micro 6502 journal october 1980

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TM

OCTOBER 1980 $2.00o. 29



A nouncing"Hellfire

"Hellfire Warrior." Really not for everybody: newcomers toDunjonquest should begin with something easier. Here the

monsters are deadlier. the labyrinths more difficult. the levels

far more challenging ...

But for the experienced Dunjonquest game player there are more

command options, more potions (131). more magical items (including-

at last- magical armor). more special effects. more surprises. And an

innkeeper, an armorer. apothecary and magic shops.

In part a sequel to The Temple of Apshai. up until now the greatest

of all the Dunjonquest games. Hellfire Warrior can also be playedcompletely on its own.

Now the character you've created, reo

presenting the highest level of role-

playing to date. can explore the four

new lower levels'

computer game... ~~e~:h~.T0~t~O;~~:~~hi~~

sects and other nestles that swarmed through the

that's really upper levels of Apshai. With rooms your hero canget Into. but not out of.

L.evel6-"The Labyrinth."' The only exit is hidden

not " 0 · r within the Labyrinth. And' man-eating monsters can thwart

II your hero.

L.evel 7-The Vault of the Dead:' , .. And of the

everybodyundead-skeletons, ghouls, mummies. specters ...

: invisible ghosts-lurking in the rooms. doors. secret

passages. ready to reduce your hero to a pale shadow of

Begl..nners himself. Permanently.

Level 8-The plains of Hell." In an Underworld of

lost souls and shades of dead, of dragons and fiery

'·k' t hounds, of bottomless pits and blasts of hellfire. our

I

are ley 0 hero must rescue the beautiful warrior maiden lying

in enchanted sleep within a wall of fire. And bring

b bb' dher past unbelievable dangers and monsters".

I e go e Up ~~~~fDeath itself .v.to sun and air and life

in the firstroom ... andthere are overZOO room s on

I four levels Use the handy coupon or. if you wish to order by Mast.erCard or VISA, use our toll·freephones: In the United States: operator 861 (800) 8Z4,7888; In California: operator

861 (800) 852·7777; In Hawaii and Alaska: operator 861 (800) 824·7919.

arrier' ,

a fantasticnew Dunjonquest™

Hellfire Warrior. The most exciting game yet

from Automated Simulations. the leading producer of

computer fantasy games.

Guaranteed: If it's not the most exciting computer

game you've played. return it within ten days for a

complete refund.

Available on disk for the Apple II and Radio

Shack's TRS80. or on cassette for the TRS80

and for the Commodore PET. Th e cassette,$24.95; the disk: $Z9.9S.Complete with amagnificent instruction manual. Some of

the drawings in the manual are reproduced

here (in greatly reduced scale).

~ AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS, INC.LtiJ P.O . B ox 4247. Dept. DH Mountain View. CA 94040

Sub Total _5 _

Plus shipping & handl ing S1.00 each

•Plus sales tax for California residents

TOTAl.. ~s=====D Yes. I want Hellfire Warrior. Ona satisfaction-guaranteed I

fun-money-back policy. Pleasesendme the Hellfire Warrior on:o I enclosemy check in the amount of_$ _

o Please charge to my D VISA or D MasterCard account__ Disk for TRS-80 (32K. TRSDOS)@ 529.95

__ Disk for Apple (48K with Applesoft in

ROM) @ $29.95

__ Cassette for TRS-80 (16K. Level II)@$24.95

My card no. Expires _

Signature

Name _

Address _

City/State/Zip _

'California residents: pleaseadd6% or 6'12%sales tax as required.

__ Cassette for Commodore PET (32K, old or

new ROMS) @ $24.95

o Please send me your complete catalogue of computer and board fantasy games.



. . - . . - L O W E R C A S E + P L U S . . . . . . - . . . . . . .by LAZ ER SYSTEMS

for the Apple II

$59.95at better computer storeseverywhere. Or. order

direct from us.

Calif. residents add 6%sales tax.

Allow 3 weeks for delivery.

Outside continental U.S.A.shipping charges will be

added.Dealer inquiries invited.

CHECK THESE FEATURES:

LO W ER C AS E C HA RA CTE RS :

P ut no rm al and inverse low er case characters on the Ap ple

II te xt s cr ee n.

CAPATIB IL lTY:

The Low er C ase + P lu s is c om p atib le w ith w ord p ro ce ss orsand text ed ito rs that u tilize a lower case adapter to put

lo wer ca se o n the scre en .

RESET D IS ABLE :

You can d isab le the reset key or contro l the reset d isab le

w ith extern al sw itchin g thro ug h the exp an sio n so cket.

2 C HAR AC TER SETS :

There are two com ple te character sets , on board , in the

L aze r S ystem s exc lu sive cha ra cter g en era to r. T he firs t set

is a wo rd p rocess ing set and the second is a H I-RES

graphics set. C haracter set se lection is accom plishedth ro ug h th e e xp an sio n s oc ke t.

SOFTWARE :

S tandard BAS IC software comes on d iskette w ith eachlower Case +P lu s. P asca l so ftw are is a va ila ble fo r $ 9.9 5

extra.2 71 6 E PROM :

The Lazer Systems character genera tor is p in for p in

compa tib le w ith the 2716 EPROM . This w ill a llow you todesign you ow n character set fo r use w ith this board . The

chara cter fon t is co mp atib le w ith M nt. H ardw are's R OM +an d other character g enera tor program s to m ake it easy foryou to bu i I d yo u r ow n cha racter set fo r the 2716 E PR O M .

GRAPHICS :You can do extremely fast H I-RES graphics on the text

p age by us ing grap hics character set or b y purchas ing the

GRAPH ICS + PLUS board lis ted below . This does not

requ ire the use of the 8K H I-R ES page.

EXPANS ION:The on board expan sion so cket w ill let you contro l the reset

key d isab le and cha racter set selection w ith either ahardw are sw itch or so ftw are contro l. It w ill a lso a llow you

to have an externa l cha racter set in RAM that you canc on tro l & re -d efin e w ith s oftw are .

DOCUMENTAT ION:

You get a 12 page docum enta tion book let to show you howto co ntro l the fa n ta stic ca pa b ilities o f this b oa r d.

C OM IN G PR OD UC TS TO SU PPO RTTHE LOW ER CASE +PLUS :

KEYBO AR D +PLU S:

This board w ill p lug d irectly onto the Lower C ase + P lusand w ill a llow you to contro l the upper-low er case w ith the

shift key as w ell as g iv ing you a ha rd ware keyboard bufferthat w ill a llow you to enter commands and other inputs

w hile the processor is out ha nd lin g o ther opera tions suchas d isk 1/0 . Look for it in D ecem ber 1980.

G RA PH IC S + PL US :

Th is graphics board w ill take fu ll advantage of the Low er

Case +P lus board 's expans ion socket. It w ill a llowsoftwa re con tro le of the reset d isab le, character set

selection and contro l o f a R AM based character set. W iththis board , you w ill be ab le to do extrem ely fast H I-RESgraphics on the text page sim ply by defin ing and re-defin ing the character set that is prov ided in R AM on this

board . look fo r it in Februa ry 1981.

P.O. Box 55518 • Riverside, Ca 92517



S o .u t h e a s t e rn S o f t w a r e 6414 Derbyshire Drive - New Orleans, LA 70126. . . . I I . . . 504/246-8438 504/246-7937

Southeastern Software 'NEWSLETTER' for APPLE II OwnersNOW IN THE THIRD YEAR OF PUBLICATION

'to.Issues per year for $10.00Back Issues available at $1.00 each

EXAMPLE:

Send $10.00 and receive next 10 IssuesSend $30.00 and receive 30 Issues beginning with #2

DATA CAPTURE 3.0 - $29.95

Is DATA CAPTURE 3.0 just another Smart Termi-nal prog,ram? NO! It is a GENIUS Terminal pro-gram for use with the Micromodern II@. It will'capture' ANYTHING that appears on the screen

of your GRT. ANY proqrarn or data. If you areusing, the Source you can even 'capture' CHAT.There is no need to create files in your file spaceon the other system to transfer data to your Apple.If you can list it you can capture it.

* You can then SAVE the data to disk, dump itto your printer or even do simple editing, with

DATA CAPTURE 3.0.

* You can use DATA CAPTURE 3.0 to com-

pose text off line for later transmission toanother computer. Think of the timesharecharqes this will save you!

~ Use DATA CAPTURE 3.0 with the Dan

Paymar Lower Case Adapter and you canenter UPPER or lower case from the key-board for transmission to another system.You can also capture UPPER/lower casedata from another system.

* A program is also included to convert yourprograms to text files for transmission usingDATA CAPTURE 3.0.

* DATA CAPTURE 3.0 will save you money ifyou are using any timesharing system.

Requires DISK II@,Applesofi W W l

Add $64.95 to order the Dan Paymar Lower CaseAdapter

BAD BUY DISKETTE ~$9.99

Of course it's a bad buy. If you have issues #2 thru

#11 of the NEWSLETTER. you can type theseprograms in yourself. Includes a couple of bonus

programs.

Requires DISK II@, Applesoft II~

We ship within 3 working days of receipt oforder and welcome your personal check.We also accept Visa and Master Charge ..

LCMOD for PASCAL ~$30.00

FinaUy! DIRECT entry of UPPER/lower case intothe Pascal Editor. Why pay hundreds of dollars for

a terminal just to set lower case entry with Pascal?If you have the Paymar Lower Case Adapter youcan use this program.

* Left ·and right curly brackets tor commentdelimiters ..

* An underline for VARs, program names andfile names.

* The ESCape key does the shifting and Con-

trol Q is used for ESCape. Have you evertyped in a page or two of text and lost it byhitting ESC accidentally? This won'! happenwith LCMOD.

Requires Language System and Paymar LCA

Add $64.95 to order the Dan Paymar Lower CaseAdapter.

MAG FILES - $18.00

Finding it difficult to keep track of all thosemagazine articles you are reading? This programwill help you do it. MAG FILES is Menu driven withseparate modules for creating, editing, displayingand searching for your data. If you are using onedrive a program Is provided for transferring data toanother diskette for backup. A sample data baseof over 60 articles is included. The screen formateting and user orientation are what you have cometo expect of Southeastern Software.

Requires DISKII@, Applesoft II@.

MAILER - $15 . .00

Don't let the low cost fool you. This is a single drive

version of the program we use to maintain theNEWSLETTER subscriber list. Can be easily con-verted to 2.3 or 4 drives. Binary search and linearsearches for finding any name in file. Sort onnames and zip codes. Selective print by zip codeor key ..The separate modules are menu drivenand will run on 32K system. There are 13 separatemodules on the diskette for maintaining a mai.linglist. Sample data file included.

RequiresDISKII~, Applesoft 1 1 @ l .

• Apple, Apple II Plus, Disk IIand APPLESOFT II are trademarkS of Apple Computer Company.

• Micromodem II is a trademark 01D.C. Hayes Assoclates.Ine.



October 1980Issue Number 29

Staff

Editor/Publisher

Robert M. Tripp

Associate Publisher

Richard Rettig

Associate Editor

Mary Ann Curtis

Advertising Manager

LCatherine Bland

Director SaleslMar.keting

James Anderson

Circulation Manager

Carol A. Stark

Art/Advertising Coordinator

Terry Allen

Software Consultant

Ford Cavallari

PETSpecialist

Loren Wright

Comptroller

Donna M.Tripp

MICROTM Is published monthly by:

MICRO INK, Inc .. Chelmsford, MA 01824

Second Class postage paid at:

Chelmsford, MA 01824

Publication Number: COTR 395770Subscript ion rates:U.S. $15.00 per yearForeign surface mail $18.00 per year

Central America air $27.00 per year

So. AmerlEurope air $33.00 per year

Other air mall $39.00 per year

For back issues, subscriptions, change

01 address or other Information, write to:

MICRO

P.O. Box 6502Chelmsford. MA 01824

or call

6171256·5515

Copyright@ 1980 by MICRO INK, Inc.

Al l Rights Reserved

Artlcl ••

"""""~~~~~~,~,~~,~~~,~~"'~7 An OSI CheepPrint

Getting data to a remote printer

byThomas A . Berger

14 PRINTUSINGlor Applesoft

User-detineo formatting of output for Applesoft

by GaryA. Morris

19 Deline Your Own Function Key on PET

Create your own BASIC function key

byWerner Kolbe

23 An Improved Morse CodeReceive Routine and Interlace

AIM hardware and software enhancements to a previous article

by Marvin L. Dejong

27 Undedicating a dedicated Microcomputer

Developing a time-shared process controller

by David N. Borton

30 A "Stop·on·Address" Routine lor KIM

An efficient debugging routine

by A . MacDonald

32 Tiny Pilot Complemental (Co-Pilot)A modification to Tiny Pilot

by Robert Schultz

36 For Multiple File Tape Backups

A PET utility for replicating cassette files

by G.R.Boynton

47 Paged Printer Output lor the APPLEA page mode for APPLE systems

byGary lillie

51 Biorhythm: AnAIM BASICProgramming ExcercisePlotting biorhythms on the AIM

by P.E.Burcher

Hexadecimal Printer

Specifying APPLE /I disassembler limitsby LeRoy Moyer

Programming with Pascal

An overview of Pascal

byJohn P.Mulligan

Cassette Label Program

Use your APPLE to print cassette labels

by Dawn E.Ellis

Departments and Sundry

,~~~"'~~""""""'~~~~"'~,

57

59

65

5 Editorial: Software DistributionBy Robert M.Tripp

Cover Description: The Sporting Micro

Letterbox

MICROLimerick Contest WinnerMICROClub Circuit

PETVetby Loren Wright

MICROScope

Microprocessors In Medicine: The 6502by Jerry W. Froelich, M.D.

Legal Note: Computers and the Law

Dealer Update

Up From the Basementsby Jeff Beamsley

The MICROSoftware Catalog: XXV

6502 Bibliography: Part XXV

6

2034

39

49

56

63

69

72

73

76

79 Advertisers' Index



The Standard For Small Business Accounting ™

GENERAL LEDGER SYSTEM

BALANCE SHEET

PR,OFIT & LOSS STATEMENT

CASH DISBURSEMENTS JOURNAL

(Check Registsr)

SALES JOURNAL

(hweice Register)

CASH RECEIPTS JOURNAL

MERCHANDISE PURCHASED JOURNAL

CASH SALES JOURNAL

GENERAL JOURNAL

ACCOUNTS REeEIVABLE LEDGER

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE LEDGERPAYROL.L LEDGER

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE SYSTEM

OPEN ITEM OR BALANCE FORWARD

COMPLETE ACCOUNT AGING '

LlFE·TO"DATE CUSTOMER HISTORY

COMPLETE ACCOUNT ANALYSIS

(Up to 16 Reports)

ITEMIZED STATEMENT PRINTING

CUSTOMER MAILING LIST GENERATION

500 PROMPTED CUSTOMERS PER DISKETTE

(No limIt to Number of Diskettes)

1000 TR.ANSACTIONS PER' PERIOD

SKELETON GENERAL LEDGER PREPARED

AUTOMATIC INTERFACE WITH BPI INVENTORYSYSTEM .

AUTOMATIC POSTING TO BPI G'ENERAL LEDGER

INVENTORY/ORDER ENTRY

FIFO, LIFO, AVERAGING

900·2000 LINE ITEMS

INSTANT INVENTORY QUERY

AUTOMATIC BACK.QRDER HANOl,lNG

AUTOMATIC RE.QRDER LEVELS

INVENTORY TURN ANALYSIS

POINT~OF,SALE OPERATION

PRICE TAG PRINTING

INVENTORY PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT

PURCHASE ORDER GENERATION

NON-INVENTORY ITEM HANDLING

ALWAYS IN BALANCE WITH GENERAL LEDGER

AUTOMATIC INTERFACE WITH BPI AIR SYSTEM

AUTOMATIC POSTING TO BPI GENERAL LEDGER

Why do we elalrn the BPI SYSTEM to be the,STANDARD for SMALLBUSINESS ACGOUNTING?

Because it was designed BY BUSINESS and ACCOUNTING PRO·

FESSIONALS-not programmers,

It lets a business run the way it DOES-not the way a group of programmers

THINKS it should.

Why is it the MOST POPULAR Small Business Accounting Systemon the market today?

Because it is FAST, EASY TO USE, FULLY INTEGRATED, DESIGNED FOR THE

FIRST-TIME USER and SLJPPQRTED~nd SUPPORTED.

SUPPORTED by BPI SYSTEMS and SUPPORtED by SOLUTIONS, INC.

SUPi>"ORTED by BPI SYSTEMS to assure you THE SYS'fEM will tis IMPROVED

and EXPANDED to give you the most complete and useaale aGO<)\IOting sys-

tem available at any price.

SUPPOHrEDby SOWTIONS, INC. to assure you of fast update materials, the

latest information and a PROFESSIONAL approach to APPLICATION Marketing

and DIstribution.

AVAILABLE AT YOUR DEALER

DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED BY

-BPI SYSTEMS,NC.-

A unique cornbtnatlon of Accounting,BUsiness and Programming expertise dedi-cated to making the BPI GENERAL ACCOUNT-ING SYSTEMthe finest system in use through-out the world ...

THE STANDARD FOR

SMALL BUSINESS ACCOUNTING ™

DESIGNED FOR MICAOCOMPUTERS MANUFACTUAED BY -

APPLE COMPUTER BELL &. HOWELL

C0MMODORE

FEATURES• Chart of Accounts - over 500.

• Up to Ten separate profit centers, each with a complete set of financial

statemE!nts~PLUS a Se t of conSOlidated statements.

• Accounts Payable - over 200 PROMPTED payees.

• Accounts Receivable - over Q O O PROMPTED customers per diskette.

1000 transactions per period.

Up to 16 REPORTS fer ACCOUNT ANALYSIS.

o Inventory - From 900 to 2000 line items.

o All sections may be used Independentl y,

o Designed for APPLE, BELL & HOWELl:. and COMMODORE microcomputers.

• THOUSANDS IN USE today by BUSINESSES, G.P.A.'s and BOOKKEEPERS.

..... approved by Arthur Anderson, the accounting firm, and has been accepted

by Commodore as its taotory-appfoved accounting system."

VENTURE Magazine, Sepfember 1980

DEALER INQUIRIJ:;S INVITED

Distributed By

--=-= 5==~-=-=. = - = = =.. -_. ~- - I!IIIII....._......... _ _. ----- -.

._._- -- - - - -- --~~-. . - - - - - - - - --., ..---_ - - - -----------,

----= ~ = _ . . ~---_ , _ - . . . . . . .- - . . . . .~.3740 Colony Drive

SanAntoniO, Texas 78:?30(512) 690·1017The Source; Tel 170



Part 1

Software DistributionThis editorial is in two parts. Part 2

will appear next month.

You have wriUen a piece of software you think is pretty

good and which you feel would be of interest to other com,

puterists. You decide that you would like to distribute it in

some manner for three reasons: 1. you are a "n ice guy" and

want to help your fellow computertsts: 2, you would like to

get some credit and recognition for the good programming

that you have done; and 3. you would like to make a few

dollars. Now the problem arises: how do you distribute this

software most effectively to serve the above purposes?

There are a number of options, and I will cover them here.

Give It away. Your product may not be marketable for

money for a variety of reasons, or you may simply not care

about a limiled return on a marketing or sales effort. 5011·ware which would not be marketable would include that

which is too limited in interest and/or application, such as a

driver for a very uncommon piece of peripheralequlpment;

a game or demonstration program which is not significant·

Iy ?iff~rent from other products on the market; a utility

which IS 100 small to be a saleable item; or a program which

would cost too much of your time and effort to document to

the point required to make it marketable. There are, I am

sure, other reasons for not seiling your software, but, youget the idea. If you choose not to sell your software, you

may want to let others use it by giving it away. This may be

done in several ways. Donate it to your local computer ciub

li~rary;. donate it to. a national user group for your

microcomputer; send It to a magazine which does not pay

for articles; etc.

Sell it .8S a software package, Assuming that your pro-duct has a more than minimal potential market value what

is the best way to make money on it? There are two 'major

routes to selling a software packag.e ..F i'rst, and most oo -vlous, is to package and sell it yourself. Any software which

The Sporting Micro

Cover Artist

Terry Allen

you pla.nto sell should be well documented. This is a major

stumbling block for many computerists. Programming is

fun; documenting is a drag. If you are going to sen it

yo~r.self, then, ~ou are solely responsible lor writing,

edltmg, and printing the documentation, and you must nan-die sales by mail order and/or through dealers. While this

method may have the greatest reward (my company is

founded on the profits from a $10.00 demonstration

package for the KIM·l), it entails the most work and

greatest risk. MICRO tries to aid this type of effort via its

free MICRO Software Catalog., and a number of people have

been very successful using this service to get started.

Th~ second common sales method is to work though an

existing software distributing company. A number 01 these

are connected with major computer magazines such as

Cre~tive Computing and Kilobaud Microcomputlng. Others

a.re Independent and mayor may not concentrate on a par-ticular market segment such as 6502, TRS·aO, APPLE, etc,

You will normally beexpecled to provide good documenta-tion, bu~ you may also get some help from the company. All

of the risk and effort of marketing are borne by the corn-pany and you receive a royalty, usually a fixed percentageof the selling price. This percentage may be quite low. I

know of one case Where an individual's software was ap -proximately one-ninth of a total package being sold lor

$150_00, and his payment per copy was 25 cents, wh'ich

came to approximately 0.16 percent (0.0016 cents on the

dollar)! The normal royalty payment will be higher. Be sure

y?U shop around. Prices can vary conslderabty. Also con-Sider the total distribution, A large·volume distributor may

offer you less per copy than a smaller distributor, but may

sell many more copies.

Thecover depicts, tonque-l n-cheek, a

micro bei,ngused to score a medieval

[oust, Actually, amicro is ideally suitedfor scoring.and keeping track of our far

more complicated modern sports..

Timing: Numerous sports require ac-curate liming. A micro makes the ideal

controller lor a basketball clock

automatic race timer, auto race lap:

time/speed calculator, and so on. The

input may be manual and not require

any additlortal peripheral equipment, or

may begenerated by various peripheral

devices.

SlatisUcs: Many sports enthusiasts

now demand more [han a simple

wonrlost type of scoring. They want to

know all types 01 statistics: batti ng

average lor the season, aqalnst tstt-

handed pitchers, against a particular

learn; pass-completion percentages,

yards-per-carry, total yardage; etc. TV

and radio sportscasters provide some

of this data, but a micro could permit a

fan to call up the information which he

is interested in-when hewants it!

Averages and Handicapping: Any

leaguesecretary can tell you that keep-

ing the bowling or golf averages and

handicaps lora team or league can bs

a tedlous job. How simple for the micro

10 keep all 01 the pertinent lntorrnatlon

updated and instantaneously deter-

mine any required set of averages and

handicaps.

Scoring: Some sports have complex

scoring requirements and 'couro makegood use 01 a micro. The scoring 01Olympic ice skating or g,ymnasllcs reo

quires cerial n seares \0 be' droppad,

others to be averaged, and other tac-

tors to be weighted. Any event which

has a large nu mber of par-

tlcl pants- such at the Boston

Marathon-could obviously use anumber of micros to help keepaccount

of who is and who is not on the track.

Summary: A microcomputer can

have a number of roles in tM sporting'

world.



An OSI Cheep Print

Here is the answer to the age-old question, "How do I

get data from my computer to a remote printer?" Hard-

ware requirements arediscussed and software is provid-

ed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . .

When I settled on an 051 corn-puter, I knew that OSI's documenta-

tion was not the best. Thedocumen-tation that I received was far betterthan I had expected, but there wereno disassembled listings ofmachine software. The dealer fromwhom I purchased the computerwas very helpful, but even that is nosubstitute for hard copy listings.OSI's OS650 operating system con-tains a disassembler so that listingof a few program lines is possible.Even so, it is very difficult 10 under-stand a large program seeing only20 lines at a time.

