $5 (U.S.) Of $ 10 (F or eig n) f or s hip pin g.

1& It a~led Everything you wanted to know about the AppleM onitor bul cou I dn 't figure out. .A ll the PEEK S, P OK ES, an d C ALLS eplain ed in an e asy-to -un de rstan d form , w ritten in plain E ng lish.Only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 59 .95

D on 't see w llat you've been lookin9 lor, lune? Than write for our FR ES OF TWARE C ATA LOG . We 're savin g D ne just for yo u!

To orde r, ad d $2 (U .S .): $ 5 (fo reign ) fo r shippin g. C alifo rn ia reside ntsadd 6% sales tax. Sorry, we cannot ship to PO Boxes. V ISA/M ASTERC HARGE an d B ANKAMERIC AR D We lcom ed I

G olden P lala S hopping C enter, D ept. 1A97 19 R eseda B lvd, Northridge, C A 9132 4

Tele ph on e: ( 21 3) 3 49 -5 5 60

+ ",A pp le P lus c om pa tible

micro 6502 journal april 1980

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