The program offered here solvedmy problem for almost no cost. Itwill run on Challenger 2, 4, and 8computers equipped with adisk andOS650. (I have OS650 V3.2 NMHZ10179 POLLEO.) The machinelanguage program will run on any051 computer with the keyboardtone generator. However, the BASICprogram in Listing 2 will only con-nect the routine to OS650. Changesare needed if you have a non-disksystem. The program has been sovaluable that using it I havewrittena BASIC text processor whose out-

put I run on an IBM selectric torbeautiful right and left justified

copy.

About the time I receivedmy com-puter, a friend, CA McCarthy, toldme of a program he had developedto use on his PETto send tones to atape recorder. These tones weresubsequently played back to aprinter with attached modemto pro-duce hard copy. I was new tomachine programming, so he kindlysketched the crux of such a program

October 1980

for me. After disassembling theoperating system and experimen-

ting with possible ways to use theprogram, the present versionevolved.

Recently, Charlie gavemea copyof his article 'Cheep Print' which ap-pears in Compute NO.3. Eventhough it is written for the PET,rather than a Challenger, this articlecontains valuable information. I willonly repeat the more vital data givenin that article.

The Equipment

To use this program you need:(1)a cassette tape recorder; (2) akludge to decrease the volume fromthe computer output to the recorder;(3) HIFI phonograph cables to con-nect things together; (4)a telephonehandset; and (5) someone else'sprinter with a modemattached. (Youcan live without items (2),(3),and (4)If you are a pauper and warblingtones are music to your ears.) Let'srun over these items one at a time.

Almost any cassette recorder willdo. I am probably unique among

computerists in owning a cassetterecorder which is unsuitable forcomputer use. This machine is anolder Panasonic. For reasonsknown only to themselves thedesigners geared the capstan driveto thecapstan roller. Gearenhancedwarble does wonders towarddestroying the enjoyablility of musicand the intelligibility of computertones. Panasonic must have firedthose engineers since newermodels do not have this ingeniousinnovation. I borrowed Charlie's

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal

Thomas R.Berger10670 Hollywood Blvd.Coon Rapids, MN 55433

'Brand X EI Cheapo' cassettemachine and have since bought a

small GE recorder. The printerscan't seemto tell the difference bet-ween these two because they bothwork fine.

The schematic for my kludge isgiven in Figure 1.The potentiometeris nothing special, Anything from10K ohms on up will do. I have usedboth 10K and 1 Megohm pots. The10K choice is slightly easter to ad-just. The resistor can have valuesfrom 4.7K to 47K and still work; becreative. My kludge is housed in a

1.5x 1.5x 2.25 inch metal box. Aplastic box or pill bottle should workfine. This kludge is a real handydan-dy. When I travel, I often take arecorder with me. It is easy, usingthe kludge, to dub tapes from theradio, a HIFI, or another recorder.OSI protects the tone output withblocking capacitors. However, if yourecord music such protection maynot bepresent. If you Iindthe kludgenot working, the reason may bedueto voltages appearing at the input ofyour recorder. Inserting the optional

capacltor should cureall problems. I

have never used such a capacitorand have had no problems. Adjust-ment of the kludge ts always thesame: record music or tones whilefiddling the pot on the kludge; setthe pot at a level slightly below thepoint where the recording begins tosound awful. That's all there is 10 it.

The cables are the ordinary kindavailable at HIFI, electronic, andradio shops. Youneedones to fit theholes on your recorder, your com-puter, and the kludge.

29:7



Letterbox

Weoften get letters, such as the following, which ask for ad-

vice. Theyare frequently long, and for lack of time, we cannot

answer then individually, point by point. Furthermore, we are

publishers, not consultants, and dare not recommend specific

products, despite our personal experience and preferences.

We know, however, that some of our readers could and

mIght like to answer other readers' queries. Therefore, asspace permits, we will print such letters here.

NOTE TOTHOSESEEKINGADVICE: Toincrease your chances

of having your letter published-please bebrief! Thefol/owingletter had to be shortened considerably:

Dear Editor:

I am planning to purchase anApple 1 I but am running into aproblem in planning the system I will get. Most computerstores tend to push the brands of hardware they carry. Thus, I

don't think I'mgetting objective information. In particular, Iam

vexed by the choice of which printer to get. Money Isa big fac·tor, but also of prime interest to me are two uses to which Iplan to put the computer: I want to use it in text editing and

also to aid me in musical composition with the appropriatehardware/software.

Should I get one printer that does both letter-quality workand the necessary graphics for musical scores, or would I be

better off buying two printers, one leiter-quality and one withgraphics ability? (onedealer suggested the Centronics 737asbeing of letter quality; do you believe this print is acceptable?)

Second, in line with your answer to my first question, couldyou recommend a printer or printers that fit my specifications?

David Ben Leavitt8044Germantown Avenue

Philadelphia, PA 19118

OSI

Dear Editor:

I enjoyed reading the article on "BCD Input to a 6502

Microprocessor", (August 1980 27:68-70)since I recently wentthrough the same problem with an AIM·65. The subroutinewhich unpacks a pair of BCD digits (lines 500-570of the pro-

gram) is unnecessarily complex. If you think hard about theproblem, or do as I did, just enumerate all the cases and look

for the pattern, you wilifind that the conversion basically ln-volves longhand division of the input by 16. If the two digit ln-·put is XY the quotient is the left hand digit(X) and the re-

mainder is the right hand digit(Y). The BASIC programs listedbelow will do the conversion. The last line repacks in base 10.

I 10 XY==PEEK (40960)

20 I ==XY/1630 X==INT(I)

40 Y==(I-X)'1650XY==10'X) + INT(Y)

II 10XY= PEEK(40960)

20X=O30 Y=XY

40 IF Y < 16THEN 8050X=X+160 Y==Y-1670GOTO 40

80XY= (10'X) +Y

Program I is cuter, but program II is probably faster. Theroundoff problems discussed in the article preceding the onebeing discussed don't apply since 16 represents exactly inbinary. (I tried all 100cases on an AIM-65.) It is not clear to mewhat the fastest way to do the job is if you work in assembler

or machine code. Are there any readers out there who wouldcare to explain the fastest way for us?

Richard Garber3535Greenbrier Blvd., Apt. 34A

Ann Arbor, MI 48106

SOFTWARE FOR OS.We Have Over 100 High Quality Programs For Ohio Scientific Systems

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Takes 166 bytes of HAM and adds, besides text

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The telephone handset is a conve-

nience: it fits into the modem cradle

and should have a jack on the other

end to plug into your recorder out-

put A very small transistor radio

speaker could probably substitute

for the handset You can buy an ex-

pensive telephone at your local dis-

count store and cut the handset off;

you can haunt the radio junk shops;

or you can touch-up a local radio

amateur club for lntorrnatlon, There

seem to be telephoneless handsets

floating around at reasonable

prices.

The kludge, wire, and handset are

not essential. Idid my first printingover the phone lines by holding the

phone up to the speaker on my video

TV monitor. Later I held the tape

recorder microphone up to the TV to

record, and the recorder itself up the

the modem to play back.

Finally, you need a printer with a

modem attached. I use two at work.

Students may be able to use

printers at their schools. (Be sure

your employer or school approves of

this procedure.) A buddy may let you

use hls, If you are looking for a

suitable buddy, join a computer

club. After using this program you

will covet a printer. If your local

computer shop realizes this, they

may let you use their prl nter for asmall 'paper and use' fee.

These gadgets are connected

together as fallows: the tones come

out of the tone generator on your

computer; this output is on the back

panel of the C4P and on the back of

the keyboard of the C8P. (See your

instruction manuaL) Use your wire

to connect the tone generator to the

kludge and then the kludge to the

microphone input on you casette

recorder. Now it's ready to go. The

poor man's approach Is to connect

the tone generator to the video TV

monitor and play it into the

microphone on the cassetterecorder.

The Programs

Now that we have the nuts and

bolts under control let's move on to

the programs. The assembly

language program appears in

Listing 1. The OS65D operating

system has an Assembler. In fact,

this program was prepared on the

Assembler. This is probably the

quickest way to put CHEEP PRINT

29:8

into your system. Those following

this route probably need no further

help.

If you're not a programming ace,

Listing 2 gives a BASIC program

that will: (1) load CHEEP PRINT; (2)

ask you for and set all parameters;

and (3) start the program running.

The various tone mode data arelisted in Table 1. A baud rate of 110

is reliable but slow; 300 is more ac-

ceptable, but the printer you use

may give you no choice about baud

rates. The ANSWER or ORIGINATE

modes may also be fixed by the

modem. The OSI tone generator is

more 'fine-tuned' for low tones, and I

have had the best luck with these

frequencies, even though my first

several hundred pages were suc-

cessfully run with the high tones.

You may also prepare Kansas City

Standard tapes with this program.

The necessary data are given withthe modem data.

Those of you who have ROM

BASIC without OS65D are left pretty

much on your own, since the BASIC

program given here assumes you

have a disk drive and OS65D_If and

when I obtain full information on

how to connect the routine on non-disk systems, I will publish it. So·

meone with such a system could

solve the problem by writing the

solution down and sending it to his

favorite computer magazine .. The

secret- is to change the painters to

the printer subroutine so that they

point to CHEEP PRINT Instead.

With ROM BASIC this may be quite

a trick.

Using It

Finally, we need to know how to

use the program. Once the program

is loaded, the computer thinks

CHEEP PRINT is a printer. Thus all

commands or statements which

would cause a printer to print (if you

had one) will cause CHEEP PRINT

to chirp instead, In a BASIC pro-

gram,

10 PRINT "GARBAGE"

will cause the word "GARBAGE" to

appear on the screen. In the same

way,

10 PRINT #4, "GARBAGE"

will send the word "GARBAGE"

warbling out your tone generator.

Similarly LIST #4 would list a pro-

gram via tones. When you use the

device #4 statements, you will see

nothing on the screen; it's all going

out the tone generator. Don't lose

heart in this case because your

computer really is working. You may

also reset the input/output flags via

the operating system 10 command.

The command (from BASIC)

DISK"IO, OAwill cause all output togo both to the screen and out the

tone generator. DISK!"IO, 02" will

C (optional) to 10 I o t f .R 4.7K to 47K % watt resistorP 10K to 1megohm potentiometer

J RCA phono jacks

Figure 1

THE KLUDGE

J

J

TO TAPE

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal October 1980



reset the 1 0 to screen only. Bewarethat the operating system objects toyour changing the output flag sothat for certain changes Inoperating mode (such as disk errorsor a CONTROL C) It will reset theflag to screen only. It you reset thecomputer, you will have to reload

CHEEP PRINT.The loading program will ask for a

carriage return time. This must bedetermined experimentally. I use await time of 20 for an NCR thermalprinter which has a fast carriagereturn. The IBM selectric is so slowthat I not only use full wait time of255 , but also add extra stop bit timeequal to 40 after each character. Inmy word processor program I use aBASIC wait loop for carriagereturns. The stop bits in the tableare minimum. They provide waittime after each character and maybe increased to any number greaterthan the minimum.

All parameters are set in thebeginning of the BASIC loading pro-gram in Listing 2. The equations forcalculating these. parameters aregiven in the Appendix. There Is agreat deal of flexibility in the recor-ding formats that you can choose.

The Bottom .LIne

Now comes the fine print. The OSI

tone generator is not perfect andneither is cassette tape. When manyappliances are switching off and on,they may upset your tape recorderand cause a slight pop to be record-ed on the tape. The keyboard cableswhich came with my C8PDF werequite short, so I added longercables. This caused havoc with thetone generator. I still have not fullycured the problem. The computer'spops and clicks are coupled throughthe long cable to the tone generatorcausing it to pop and click. In-terestingly enough, these pops are

most severe in the left margin ofCHEEP PRINT output. When I find asure cure, I will let people know.Modems don't like these pops andsay so by causing the printer tobotch a letter or two. If you runrepeated hard copy and find thesame errors in the same places,then the problem is with thecassette recording. Listen carefullyto the recording and see if you canhear the errors. One solution is tospend more money for filters. Mysolution is to record when the ap-

October 1980

1020J O. 0S O60 500070 0092-80 0001.s o 000.·lOO 001.'

110 002E-120 0027-no1.0150160 5000 ~.

170 5001 78180 50~2 A22F.

190 500. $E 01 DF

200 50Q) 202fSO

n. o 50011 3g

120 500a 611

1' 0 s o o e 1 122E LOOPl2.0 500E 900225 0 SOlO 11227260 5012 8EOlnf RR270 5015 1n2ESO280 5018 "A29 0 5019 DOF!lO O son B O E FlID 5010 11201,

l20 SOIF 20:;250

no 5022 68l.O 5023 e90Dl50 S025 11005

l60 5017 112l~ WlIlTlHO 5029 105250

l80 SOlC sa DONE59 0 5010 60

,00,1 0.20

, ' 0 SOLE 11105 DELAY.. 0 50'0 A09'2' , D 5012 88 lOOP2~60 50" DQFO

.70 50'5 ell

.80 50;16 DOFA

.90 50H 6n,OQ • [NO

pliances are qulet, plug the recorderinto a separate outlet, and keep itaway from the computer. I alsotolerate an occasion a! error. Before

I lengthened the keyboard cables, Iobtained almost perfect copy. Thefew errors I did have could be heardas tape dropout and minor clicks.This article was prepared using theword processor and CHEEP PRINT. Iam happy with CHEEP PRINT (eventhough I wish Ihad my own printer).

If you find many nonrepeating er-rors then your tone generator andthe modem have a disagreement.You own your tone generator so youchange its personality to make itmore agreeable. Since not all

modems are created equal, you mayhave different changes for differentmodems. Listing 3 gives a BASICprogram which will allow you to 'finetune' your tone generator for a par-ticular modem. Run this programand record the output via CHEEPPRINT. Look over the printed outputfor the 'best values' of HI and LO.Insert these values in the loadingprogram of Listing 2 for L1, H1, L2,etc. You will probably find that thecalculated values are best.

MICRO-- The6502Journal

Jn~1 rllr, P rn I jlT

;T.A. nr acr n l/An

;AS.~U·BLY OATil

. . . . S 5 n nnSH • sq ?

L~ • 10'SP • 10j,

W T • $J~

LO • SHHI· 121

; s r IIHT AOORESS

;OftA Y ~lmRT

;rf.L~Y I O~Ir.; ~ T O P B I T T I M F .; C AR R I M~E R EH IH tl 1111I T

;LOH TONE OIVISOR;1 11 r.f1 T ON e n IV I~ OR

; TI II S I ~ TH E M AltI PROf,R llfl

PHi l

SF.II.OX ILn

SIX IOFOl

JSR OH~YSo CROR II

LO X 'L OBCC R R

Lrx 1111S TX I nfO)JS R OElAY

LSR ASNE LOOPlnc s 1.00Pl

LOX 'SPJ SR lnOP2PlAC I' P I SO DBNF nO·IF.

LO X " 'TJS R LOOP2

e l lRT S

;SW£ CIIAR OI l STACK

; I NHI BIT I N TERR!:PTS

;5ET L O T O M E DIVISOR;TURfl TO',E ON

;WIIT O~IE n r r;SET UP A STOP BI T;CET FIRST BIT

;LO TONE DIVISOR

;GET IIIC:H TOilE IF 1

;111 T O~JE DIV ISOR

; T I IR N on TON[

; H A I T n i l E n i T;GET NUT s r r;IF NORF. RITS 111EI I; G ~ RAn ~ S f N P 111[;1;STOP R IT T I M E

; SENP STOP AITS

; GET CH~RACTER; CIIRR I A G E R HIIR N?

; NO , T I I E t I ~ O I l E;YES, THEN WAIT

; I NTER~UPTS OK NON;QUIT

;TH I SIS TIlE DELAY

L~X ILClny ISHOf.V

B NE LnOP2

OE X

~NE Loo r2Ri s

; LONG OELIIV TER"

:SIIORT DELAY T ERM

; c o uu r OOl-IN Y; C O U I I T Y T O a; C O I ' l n ~O'IN x; COI'IIT X TO 0

: GO B~CK

Listing 1

But Mom, It doesn't work

I am annoyed when Ienter a pro-gram exactly as written and it

doesn't work as it's supposed to. [can't promise you this one will work,but if it doesn't, the following hintsmay help.

There are several leve!s of 'NOTWORKING.' They are: (1 ) nothinghappens; (2 ) the system crasheswhen the program is loaded; (3 ) thesystem crashes when you try to out-put via CHEEP PRINT; (4 ) the tonecomes on but it doesn't warble; and(5 ) you get nice warbling tones butthey look like mish-mash on theprinter. The cures are as follows.

First. check (character by character)the BASIC loading program inListing 2 . An error in a DATA state-ment or a POKE wi II stop the pro-gram from running properly. Nextget your manual and compare theaddresses given there with the oneslisted at the end of the APPENDIX. Ifthey don't match, use the ones fromyour manual. There is one crucialaddress you will not find: the one forthe beginning of the printersubroutine in the OS65D inputlout-

29:9



put table. It should be where I say it

is, but if it isn't, hop off to your localOSI dealer and ask him, "Where is

the OS65D 1 1 0 jump table located inmy memory map? In this table,

where is the printer subroutine ad-

dress?" You don't want the-addressof the printer subroutine. You do

want the two addresses of the twolocations in the jump lable which

store the address of the printersubroutine. (Isn't that confusing?)

These two addresses, converted todecimal, appear as the addresses inthe POKEs In Ii ne '670 of Listing 2.

If you've managed to wade this

far, you should be able to playCHEEP PRINT through your video

monitor and hear warbling tones.

Now, about that mish-mash:Carefully read your manual on yourtone generator. Does everythi ng

check with the APPENDIX data? If

not, use the values from your

manual.

My computer has a 1MHZ clockfrequency. All of these programs

assume this is the clock speed. Ifyou have a newer C4P or C8P (or the

GT option) then you have a differentclock frequency. Look in yourmanual or phone your local OSI

dealer to find out your clock fre-quency. The APPENDIX exolalnshow to incorporate changes into the

program for a different clock speed.

If the program still does not work,I can offer only the fol,lowing

general observations. If you run theprogram of Listing 2 and it causesyour system to crash then the ad-

dresses in Line 670 are wrong, or theaddress in Line 540 is wrong. That

is, the BASIC program can't find theprinter jump table or it can't find a

proper home lor CHEEP PRINT. Ifthe system crashes when you at-

tempt to run CHEEP PRINT, then the

program is not properly protected

from BASIC (Lines 530-640) or the

program can't find the printer jumptable. If you hear a tone but no

warbling, then again the problem iswith the jump table. If you hear

warbling, but get mish-mash, thenthe trouble is with either the toneliming (variables: LG; SH; SP; and

WT) or the tone frequencies(variables: LO and HI). If the timingis off, your system clock is not

1MHZ. If the tone frequencies are

off, you may be able to adjust themto the correct values by experimen-

tation. The tone must sound cleanand be clear of all clicks and pops.

Good luck! You will find that aprinter gives a whole new dimensionto your co.mputing. If you have ques-

tions, I might be able to help. I'd be

glad to. reply if a question is accom-

panied by a stamped self-addressedenvelope. Write to:

Tom Berger10670 Hollywood Blvd.Coon Rapids, MN. 55433

APPENDIX

All variables are named at the beginning of the BASIC loader pro.gram in listing 2. The various stan-

dards are as follows:

BAUD RATE BIT TI M E(J.lS) STOP BITS STOP BITS(J.lS)

110 9091 2 18182

300 3333 1 3333

MODE MARK(l) SPACE(O) DIVISORS ERRORS(%)

KANSAS CITY 2400HZ l200HZ 20 41 2.4 0.1

ORIGINATE 2225HZ 2025HZ 22 24 0.4 1.1ANSWER 1270HZ 1070HZ 39 46 0.8 0.1

The frequency ot the tone generator is given by:FREQUENCY = 49152/DIVISOR.

Below, Tl is the time of 1 bit. Time through the character loop:

T1 = 1284*LG + 5·SH - 1250LG = INT((T1 + 1250)/1284)SH = INT((T1 + 1250-1284~LG)/5)The stop bit time is only approximately computed. If T is the full stop bit time then:

SP = INT((T + 1917)/1284).If your clock speed is C MHZ then use INT(C·T1) and INT(C·T) in place of T1 and T in the above formulas.

Ca Icu la ted parameters (1MHZ clock):

110 BAUDLG 8SH 14

SP 15

Calculated parameters (2 MHZ clock):LG 15SH 34

SP 30

300 BAUD31464

6437

Now the POKES of Listing 2 and their meanings:

POKE NUMBER MEANING

8960 ST Address of the last memory page.132,133 OO,ST BASIC end of memory.

8983 255 Low byte: Input/output jump table.8984 ST-1 High byte: Same as above.56832 3 Tone generator ON/OFF.57089 HI, LO Tone generator frequency.



510-

510 ,520 ;Ttr,'lE530

540550560570580590600610620630640650660670680690700710720730740750760770

THROUGH LOOP2 TO RTS;1284*LG + 5* SH - 1275

= T (1 MHZ CLOCK)

THROUGH CHAR DECODE;T + 25 (1 MHZ CLOCK)BMJD110

; SH;LG;SP

;300 BAUD

= $OE = 14= $(18 = 8

= $OF = 15

;SH = $92 = 146; LG = $03 = 3;SP = $04 = 4

; \ ' - 1 A IT TI MES;NCR WT = $1 4 = 20;IBM WT = $FF = 255;IBM SP = $28 = 40

;ANSHER MODE;LO = $2E = 4fi;HI = $27 = 39

;ORIGINATE MODE;LO = $18 = 24;HI = $16 = 22

;KANSAS CITY STANDARD;LO = $29 = 41;HI = $14 = 20

;KC RUNS AT3!)r) B,I'.U[)

780 .ENO

listIng 2

100 REM *** A RASle LOAnER FOR110 REM *** IIOSI CHEEP PRINTII

120 REM *** T. R. BERGER 3/80

130 REM *** VARIABLE NAMES140 REM nlVISOR LO TONE; LO150 Rn1 DIVISOR HI TONE; HI160 REM STOP BIT TIME ; SP170 REM CAR RETURN WAIT; WT180 REM DELAY LONG ; LG190 RH1 DE LA Y SH 0 RT ; sri2no REM B~UD RATE ; BR210 REM BYTE OF DATA ; BY220 Rn~ ADDR CHECK CH230 REM AonR DELAY HI ; DH240 REM AODR DELAY LO ; DL250 REM APnR LOOP2 HI LH2-60 REM APDR LOOP2 LO LL270 REM AnOR START ; ST

October 1980

28029030 031 032 0330

34 03.5036 037038039040041042043041 lO

1t50460

470480490500510520530540550OK

560570580590600610620630640650660

670630690

7007107207307407507607707807908 00

REM 110 BAUD LONG ; L1REM 110 BAUD SHORT ; SlREM 110 BAUD STOP ; B1RE M 300 BAUD LONG ; L2REM 300 BAUD SHORT ; S2REM 300 BAUD STOP ; 32

REM KC TONE HI ; H3REM KC TONE LO ; L3REM ORG TONE HI ; H4REM ORG TONE LO ; L4R E M A N S T O N E H I ; H 5

REM ANS TONE LO ; L5REM MODE CHOICE ; MO$REM STOP BIT CHANGE; SP$REM *** FIXED PARAMETERSREM 110 BAUDLl=8:S1=14:Bl=15R F .~ ,1 3 a 0 BAUO

l2=3:S2=146:B2=4

REf.1KC MOP EH3=20:L3=41REM ORG f·lO[1F.H4=22:L4=24RE t,1A NS fA CDEH5=39:L5=4fiREM *** PROTECT HI MEMORYST=PEEK(89f)O)CH = (S T +1)* 2 5 6

REM IS PROGRAM LOADED?

IF PEEK(CH)<>72 THEN 630IF PEEK(CH+l)<>120 THEN 630IF PEEK(C!-I+2)<>162 THEN 630ST=$T+1GOTO 670REr "~N O, T '~ EN PROT EC TPOKE132,OO:POKE133,STPOKE896(1, ST-1RE~1 *** DOS JUf,1PTABLERE~ PRINTER SUBR ADDRPOKE89S3,255:POKE8Q84,ST-1REM *** START ADDRESSST=5T*256

REM *** CALC SUBR AODRDH=INT«ST+46)/256)DL=(ST+46)-256*DHL!-I=INT«ST+50)/256)LL=(ST+50)-25E*LHREM *** MAIN PROGRAMREM ** QUESTIONS FIRSTPRINT "CHOOSE A MODE OF II.,PRI ur "OPERATION."PR INT IIKA N SA SCI T Y lO R Ir. I~·ITE I " ;PR I NT" AN S~JER (K I0/ A ) 11 ;

MICRO -- The 8502 Journal 29:11



81 0 I NPllT 1,10$

820 IF MO$="K" THEN 850830 IF ~·~O$="O" THEN 8508 4 0 I F f v 1 0 $ < > IIAliT HEN 770850 PRlrn "CHOOSE A BAUD RATE."8 6 0 I~ ' PUT II(11 0 / 3 0 0 ) r r i I} R

870 IF BR=110 THEN 890

88 0 IF RR<>30J THEN 8s a

890 PRINT "CARRIAGE RETlIRN I'/AIT."

9 0 0 I ~ IP l.I T r I( < 2 5 6 ) "; I;IT910 IF IH<O OR ~\lT>255 nl12N 890

920 IF IH<>IIJT(HT) THEN 8'10

930 PRINT "CHANGE STOP BIT Tlt·iE?"9 L f O INPllT !leY/N)"; SP$950 I F SP$ <> II Y"T HEt~ 1 0209 60 PR I nr "NEI·JT11>1E?1I970 INPUT 1'«2SG)"; SPs a o IF SP<O OR SP>255 THH~ 930

990 IF SP<>INT(SP) THEN 9301000 B 1 =S P : B 2 =$ P1010 REM ** LOAD CHEEP PRINT

1020 FOR 1=0 TO 5n1030 READ BY1040 POKE ST+I,BY1050 NEXT IOK

1 0 6 0 R E f v ! * * BAUD RATE T I~·11iG1070 IF BR=110 THE~.! l()gn1080 LG=L2:SH=S2:SP=82:r.(HO 11101 090 LG =Ll: SH= Sl: SP= Bl1100 REM ** TONE DIVISORS1110 IF ~·10$="K" THUl 1140112 0 IF t ·W $ =" 0" THE N 1150

1130 LO=L5:HI=H5:GOTO 117011/40 LO=L3:!I'=H3:GOTO 1170115 0 L0 = L 4 :H I = II41160 RE~ ** INSERT PARAMETERS1170 POKE ST+3, LO: POKE ST+ 13, LO1180 POKE ST+17,HI1190 POKE ST+40,WT1200 POKE ST+30,SP1210 POKE ST+47,LG:POKE ST+49,SII1220 RE~ ** SUBROUTINE AQDRS.1230 POKE ST+8,DL: POKE ST+9,OI11240 POKE ST+22,DL:POKE ST+23,DfI

1250 POKE ST+32,LL:POKE ST+33,Ll-l1260 POKE ST+42,LL:P()KE ST+43,UI1270 REM ** TURN ON TONE1280 POKE 56332,3: P0KE 57089,HI1290 R E I - A * ** / '.l,ll.C HI NEROGRA~11 300 DA TA 72,1 20,1 62,0,1 42,1 ,2231310 DAT A 32,0,0,55,106 ,1 62,01 320 DAT A 1~ 4,2,1 62,0,14 2,1 ,2231 330 DA TA 32,0,0,74 ,208,24 1,1 76134 0 DAT A 239,16 2,0,32,0,0,1 041 350 DA TA 201 ,1 3,208,5,1 62,0,321 36 0 DA TA O,O,38,36 ,lG 2,1 ,lG O,D

1 370 DA TA 1 30,208,253,202,2081380 DATA 250,9G1390 END

OK

Listing 3

100 REM *** TESTER FOR

110 R E / ' J 1 *** "OSI CHEEP PRINT"120 REM *** T.R. BERGER 3/80130 RE~ ** GET START ADDR1 40 ST =PEEK (89G O)1 50 5T =( ST +1 )* 256160 REM ** DETERMINE MODE170 INPUT lit/lODE(KID/I'd"; tlO$

180 IF f'<iO$="KIIT HEt J 22' )1 9 fl I. r··10$ =" fl. II TI-IN 2 3 n200 IF MO$="OII THE~I 240210 GOTO 170220 LO= 41 :HI =20: GOT O 260

230 LO=4G:HI=33:GOTO 2FiO240 LO=21~:HI =22250 REM ** SET I/O260 DISK!"IO ,OA"270 RE M ** PRINT LOOP280 RE/ilVARY LO290 FOR I =LO-2 TO lO+2300 POKE ST+3, I: POKE 5T+13,1310 RfY VARY HI320 FOR J=HI-2 TO HI+2330 RE~ KEEP HI ABOVE LO3 4 0 I F I < = J TH EN 5 10

350 POKE 570R9,J360 POKE ST+17,J370 RE~ LET NEW TONE GO380 FOR K=O TO 1000390 NEXT K!tOO RE~4 OUTPUT HII CE410 FOR K=O TO 14 20 PRlr 'H " AB CDEF GHI JK LM NOPQ RS" ;4 - 3 I) P R 1 NT" T U V \-/ X Y Z 012 3 1 . 1 - 5 5 7 8 9 "

440 PRinT "!#$%&'() =Cr+r «] .";

450 PRIIJT ":? II

460 PRINT "THIS IS A TEST."uz o PRI ~I T " HI ="; J; "LO=" ;I480 PRI.IT PRI NT49 0 r~EXT K500 NEXT J510 NEXT I520 PR I NT "TEST CQt·1PlETE."530 REM ** RESET I/O540 DISK!I'IO ,02"550 REM RESET TONES560 POKE ST+3,LO: POKE 5T+13,LO570 POKE ST+17,HI580 END



Sirius Software announces

TWO CONTESTS

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Judging will be done by members of the Apple Sac Club

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ave. 9999. E-Z Draw entrlel mu.' b•• ubmltted on apple compallble dl.ken •. Entrl•• mu811ncludename,addre .. & phone number. DI.ketl ... willbe returned 10Ihe conl•• tonl.bul we

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namel 01.11 wlnn.ra willbe announced In.dver1Jlemenl, Inthl. mallazlne oller Jenuary I, 1981. Con,..,1voId where prohlblled by law.Employee. or lamlly 01Siriu, Sottwa .. or Ih..Ir

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E- Z DRA W and DU C K HU N T inclu de char act er gener at io n by Ro n and Dar r el A ldr ich

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(206) 641-1917



PRINT USING for Applesoft

One of the minor but annoying problems with BASIC is

the format of output. The program here permits user-

defined formatting of the output for Applesoft, and can

be easily modified for other flavors of BASIC.. . . . . . . .""" . . .

When I started using my APPLEfor business programming, my big-gest headache was format1ing out-put for reports. I started out usingvarious BASIC subroutines that

barely performed the needed joband required a lot of overhead. Tiredof using MID$, LEFT$, RIGHT$, and

STR$, I decided to write a general-purpose print formatter using the

USR function in Applesoft.

The routine is written entirely in

assembly language, which is idealfor handling this sort of problem. It

Is used from BASIC by assigningthe string variable ED$, the edit pat-tern showing how you want the out-put formatted. During a print state-ment when you use the USR func-

tion, the argument is evaluated andthen printed in the format specifiedby the current value of ED$.

In the sample BASIC program (infigure 1) line 10 loads the machine

language program into RAM at$30043A9. Then line 20 puts a "JMP

$0300" at $OOOA, which is used byApplesoft to find the routine to beused. Lines 10 and 20 are only need-

ed once at the beginning of a pro-gram. Line 30 assigns an edit pat-tern to the variable ED$. Line 40 is a

sample print statement that usesthe USR function. Line 50 assigns a

value to X (that we want printed)rounded off to two decimal places,and line 60 does this. If you wanted

to round to three places, the 100would be changed to 1000 and the

edit pattern would have to be chang-

29:14

ed to allow three digits after thedecimal paint. Note that any valid

expression could be within theparenthesis of the USR function.

The routine works by taking thenumber that Applesoft would nor-mally print out and filling up the edit

pattern with those characters fromright to left, skipping over decimalpoints, commas and special

characters.

The output of the routine may beused wherever a BASIC PRINT state-ment can be used, such as printingto a disk file, to a printer, or just tothe screen. It is especial ly desirablefor creating fixed-length records in

files.

The edit pattern can be fairly com-plex, as in figure 1 ., or it can be simp-

ly blanks. USing a blank pattern willcause the number to be right-justified within the number otblanks in the edit pattern. If thenumber is too large to fit in the edit

pattern, the lett-most digits will betruncated. Any special characters($ ,." -7- %:*) in the edit pattern will

be skipped, and the digits will fill inover blanks or numeric digits in thepattern.

The zeros are used in the edit pat-tern so that, it the number is small,

there will always be zeros betweenthe decimal point and the right·most

column. It the number is too small tofill past the comma(s), then the ex-tra commas will be replaced with


Gary A. Morris53 Fairfield Ave.Norwalk, CT 06854

blanks. When using an edit pattern

with a decimal polnt, the argumentfor the function must be a whole

number, or two decimal points willresult. The edit pattern must be less

than or equal to 16 characters inlength. If it is greater, it will be cutoff at 16.

The machine language programwas written so that it can be located

anywhere in addressable memoryspace. It is completely relocatable.

That is, no changes are needed to. run it at another address. It requires169 ($A9) bytes of RAM. The pro-

gram uses the same zero page loca-tions that are assigned to Applesoftso that there are no conflicts. It alsouses 752-767 ($2FO-$2FF) as a bufferto perform editing. This area is in

the input buffer and is not used dur-ing printing (except when printinDOS commands).

How It Works

For those of you who would like to

know how the program works, keepreading. Starting with the PRINTstatement, the argument for theUSR is evaluated and placed in thefloating point accumulator by theBASIC interpreter. Then a JSR ismade to $OOOA, where we have aJMP to the start of our subroutine.

At the beginning of the machinelanguage subroutine, the Applesoft

floating paint accumulator is con-verted (lines 48-55) into a characterstring, in the format that Applesoft

October 1980



would normally print it out. This isdone by the Applesott subroutinesFPSTR1 and FPSTR2 (my names).These routines leave the resultingstring at the bottom of the page us-ed for the stack ($100).

The routine then searches (lines

57-75)the variable table to find ED$.When found, its value is moved(lines 77-83) to the buffer area($2FO-$2FF).

After the program has all thenecessary data, it starts to work.The length of the unformattednumber is found (lines 85-90);andthis number (an ASCII string rightnow) is then moved (lines 92-133)ln-to the buffer, one character at atime, from right to left. The currentcharacter in the pattern is checkedand, if it is a special character, it is

skipped. Minus signs are carriedover any digits in the pattern so thatthey will be on the left of thenumber. This process continues un-til we run out of characters to put inthe pattern (or the pattern fills up),at which time any leftover commasare covered up (lines 135-145)withblanks.

Finally the program is ready toprint out the result. Lines 147-152print out all of the number, exceptthe last digit (I'll explain this in amoment), using the output routine in

Applesoft. This output routine doesall of the necessary checking andconversion so that Applesoft'sSPEED,INVERSE,and FLASH func-tions will work. The routine also setsthe most significant bit of all outgo-ing ASCII characters.

The USA function must return- avalue to the BASIC program, whichwill be printed out by the BASIC in-terpreter, because we are ina PRINTstatement. The last character of thebuffer (which must be a digit) istaken and converted to an integer

in the Y register and passed to Ap-plesoft's integer to floating conver-sion routine (lines 154-161). Thisroutine converts the integer (passedin the A, Y registers) into floatingpoint in the floating paint ac-cumulator, which is Just where weneed it to pass back to BASIC.

Hardware Requirements

This program requires an APPLE1 1 + , and APPLE I I with anApplesoft

October1980

card, or and APPLE II with alanguage card. It will work in anymemory Sizesystem. A disk drive isnot required.

machine language routine, the pro-gram can be used with HAM Ap-plesoft (which loads in at$0800-2FFF). After keying in thecode from figure 2, if you then key in

the code from figure 3, it will runwith RAMApplesoft instead.

If the appropriate changes aremade to the JSR's and JMP in the

Figure 1:Sample Program

]LIST

10 PRINT CHR$(4);"BLOAD EDIT.OBJECTCODE,A$300"

20 POKE 10,76:POKE 11,0:POKE 12,330 EO$="$ , 0.00"40 PRINT "SUB TOTAL ••• M;USR(3495)50 X=12345.·6789960 PRINT "NET TOTAL •••";

USR(INT(·X*100+.5) )70 END

]RUN

SOB TOTAL •••$ 34.95NET TOTAL .•.$12,34S.68

Figure 2: HEX DUMP

0300- AS 52 48 20 34 ED 20 E70308- E3 68 85 52 A9 45 A2 C40310- 85 81 86 82 20 53 EO AD0318- 04 81 98 85 84 88 81 980320- 85 83·88 81 98 C9 10 900328- 02 A9 10 85 DO A8 88 B l0330- 83 99 F O 02 88 10 F a AD0338- 00 89 00 01 F O 03 C8 DO0340- F a A6 DO 88 89 00 01 4.80348- 68 48 C9 20 DO DE BD EF035D- 02 C9 20 90 16 CA DO F O

0358- 68 18 90 35 BD EF 02 C90360- 20 F O D B C9 3A FO EE C90368- 30 90 EA 68 90 EF 02 CA

0370- FD I F c o 00 DO CD E8 180378- 90 10 B D EF 02 C9 24 FO0380- 10 C9 2E B O 05 A9 20 900388- EF 02 CA FO 04 E4 DO 900390- E9 A2 01 BD EF 02 20 5C0398- DB E8 E4 DO 90 F5 SO EF03AO- 02 4 9 30 A8 A9 00 4C F 203AB- E2

MICRO-- The 6502 Journal 29:15



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Skyles Electric Works

Presenting the Skyles MacroTeA

Text EditorTo help you wrlt~ your program, M.al :: foTeA includes a

powerful lex l editor with 34 command tuncncns:

AUTON umbB,~ ii nes nutoena ~eal Iv,

N UM BE P; A~ I cme rlce IIv f en omeer s l in es.

FORMAT Oureurs raxt file in eaev-tc-read toh.Jn"Il]$

COP'¥ " Cooi 9'5; <I' 111"eor '!)rou p o f 111l 1 ;! ' 50c . i l l n E!\Ij ,!

Ioeeucn,

MOVE Mo~, el ine or grol, lp01l ines.to ene.....

tccarlcn. -

DELETE Deletes a line Qr ,g'I; IUO01 line- s,

CLEAR Cle.illr$ the 1ut 'ilE".

PRIN-t Pnrne a rlM Or 9!'"OlJP01 lines 10

the PEi screen

PU T Savas i!I lioB IJ[ 9rou" ot Ii ....s 0 I tee I on

!ne tape 10" easel.

GET Loees a. Prfl'Yiou:slvsaved line or group ot lines

of text hom 1I'i~ ta~j]! tor discI.

DUPL!CATE CoP;~ le~I fi'le modules Ircrn one tape

recorda r to • he orh er . Stop'§: on spec! fie

modu r es t o ; (1111w chaf'lge$ be tore it '1 s d u pt t,

c ar ed . T hi '5 - co mm an d m ak e~ ,i jln u nt lm ite d

hlr"ili,;llh p~ogr.lilm ~IUt FilE! '] prect lcal .

HARD Prin.l$ OI,(ltU!, 'ile on primerASS E MBL E A:'j,:s~bles IE!xt fi le wi f+ t or wi' lhou! ill I i ~ t i 1"19.

A.s:sl9mblyma-y 'til: ~iPe~ined I ·or rhe obj ll !'CI t"tldl!i

t p r o o g r am) i0 be '-EC o rded 0 r plated .i n A AM

rnemcrv

PASS Does second pass [)I eseemb IV _ Another

c o mma rl ld Ihat makes un l im ited re n.O(h Iex·1

I iI~ ,i SQU r ee u nd n l p ra .c 1ica l.

RuN AU"': I; le»ecc resl a. previously esserobrec

program.

SV MaO L,.S Pr in Is OU\ tne S"ymbO<1~ab l e { I~b- el I i le 1_

Fast... Fast AssemblerBriefl,y. the pseudo-ope are:

• BA Com ri'I.and~ I he- a SM!lmb I £II to b elg it i p i <icing aS$~mb Ieel

ead& where ~ndle , ! I" Iad,

• C!:; Com rn3r"1ds !l"Ie auemb I er [ 0 ceer . nue assemb ! V un tess

eel ' ta in se dou$ e rml~ occw . AL I eerc rs are printoo OU. ,

• L S Co rru·l,a~ds Ihe a s s .e m b I e: .f \ 0 : 5- 1r t IU:III·"'J e ewce he)!: I

r ue ! tm m thi~fJOii" ' i too.

• LC Ccrnmancrs the assemeter TO :5-IOP u st source tle){t filelfrom Ihi5 j;lOLnl in tbe pro-gi'"am,

• cr Comma nd_ 'SI I - . r e assemb Iet to coo {irr.r..reh;[l!t $0wee

prog . .am I le '~ t f jl e~ on rape.

• OS Comm a nd 'S I h e e s sem b ler to 510 ro e t h e o b j' E !C . c e d e In

memory.

• OC CQmmCllld'!i: 'Ih.i!!' i ! I '5:sembll l ! lr 10' n ot 'I tore object code In

rnernorv,

• Me Comm an d'S; the eseembler r o SIOf't! !obi ece code et 10C!1i-

tlon dif le r@n. Ircm the teceucn in Which it is . ;m.E!mbl ing.

cblect code,

• S E Commatios . ttl €: .as , -S: f :mble~'to :note a 1" 1 ex e e t!"Jal ad'di'"e:ll_'5:_

• DS Co m m8na~ t h e " ,~e mbler 11;1se I a:5lda a bloc k of ~tO,agl(r_

• 8'1'" Comma n~5 1hi!' .a .s5E!mb f er t o S ID re d<l lC l_

• C E Com mends the- assemb Ier to car cc Ia ee an e :w:u·rnar 1i8:beIeepreeston.

.. 0 I Commends the esaernbler '10 c ad CUl ate an. i'ue",,,al label

i!:xpr,e:s.'Sion.

• EN Intorms till:! asse rnbte r Il 'l< it tl ifs f~ t il e end of Ihe

prog';:Ul'l.

• EJ Ccmmands the assembter roejecr 10 lOOP f ~ 1 Ja .g enPJ"lfiIE!r cOPV.

• SET A dl rec ' ...... nor : i l l pseudo -QP. dhec I e the <lim!!'fl ~el'S: to

redeune the veiue or iii tabet,

SET GilJ@:5;omplete COntrol of tne 'S41'(r and locurloe Mac ,ro A s semb le rot Ihe : te );. t f il e { so c- ce t ue t, label r ile [svmbot

lebil ! '} and re IOGa l ,ablrJ:! -bu HE ! r . T he m arc ro pSI! U do- ops inc' ud e :

DISK G i ve s C o! l! pf & 1 e access 1 0 I h e e r ~ ' lr e o l\DOS

eornrnands:

PUT GET NEW INIT!AL!ZE

D!RECTOR Y COPY DUPLICATE

SCRATCH VALIDATE RENAME

ERROR REPORT

MO

ME

EC

Ttr~~ is '1 macro beginning, tnstruetlon detm.uon.

T tr LSisend of , macrt r ins t rue I ion de f in i t i co ,

Do 1'101OU(pu I m_8cr o- gene ra~w cooe in soun:'"

llatinq,

oe Dutpul m a, c, o· gc ll e . .a red code i n $ o 'V r C 'i ;l !

li5ling,

Enhanced Monitor, By having 16powerful commend s:

A A.!,! tome I F t :: 'M.e!c-rQT~A1:'0.0 start r rg.m Monitor.

Z Autorrl!Hic M~cro"feA wer rn star -t from MQnir,or'.

F loodl from rape object co d E!program.

S:a.VI!:$o (ape ol: ijec , code between !cations

:§ :~ocified.

D Disss.sembies oblec ~code bee k to ! i iQU r C I !; ! ! j iSling'.

M Di:s.f'ev S i r r m emo ry obl ect cOO~Her t ing at ~~Iecred

locat ion. Thtl' normal PEi s cr ee n e dlt r na v be I,I$I;!Qto c t 'r a n .ge t l 1e o'bj.ect code. .

R D l$~ ISYI fn 'e9i 'Ster . Contenl.$ mav be Chi!lll!!Jl!!du-slng

PET -!C -e B" edh C8Pllbi l irles.

... Hu n I~emorv for oil pa rt leu Iij.r QrOu p ct obj OCt

codes.

W AlloW$. you to wal,;k thr 'ough 1h it , ,~og:r2lm eoe : st ,ep

B

et e ume.

Boea.kpo in r to o cc u r .afte ( sj)Jl} Ci iM nu I T!D .e r o rpasses nest specl lied address.

St~r" l o n s pe c i f iE!r; :Jddrees. au it if S T O f ' key Of

bree , " ,po i1"1OCI: urs .

ED!TOtters IUr ! 'I 'beliel l l !Joly po .....rful $E! li rrc-hand replace·

eap2lbil ll . .. , M3r"' lV I~rge 60rnpu I-!!Jg5~em'b'en

1.! Ii t; ! t,; Ihi~ $Ophishc-,iHion. Conditional AssemblerS-E!oiIJfc; 'h~~,I;!,)tt file' tor d~'ili.e:d ~lJi"OL O~H io l ' ) aUy

ptin.u Ihem and oovnts them; I,e-,. tnis .comm.;tl'ld The c:ol1ditron.81 assembly ps.eudo·ops are:

COlJ"IS n "mOe f 01 ~h.!lir:?cter:5.;n IE ;II l . tfile:_

fiND

MANUSC R IPT EI im inates Iin !! n um be l'$ l Or ; F' F li N T 8rrd H AR [)

,com_m,;t l ' ld. Ma~e 'S Mal;:,..r,;:rlil!a.!li 1ruII! a;nd PowJ 9 r -

fu.1 Tex~ Editor ,

BREAK BrE!.i;lk.'5.o Ihi !: MOnitOr poniClI "i of MacroTe:;!.

A returl l !.o Te,M;1:Edi(or wilhoyt 1054 of le :w: : t

hpos.:5iible.

USER fmprOllil!'S QI" t'lIlon. MacroT~ii"S Te:<1 Ediwr

to u5ii!"r":5;n.E! lI! 'd '5.; ··jjo·it·vo",,~sell·· .command.

ES

lEa I' Ihe ~at:rel e)l!p..-es~ion i5 eQue I to :te ro,.

;)u-cmhl e I h i~ bloc k of so y "ce I ;: oo e ~I E!xt flu! 1_

j t ihe 13!:1:I~1e:w:pre~$i on is -not equa l to 21!!l"Q

aS$'embl e 'hi5 bloc k of ' $ :Qu rCE! code I fl!!;I[t ti I I ! !_

i the I "be l e:w:pression is posi I ir"re , as.-s;smbllll this.

'blo~ k_ . of $0 ul"oI ; : e ;OOIP._

I f t he 1 -i !l bi !1 , E ! :W : ~lrol::!s.sIOIl is nrI!gd t iV8 . a s ; !€ :mb le

"hi~ block of source code.

Thi~ is . t ! " i~ ci'ld of a bloc k of $01.Irce o C o o ~ .

Transfers CI'proqrarn O~ ne-t 01 :;I I:;Ir09f'o!!im I rorn one

ll"I-emory E!f "-ea 'o anotha r ,

Goll Run$ mec tu ne IC ln~yage pl""Ogramst""ling 81

- s C ' I ectee I eca tion.

E~iU'ba-ck

toBASIC_

Dilpl~V memory ali d decoded ASC I 'I characters,

p Pac to : ~ fill' memory with s~lifCifjed byte,

T

G

x

what are the otherunique features Of theMacroTeA?• Labels; up to 10 characters in :Iength

• 50 d i ff e re n1svm bois 10 ch 0ose 'fro m for each ehar ecter

• 10, 0 6 1 dif terent labels possible

• Create ex e cu t able object code in rnemory or

store on tape

.' Text e·ditor may be 'U sed f or compos i flg lerte rs,

rnanuscriptr, etc.

• Text m,a,y b e - loaded and stored frorn tape or disc

• Power fu l two- c.a ss et te duplicator functi,on

• Su; ng ..,ar ch capab,l iv• M a C f' O S: m a y be ne So t E! !d ~ 2 d ee p

• 25 A .'S ,'SE lble r psuadorOPs.

• 5 C o n d i ti Of'! 1 3 1 1 s s - e m bl er p:s:uedo-op:s

• 40 Error codes to p inpo in t p robl ems

• 1:6Error ,codesrelated to Mat:ro~

• W arm ~:s t.a.rt bu tton

• Enhanced monitor with l' 6 comm.r;lnds:

'NE

IPL

IM I

....a complete_ly solid state firmware system ....all in ROM and RAM. Notapes to load. The system isavailable from the time you turn on your PET tothe time you shut it off,

15chips ona single high quality printed circuit board; interfaces with PET'sparallel address and data bus or with Skyles Memory Adapter. Acomprehensive 170 page manual is included

Truly, there is simply no other system of this magnitude at anywhere nearthis price. $395.00"

·California residenls· please add 6% or 6.5% sales lax as required

VISA, MASTERCHARGE ORDERSCALL (800) 538-3083 (except California residents)

CALIFORNIA ORDERSPLEASE CALL (408) 257·9140

1

251 E South Whis.man Road

Skyles Electric Works Mountain View, CA 94041. . (415) 965-1755 _



Define Your Own Function Key on PET

~~"'''''''''''''''''''~~'''~If there is a commonly used BASIC function which you

would like to be able to call easily from the keyboard,

then use the program provided here and see how easy itreally is.~ . . . . . .

The following small program"Function Key" enables you to

define your own command using thekey &. The definition of the com-mand Is stored In the secondcassette buffer and is avai.lable aslong as PET is not switched off, oruntil the command is defined new.

Using the Program

Load and run the program Func-tion Key. Ustng 1 is for the newROMs and listing 2 is for the oldROMs. The program asks you for

your command definition. You entera BASIC program line for example:

?"THE TIME IS NOW" TI$

The line should not contain morethan 77 characters, as usual for a

FU tK :T I O t·~ KE 'T 'L IST ING 1 N E W R O M

BASIC program line. Thenyou press

"RETURN" and your command Is

defined.

Now whenever you press & ,

followed by RETURN,your specialcommand is executed. In our exam-ple, the time will be printed. It is alsopossible to use the command in a

program. In the same way as PETexecutes a PRINTwhenever it findsa ?, it will execute your command onthe occurence of the & . The newcommand does not disturb any ofthe other functions of your PET,unless you own a floppy disk

system. In this case the programmust be changed slightly.

Program Description

Eventhough the program is short

Werner KolbeHardstr.77

CH 5432 NeuenhofSwitzerland

its operation is complex. The princi-

ple is as follows: Your BASIC code

is inserted as line 0 in the program.It is then shifted into the secondcassette buffer starting at dec. 895.

A second line containing a SYS 870is added. Then a loop is inserted in-to PET'sCHARGETroutine to see ifthe character & occurs. If an & wasfound the registers and polnters aresaved and then the processor is setto the "execute a line routine",where the code pointer is set to theplace dec. 895. As the code endswith a SYS870, a Jump back to themachine code is executed where the

registers and pointers are restoredbefore normal operation goes on.

I added a disassembly of themachine code (old ROMs) for thosewho want to understand the wholeprogram In more detail (listing 3).

5 PF.:I ur ":1"10 FORI=813T0890:READK:POKEI.K:NEXT20 OPE t·~1 . . (1 : PF. :I tH" E t H E F . : 'T 'OUR FUtH I ot·~ I II4 0 PRI t'H"f1: ".;4 5 G ET AS: PRI NT AS; : IF AS( )C HR$ (1 3)T HEN 4550 P R I tH" 1 : :;'T 'S :3 70 " : PR I t-n "GOT06(1 ;; 3 " . ;55 POKE158.3 :FORI=623T0625:POKEIJ13 :NEXT:END6 0 F O R I = 8 9 5 T 0 9 9 5 : A = P E E K ( I + 1 3 4 ) : P O K E I . A : N E X T7(1 S 'T 'S81 : ;, ,: t ·~BJ500 D A T A I 6 9,7 6. 133.1 1 2. 1 6 9.58, 133.1 1 3,1 6 9.3, 133,1 1 4 ,9 6510 DATA230.119,208.2,230.120.32.118.0.201.38.240.3.76.118.0.1405 1 5 D A T R25 4 ,3. 1 4 2.253.3. 1 6 5.1 1 9.133. 1.1 6 5. 1 20. 133.2. 186. 13 4.0. 1 6 9520 D A T A 1 27.133. 1 1 9.1 6 9.3. 133.1 20,7 6,24 7. 198.1 6 6 . 0.1 5 4 , 1 6 5.1. 133. 1 1 9

R E A I I ' T ' .

October 1980 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 29:19



F I_ I~KT ION I < E ' y 'LISTING 2 OLD ROM

5 PF.:It ·HII:')"

10 FORI=8 13T0890:R EAD K:PO KEI. K:NEX T20 OPEH1 .'1 : PF.:t H" EtnEF~ 'T 'OU RFU NC T Iot·~4 0 F'F.:INT"[1: II.;

4 5 GETA$:PRINTA$; : I F A $ ()CHR$ ( 13)THEN 45~ C " 1 P R I H T II1 S ' y ' : : ; : : : 7 ~ ).: P F . : t-n IIGOT060!:i" .;

55 P O K E 52 5 , 3 : F O R I =5 2 7 T 0 5 2 9 : P O K E I . 1 3 : N E X T : E N D60 FORl=895T0995:A=PEEK(I+134):POKEI.A:NEXT7 0 ::;'T'::;813:E1'~50 0 D ATAI 69,76. 133, 194. 169,58, 133, 19 5. 169.3. 133, 19 6.9 65 1 0 DATR230,201.208.2.230.202.32.200.0.201.38.240.3.76.200.0.140515 DATA254.3.142,253,3.165,201,133.1.165.202.133.2,186.134.0.169520 DATR127.133.201.169.3.133.202,76.233.198.166.0.154.165.1.133.201

F . :A I I ' r '

Listing 3

:32D Fl9 4C:32F :::5 [:23~:1 A9 38

LDA = 4 C;:;T8 21L I l A = 3 A: ' : : T A2LDA = 0 : ~ :STR 2 3RTSH1C 24:B t'~ E L 1It·~C: 25J : : : F . : .J2

( : t o w =26BEe! L~:Jt'1P . . 1 : : : : :S1'T ' l,n:':;T;:·::l'~2

L I l A 24: : : : T A 26LIlA Z5:: ; TRL...

335 A9 03:~::~:,7E~5 [: 4

339 603:~:AE6 C933C D0 0233E E6 CR:340 2t1 C:: 00 Ll

~345~:::47

C9 26FO 0~:4C C::: ~j(18e F E 038E FD 03A5 C9:'::5 01A5 CA

L':'_,I34834 D350;;:52: = : 5 4

:356 : : : 5 (12

358 BA

~!5B

35I1

86 008 9 7 F

: ' : : T ) < ZEROLIlA =7F

STA 24L D A = 0 3STA 2 5. . . T t1 P . J 4i . n x 2EF~O

:35 C:935F 8 9 f G361 85 CA36 3 4 C E9 C 6~:66 Fr6 (11]

36:3 9R T·····-·",,~,

369 A5 01~: 6 B 85 C936 D F I5 0236 F 85 CA: : : 7 1 A C FE ( 1 : 3

374 AE F D 83377 4 C 3A 0337R (1[1

LIlA 26

:::TA 24LDA Z7~3TA 25L I l ' T ' H Ii . n x 1 · J 2

.JNP ._I5

BF~ I<

Change the first 3

bytes of the CHRGET

routine to

JMP 033A

Get character

&7

no. return

save registers and

stack pointer

execute shifted pgm

restore everything

go on

/

MICRO's FIRST ANNUALLimerick Contest Winner

The votes are in and we have a

winnerl Art CaFpet of Canyon

Co untry, CalifornIa wins a year's

free subscription to MICRO fOl his

winning entry:

"There was a young hacker namedDrew

Who programmed all day andnight too.

By morning 'twas done

But he didn't type runThe poor little guy entered new."

Our congratulations to Mr .

Carpet and our thanks to a/l who

entered andlor voted in this, our

first, Limerick Contest.

\..~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii"



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An Improved Morse Code Receive Routineand Interface

. . . . . . . . . . . . .~~~~""Here are hardware and software enhancements to the

article that appeared in Feb 1980 (21:19). The materi.alcontains information on interfacing to a 6522 VIA that isindependent of the ham radio application .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " "~"" " " " " " " "~ . . . . . . . . . . . . .~

In the February 1980 issue of

MICRO (21:19)we described a pro-gram that used the AIM 65 keyboardto send Morse code and the AIM 6520-character display to outputreceived Morse code. The interfacecircuit that was used to interfaeethe receiver to the transmitter forthe purposes of receiving Morsecode used an LM567 tone decoder.It appears from the feedback that Ihave received that the LM567 hassuch a narrow bandwidth that it isdifficult to tune the received signal.What follows is adifferent approachto a receive routine, and a differentinterface. The program should beof

interest to any computer owner who

has a 6522 VIA in his system, notsimply AIM 65 owners. With a fewmodifications, given in the Appen-dix, it can be used with the programdescribed in the February issue of

MICRO.

We begin by describing the newinterface circuit that was used. Itsfunction is to change the sine waveaudio output from the" receiver topulses that have the shape of asquare wave. These pulses arecounted by the T2counter/timer onthe 6522. The interface circuit is

shown in Figure 1.The LM386 acts

Figure 1: Interface circuit between the receiverand PB6, the pulse counting pin.

October" 1980 MICRO -- The 6502 Journal

Marvin L. DeJongDept. of Math & PhysicsThe School of the OzarksPoint Lookout, MO 65726

as an audio amplifier, while the 555

is configured as a Schmitt trigger.The gain control on the receiver andthe 10K potentiometer in the inter-face circuit are adjusted to give acomfortable listening level while theLEDin the circuit in Figure 1 flashesonly occasionally when no tone ispresent. That is, the noise levelshould be kept between the triggerthresholds of V a v c and %Vc on the555 timer. When a tone from atransmitting station is in the pass-band of the reciever, the 555 shouldtoggle back and forth at the samefrequency as the tone input, produc-

ing a squarewave input on P86, and

+5 V

270

29:23



the LED will glow. These squarewave pulses are counted by the T2counter/timer. Counting noisepulses and static crashes (ORN)willproduce various forms of uselessand meaningless output, so keepthe gain controls low enough to r e oject most of the noise. Best racep-

tlon is obtained with a good sharpaudio filter and just enough gain to

detect the tone but not the noise.

The program is given in Listing 1 ..

The part of the listing with corn-ments is the basic code receptionprogram that can be used with anymicrocomputer havlnq a 6522 VIAand some kind of output devicesuch as a teleprinter or a videomonitor. Provided the subroutinejumps are modified accordingly, thecommented program and suo-routines are relocatable. TheMorse·

ASC'II look-up table must also beloaded for the receive routine towork, and you must provide asuitable output routine that takesan ASCII character in the ac-

cumulator and outputs it. This is theJSROUTCH instruction at $07BE. Ifyou have an AIM 65, use thesubroutines listedl in the AIM 65 for-mat, which may also be relocated.

The receive routine autornatlcallysets the code speed and will copyup 10 about 70 words per minute.Speeds less than about 20 words

per minute do not work very wellbecause the locations that hold thevarious character length parametersoverflow. The comments shouldmake the general flow of the pro-gram clear. Basically, the T2counter/timer counts pulses fromth.e receiver. If a pulse is notcounted, a space counter (SPACE)isincremented at a 750 Hz rate. ThUS,the receive routine returns tosubroutine COUNTonce every 1/750second. If a pulse has beencounted,MARK is incremented, otherwiseSPAGE is incremented. Refer to thelIsting to see that in STATEl the pro-

g.ram is waiting for a mark ofsuffi ctent length (3,4 of the dotlength) to appear. When it does, theprogram makes the transition toSTATE2, where it waits for thespace counter to reach % the dotlength. At this time it is assumed

that the mark has been completedand the program jumps to STATE3

where it is decided whether themark was a dot or a dash. Thecharacter register is modifiedaccordingly, and the calibration

29:24

Listing f: Morse code receive routine.

cPOO GO START GLD

OFOI A9 20 L O A $20

oro) B O OB AO STA A O R

QfD6 B S 00 STA ooT

0F08 B 5 e o STA HARK

OPCwl78 SEt

OFOB 20 AC OF JSR C A L

OFOE A9 01LO A

$01OFIO as O A STA CHAR

0F12 20 SO cP JSR TIMffi

OFl, A9 00 STATE! LO A $00

OF!? 85 O B RP T STA SPACE

OF19 85 o c STA M A R K

OFIB 20 B B OF CN1' JS R COOt.lT

OFlE A5 ex ; LOA I - I A R K

01'20 C 5 OF eM P }/4DDTQF22 130 08 re s STATE2

OF24 AS 08 L D A SPACE

on6 C5 OD C~!P D O T

OF"28 BO EB ec s STATE!

om 90 EF O C C csrOF2C A900 STATE2 LDA $00

OF2E 85 OB STA SPACE

oho 20 88 OF MORE JSR COUNT

OFJ} A5 OB LOA SPACE

OFJ5 C5 OE CMF' J/200TOF37 90 1 < ' 7 OCC ~~ORE

OF}9 06 C b l . STATE} ASL GIi.IIROF}B A5 e x: LDA HARK

OFJD C·5 12 CMP 200T

OFJF 90 OC OCC A f l N D

OF41 E6 0 1 \ INC CfWl.

OF43 4 A LSRA

OF4J. 4A LSR A

OF45 8,5 OC STA l'""RK

01'47 4A LSi/. A

OF48 18 CL C

OF49 65 c c ADC MARK

OF4B 85 O G STA MARK

OFl,D 20 AC Of' AflND JSfl CAL

OF50 119 00 LDA $00

OF;,2 85 D C STA I < \ A R K

OF54 2088 O F WIIF JSR COUNT

OF5? A 5 O G LO A MIlKOF59 0.5 OF e M P 3/umOF5B SO CF OCS STATE<!

O1'5D A5 DB LOA SPACE

O1'5F C5 12 Ct1P 200TOF6L 90 F1 OCC LOA'" . . . .OF63 2000 OE JSf l SPWl

oP66 119 01 LD A $01

0F"68 85 OI l SrA CHAR

OFM 20 88 OF WITIR JSR COUNT

OF60 A5 O G L D A MA.RK

ot"6F C5 OF CM!' ) /1P1fO f 7 1 BO 89 re s STATE2

OF7} A5 08 LIlA SPACE

OP'75 G5 I} eMP 5 1 1 0 1 '

OF7790 fl re c WITER

0F1920 B6 C f/ JSR OOTPlJT

O1'7G A9 00 LDA $00.0nE FO 97 SE Q RP T

~x·**~**

SUBROOTT-!E TIlIDt

OFSO A9 A7 TIMER LD A $117

OFS2 e n 95 A4 STA TIME/SOFB5 AD 08 AO L D A. ' t2 C L

01'88 85 H I STA STOREOFM 60 RTS

* *~ * * * * * * * * * , * 'SUBROUTINE COUNT

OF8B 58 COl!!T CLIOF${: 78 SEI

OF8D 2C 97 AI, WAIT BIT T M F L A O

OF90 10 FB BPL WAIT

OF92 38 sa:OF9} AS 18 L D A STORE

OF95 EDOB AD S O C " l ' 2 G L01"98 85 19 BTA TEMP

O1'9A 2080 OF JSR TIMER

OF9D A5 19 LDA TEMP

OF9F FO 08 SEQ AIlEl1

OFAI 18 e u : :O1 'A2 65 o c A D C M A R KO F A I . 85 O G STA MARK

MICRO ~~The 6502 Journal

Clear dec irm), mode for all additions.

Set up 1'2 counter/timer to count, pulses

by loading the I I C R of the 6522 with $20.

Also ini ti al ize d ot c ou nt er · to $20, an d""'rk count-er- to $20.

Do not allow i:nte r-rupt s to bot her- this.

rout.ana, Before st.a rting to rec:e'i ve i'

calibrate ~he various registers.Initialize the cha ra ct.er registB r to $01.

Jump to start space timer.

Clear mark and space counters.

t-!e"t ~"will jurnp to s ub r out, i:ne COUNT

to increment the number of pulses fro,"

the receiver that have been detected.

If'the pulaea have exceeded 3/4 those

i:n DOT, a rra r-k has been detected. Then

jl.llllP to STUE2 to ",,"it for ... space.

It space count.er' exceeds one dot, start

over In STA.TEl.Otherwise I continue count ing ma.t-ka and

spaces ..Begi:n STAT·E2 by c Lear Ing space count.er-,

Then c ount, marks and space S• When 5PACE

exceeds 1/2 'iDt. lengt h , then s pa c e Ita sbe en det, e cted . Go to 5T 1 \TE3 • athe'rwls e

count some m ore4

A mark element has been detected, s'hittcharacter register left. If the mark

length €xceeded 2 dots, then it " " "8 a dash.

If a dot, do not put a One in CfWl..

rr a dash, add a one to the character register.

Canve rt, the dash length to a dot by multply in;

by 3/8.

J"",p to ce.Li.brat.dcn routine to update

a lrt.oma tic ca Hbra tion af DOT.

Clear mal'k count er-,

St.a rt C01..'nt in!,: ae D Ln. , Tf a new rno.rk is

detected, go to STATF2. Otherwise ""it

fora cha re ct.e r space.

Has space exce ednd 2DOT? That.' S II

enare ct.er- space so output t.he character.o the rwi se J r.et um to C Q un t some more ..

Subroutine speed ",,,,,,suresthe speed and

out.put,s t he speed and the new cha raet.er ,

Res&t the character register.

Then ~ ..H for more pul.se s and spaces.

Has a new mark been detected. If so,

jump to STATE2.

Does space exceed 5OOT. If so, a

"'"rd .5pa ce has be en dete cted.

Out put t-he word s pa ce •

Clear accumulator .

Back to STATEl •

Load divi.d-by~eight. timer fo.'" 16?

ccunt s, or 1}36 " ,icros~co,,< ls <. 1/750_

Fa!· lOOOfiz tone us e $7il rather than. $.A 7 ,

Read T~ count.er a'1<1 S t.ure.Th en ret urn ~

Allow en interrupt here (for author'ssend routine.) -

fIa s t 1me r timed-out?

No. Then ",it.

Yes. Then C ount the pulses that ha va

been detected by T2.'

Save pulse courrt here for a moment.

Start. the timer again.

Get the pulse count again.

Ifno pulses. then increment space

counter. If pul.s es , then add the

number- to JdJlRK.

October 1980



OFA6 18 C LC

OFA7 90 C '! BCCDE .1 'OO R

OFA 9 E6 oa AHnl INc SPACE Increment space counter if no pulses

~ lF AB 60 DE I'O IJR RTS detec ted , then back to the program.

**Chan~.e th:is to JSR OUTPUT (20 B6 en ) if you do not have an A IM 65.

O FA C 46 0 : : : CAL LSR MARK Divide Ms. rk by :2.

OFAE A 5 O D L D A ! lOT Get pre rious D O T .

OFao 46 OD LSR ! lOT Divide previous DOT by 2.OFB2 18 CLC

OFll3 65 O C ADC MARKOF 'B 5 18 C LC

OF 'B6 6 5 O D A D C ! lOT

OFB8 4 f t . LSR A

OFB9 C9 OF e M ? SOF

OFBB BO 02 OCS SKIP

O FB D .1.9 OF LOA SOF

OFBF 85 OD SK IP STP . !lOT

OFC I CA ASL A

0l'C2 85 12 STA 2!lOT

O FC4 OA ASL A

oPeS 16 CLC

OFc6 65 00 ADC DO T

OFC8 85 13 STA 500TOF 'C A A 5 OD lDA DOT

O F C C L~ L S R A

O FCD 85 O E STA 1 /2ooT

OFCF 4 f t . LSR A

OFllO 65 DE ADC 1/200T

OF .D2 85 OF STA 3/4IXJT

OFD460 RTS

enB6 .1.5 OA0788 09 8007'i!A .1.8

07BB B9 00 0407BE 20 72 06Ole! 20 60 0607C 4 60

« - . . . . . . Ji i C . . _ 1 I i . M .Jfi****'*

S UffiO OT IN E O UT PU T

L D A C H A R

ORA$80TA Y

L O A TAB ,Y

JSR OUTCIIJSR DISPRT S

OUTPUT

routine is called to update the dotlength. The program then walts untila new mark is received, or if thespace counter reaches twice the dotlength then a character is printed. If

a new mark is received the programjumps back to STATE2. When thespace counter reaches five time thedot length, a word space Is printed,and the program jumps back toSTATE1.

AIM 65 users will want to usesubroutine SPEEDwhere it is called,while other microcomputer ownerswill use subroutine OUTPUTat thispoint. Subroutine SPEED convertsthe dot length to a code speed inwords per minute and displays this

number on the left-most digits onthe AIM 65 display. Remember, thisis only a crude approximation to theexact speed, unless your CWoutputtone on your receiver is exactly 750Hz. The subroutine TIMER is set fora period corresponding to the periodof the tone from the receiver. Thebyte given at $OF81corresponds to

1333microseconds, the period of a750 Hz tone. This byte may bemodified to be equal to the period ofsome other tone frequency If your

October 1980

Skip a.I'Oundsp"ce increment. instruct ions.

i lO'I ' pl.us M A R K / 2 .DOT pfus M.~RK/2 plus ooT/2.

New OOT ~ 3 /4 DOT plus 1 /4 MARK

Is lIew DOT too shon (noise proble""') \

Yes, use $OF as minimum OOTlength.

We ha~ a n.ew DOT length.Calculat.e 200T.

Calculate 5 I J O T .

Calculate 1/2ooT.

Calculate 3/4OOT.

Get contents of character register.

Put. a one in bit seven.Transf'e r this to the Y regis te rand

look up the ASCII code in the look-up

table. Use your OtIll subroutine to

output the ASCII character to your

output device (teleprinter or CRT).

The routines here are for the A IM 65.

receiver has a different tone fre-quency.

Appendix

To use this program with thesendlrecelve program in the Feb.1980 issue of MICRO, make thefollowing changes in the listing

given there, in addition to loadingthe program and subroutines listedhere:

$60 instead of $40$00 instead of $20$OF instead of $08$OF05$EA, $EA, $EA InListing 1 In this article.Use the subroutine givenin Listing 1.

I would really like to hear from

someone who makes a comparisonbetween the program and interfacedescribed here and the one describ-ed in the earlier article in MICRO.

The program described here is anovel approach, intended to bemoreimmune to nolse, and has workedvery well for me. But I would like to

hear from you if you have any sug-gestions, Improvements or crltl-cisms.

$0575$0655$0656$OF03

$0786

MICRO -- The 8502 Journel

AIM·65 output subroutines

066C

CC7~·~ : : : ._ .=

~}67A

A R i A > : :D ~ E ~ : <

BPL

0678 9D 5TR R438.X

0634

069B

CA

CA

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29:25



Subroutine Speed

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A N Dj-': r-r . _ ,. ! ,. . ,. . .. ; . . .. . .

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0t:43

MORSE·ASCII Look·UpTlble

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4A

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P EE K- 65 : " ... goes far enough to hold the In-terest of advanced programmers "

All statements and commands are explained. loops.Arrays. Bugs. Tapes. BASIC, Auto-load and

homemade.USR(X).Floating Point. Variable tables. Binary Siruc-

ture of Source Code. Maps 01 pages $00, 01,02, FE,

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Undedicating a Dedicated Microcomputer

Some valuable ideas are presented here toward develop-ing a time-shared process controller.

Introduction

Programs which use microcom-puters for dedicated control oftenhave two problems, One problem islack of flexibility. Because the pro-grams are either stored in EPROMor else they must be reassembledand reloaded into RAM, the controlroutines are difficult to change. Asecond problem is that the controlroutines can tie up the whole com-puter for only one dedicated ap-plication. While working on a pro-ject at Rensselaer Polytechnic In-stitute Ihavedeveloped a dedicatedcontroller that solves both of these

problems.

Background

The project at RPI is the develop-ment of a solar energycollector. See

Figure 1. The collector is a Fresnelreflecting concentrator whichredirects solar power to a monotubeboiler where cold water absorbs thesolar energy and becomes hotsteam. In order to keep the concen-trated sunlight in the boller, thistype of collector follows the sunacross the sky bymeans of two rota-

tion axes. When the sun Is out, this2-axis tracking of the sun isstraightforward and can be done

with discrete logic without amicrocomputer. Often, however, the

sun is not out for variable portionsof the day, and while it is behindclouds, it continues its motionacross the sky.Whenthe sun comes

out again the collector is no longeraimed at the sun, and therefore thecollector must have a large, highpower, expensive motor andlor take

October1980

a long time to reposition itselftoward the sun. A microcomputer,

however, can easily track the sunwhile it is behind clouds thus allow-ing the use of small, inexpensive,low power tracking motors. This ar-ticle describes how a dedicatedmicrocomputer is configured.

The System Hardware

The system could reside on a onechip micro but is currently made upof a KIM-1,a MemoryPlus and an in-house interface board. The interfaceboard has a 16 channel B-blt AiDconverter (see Joe William's article

in MICRO 12:25) and digital I/Odrivers and logic. The Memory Plus

David Borton4 Kenworth Ave.Troy. NY 12180

provides 1 /0 lines, sockets forEPROMand RAM for data.

Another KIM and Memory Pluswith an EPROM version of theMicroADE assembler are connected

to a Teletype 43 for programdevelopment, testing and EPROMprograming. Assembled programsare easily tested in RAM since thedevelopment system is almost iden-tical to the control system. Sourceprograms are stored on cassettetape for revisions.

The Implementation

The control program is made ofmodules of code in EPROM and

MICRO-- The 6502 Journal

Figure 1

29:27



uses the non-maskab!e interrupt. Itconsists of two parts: the part thatcontrols the position of the solarcollector is the interrupt routine; themain loop part provides for otheruses of the computer and interac-tively monitors the collector and/orthe computer.

Interrupt Service

The non-maskable interrupt(NMI)is wired to the timer in one of theKIM 6530 chips. Every '/ 4 second,when the timer times out, the inter-rupt service routine Isexecuted. Seefigure 2. This routine is made ofmodular sections, each of whichperforms some function. The firstsection of the NMI routine is aclock. This section fine tunes the 1 1 4second interrupt and keeps track ofdays as well as hours, minutes and

seconds.

One of the NMI routine sectionsperforms the AID conversions. aswell as the I/O functions of sensingthe sun and turning on and offmotors and indicators. Another sec-tion actually makes the control deci-sions which the I/O section carries

out.

All the sections are in EPROMand end with a 'Jump Indirect' in-struction. This instruction solvesthe first problem mentioned above,that of inflexible dedicated con-trollers. The difficulty is overcomebecause the RAM zero pagepainters used by the jump indirectinstruction can point to any otherfunction module to be included inthe routine. Each section ends witha jump indirect pointing to the nextsection and so on, until the last sec-

Figure 2

tion paints to the code that restoresthe x, y and p registers and performsa 'Return from Interrupt'(ATI).

Main Loop

Themain loop program (seefigure

3. ) is constructed in a way whichsolves the second problem, that oftying up the whole computer withjust the control functions. The keyto solving the problem is a keyboardmonitor which allows otherunrelated functions to be time-shared with the control functions.The keyboard monitor can select for

display anyof the AIDchannels, .thesolar collector posltlon, or the timeof day. In addition, one of the unus-ed analog inputs can be connected

and monitored to use the rnicrocom-puter as a digital voltmeter.

The keyboard monitor can alsoselect a jump to the KIM monitor.The KIM monitor can be used to

I n i t i a l i z e J MA IN LOOPII

K e y b o a r d -~M o n i t o r

I K I M M o n i t o rF u n c t i o n a n d / o rD i s p l a y p r o g r a m s

I - -- -_j

Figure 3

Non-Maskable

Interrupt

Routine

enter or look at data or programsand even run other unrelated pro-grams (including programs that usethe IRQ the maskable interrupt)while th~ dedicated controller is us-

ing the NMI and controlling thesoJar collector.

Cautions

There are minor hazards con-nected with having a flexible, time-shared dedicated controller. For ex-ample, a problem can occur when aprogram running on the systemcrashes, because, of course,pushing 'reset' stops the NMI clocktimer. However, stopping the clockis not too serious a problembecause with a warm restart of the

control main loop, the clock will on-ly lose a couple seconds, and it canbe corrected at any time.

The warm restart is an Importantpart of the initialization of the pro-gram. The original initialization setsup the NMI vector, the initialchoices for the jump indirectpolnters, the 11 0 ports and alsostarts the clock timer. By setting upthe 11 0 and starting the timer at theend of the initialization a warmrestart here will not change thingslike the time of the date or the jump

indirect pointers that were correctbefore reset was pushed.

Conclusion

It is possible to program adedicated controller which not onlyis flexible in what it does but,through time-sharing, can be usedfor other functions ( and even act asadigital voltmeter) while it is perter-ming as a dedicated controller.

' "



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A "Stop·On·Address" Routine for KIM

This very useful subroutine allows the user to debug

more efficiently through the use of a trap, which will

stop on a specified address.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In the midst of debuggingmachinecode for the KiM-1,it is thisauthor's common practice to insert

jumps to the monitor or breaks atstrategic points in the program, andthen start execution from the begin-ning_This is usually quite useful fortracing through a program to seewhat has happened to the outputthat was supposed to appear. Thereare two main problems with. thistechnique however:

1. You have to write down thecontents of where you areplacing the breakpoint andthen return the contentslater,

2 . The methOd is not usablefor investigating a ROMorPROM.

A Solution

One means of getting aroundthese difficulties is to use a tracerprogram. This can be accomplishedquite easily by us.ing a hardware

timer, operating in the i.nterruplmode (eg. ref. 1), to cause an inter-rupt during every instruction until aspecified end address is reached.

For KIM this is Simple, since oneneed only duplicate the monitor'ssingle-step routine (to handle the in-terrupts) with the addition of settingup the timer to interrupt duri.ngeveryi nstruction.

The Program

The program (listing 1) uses theKIM monitor page zero locations tosaveall reqlsters. This allows you tosingle step from the selected ad-dress once the routine has

29:30

R. MacDonald45 Charles Tupper Drive

Westhill, OntarioM1C 2A8

operated. Register contents are in-spected In the same manner assingle step operation. As usual,

pushing PCreturns the next addresstobe executed.

ecuted (this is notnecessary following singlestep operation).

3. Place the END ADDRESSat ENOL ($1780) and ENDH($1781).

4. Execute from START($1782).

To use the program do the follow-ing:

1. Set the vector for singlestep operation.

2. Set up PCl, PCH with theFIRSTADDRESS to be ex-

The program stops on theselected address (before executingit).

0010: !ITOI ' c . : . ; ADLoRESS fCIl. Kll1

0010: RIC~ I '. AC t:G NALO

OuJO:0040: L7['1. I 'LL

' "$ ' ) O E r Hh M ., ," IT( ;h . PAGE HI\.O

0')50: l7De PCh '" S O O E O EC.UA!ES

O O b O : 1 7 . I . > C 1 ' 1 \ . I::G '" ~oaFl0010: 17[,1. S f U SE R ' " SOGEZ

O O b O : 17DC ilce '" saODa o ~ o : 1 7 C C \ I < E < . "It SOOf40100: 11UC i . .&EG '" ~OOf5

OliO: I I L e f'CIJl.TL ' " ~OOEA

o r z o . Lnc POiHb ' " ~ ) O E f j

0130;

0140 : 17CC tll1CLR : I i " $1704 S T { ' P TU.£R A [ : L a E S S

0150.: 11[Jr.; I lMIET : I i " ~LNc START !It":UI. ~DkES!>

0160:

0170; 11bO {'RG $171:.0

0.1.&0;

0190: 1 1 1 : 1 0 00 El 'o lH. sa o ! lTGRA{ 'E fL R E I \ I l A L D I \E S S

0200: Ubi 00 E I \ C H $00

Olto:

01l0: I1t.2 ,,9 ill S I A l \ ! LMl.l'! t ! < . c . SETUP Hi.r. 'vECrc,R

01jO: 17M Hi a: 17 ST A SInE

OJ40: 171:17 A 7 17 LDAH I IR G / hIGh A! i tRESS

025'0: In; tD FF 1.7 SI A H7H

02.bO;

0270: 17bC A t> F2 A ( ,AU . LDXZ SPU~EI( WAD S TACK f O H . T E . k

021:10: 17b6; ~A T XS

02'10: 17M' 1 ' 1 . 6 F5 L!Jx2. XREG LOAD xOjOO: 1791 A 4 F4 LDYZ \ I<£G LeAD 'I

0310: 17~J 58 e L I EN .AbLE lR~

OJlO: lIS4 AS 11 LDAl.t. Sil SET 11.~.Ek 1 ( ; lHHd!P!

0330: J:l~b bL o c 1 7 STA TUISET tt- 17. (YelE"Oj40: n7 ~ AS fl HAZ PkEG t c - A D STA lL 'S




For executing through a loop anumberof times, pick an address inthe loop to stop on and initializeLOOP(at $170B) to the number oftimes through the loop required.

Notes

1. The single step switchmust beottl

2. PB7 must be connected to.IRQ.

3. The proqrarrrfits quite nice-ly in the KIM ROM scratch-pad area but is fu Ily

relocatable.

4. The routine is easilyrnodtfted to step on anyregister or memory Iocatlonequal to . a given value. Justreplace "conditions 1 and2" in the pregram with theappropriate test loqic,

References

1. Larry Fish, Kilobaud #8,August1977, p. 112. "Troubleshoot YourSoftware" A trace program fer aTIMbased 6502 system.

2. KIM-1 User Manual, MOS

recnnotocy.

0350: 17SE 4b

0]60, 1I9C ,;5 FJ

OJ70: 17~E 2!l

0300: 179. ec EF 00

03!i!):

0400; 17A2 c5 F3

0410: 17A4 66

0420: 17A5 to) f 1

01130; 17 A7 6e

0440: 17Ao 05 EF

045'): 17M 05 fA

04cO: 17.AL 61)

04 7 rJ : 17AD 05 FO

0400: 17Ar 85 FB

0490; 17M e4 F4

0500: 17~3 06 F5

0510: l7bS bA

0520: 1 786 b b fl05]0: L 7£i8 I:>D04 17

0540; 17h~ A D 60 1 7

0550: 17bE £.A

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0570: 17Ll DO C,05eO: 17c.3 A D bl 17

0590: J 7(.6 EA

0600: 17C7 C5 FO

0610: 17C9 LO C10620; J7Cb A D D~ 17

06JO; J7Cl U O 03

0640: 17LO 4C 16 IC

0650:

0660; 171d CE Db 17

0670: 17D6 D O 04

06bO; 17De 4L 16 Ie

0690:

0700; 17D5 00

0710;

0720:

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Tiny Pilot Complemental (co- Pilot)

A modlflcat.lon to Tiny Pilot which Improves the "Match"statement.

Robert Schultz231 West Duvall StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19144

As soon as I installed the first 4Kadditional memory in my KIM, Ifigured that the time was right to trymy hand at programming insomething other than assemblylanguage.The Tiny Pilot interpreter,written 'by Nicholas Vrtis, that ap-peared in MICRO,September 1979(16:41),looked good. It is written forthe SYM, but Bob Applegate's sug-gestions in MICRO,. Feburary

1980 (21:41),helped me get it run-

ni.ngon my system.

lit is a fun language! But, to my

disappointment, I discovered thatthe "Match" statement would onlymatch the first word input into theaccept field. For example, I was try-ing to get the program to match i f

the word "wrong" were typed by theperson using the program. If he orshe typed "wrong" it would match,but if "you arewrong" were typed, itwouldn't match.

I made a modification to the TinyPilot interpreter to remedy thisshortcoming. This modification fitsin the space in KIM's upper RAM

rig hi bahind App lega te' silOroutines.

Here's how it works. The inter-preter enters the old "Match"routine..If amatch is made, fine, theinterpreter goes on to the nextroutine. If no match islound, themodifications prevent the old"Match" routine from giving up thateasily.

The modification routine looks forthe first ASCII "space" in the accept

29:32

0 0 1 0 : Ilt.Y PILCT ~,C[) 1F teA !leNO O W : ! t C . I IE R . " IC hU E . .

O O J O :

0 0 4 0 : "ClJ-P tLG lit

0 0 5 0 :

O O b O : ins ~L G "I f ~ O O l ) l

OG7Q:: L7D5 t.0MD * $').)'1",

O O e O : 17[,) ClUTCb "I f ~Lf .AO 1 1 . 1 1 - 1 C U T " U T ( ' h A R A C ! F : . H

o o s o : 1 1 1 1 5 ( ' e T C h * ~lE5A II.U, u , ' " U ! UtAki..L TE!'.

0 1 0 0 : l7u5 C I < . L . f * H E l F l < . 1 1 - 1 ( .A kR L \ .( ,E KE! L'Rt./ L t l>EEEED

0 1 1 0 : O J . 5 J C , R G ~ O J 5 J l I E 1 1 ' < 10 EAlSI1t;G P F . L G 1 < A . ' 1

oUo :0 1 ] 0 ; 0 ) 5 ) 4(; bl 17 JI-IP ~ 1 7 1 i C lhAt.GE F l :! -<l IIG . .. . " o F Ji.: 'hP

0 1 4 0 ; Qjjb 4C Ab 17 JhP ~ 1 7 A b JMi' TO U~L [ . l E E - E . ! ' . kJ'J'. L ! - < h~,~11

0 1 5 0 :

OlbO; o s s c LIl.C $ O J 5 c

I H i O : OJ5C A . o ~A LIlli l<GKAD ChAt.GE LCADll\(, ltlS! T O t . L R A l JDlbO:

0 1 9 0 : I ) J 6 ( ' ek G $ O J b G

0 2 0 0 : OlM, L:) E S IIt.E . $ ' . ) J 5 J

O l l O :

0 2 . : 1 . 0 : O J A ) (,!i.L ~ O j A J

0 2 : ' 1 ) : O J . . . 4 ( . b 5 17 JI,P ~l"/b5 J~,P T O bEGlt.Ntt.G L F t.E" L('(,P

n 4 0 :

0 ) , 5 1 ) : 1 / 1 : : 0 ORG $171>0 kEGl~!ER P F . . E . 5 E I I . \ E , R

0160:

0 2 7 0 : 1 7 1 : : 0 0 0 XSAVE ~ O O

0 2 b O : Db! 0 0 ' t S A ' l r E - ';'00

0 2 9 0 :

0 3 0 0 : : : .HI (,L'"!'(.liR S . A V L I . ! !

0 3 1 0 :

0320 : 17t-, hL bl 11 S A \ r C C T ~n " t ~A~E S A V E y

!).l.:;~: ln5 20 A{ J I E J S L < ('V"!:Ch !-kll'oT jl;."10 3 4 0 : Ubb AC b l 17 LVi Y f : . A ' l r E hH:"H,E y

O J 5 0 : 17bB & . : : 1 k I S !tEIVRt-.

O J c ' . ) ;

0 3 1 0 : : : i Y N Lt-.ChR '" ~ A 1 ; i t - .

0 3 8 0 :

0 3 9 0 : 1 7 b C b e bl L7 SAVlt. 5IY Y : : i A V E SA V E Y

0 4 0 0 : Llbf l O SA I.E J5R ('F.1('h ('LI A S C t t ChAR0 4 1 0 : 1I~2 A t : ill 11 un Y S " , 1 ; E R E 5 " ! C ! t F . 't

1 ) 4 : 2 . : : 1 :195 60 RTS K E l I . H ' f ;04JI) :

0 4· 40 : f:.H, e R U '" 5A 1 ; ( . ;,

0 4 5 0 :

0 4 t O : L 1 9 6 l';!; l : l l 11 ~ A \ " C i \ sn Y S A Y E 5 ; . ' i r E Y

0410~ 17':6 bE btl 11 SIX } . 5 A ' l r E SA\,E X

MICRO -- The 6502 Journel October 1980



field. When it finds one, it makes thenext character in the accept field in-to the first character of a newsearch.

If the "Match" routine doesn'tfind a match during this search, itlooks for the next ASCII "space",and the search begins anew. Whenthe modification routine discovers

that the next possible accept fieldstart position is the last position inthe accept field, it calls it quits,declares no match, and goes on tothe the next routine in the inter-preter.

The following is a listing of mymodification routine. The addresslocations that begin with "03"replace listings in Mr. Vrtis' pro-gram. They jump Tiny Pilot to thenew routine in KIM's upper RAM.This new routine goes from 17A6to1704. I've also supplied listings of

the 11 0 routines suggested by BobApplegate. They go from 1780-to17A5.

I'd like to thank Mr. Vrtis for pro-viding us with such a fun languagein Tiny Pilot. I hopesoon to be ableto supply intriguing programs inTiny Pilot.

04tO: 17 ~l z o ~F IE

04~0: lI~F AI.: hI 17

0500; 17A2 AE bO 17

0510: 17A5 60

0510:

05:1'):

0540:

0550: 11M ('9 4[,

0560: 17A b DO 07

0570: 11M Al 21

05hO: 17AC e6 ~A

05~Q: 17AE 4C SA 0]0600: 17bl 4C; ,,9 OJ

ObIO: 17B4 EA

0{)20:

06:;0:

0640:

Ob50:

066') :

Ob70; 1 1 B 5 A b ~ A

ceso. 17B7 CA

Ob~O: 17bb LO 07

0700: 17BA A2 4E

0710: us e 86 ozono: 171)E 4(; 79 02

0730:

0740: ll(;l 65 0]

0130: 17C3 cS 2007bO: 1,(,.5 Fa Q2

0770:- 17< :.7 DO E E

07bO: 17C!t CA

0190: 17eA AO 27

ObOO: I/C(; t,4 bD

O t I O : 17LE AO 02

GelD: 1700 eo ~A

Oe~O; 17Dl 4(" j" 0]

OB40:

11:=

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JMP TO ·EEG1~Nlt.L GF L O C I 'J ~ P TO t.EAT f ! ! ! I o C T 1 L l I o

DETERtIlt-E IF ALL \-.CRDS Hi hUH ER runE lIEEN

EM!-: lNED. 1f sc r , RESET bl!FHR I'llt-!Ek TO

hEi.T " 'vetD

NuRAD L L A D bUFFER FGilloTER

NEXT DL~FER PCS1TI6N

hLLCP L1JX

t;~LG{)P £lEX

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TEST SPAtEIiR M .\...H 1 F SPALE

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FIRST bUrFER fuSlTlO~

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The S~B ~equLrcs nO ~o~~~loa~lofi ~Q the SBIl/eIF!i~ h~~ t he sa~ e rt.,sicsl di~~nsiDDa a Dd T I lo u n~ ~ n8confi;uratiD~ as th~ 610 board

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.Ol-JJO-1S96



MICRO Club Circuit

Here is another listing of club In-formation. The response to thisfeature has been great. Keep themcoming! A club-special reprint offeris made below.

MICRO ATTENDS THE APPLE FAIR

The APPLE FAIR was held onAugust 16th at NYU Tisch Hall.

Eight sponsoring clubs gatheredtogether to present seminars andexhibitions for over 800 people in at-tendance. Each club contributed adisk to exhibit from its own library.This proved to be a very popularfeature. Many of these clubs hadnever worked together before andwere pleased to find their combinedefforts produced an exciting event.

Seminars were held all day andwere well attended to the very last.MICRO's Software Consultant, FordCavallari, gave a presentation on"The APPLE in Education." Fair

Organizer, Bruce Brewster, com-mented that the idea of a unified ef-fort for such an event, which bringsmany clubs together, has greatmerit. He expressed his hopes formore events similar to this in thefuture.

More than 10 dealers were pre-sent, along with MICRO. Our obser-vations are that this was one of thebest fairs ever run and was wellworth the Journey. We hope thatothers initiate similar events.

The Sponsoring Clubs tor this AP-PLE Fair were:

BIG APPLE USERS' GROUPAPPLE POWER

N.J. APPLE USERS' GROUPPHILADELPHIA AREA USERS' GROUP

APPLESHAREAPPLELIST

NEW ENGLAND APPLETREEand

WASHINGTON APPLE PI

MICRO distributed reprints of Pro-fessor William F. Luebbert's"What's Where in the APPLE."MICRO now offers them to any of-ficially registered club. Simply have

29:34

your secretary notify us and we willsend you a quantity of thesereprints.

If your club Is not registered, whyIsn't it? Send for our registrationform and indicate the amount ofreprints you would like. We have onhand only a limited amount of thisfine article, so be sure to have your

secretary respond quickly!

OMEGAOSI Microcomputer Enthusiasts

Group - AustraliaBecause these members are spreadall over Australia this club does nothave regular meeting times.However, small groups of membersin each city will often meet at eachother's homes on an informal basis.OMEGA functions as a Hardwareand Software Exchange, andpubl ishes a bimonthly Newsletter.Membership is currently at 50, with3-4 new members each month. Formore information, contact:

Geoff Cohen72 Spoflorth StreetHoltA.C.T., 2615Australia

The Ann Arbor AppleMeets every third Thursday of themonth. Starting time is 7:00 p.m. atNCEICompumart (1250 N. MainStreet, Ann Arbor). Formed inJanuary of 1980, this club now has agroup of 80 members. Contact:

The Ann Arbor AppleP.O.Box M-1047Ann Arbor, MI 48106

"Formed so that Apple users could

see some of the Hardware and Soft-

ware available at me.etings. Our

main asset is our monthly, 22.page

Newsletter. Dues are $12.00 per year

and include free copying of club

disks or discount by mail."

MICRO-- The'6502 Journal

OKe Atart User GroupMeets once a month on announceddates (at previous meeting) at 7:30p.m. at High Technology ComputerStore (1611 N.W. 23rd Street). TerryBarker is club President for about 10members, so far. For further infor-mation, contact:

Terry Barker

First National BankBox 25189Oklahoma City, OK 73125

"To further understanding of the

Ater). r r

Apple Sauce 01 OmahaMeets on the last Wednesday ofeach month at 7:30 p.m. at theEngineering Building on the Univer-sity of Nebraska Campus in Omaha.This group was formed in January of1980 and has grown to over 40members. Contact:

John Anderson

3701 McKinley 4BOmaha, Nebraska 68112

"Our goal is to provide members

with information about the Apple

Computer, available software, and aforum to share member's

knowledge of the Apple."

Updates-Updates-Updates

Santa Barbara Apple User GroupAddress change for this club:

2007 State StreetSanta Barbara, CA 93105

Meets on the 1st Wednesday of themonth at 7:30 p.m. at The ComputerShop (2007 State Street, Santa Bar-bara, CAl. Correspondence shouldbe addressed to:

Secretary2031 De La VinaSanta Barbara, CA 93105

New England Apple TreeThe zip code for the post office boxas listed in MICRO 25:69 should be01801. The Club's new president isLori Steinmetz.

October 1980



Speed up your PET programming with The BASIC How Toolkit makes your programming easier:

Programmer's Toolkit~ now only $39.95. FIND locates and displays the BASIC program lines

Don't waste valuable programming time if there's an that contain a specified string. If you were to typeeasier way to go, Here it is: The BASIC Programmer's FIND A$, 100-500, your PET's screen would display allToolkit, created by the Palo Alto ICs, lines between line numbers 100 and

a division of Nestar The Toolkit is I 500 that contain A$

a set of super programming aids ncrease RENUMBER renu~bers the entiredesigned to enhance the writing, program currently Inyour PETdebugging and polishing of BASIC You can instantly change

t~~;~ri~~~~ir~:VTI. IQ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~kilobytes of ROM firm- . t . : J . I . "This extra ROM store lets you avoid O f just use RENUMBER 500.

loading tapes or giving up valuable HELP is used when your programRAM storage, It plugs into a socket' stops due to an error. Type HELP,inside your PET system, or is mount- and the line on which the errored on a circuit board attached on occurs will be shown. The erroneousthe side of your PET, depending on portion of the line will be indicatedwhich PET model you own. in reverse video on the screen,

There are basically two versions of These simple commands, and the otherPET.To determine which Toolkit you seven listed on the screen, takeneed, just turn on your PET If you the drudge work out of programsee ***COMMODORE BASIC~** development work. And for a veryyour PET uses the TK-80P Toolkit. low cost. The BASIC Program-

If you see ###COMMODORE mer's Toolkit costs as little asBASIC###, your PET uses the $39,95, or at the most, $59,95.TK-160 Toolkit. Other versions ofthe BASIC Programmer's Toolkitare available for PET systemsthat have been upgradedwith additional memory.

Get the BASIC Programmer'sToolkit and find out how quickand easy program developmentcan be. See your local PETdealer or send this coupon intoday.

~ET pe,'sonalC : : : com."cdol""e r-' C:::CrTlput:er

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PET'· is a Irademark ofCommodore BusinessMachines, Inc. The BASICProgra mrners Toolki I'·ISa trademark of PaloAlto ICs. a division ofNestar Systems. fnc .

The Toolkit IStully assembledIis not", kil and requires nospecial tools 10install.

. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .·•I want to saveprogrammingtime and money.Send me The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit that will give

my PET 10 new and useful commands.Fill in the appropriate line below:

Oty, TK-160 Toolkit(s) @ $39.95

Oty, TK-80P Toolkil(s) @ $59.95

Quantity discounts available to qualified dealers. Want tocharge it?Call (415) 493-TOOL, or fill out the form below.

Enclosed isa 0 money order 0 check

(If charging): 0 Bill VISA 0 Bill MasterCard.

Pleaseinclude the amount of the Toolkit, plus $2.50 for

shipping and handling, Pleaseallow 4-6 weeks for delivery.SATISFACTIONGUARANTEED, OR SEND IT BACKWITHIN 10 DAYSOF RECEIPTAND PALO ALTO ICsWILL REFUND YOUR MONEY.

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For Multiple File Tape Backups

This PET utility takes the drudgery out of makingmultiple backup copies of cassette files.~ .""'~~

Always make a backup copy! That

is g.ood advice, and I followed itassiduously for a year. Then itbecame apparent that somethinghad to give. I had over 100 originalprograms or data files on separatetapes; which meant that I had over100 backups. That made me one ofthe more reg'ular customers of thestore from which I buy tapes, and Ihad a very I.arge sum of money tiedup ln tapes. In addition, my tapeswere running me out of house andhome ..Something had to be done!!

Aside from lethargy, what keptme from doing something about thissituation was the recognition ofhow slowly the PET tape driveoperates, and the amount of time!projected it would take to makemultiple file backup tapes or to usethem once they were constructed.But I remembered a couple of pro-grams that used fast forward to goskittering across the tape until thecorrect file was found so I dug themout and began to construct multiplefile backup tapes. Everything wasgoing fine until I had to save a pro-

gram that took 2K of memory andone that took 11.3K of memory.Because of the way the programworked that wasted a lot of spacefor the first program and was not bigenough for the second. The prob·lem: a fixed amount of tape reservedfor each program. That seemed avery unhandy way for a program tooperate so I wrote this program call-ed TAPE BACKUP.

TAPE BACKUP is designed tofacilitate creating mu ltipte fi Ie

29:36

backup tapes. In order to do this ef-

fectively you need along tape; a 46minute or 60 minute tape will do ..The first program saved on the tapeis TAPE BACKUP. After TAPEBACKUP is loaded you are askedwhether you want to use cassette#10r #2. Then a "table of contents"is displayed, and you are instructed10 push F.FWD and then indicatethe number of the file you want 10access (or the location at which youwish to save a file). Once you in-dicate the file, the cassette fast for-wards to the appropriate place andstops. The operation is very Simple,and F.FWD is fast, at least relativeto PLAY. In add itlon, the prog ramgives instructions on what has to bechanged in the program when youadd a file to the tapeto bring it up todate, and it will even compule thenumber of jiffies required to fast for-ward over a program of a given size.

Next I would like to describe theprogram and how it does what itdoes. Then I will sugg.est some strn-pie procedures for using the pro-gram.

The program is designed to bequite fl ex! ble. It wi II T U n onmachines with either the new or oldPET BASIC ROMs, and it will permitusing either cassette. The PEEKstatement in line 90 determineswhether it Is the new or old ROM.The next few lines print an introduc-tion to the program and determinewhich, cassette will be used. Lines180·195 define a variable "RO"which combine those two pieces ofinformation, and this variable is us-ed later in three GOSUB statements.


G _ B _ BoyntonDept. of Political Science

University of IowaIowa City. IA 52242

Unes 200 through 350 put the in-

structions to push F.FWD and thetable of contents on the screen.

Lines 400 through 550 plus threesubroutines and a data statementare the heart of the program. Thereare four tasks to be performed inthis segment of the program.

1. Stop the cassette.2. Ascertain the file to be accessed.3. Determine the number of jiffiesneeded to get to that file.4. Start the cassette; let it run the re-quired length of time; and then stopthe cassette.

Lines 400,410, and 530 obtain thenumber of the file to be accessed.They constitute a loop which in-cludes the GOSUB statement in 420.Depending, on "RO", whichspecifies the ROM and the cassettebeing used, statement 420 sendsthe program to a statement whichdoes two things. It sets the tapedrive to an "ott" status, and it stopsthe operation of the appropriatecassette motor. For the old ROM,

memory location 519 sets the statusof the first tape and 520 sets thestatus of the second cassette. Forthe new ROM the comparablememory locations are 249 and 250. If52 is POKEd to 519 for the old ROMor 1 is POKEd to .249 for the newROM this sets the status of tape 1as off, For tape 2 the memory loca-tion 520 must be POKEd 1 for Ihe oldROM and 250 must be POKEd 1 forthe new ROM. Memory location59411 is used torthe first cassettemotor in both old and new ROM's,and 59456 is used for the second

October 1980



cassette motor. By POKing 61 forthe first cassette or 223 for the sec-and cassette, the motor is turnedoff.

The third task is accomplished bylines 440 through 500.In 440 the filenumber is changed from a string

variable to a number. This allowsthe for/next loop in 450 through 490to operate the appropriate numberof times. Line 460 reads the Kthnumber on a data statement; thedata statement is in line 888. Line470 adds the past value of J(represented by Jl) to 150 (which isthe jiffies needed for the leader) tothe number of jiffies needed for thefiIe. If one wants the fourth file theloop will operate four times. Thefirst time it wi IIadd the past value ofJ (which is zero) to 150 (for theleader) to the number of jiffies for

the first file. And it continues in thisway through four iterations. Thus,the loop calculates the number ofjiffies needed to reach the file to beaccessed.

The final task is fast forwardingto the appropriate placeonthe tape.This is done in lines 510through 540and theassociated subroutines. Thesubroutine in 1100(or whichever ofthe four is appropriate) sets a valueof TSwhich is the current valueof TI(the PET's clock) plus J. Then itstarts the cassette motor. In530the

value of TI is compared to TS; aslong as TI is less than TS thecassette is fast forwarding. WhenTIis no longer less than TS thesubroutine shuttled to by line 540stops the cassette motor.

From line 600 on the programgives instructions. After thecassette stops one can either ac-cess the file or save a new file. Theprogram contains two features forassisting in creating a new file.First, it will remind the user aboutthe c.hangesthat should bemade in

TAPE BACKUP when a new file isadded. Then it will compute the jif·fies needed for a file of a given size.The user has to know how muchmemory is required for the programor the data set. This can be deter-mined using FRE(O)when the pro-gram is loaded or before and after adata file has been read by a pro-gram.

Using the program is quite sim-ple. It works particularly smoothly

October 1980

10 REt,! .. ,. * TAPE DACKUP PROGRAn20 RI'!H *** G. R. nOYtlTot!30 RF.H H* DEPARTI-IENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

4 0 IlE~1 "'.. * UNIVERSITY OF roNA

50 REM * * * IOWA CITY, laiA 5Z24290 RH=PEEK(50003)100 PRINT" [CLR] (DN] ION) [DN)";TIIB(lO);"*** TAPE BAC!(uP ***"

110 PRINT" {DN] [ON] t om ruts PROGIlMI IS DESIGllED TO FIICILITATE"

120 PRIWf"CREATHIG /1ULTIPLE FILE TAPE BACKUPS. ~

130 PRINT" (om IT CflN BE USED EITIIER TO SAVE A FILE"

140 PRINT"l\T .A Pl\RTICULi'.R SPOT on TnE TI\PE OR TO"150 PRH1T"ACCESS A PROGMI,1 OR DATI\ SET QUICKLY."

160 PRWT"[DN] (DN) (DN]DO YOU ("ANT TO USE TAPE UOR TAPE t2?"

170 PRINT" [DN] (RC) [RC] IRC) (RESPOND 'I' OR '2 ') Q;: INPUT TD

180 IF RI'FO MID TD=l THEN RO=l

185 IF RH=O AND TD=2 THEN RO=2

190 IF RH=1 AHD TD=1 TUEN RO=3

195 IF RI·j=l MlD T~2 TI!EN RO=4

200 PRINTd(CLRJ [DN] [ON] [DN) PRESS f".FI'lD KEY ON CASSETTE TAPE NOl-l,"

210 PRINT" [DN] NEXT ENTER THE OESIGHl\TION POR THE fILE"

220 PRINT"TO DE SELECTED."

230 PRINT"(mlJIDN)THE FlLES ON THIS TAPE ARE:"

240 PRINT" [ON) N DATA FILES FROIi CALENDAR"

250 PRINTft--- ----------"260 PRINT·[DV)O. FIRST FILED

270 PRINT"l. SBCOflD FILE"

Z80 PRINT"Z. THIRD FILE"

290 PRINT"3."300 PRINT" 4. D

310 PRINTN

5.·320 PRINT" 6. "330 PRINT"7.·

340 PRINT"B. W

350 PRINT"9. TENTH FILE"400 N$~" II

410 GET N$

420 on RO GOSUS 1000,1010,1020,1030430 IF NS=''' THEN COTO 410

4<10 fj=ASC (LEP'l'$ rxs , 1))-48445 IF N=O THEN 600

450 FOR K=l TO N460 REI\D DIK)

470 LET J=Jl+150+D(K)

480 LET J1=J

490 llEXT r:500 RESTORE

510 PRINT"SEARCHIlIG FOR FILE";N

520 011 RO GOSUD 1100,1110,1120,1130

530 IF' TI(TS THEN 530540 011 RO cosun 1200,1?l0,1220,12]0

600 PRINT"[CLR) InN) [mil [DN]FILE ";N;II HlIS eEEN rouun.«610 PRIm'" [DN) PRESS 'STOP' on T¥IE CflSSr.'l'TE."

620 PRINT"(mlltJOI') YOU NAY ACCESS TfJE FILE NOfiMALLY"

630 PRINT" [.oHlOR"

640 PHIl<T" [D'Jl SAVE 1 1 NI::I·lFILB ON 'l'ft E TI\PE ATII

650 PRINT"[DN)TnIS pOInT."

660 PRINT" tmn trnn ImIH!OULO YOU Lmr. INS'l'RUCTIOtl5 FOR UPDATING"

670 PRlN'l""rtIIS PROGIlJ\i.1l,mCN ADDING l\. MEI'I FILE?"

680 PRINT"[DNI",:INPUT A$

690 IP A,="rr;:s" 'l'IIEN cosun 1300

700 PRINT" [CLlII [ON] 10111[Ot1HIOULO YOU LIKE TO CO~\PUTE TilE Nur·1BER-710 PRltTT"OF JIFFIES f(F:(llilRED FOR TilTS FILE?"720 PRINT" [Dn J . . ; : IIIPU,):" 11 $

730 IF i\S="YP.,," TIlE!,) cosun 1400

740 PRINT" [mll TITAT'S IT."

'750 END

838 DI\TI\ 37.5,700,5

1000 IF PEEK(519)=O THEN POKE 519,52:POK£ 59411,61:RETUR"1010 IF PEEI,(520)~O TIlE!1 POKE 520,I:POKE Sg456,27.3:RETURN

1020 IF PI':t;;K(249) =0 TlIEr! POI,E 249,52: POKE 59411,61: RETUllN

1030 IF PE8K (250) =0 T!lEN POKE Z50,1: POl;E 59456, Z23 :RETURN

HOO Por,E 59411 ,53 :TS=TI+J : RETURN

1110 POKE 59456,Z07:TS=Tl+J:RETURN

1120 POKE 59~11,53:TS=TI+J:RETURN

1130 POKE 59456,207:TS=TI+J:RETUlm

1200 POKE 59411,61:RETURN1210 POKE 59456,223:~ETURN

1220 POKE 59411,61:RETURII

1230 POI:E 59456,223: RETUfU

13 00 PRINT" [CLm rern [Dtll [Dt-I)TI'10 PARTS OF TIlE PROGRAM SHOULD BE"

1310 PRINT"UPD!lTE:D.·

1320 PRINT" [D1J)THE TABLE OF COllTENTS IN LWES 230·

1330 PRINT"TIIROUGll 350 $110ULD DE CHM1Gen BY ADDIlIGU

1340 PRINT"'fl!E N!IIlE OP THE FILE !.DDED."

MICRO -- The 8502 Journa.l 29:37



13 50 PRINT" t orn TH ~ DATA $TI\T,,:IE'IT IN LI~1E888 SHOOLD"

1360 PRItTT" HI\I/ETl-IE NUI!BCR OF JIFf'I as m TIW Ne~l"

13 70 PRINT" PIt. e ADDED TO IT."13 80 PRItTT" r TIn] " ; : rOR [(=1 '1'0 22: PRI:)T" UmJ " ; ,tlEXT K1385 PRItTT" PRESS SP!'.CE P,l\?' TO COlITINllE·

1390 G ET _ 1 '1 $: 1 1 " ,'l.S."U T H E N 1390

1399 RETO!":N

1400 P"ItTT" lelA:l r m:) r m o l l [DN J 'I'11E ! W I I BER or JI rnES REQll IRED TO"

1410 PRI!'!T "FM;;T rom·!f~?D 01/811 A rILE oepSNOS on THE"1420 PRINT"SIZE OF THP FILS. IF THE PILE REQUIRES·

1430 PR I ,1 'I '" 2 • 1 K 0 F HEI lO R Y IT ['I ILL TAKE .~ Si:.'\LL"1440 PRIN?" IlUJ.;I3ER OF JIFFIES. I F THE fue ntou IRES"1450 PRINT" 11 .31\ or !-tEl-lORY nORE J IFF IES !-l!LL EE "

1460 PRIMTnR~QUIR~D."147'0 PIUIIT" (ON] [DIll non i'il'lt-1Y BYTES Of' ~1ErIORY ARE R8QUIRED"

1480 PRItlT" FOr-: THE FILE?"1490 PRINT" t nc I (PL 8,...,£ G IV!': l\ HUEBER L us 2.1 OR 11.8)"

1500 PRINT" (ntll " I,I NI'U? 1·[

1510 1'1'1-",1* 1000

152 (I JJ=I·l!1/151530 PRPIT" (DIll U I JJ ;~ IS TTlE NIH1BER OF lU'FIES"15 t,(I I'R IN T" r DN J (mil !lOULD YOU L 11< E TO CO;;PllT8 T [lE NU11B ER "

1550 PRINT"OF J!r.n~s FOR l \~!OTHr,R f'lLE?"1560 PRI~~"rDMl";;I NPUT Ai

157 (I IF )'$"," Yf,S" THF.N GOTO 147 (I

1580 RE:'l 'Ul"lN

CLEAR SCREENCURSOR DOWNCURSOR UPCURSOR HOME

ILClIRG][RY]IRYOFF]

IGLR][DN][UP][HM]

CURSOR LEFTGURSORRIGHTREYERSEREVERSE OFF

file '0'. Take the backup tape out ofthe cassette and put the tape to becopied from in the cassette and loadthat program. Once the program isloaded type PRINT FRE(O).That will

give the amount of RAM left. If thatnumber is subtracted from the RAMavailable you then know the amountof RAM used by the program. Take

the program tape out and insert thebackup tape which is still at the

with two cassettes, one for tapes tobe oopied from and one for the tapeto be copied to. However, I will notassume two cassettes are availablein these instructions.

First, one needs a long tape withTAPE BACKUP saved as the firstfile. Load and run the program. DONOT REWINDTHE TAPE. The tapeis now ready for saving your backup

position it was after loading TAPEBACKUP. Save the program at thispoint. Rewind the tape and loadTAPEBACKUPagain. Add the nameof the new file to the table of con-tents. Then type RUN 1400 to corn-pute the Jiffies needed,and add thisto the data statement in line 888.Tosave a second program run TAPEBACKUP again asking for file '1'.The program will fast forward overyour '0' file and be in place for sav-

jngfile '1'. Then repeat the stepsoutlined above.

To access a file is even simpler.Load TAPE BACKUP. Specify thefile you want to access. The pro-gram will fast forward to that tlle,and you load the program.

To save or access a data file (asopposed toa program) you need aprogram that will read and write the

data file. Load TAPE BACKUP.When it has fast forwarded to theappropriate locatlon take the

backup tape out and load the pro-gram to read and write the data file.Read the data file, and take thattape out. Put the backup tape in thecassette, and write the data file.

Making multiple tile backup tapesis always a rather boring task; it isone of the overhead costs of havinga tape based system. But this pro-gram takes a good deal of thedrudgery out of the task.

Computer House Div.

AnnouncesPrograming Tools

Fo.rthe CommodorelDisk

"SCREEN DUMP/REPEAT" ~ $35.00In Machine Language, Dumps anything on,CRTto Printer. Repeat Simulates Repeat on 8032 for8K, 16K & 32K #2001.

"VARI~PRINT" -$25.00Prints a Listing of all variables and every linenumber where each occurs.

"DOCU~PRINT" - $20.00

Similar to Screen Dump except in Basic for usewithin your own program.

"FETtRECOVER" - $65.00File Editing Tool; Examine Data Files, FixDestroyed Pointers, Sectors may be read,Modified, Displayed or Written - Also Filesmaybe Re~chained.

"SUPER RAM" - $20..00Diagnostic Routine Checks Every PossibleRAMAddress on 8K, 16K & 32K CBM Computers.A veileble on Diskette right now .....

"SCRUNCH" - $36.00For Apple II or Apple 1 .1 Plus. Compacts BasicPrograms up to 20%.

Programs for Commodore I Apple

"Legal Accounting" $1200.00"AI R, AI Pr Job Est.& Job Cost. . . 31.0.00"Political Party Mailing List" . . . . . . . . . . 1.50.00

ENGINEERING & MACHINE SHOP

"Machine Part Quoting" $280.00"Trig & Circle Tangent" . . ... . . . . . ... .... 70..00"Bolt Circle" . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25..00"Spur Gears". . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. 35.00"Beams; Stress& Deflection" . . . . . . . .. 145.00"Tank Thickness"

For Filament Winding. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85.00

All 6 for only $495..00

And many others coming soon - including

Report Gen. for Commodore - Ask for Catalog

#80-C2.

COMPUTER HOUSE DIV.1407Clinton Road

Jackson, Michigan 49202Phone: 1517)782~2132



PET V-et

by Loren WrightPET SpecialistMICRO Staff

Documentation on the PET is definitely improving,

both from Commodore and from independent sources.

PET veterans remember all the trouble they had in get-

ting Information, and I won't go into a. long dissertation

on Commodore's past inadequacies in this area,Neophytes can be assured that they won't have any of

the same problems.

Commodore currently has availablePET User Manual(BASIC 2.0, $9.95), PET User Manual (BASIC 3.0, $9.95),

CBM User Manual (BASIC 3.0, $9.95) and CBM UserGuide ($7~95). As this column goes to press, a manualcovering the 4.0 BASIC (Point of Reference Manual) hasjust been released. When the magazine reaches you, a

manual covering the 5'1." Floppy Disk should be

available. Neither was available in time for this column,

but both sound as if they would be valuable.

Recently several books applicable to the PET have ap-

peared independently of Commodore. For the PET userwho Is new to both BASIC programming and the PET,

Hands-On BASIC with a PET by Herbert D. Peckham(McGraw-Hili, 1979, $10_95) is an excellent starting point.Each chapter begins with specific learning objectives,

progresses to a hands-on discovery session, then a

discussion, and finally a quiz. Thinking Is encouraged by"What do you think will happen If._.?" Many Illustrations

of the_ PET's output and cartoons are liberally used to

convey important points.

PET/CBM Personal Computer Guide by Carroll S.Donahue and Janice K. Enger (Osborne/McGraw-HIli,

1980, $14.95) is the comprehensive reference manual

everyone hoped would come from Commodore. It is

Commodore-authorized, which means, I Imagine, that

Commodore provided a lot of information and reviewed

the manuscript. It is clearly written, well-organized, and

prolifically illustrated. There are many programming

hints, although the book is not intended as a programm-

ing manual.

The authors- make liberal use In the text of photos,

keyboard diagrams, flow charts, and actual PET output.

All of the essential charts and tables (memory maps,

ASCII and PEEK/POKE codes, error messages, and lots

more) are Included in an appendix. Whenever there is a

difference between operation with old and upgrade

ROMs this is clearly pointed out. The book lacks. inter-

facing information, and assembly ianguage Is only

touched upon, but otherwise it is an invaluable

reference for every PET owner. The book Is currently be-

ing revised and expanded to cover all three BASICs and

all of the Commodore peripherals. The new edition, due

in November, will be enclosed with all new PETs SOld.

PET and IEEE 488 Bus (GP/B) by Eugene Fisher andC.W. Jensen (Osborne/McGraw-Hili, 1980, $14,95) covers

just about everything you need to know about the GPIB.

Even If you only want to understand the bus on an in-

tuitive level, the book is designed to accomodate you. Of

course, if you want liming diagrams and schematics,

those are here too. Once you start reading it, you will

probably find youself learning more than you had

originally intended. The cartoons, aside from entertain-

ing, actually reinforce the essential concepts. An

especially valuable feature of the book is a section giv-ing detailed instructions for using five different

peripherals with the PET on the bus. Another is a section

on adapting non-standard devices to the bus, Many PETowners fail to realize the potential of that mysterious

connector back there bet wean the power cord and the

parallel user port. This book should get many reluctant

users to actually use it!

Another book - PET Machine Language Guide - isavailable from Abacus Soflware (P.O. Box 7211, GrandRapids, MI 49510, $6.95 plus $_70 postage). It covers awide range of necessary operations, such as arithmetic,

address handling, and input/output. Also included are

detailed descriptions of many of PET's own routines.

Some Common BASIC Programs, PET edition by

Poole, Borchers and Donahue (Osborne/McGraw-Hili,$12.50), should be valuable, too. Unlike other books ofBASIC programs available, this book contains programs

that will work in your PET without having to be con-

verted from some other kind of BASIC. Also, the pro-

grams are available on 5'/." floppy disk and cassette,

With the increased attention to documentation on the

part of Commodore, and with the arrival of Ihese ex-

celient independent works, the PET is now finally being

well served, and it looks as If things are going to be get-ting even better.

About ReviewsMICRO's standard policy is for independent reviewers

10 review products and books for the monthly

MICROScope section. Manufacturers and publisherswishing to have their product(s) reviewed should send

for and complete a Product Evaluation Form for each

product submitted. Game-type software is not accepted

for review. Readers interested in becoming potential

reviewers should send for and complete a Reviewer

Qualification form. Unsolicited reviews will not be ac-

cepted.

On a Related Subject

Robert Purser has announced that he will no longer

review PET software in Purser's Magazine, citing as theprimary reasons his diminishing PET readership and

Commodore's announced priority shift from home to

business systems.




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In the October issue of the Ohio Scientific Small

Systems Journal, we are introducing the C1P family of

personal computers - the C1P Series 2. The article

describes the product and additionally contains. some

applications Information.

Another new product being featured this month is the

DMS Planner. The Planner Is an extremely sophisticateddata management and planning, system. The article con-tains several examples which Illustrate some ollhe

system's remarkable features.

As always, comment on article content is welcomed.

Please submit suggestions, or any other contributions

to:

Ohio Scientific, Inc.

1333 S. Chillicothe Road

Aurora, Ohio 44202

C1P Series 2 Computers

Ohio Scientific's new C1P Series 2 line is the mostcost effective of the Ohio Scientific family of microcom-

puters. In sp ite of its econom Ical price, the new C1P in-eludes many deluxe features usually found only in much

more expensive systems.

The features of the standard C1P Series 2 include:

BK BASIC-in·ROM and BK program RAM·

Switch selectable audio cassette/modem/printer

port

Sound, music and voice output via digital to analog

converter

Software selectable display format (24x24 or 12x4B)

It should be pointed out that a mini-floppy disk Is a

necessity. lor some 01 the advanced applications men-

tioned above.

Additionally, the C1P Series 2 BASIC has full

transcendental arttnmettc capabi Ilty, inctud ingtrigonometric functions, logarith ms, exponent iation,

and lull scientific notation. These features are available

in the "immediate mode" of operation as well as the

stored program mode. For instance, a user can quicklyturn the computer on, type in an equation as a single

line, and press return to get an answer ..The computer

can double as an advanced scientific calculator with

much greater ease of use than any available calculator.

The program storage and alphanumeric capability of

the Challenger lP make- it extreme!y valuable to

engineers, students, and educators for solving sclen-

tiflc,engineering and mathematical analysis problems.

Ohio Scientific's cassette library includes several ad -vanced mathematics oriented programs including a pro-grammable calculator simulator and a mathematical

function library. The library also includes appllcattonsprograms such as definite Integrals, statistical analysts,

and other complex mathematical functions. In general

the Challenger 1P will be hundreds of times faster than

the most -powerful scientilfic calculators in the

"nurnber-crunchlnq" applications.

Ed.ucatlon

Challenger 1P series personal computers are extreme-

Iy versatile in educational computing applications. Once

the user gets involved In the educational applications of

these machfnes, he will Quickly consider them a

necessity in the educational process ..

Young children from kindergarten to grade six are ex-

pecially attracted to computers. As the child's reading

abi.llly develops he quickly masters the elementary

operations of the computer. It is not at all unusual for

six-year old children to respond to mathematical pro-

blems on a personal computer. Children's natural

fascination with computers in conjunction with C1'P's

cartoon-nke interactive capability make the computer

highly valuable In a modern educational environment.

Programs Which teach, tutor and drill students in

virtually all areas of education can be easily program

med on the Challenger 1P system. Ohio Scientific has a

Iull library 01 several types of educational games whichcan be used as an example In programming such ap-

plications. These programs range from a strnpls"Sesame Street" type arithmetic cartoon through

mathematical drills, to word games such as

"Hangman".

Another broad area of education is in teaching com-

puter fundamentals. The Cha Ilenger 1Put Ilizes the most

popular upper level language, BASIC, in a very complete

and concise imp lementat ion. Withlhe Challenger 1P the

user can teach or learn BASIC in conjunction with any of

the commonly available text books on the BASIC pro-

gramming language. The C1P series machines have I U . 1 1machine code accessibility including the machine code

monitor so that advanced students can enter, edit and

execute machine programs. A very fast and interactive

assemblenedltcr is available to run on Challenger 1P

machines so that students can be introduced to the con-

cepts of assembler programming and editing.

The basic system is easily expandable to single or dual

mini-floppies and 32K of program RAM. Additional ex-pansion via the new 630 board allows expansion 10 a

color display, joystick interface, AC remote control and

home security system.

The c ; : : 1P Series 2 personal computer is specl Ilcally

designed for the first-time personal computer user and

for use tn educational environments.

Persona.1 or Hom. Computers

Challenger 1P's advanced character qraphtcs, noise-

free display, programmable keyboard and high speed

BASIC make it capable of spectacular video games,

animation, and elaborate computer games ..Ohio Scien-

tific offers an extensive library of one and two player

video games that are very similar to conventional

"arcade games," as well as a complement of

"standard" computer-type games.

The C1P Series 2 flOAting point decimal arithmetic

capability in conjunction with its cassette storage

abilities make it practical for many forms of personal

financi.al aid and analysis. Ohio Scientific's cassette

library includes a checkbook balancing program, sav-

ings account program, and annuity and loan analysis

programs. Budget planning aids Include home owner-

ship cost analysis and expense accounting. A complete

home budget system is available for use on the C1P

Series 2 mini-floppy system.

Call 1·800·6850 TOLL FREE



Small Systems Journal

Applications

here are many other applications of the basic 1Pchines that have not been mentioned here. The Cl P2 rnlnl-floppy provides the user with the extra con-

ienceof virtually Instantaneous loading and storingograms on mini-floppy disks. The addition of a mini-ppy disk drive to the C1P also provides convenientnstruction and access of data files. Using the fileabil it ies of the C1P'MF, an educator can develop aneractive textbook with a quick access data base foreducational topic. In the home, the data file opera-the mini-floppy makes the Challenger 1P a deluxe

sonal service computer giving the user easy accessone numbers, a personal calendar, addresses ander file-type information.

Series 2 Expansion

11 0 Expander board is available for addition toher the C1P or C1P MF. This board provides the C1Ph the state-of-the-art in input/output capabilities

aling the most expensive small computer systemsilable today. This board allows direct interface withstick,s, remote keypads, AC remote control units,mesecurity system and more. It also substantially en-nces the video display capabilities of the Series 2elsin the Challenger 1P line by allowing the display16 colors with any of the standard 256 graphics

aracters.The color is available either as standard com-site video or with AGB (red-green-blue) direct color

MS PLANNER

hio Scientific, Inc. Is pleased to introduce MOMSnner, a preprogrammed computer system for theme computerist as well as managers and con-

lanner is a technical analysis computer systemich was designed to perform financial planningementsand analysis projections. And because Plan-ris preprogrammed and very flexible. it is easy for thetrained computer user and non-technically orientedrsonto use. This flexibility is accomplished throughe of models.

model is a small scale representation of a largealeevent. Models are used throughout industry in farmany forms to mention, but a common and familiareof model is the wind tunnel.

he wind tunnel has made possible great achieve-nts in the field of aerodynamics, because of three

aracteristics it shares with other types of models:clslon,efficiency, and relatively low cost. Just thinkedifference in working with a six-foot model as op-edto a full-sized aircraft. The model allows for moreecisemeasurements of any variance; It can be ad-stedmore efficiently and simply than full scalestems,and it costs much, much less, both in intltlalstmentand redesign.

Financial modeling shares these desirable featuresthother types of modeling and is similar in concept.l ikethe wind tunnel, f inancial modeling can be usefuleveryone, from home budgeters to plant managers

and consultants. Anyone who needs to know wheremoney is going (or should be gOing!) can benefit fromfinancial modeling.

Moreover. Planner provides a means of storing

models and their results on disk, each stored inseparate data files. This allows the user to recall amodel and/or a given set of results for future use, Such afeature saves time by not having to re-enter modelsand/or results (or vice versa) since both are storedseparately.

When constructing a model, the user must layout anddesign it by defining the lines and columns that shouldexist. This includes specifying title lines (m, blank lines(I), single (/-),and double underlining (I=) (Example 1 and2). Example 1 illustrates lines that might be used in ahome budget. After each line is entered, it is formattedand displayed to the right of its entry. Example 2Illustrates columns that might be used for the samehome budget. Like Example 1, after each column Isentered, it is formatted and reprinted.

example 1

LINE EDIT: AUP ADOWN ACOPY /\MONTFIS AWIDTFI AEDIT A< A>

BUDGET 1980/T

IUCOME/T

1 -

SALARY

BONUS

1-

TOTAL. INCOME

/l:XPEfIDITURES/T

/-

GROCERYUTILITIES

CAR PYHT s TRANSHOUSE PYMT & MAINT

I I ISURANCESAVINGSCLOTHINGMEDICALRECREATION

BUDGET 1900

I N COME

SALARY

BONUS

TOTAL I N COME

EXPENDITURES

GROCERYUTILrrItS

CAR PYMT S TRANS1I0USE PYMT s M.AINTINSURI\NCESAVINGS

CLOTUIN GMEDICAL

RECREATION

(7)

(11)

(I2) ,

(13)

(4)1(15)

(I6)(17) ,

OS)(19)

CURSOR AT LINE 1

FORMATS: IT /- /= /$ /\ II

example 2

COLUMN EDIT; ALEFT AR IGIIT t\COPY I\MONTHS AWIDTH "EX IT A< A>

JANISO FEB/80 MAR/SO APR/BO li1lY/80 JUN/sO JUL/BO

AUG/SO SEPT/BO

CURSOR AT Cl rORHATS: IL I l l. 1$ I. II

OHIO SCIENTIFIC 133 Chillicothe Road. (216)831·5600



Example 3The initial values and amounts of the lines and col

umns are then entered. Finally, the calculations, or whatis referred to as the rules to be performed on the linesand columns, are entered. Example 3 is a l ist of rules thatmight be run on the home budget example. For instance,

rule two {MUL L4 BY 12%, SAVE Ll1" In English means"multiply line 4 by 12% and save the answer in line 11"A simpler interpretation is that the grocery bill will be12% of each month's salary.

RULE EDIT: AUP I\lJOWN I\COPY /\EXIT 1 \< 1 \>

A DD L4 L5, SA VE LlHUL L4 B Y 1 2\. SA VE Ll1M UL Lq B Y 5\. SA VE L16M UL L7 by 10', S A V r . L l9HUL L7 BY 1 0\, SA VE L10HUL L7 BY 35%. SAVE [ ,19, C6I 'I U LL7 BY 1 5\, SAVE L20, C 6HUL Lq BY 20\, SA VE Lll, Cl2HUL L7 BY 25\, SAVE [ ,20, CllT OT Ll1 THR L21, SAVE L23DI V [ .23 BY L7, SAV E L24SU B [ .23 FROM L7, SAV E [ ,25T OT Cl THR C12, SAVE C 13

RULE f1

Planner is an unstructured system which allows theuser to set up models and perform specific operationswith a single key stroke. Models may be executed andset up in any fashion and can be edited and re-entered,allowing the user to run a "What If" pro forma calcula-tion {Example 4), budgets (Example 5), etc. BecausePlanner is a seml-screen formatted system, formattedand easy to read reports and worksheets can bedisplayed on both the console and line printer.

Example 4: "What If" my sales for the first quarterwere one mil lion dollars, cost of sales were $530,000 andsales grew by 25% for the remaining three quarters, but thecost of sales only increased by 20%. What would grossprofit be per quarter? Per year? (See copy of pro formabelow.)

O P ERA T I O N S: A DD,S U B,H U t..DI V , A VE ,fI L, TO T ,HA X,H I N , GRO

Example 4

:INCOME

SALESCOST OF SALES_ .I d=_= - R : :t :_= 'ae '- • • •• a.••__..a.

CP.OSS pp.OFrT

~ST QTR

1.2/3:L 1'7 '!I

PACE 1

AtmllALN[l ClTR 3RD OT R 4TH tlTP.

<3>(4)

- - - _ . _ - - - - - - - - - ' - _ . _ - - ------- - _ . _ _ ._---- - _ - - _ . _ - - -""00eee. ee a. lie II. ee e. ee I !I. ,,~:l3eeeB. fie e. ee fl. fie fl. !!It" e. Ill'!• • _ _ ' I I I I t ' I : : • ••

- - - - - - - - . . . .. - - - . . ...- - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ - -e. ! ! Ie B. ee e. ee e. BB e. BI!!6)

12/311'79

PAGE 1

1ST QTR 2NO OTR 3RD ClTP. 4TH ClTP. AN'RIRL

I N C O M ESALESCOST OF SALES•• .t" ..... •• '.-••• -• '. •

CROSS PROFrT

en(4)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------- . . . . . _ . . . . _ . _ - - - - _ . -1f10'0!left. 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1e~1'1I ! l1 ! I1 ! I_ 8l'1 1'!162~el'l.l'Il!I 1 ~: 531 2~ . ! .'I I! !44:1,40-6 2!i

: l 3 1 ! t 0 e l : ' l .I e 6 ~ 6 e e l ! l . e e 7 6 3 2 l ' 1 e . !II!! 91:58"'8. Ill'! H!I:'J9l'10e. 1 ! I 1 ' I- - - ...._ . - . _ . - .. . . . . . - - _ 1 1 1 ' . ' . - - - - ... . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . _ - -47f:1l1ee.Be 61411B0. ee 79"308. ae 18372e,. lie 1 3 " 2 ' 3 9 9 . 2 : 1

Example 5: Now that I have received a raise, can the contributions and gifts are 10% of income. All other ex-cost of leasing a car and transportation expenses (leas- penses are fixed amounts.ing and transportation cost estimated at $68.00/mo) fit Note: Twice a year a $500 bonus is given: Vacationin my budget? Keep In mind that groceries are 12% of (June) and Christmas, thus causing more money to bemy salary, utilities fluctuate according to seasons, sav- needed for certain expenditures in June and December.

~. __n_g_S_a_r_e_5_._~_0_f_s_a_l_a_ry_,_r_ec_r_e_a_tl_·o_n_i_s_1_0_~_._0_f_i_nc_0_m_e_,_a_nd (S_ee_c_o_p_y_O_f_b_u_d_g_e_t_.)

Call 1·800·6850 TOLL FR.EE



Small Systems JournalExample 5

Bob& Nancv Jonps

I Month! y Budg@'t

For 1989(Which .includ.!' the- addi'tional pxppns:. or 1•• sin9 • car)

12/31/73PAGE 1

BUDGET 1980 .rAN/8e FEB/Be I'IRp./e:e APR,'se I 'IR,,. , ,se .YUH/Be .rUL/80

INCOI'IE- - _ . _ - - --------------'----- - - - - - . - - - . _ - - - - - - - _ . _ - - - - - - - ------.- - - _ . _ _ . _ - - .-----.--- ----.---SAL A P,',.. (4) ge:l..4" 939. 2: 1. "!'Ie.ee '31:54.7 '!!'::'Fe.e '3 I~B. ee 930. 71

BONUS (~) B. 00 0. 00 0. 08 0. Be 0. 89 '!S0e.e0 0. 00

---------------.----.------ --------.-- ------- •.------.-- _ . - - - - - - - - . _ . - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - -------TOTAL INCOME (7) 921. 4 '31 939. e1. "!'lB.!!IB 3":54.Err "~B. Be 1.4':5B.ee 9 31 3. 7 1

EXPENOITURES- - - - _ . _ - - - - _ . _ - , _ - - - - - - - - - - - _ . _ - - - - - - - - ------- - _ . _ ' - - - - - ------- _ . - - - - - - - ~-,--------------GP'oCERV (11) 1.10. : ;s 112. 71 114. 00 :1.14.:58 114. e." 114.00 111. 6"

UTILITIES (1.e) 170. 00 1 71 3. ee 1:r .5.l'!0 1...0. 138 :1.2:5.0 1:1.0.00 9:5.0et

CAR P'''MT ~ TRA'~S (13) 68. (!Ie 68. 80 68. 80 6S. 00 69. 00 68. 00 68. l"0

HOUSE PVMT

"MAIln (14) 21:5. £Ie 21:5. 00 21~. Be 21:5. 0e 2:1.~.0l'! 21:5. Be 21!3. £10

INSlIRAr<lCE (1:5) 62. ~0 62. :5l'! 62. 50 62. :5e 62. ~0 62. :10 62. :50

SAVINGS (16) 46. 07 46. 96 47. 50 "7. 74 47.':50 47. :Ie "6. :14

CLOTHING (:1.7) 20. 00 20. £1 8 es. e1 3 20. e0 ee . 00 20 ee 20. 00

MEDICAL (:19) 2':5.00 2':5.08 2':5.10 2S. 130 2:1. 1'0 2:5.00 25. 0l"RECREATION (19) 92 ..1:5 93. 92 9':5.0 9' :5 .43 9':5.0 587. :50 93. 07

CONTR.IB t. G.IFTS (20) 9Z. 15 93. 92 9 : 5 . 08 .,: ;.49 9':5. 0l'! 21 7. ': 58 '!!3.7

MISC. (2:1.) 20. 0e 221.00 2e. e0 20. 1 !10 20. "8 :50. 00 20. 0B

- - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - -------- - - - - _ . _ - - _ - - - _ . _ - - - - - - - - - _ . _ -------- _ . _ - - - - -TOTAL EXPENDITUP.ES (23) 921. 4'!S 928.01. 91.7. 138 903. e0 987. 00 1 4 "3 7. 0 13 849. 86

P ER CE N T A GE /. Ir .c or 1 E (24) 1e0. 0Y. 98. sx 96. :5y. "4. 7Y. "3. 4? ";19.7- 9:1. 3,-:

UNBUDGETED MONE'" (2':5) 0.l'!4 :1:1..0 33. e0 :51.87 63. e0 13. 013 80. 8: 1

:1.2/31/73PRGE 2:

AUG/8e SEP ....0 OCT'-Be I~OV/80 DEc....1 'I ANI~UALBlIDGET : 1' :1' 8B

I'''COME

SALAP.V

sonus- - - - - . - - - - -----.--- - - - - - - - - - - ----,--,---- - - - - _ . _ - - _ . _ - - - - - - - - - -9:53. 6O "&7. 18 ')42. 26 983:64 '31':17.7 ::1.14 40.:13

0. 8e 0. 8B e. 00 0.ee ~l'Ie. 80 1B0B. 0e_ . _ - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - . _ _ . _ - - - - - - _ . _ - - - - - - - - - - ------.---- - - - - - - - - - -

)~3. £I e 967. :I.e "42. z e o 9ft3. 64 1""7. 77 ::I.Z4"0.13OTRL :INCOtlE (7)

EXPEnDITUp.ES

- - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - - - - - -----.----.- - - - - - - - . _ - - - - - - - - - _ . - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - -GROCERY <:LV 1.14.36 1.16. 96 :1.13.£17 1.18. ( 114 1.99. : ;~ 1 4: ;2. 6 4UTILITIES (12) 9:5.(110 1.1.0.0et 12~. 08 140. 80 1~~, eel 1':530.Ell'!C A R P'''MT t, TRfms (13) 68. Be 68. 00 60S.00 66. e0 68. Be 8:1.6.00HOUSE P'T'tlT (, t1fUNT (14) 21.:): .Ie 215. B0 21!5. 00 2:1~. O l!l 21:5, 0 0 2 52 :0 . e0INSURRNCE (;1:;) 62. !50 6 2. ~1'I 62. ! Ie 62. :5e 6 2. ' :5 (' 1 750. £10SAVINGS (:1.6) 47. 6!5 48. 36 4 7. : 1.: :1 . 49.18 4~. 89 : 5 72 . 0 1CLOTH.ING (1.7) 28. e8 20. 00 2£1.Ol'! 2B. ee 1 2: ; . ee 3 4: 5 . 0 0MEDICRL (:L6) 2':5. '!0 2:5. ee 25. 00 2:5. ell!! 2'S. 08 3l'10.00P.ECRERTION (19) "',.30 96. 72 " ...23 ge. 36 H9.78 1606. :51CONTP.IB ' " GIFTS (2£1)

"'. 38 "6. 72 94. 23 98. 36 374. 44 i.:541..1.8MISC. (21) 2e.00 20. ee 20. e0 20. !!Ie 70. ee 328. e8-- - _ ----------------,--,_-- - - - - - - - - - - . . . ._ - _ _ . _ - - --------- --.------ ----.--- . . . . -- ------.-.---T OT AL EXPENDIT URES (23) 9'9. 11 878. 36 eEl'4.14 9i.4 ...:; :14':14.1.6 uan. 3..PEp.CErHRGE/INCOME (24) 9£1. 0~ 90. 8? 93. e~ '93. I!I:-: "9. S? :1 .14 :1 ..:- :UNBUDGETED MONE'~ (20) ~4. 89 88. 82 :lB.1.2 6 9. : I.~ 3. 6 :1 566. 79

After reviewing the results of the model, the user canchange any or all of these values. Immediately reo

execute the model and instantly obtain new results. Thisprocess can be repeated as many times as needed.This

feature is what makes Planner so astoundi.ng! It allowsthe user to actually see what future benefits or losseswhich could occur under the given set of circumstances.

Many business administrators spend much timeforecasting the likely effects of business transactions

for a distinct period of time. Planner provides the essen-tials to perform such forecasting along with profit and

loss projections, budgets, make/buy deciSion analyses,cost extimating, etc. Planner uses are limited solely tothe imagination of the user.

OHIO SCIENTIFIC 133 Chillicothe Road. (216)831·5600



Progressiveomputing

• ·SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER··Programmable Characler Generator Board . $89.95You can use OSI's characters or you can make your own.Imagine you can now do true high resolutl:on graphics 512 x256 individual dots in the 64x.32 screen format. And aliunder your control!

Other mods available - send' for catalog.

SOFTWARE (with Documentation)PCCHess V1.9 $19.95

Play Chess against your computer!Helicopter PUot:(64CHR Video Only) $8.95

An Excellent Graphlcs Program!Golf Challenger $14.95From 1 104 players. Playa round of goll on your 18 hole golfcou rss, One of the best programs I have seen! You can evendesign your own course. Comes with full documentation (14pages).

Two Very Intricate Simulations IWild Weasel Ii: You operate a Sam Missile base during aNuclear War. Not as easy as you think! You must operate ina three dimensional environmentFailsafe II:The shoe is on the other foot! Here you are in theallacking bomber and you must penetrate deep Into enemyterritory. Can you survive? An extremely complex electronicwarfare sImulatIon! SPEC!AL, both for $19.95

Hardware: CfP Video Mod: Makes your 600 Video every bitas good as the 4P and 8P, Gives 32164CHAILIne with guard·bands 1 and 2 Mhz, CPU clock with 300,.600 and 1200 baudfor Serial Port. Complete Plans $19,95

KIT(Hardware and Software) $39,95Installed:32CHA - $79,95, 64CHR - $84.95Extra K of Video RAM lor 64CHA. not Included!

C1P Sound Elleets Board: Completely programmable! Forthe discriminating hobbiest, the best board on the marketfor creating sound and music. Can be Interrupt driven sothat you can use It lor gaming purposes, Has on boardaudio amp, 16bit interval timer, 126 Bytes of RAM and two 8bit par.allelllO ports, Assembled and tested $89,95

'Bare Board $39.95 - both include Prog. Manual and Sam·ple Software,

C1P HI Speed Cassette KIt: Gives a reliable 300,600, and1200 BaUd, No symmetry adjustments - the ideal fix forOSI's cassette interface, Easily implemented in 30minutes,Will save you time and money even the first night you useit! $1.2.95

Many, Many more. Send lor Catalog with free program(Hard Copy) and BASIC Memory Map. $1,00. Two Locationsto serve you:

3336 Avondale court, Windsor, OntarioCanada N9E 1X6(519) 969-2500

or3281 Countryside Circle, Pontiac TWP, MI 49057

(313)373-0468

American Data, Inc.The world's largest distributor of

Ohio Scientific, Inc. Microcomputer Systems

ANNOUNCES

That OSI has appointed American Data as the exclusive

distributor of Ohio Scientific products for Europe including the

United Kingdo.m, Benelux, France, West Germany, Austria,Switzerland, Denmark, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey,and Iceland.

Dealer inquiries invited. Contact BarbaraHall, 352~23~172,

Luxembourg or David O'Brien, American Data (301) 840-9540Telex 64405 (USA).



Paged Printer Output for the A'PPLE

Improve the tormat of your printed output by adding a

page mode to your system.

If you have ever sent output to aprinter you have probably become

very annoyed when the output con-tinued from the the very end of onepage and then on to the next.Wouldn't it be nice if the printerwould automatically scroll to thetop of a new page when it got nearthe bottom of the previous one? Ofcourse it would, and the PAGERprogram will do it for you. PAGERwill count the number of line feedsthat are sent byAPPLEto the printerand when this total reaches 54,twelve blank lines will be generatedto automatically bring you to the topof the next eleven-inch page.

PAGER can be used from within aprogram or from immediate-execution mode. It is extremelyuseful for LiSTing long programspage by page.

PAGER, the source listing ofwhich appears below, has beenwrlt-ten for use with a serial printer thatis connected to the APPLEserial in-terface card. If PAGERis to be usedInconjunction with a paralle! printerconnected to the APPLE parallel in-terface card, two bytes of theroutine must first be changed. Tomake these changes, load PAGER,and then enter the following twocommands from BASIC:

POKE785,2POKE'812,2

The modified program should thenbe saved.

In order to change the number oflines that are printed before PAGERcauses the paper to scroll to the top

October 1980

of the next page, enter the com-mand POKE 798,LP from BASIC,

where LP is the required number oflines per page.

In order to change page length,enter POKE 804,PL from BASIC,where PL is six times the length ofthe page (in inches). For example,for an eleven inch page, PL = 66.Note that PL must be greater thanLP.

Output to the printer can bestopped after each page is printedby entering a POKE822,1commandbefore .actlvatlnq PAGER. To pro-

ceed after a page has been printed,simply press any key on thekeyboard. This 'page pause' featuremust be used when the user isfeeding each piece of paper to theprinter manually. To turn off the'page pause', enter a POKE 822,0command.

Instructions for Use Withina Program

The following sequenceshould beused to turn the printer on and offfrom within a BASICprogram:

5 0$ =:CHR$(4)10 PRINTO$;"PR#1"20 LW=132: REM LINEWIDTH30 PRINTCHR$(9);LW;"N" : PRINTCHR$(9);"K"40 CALL 768 : REM TURN ONPAGER

. (GenerateOutput)

50 PRINT D$;"PR#O" 0 REMTURNPRINTEROFF


G-ary little#101·2044West Third Ave.Vancouver, B.C. V6J 115

If DOS is not being used, changeline 10 to PR#1and line 50 to PR#O

and delete line 5. If a serial printer isbeing used, delete lines 10,20, and30.

Instructions for UseOutside a Program

If a serial printer Is involved,PAGERcan be activated by a CALL768 from BASIC. It can be deac-tivated by a PR#O. If a parallelprinter is involved, PAqERcan beac-tivated by performing the followingfour steps:

1. Enter PR#12. Enter CTRL-I132N(132or otherline width).

3. Enter CTRL-IK4. Enter CALL 768

It can be deactivated by a PR#O.

AdditioAal Notes:

1. Remember to set the DIPswitches on the serial printer inter-face card for the appropriate baudrate and line width before activatingPAGER.

2. Remember to adjust the paper inthe printer so that the tirst lineprinted will be at the desiredstarting position before activatingPAGER.

3.Makesure that a PRINTedlinewillnot exceed the line width which hasbeen set for the printer. If it does,then the overflow will appear on thenext line and this line will not betaken into account by PAGER.

29:47



2

1

4

S

6

7

8

9

10

I I12

!3

14[ 5

16

17

18[9

202 I22

23

2.25

2627

28

29}O

Jl

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

4 041

42

4 34 .I; 5

46

47

0300, h9 or < \8

0302: 35 3~ 09

0104: h9 O J 50

0306, 85 37 510]08: ,\9 DO 52

DJ(lh: R · : - 06 53( )lOC : 4 C F.h OJ 5t,

O]()F: tiS 55

OliO: 20 o o CI 56

0 :1 I ) : 61) 57

. '3 I ', : C9 "I) ',9

~J 16: ~o 01 6 U0318: hO 61

\lJ 19: I; ~ 06 62

OJIS: ,\ S 06 63

e\) I D: C9 36 6~

OJIF: I}O n 65

03 ~ 1 , .>\5 0 ( > 66

OJ23: C 9 1,2 G70325: fO 0,\ G8

0327: \:6 06 6~

03l9: A9 SA 70

OJ2B: 2~ DO C I 7 I

l'32E: 38 12O.lU: 60 F O 7J

01J I : A9 00 7 .OJD: 85 06 75

0)35: 1\ 9 00 76

0337 : FO 01 > 77

0339: 2C 00 CO 78

ODe: 10' F U 79

onE: 2C 10 c o 80

0'341 : 60 81

- - - EN D A SSEM HLY

T OT AL ERRORS: 0

**.***~** ••~*.******~~*~***~*~**

*

• ~y G AR Y L( ' r TLF .* flIOI-20/,4 !lEST TJlli(D AI ' I - ;NU~

". VANCOUVEIl II.C. "V6J lL5

* INSTRUCTIONS :

** pas 1. T IO N T il E PA P F.R [ 1 < / YOUR

* l 'RINTEK AND TllEIl CA r.t, 76~

* fRO" BASIC TO AeT[VAtE* TH IS ROUT INE , TO D~ACTIVATg,

* ~NtER A PR.~O.

*• PACE P AUSE f~AtURE:

* POK f: 822. 0 TO T U RN or F* POKE 822,1 TO TURN ON

** L IN E S PRINTEO PER PACE:

* POKE 798,LP

** P AGE LENGTH:

* POKE BO.,PL

** DESCRl P '1 '1 O N:

** T U! S , R ou n 1 ' 1 £ WI LL S8ND •PL - LP ,

* BLANK LINES TO TH E PRINTER

* AfTER 'LP' LI~ES HAVE BE~N

• SENT BY THE USER.

** D,E F A UL 1'S :

* LP = 51 ,

* PL· 1& ( 1\ " PA PE R)* PAGE PAUSE or r

**************************~**'**COUNT

CS WLDO S

KIW

S1'Rnf'RINT

EQ U ~6 L IN ~ COU NT ST OR AG E

EQ U $3 6 o ur ru r HOOK

EQU SH I I DOS I/O UPUIlTE Il00K

~QU $COOO K~Y~OARO

KQU SCOIO K I;;~BOA ftO STROBEEQU $el00 !'RU 1 SERtAl. OUTPUT

ORe $300L1)1\ U(S ' I "ART SET OUTPUT !lOOK

ST I I csvi, T O START Of uour iNE.

L.I) II ~>STA!(T

S'I'A CSWL+I

1,I}A O~OO Z"I!O TII~: I.l NE CO UNn: n,

ST I I COUNTJM P n o s ! ; l V ~ Il,:11 11001( 10 IlOS.

r'llil iROUT I,N I~ STA I ( T : ; !I~I{f: •

JSR ~RINT SI ;NU C!lARIICT'iK TO PR INH :H .

I'LA

Cr~P ~SHD C.~ ]{R! 1\[ :< : Rn'UlI.N:

I" : 'I liNE ~nANC II -I F LT L~ •

s r sINC COUNT I N C R E N f.t; T 1.1NI: C O U N T .l.nA C,JUt;T

C~I~ ·n6 L TN f: COLINT ~ 5. 1+ '1

n ~ F . ~i.:~T 1 F NOT, THEN 111·:1'II'IW.

],1),\ C~U~T

G N P Q$U I'AGE LF,NGTII :-H;T?

B F . Q LOO~HC C(lU~T I~C~H!f .NT THt: C(lU"~H R

tUh 1'$8A LOAD A LINE "·F.l~n

JSI\ PRINT AN D S~N[) IT TO TII~ PR I NTF.R

51·:C

BCS BLANK

1.1)1\ I '~00 ~ E R O TH E COUNl'£H.5TA COLINT

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Biorhythm: An AIM BASICProgramming Excercise

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Whether or not you believe in biorhythm theory, the pro-

grams presented here make an interesting demonstra·

tion and provide some useful techniques for using the

AIM and its printer.~~~~~~~~"" . . .~~~~ . . .~~

The natural, regularly repeatingrhythms of our world continually af-fect our daily lives. The sun andmoon appear and disappear, thetides rise and fall and the seasonschange. In all life, regular cycles areseen. Early in this century variousresearchers found evidencesupporting the cyclic nature ofhuman behavior. Through the yearsa body of "biorhythm" theory has

evolved.

Physical, emotional and lntellec-tual biorythm cycles begin at birthand continue throughout life. Therhythm of physical capacity covers23 days, high during the first half ofthe cycle and low during the second.The first 14 days of the 28 day erno-tlona! or sensitivity cycle reflectcheerfulness and optimism follow-ed by and emotionally negativeperiod. Similarly, the cycle of ln-tellectual capacity covers 33 day-soIn the positive half cycle, individualsare more mentally alert andcapable. While in the latter half,thinking capacity Is reduced andconcentration is more difficult.

The day when the cycle changesfrom low to high or from high to lowis a critical day. Accident studieshave shown that a high percentageof accidents occur on critical days.On those days when more than onecycle crosses the baseline, a personis likely to be especially accident

prone.

.October 1980

A biorhythm chart for a personborn April 1, 1980 is shown In figure1. Days when the curve is to theright of center are high and those tothe left are low. Physical, emotionaland intellectual cycles are labeled"P", "E", and "I" respectively.Critical days, zero crossings, arelabeled "C". The program describedin this article will provide a calendarand biorythm chart for the month

you select.

Whether or not such cycles arereally accurate, developing a routineto determine and plot them is an t n -terestlng AIM BASIC programmingexercise. I was encouraged to dosuch an exercise when Mel Evans'Perpetual Calendar (MICRO April1980,23:27) proved such a hit withmy family.

To chart the cycles, the time be-tween birth and chart date is need-ed. A BASIC program to do thls ap-peared in BYTE ("Day of The Weekand Elapsed Time Programs", W. B.Agocs, September, 1979, p. 126).This program readily translated intoAIM BASIC, but its 12 x 31 matrixoccupied too much memory. Fur-ther, it produced an incorrect result,365 or 366 days too large, whencomputing for dates in adjacentyears.

It was possible to uesmost of thisprogram by substituting some slrn-pie arithmetic for the matrix. The er-


P.E. Burcher7012 Stone Mill PlaceAlexandria, VA 22306

ror for adjacent years developedfrom the way the number of dayswas computed. For years betweenbirth and chart year,365 or 366 dayswere added to the sum of days in aloop which checked for leap yearFor adjacent years event thoughthere are no intervening years, theloop cycled once, at least In AIMBASIC,adding anextra year's days.Inthe program presented in this arti-

cle, the difficulty is corrected (instep 401) by zeroing the extra days.The algorithm used in place of thematrix to find days in a year to a cer-tain date is shown below.

Let: M = Month (a number 1 to 12D = Day of month (1 to 31)S = Sum of daysMC = Correction to numberof days for months of lessthan 31

Then: S = 0 +31*(M-1)·MC

In the program the correction isstored in string variable, M$

= "003344555667". The correctionfor the month is selected by readingthe digit corresponding to themonth, 0 tor January and February3 for March and April, etc. For leapyears, an additional day is added fomonths after February. The calculations are:

MC = VAL (MIO$(M$,M, 1 »

If M > 2 then S = S + L

Note: L = 1 leap yearL = 0 otherwise

29:51



R U r - J

* * * B I O R Y T H M C H A R T * * *

* * * B I O R Y T H M C H A R T ~ * *

F O R : M I C R O B I O R H Y T H M

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F O R B I R T H A P R . 1 . 1 9 8 0

You might want to check thecalculation. Simply add the follow-Ing:

5

Once the number of days hasbeen computed, starting values forthe biorythm sine functions aredetermined by subtracting the In-teger number of periods since birth.A natural temptation here Is to com-pute and save all the btorythrn curvevalues in a matrix for later plotting.Again the limited memory dictatescomputing, formatting and printingeach day's values in sequence.

The routine to plot the cyclevalues assembles a twenty elementprinter line in a string statement,one element at a time. In this case,space eleven was chosen as thecenter oftha plot and elne valuesallowed to vary nine spaces right orleft. Sine values are sorted afterconverting to strings and adding aplotting symbol (P, E, or I).Two sym-bols in the same slot are plotted asan asterisk. Date is plotted In thecenter except at zero crossingwhere "C" (for critical) is plotted.

The program presented here isnot as neat and pretty as it might be.Instructions for input data format,which reasonably should be includ-ed, have been omitted to savememory space. Where posstbte,"pirated programs" have been leftintact. Some effort has been madeto conserve memory space by reus-ing variables and using multiplestatements on a line.

The program will run with printcontrol "OFF", so that only the out-put information is printed. The pro-gram listing has a number of REM

statements for clarity. These shouldbe omitted when entering the pro-gram, as there is insufficientmemory.

A sample Biorhythm produced bythe program Is shown in figure 2.

For anyone desiring further Inter-mation on Biorhythms. The follow-ing publications provide a goodstart.

1. Biorhythm: A Personal Science,Bernard Gittelson, ArcoPublishing Company, 2nd Ed

1976

F O R : D A V I D 8 U R C H E R

~ I "• _.;_ - ,t s · _ . 1969

:l~14 15 16 i7 18 .<r 1;

~: 21 __ 23 24 25 2b

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F I G U R E 2. B I O R H Y T H MC H A R T P R I N T E D B Y T H EPROG~~~ ~u~ A U T H O R J S



2. Biorhythm Sports Forecasting,Bernard Gitteison, AreaPublishing Company, 1977

3. Is This Your Day?, GeorgeThommen, Crown Publishers,Inc., Rev Ed 1973

1 REM BIORHYTHM WITH CALEN·DAR5 REM USER DATE INPUTS

.1Ei L$::; .:--------;-.--;---

-- ..... ,.- .,-n/',,!"~'!I_; rl~.~y ; : : : ' :

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---- ,--~I I' I I ,,. I .. I.-,,! I I] 1" " 1o1 J -r

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,";;.,11!i...._ .

90 REM COMPUTE DAYS BETWEEN 440 REM DAYS IN YEAR TO DATEOATES .INSAME YEAR SUBROUTINE

L,=:i : GDSUB45~jS1=5.... - - . ---",_,Pl=Pl:::: : D=1. : fjU~UD4

1 80 S 3= 5- 51 :G OT 05 80

Note: To conserve memory space,no input instructions have been cod-ed. Names should be 15 digits orless. Dates are input:

Month· 2 digitsDate·.2 digitsYear· 4 digits

200 REM COMPUTE DAYSBETWEEN D.ATES

October 1980

. : r - ~ - . . . :

jQQ IFM)2THENS=S+L

500 REM USING ZELLERSCONGRUENCE510 REM CALCULATE THESTARTING DAYS OF WeEK BIRTHDATE FIRST

;::~;,":"J_-~.. - " : . . . . . ~------'I! ! ;; ".,"

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6.7~~1~ I-I ;-_

c ; c : ! - . : . r

~(j~-

71 1 D= ! N T ( 2_ 6 ~ M - . 1)+D+YZ+INT<YZ!4+.1)

71 5 D= D+ IN T( C/ 4+ _ 1)MIC.RO~~The 8502Journal

725 REM READ DAY AND MONTH

WORDS730 F ORI = 1T OD.RE ADA

, .. --.~-1"" I II" I' ',.'! •"7'10 !~ ~ ,._ ~ !

. l" ! J J I !"

731 RE ST ORE_F ORI =! TOM1+7:READMN$:NEXTI:

I F :; : : : ( ~ T H E f · J . A 1 $ = ~ R $

825 REM COMPUTE NO. OF DAYSIN CHART MONTH

- - ---.~~.;;_ ~ - I i I ~." ! ~..:. ."1

;1" _;0-. _.-..". J ,,- :L...!.; -_. ...... '_'_' ...J ...~ ' o.o...' '

900 REM PRINT HEADER ANDCALENDAR

q .:i L :; P ~I T r J T j[ ii~ I '~ • t', .... !.,]

-- _ . _ . , _ , - _ , .Fr:~,lN! :.DJ.$--_ .._ .. , .. _--

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r - r : . .i r~~. L;;:;:'.; iUr-: ..

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1033 SP=INT«20-LEN........ , ._ ~_~ e I.,.,.. ~ " r ..! ~!! ' .. .. ! ~ _ r ~ _. _. I

-, 'L :I'I~ ," . : !", "

1 03d PRINT!RIGHT$(S

2&:53



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!F I {[:liTHENF$=F$+"

1 04 0 I F I)DI TH EN F S= F

$+ ii j~

+C:H~~$4E:+DT)1 04 1 I FI (6 .5T HEN FS=F$+ii ii

1~3421043: F'RINT~F$

1644 Et~=0_ , ....I .... _ u.,r.;o-

1046 FO~~I=:i.T07

D+,5THENEN=1:GOT0105

1 04 8 Dl =I N T( DT /1 0+ .

1 04 9 I FD1 {. 5T HEN F$ =t_.;. J n ii

r.;:·"'t""

1 05 0 I F D1 ),5T HEN F $=F $ + CHR$ < 48+Di)1 051 F $= F$ +C HR$ (4 8+(2)

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1 05 3 N EXT I :PRI NT ' FS1 054 I FEN {. 5T HEN 1045j_~J55 PF~INT~L$

T

"H I G H H _ ~ H _

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1060 REM COMPUTE NO. OF DAYSSINCE LAST FULL CYCLE

l~bl P=S3-INT(S1/23

1 06 2 E= S3- I NT ( S1 / 28)*281 06 3 C =S3- IN T( S1 11 3

1064 REM PLOnlNG LOOP COM·PUTE P / E J I VALUES

1 06 6 PP= 11 +I NT (9* (S

1 06 8 C C= 11 +I NT (9* (SIN < R*C!/J:J: ) + _ 05»)

1069 REM CHG TO STRING

1 070 A $( l)= ST R$ ( PP)

1 080 A S( 2)= ST R5 (E E)+IlEH

1 090 A S( 3)= ST R$ (C C )+iiIH

1095 REM SORT, LOW FIRST

: 1 1 : 1 . £ 1 FO~ : I =1. T021 120 I FV AL( A$ (I »{=

VAL(A$(I+1»THENl1701 1 30 T $ =A S( I): AS (I )

=A$(I+l):A$(I+l)=T$:i160

1__

r-.i.,

1 180 I FF =lT HEN 11 001185 REM BUILD PRINT LINE

1 21 0 A (I )= VA L( AS( I)

1 220 I FA (I )= A( I- l)THENFS=LEFTS(FS,LEN(F- - _ . --" -----_--5)-1)+~S:UUIU1~4~1 230 F $ =F $ +LE FT $ (DO

1 24 8 F =20- lEN (F $)1 24 9 I FF )0T HEN F$ =F $+LEFT$(DOT$,: F)1250 l$~M ID$ (F $ J 10,

$ = ST R$ ( J) : G OT 01 2901252IFRIGHT$(IS.l)

= I P r rTHENI$= ' i 'C i~ : LC:=-l---_._--

1 -II r II .... " •• ' 1;;

, D!_! ~ L!":" ~ 0 f o . = . , r

1265_ , _ , _ .._---F}-::lN! : r - : tP = P + i : E = E + i : C : : :

C:+1: 1 2 7 0 f - J E : : - : : T J

1275- - - - - -;; . II II

t :, 1 . .. , ~

1 290 I $= RI GHT $( I$ ,LEN(I$)-l):LC:LEN(IS)

MICRO -- The 8502 Joum.1

1300 REM REPEAT FOR ADDI·TIONAL CHARTS

-2: G OT C;:i26fi1 130 I NPU T " M ORE YIN

I} _;!

t · JD1350 I NPU T "SAME PER

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DAY,TUESDAY,WEDNESDAf f

T

1 51 0 DA T AT HU RSDA Y ,F

1 51 5 DA T AJ AN U ARY ,F E

BRUARY.MARCH,APRIL.M

1 52 0 DA T AJ ULY .A U GU S

N O V EM B E R. DE C EM B E R

WHAT FOLLOWS IS A RUN FORFRAN TARKENTON TO SHOW THERESULT WITH THE "DAYSBETWEEN PRINT" ADDED. NOTE80 BYTE FREE AFTER RUNNING.

F:UN

B I RTH DAT E MiD/Y ? 2

CHRRT DATE M / Y ? 1

THERE ARE 13:482

r '.lo-,

t 1 1 " " ' -, - - -1 ,_."1,/' 1977'

OctDHr 1180



***BIORYTHM CHART***

FEBRUARY, J . 1940

*** JANUARY 1~(( *~*T

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C1_PfS'up_erboardIntelligent TeJ'mlnalProgram transmits datafrom keyboard Of cassette andstores te&eived data ontocassette; Runs in 4K,selectablepa~lty, Sf",p bits; foU/half duplex.Unique feature.u,ser definablekeyboard configuration. Lets .youlaUor your keyboard. $24.95 forcassette and manual. RequiresRS232 mod,

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MICROPROCESSORS INMEDICINE: THE 6502MICRO is pleased to present here the first column ina conttn-

uing series by Jerry W . Froelich, M.D., on the 6502

microprocessor in medicine. The author provides his own in-

troduction.

Soon after the Introduction of commericial computers, the

imaginative physician andengineer prophesied andadvocatedtheextensionof computers into medicine.Theinitial attempts to

bring computers Into the hospital only made it as far as thebusiness office. Oncecomputers becamefully accepted in thebusiness side of the hospital, various clinical applicationswere tried. One, in the clinical laboratory, was to process thevast amount of information generated by laboratory pro-cedures. Another was.10 analyze electrocardiograms (EKGs),which seemed like "simple" Signal analysis. Still another wasmonitoring, where the computer's "watchful eye" records, in-terprets, and reacts to deviances from preset parameters.

These applications met with various problems such as thatof "technology transfer" (theman-machine interface), and sizeand cost limitations. Oneof the initial obstacles to widespreadacceptance of clinical computer technology was the lack ofco IIabora t i on bet ween eng j neers and phys ic lans.

Sophisticated design did not translate, necessarily, Intoclinically practical information.

During the last decade, there has been maturation of ourunderstanding, both of the technology transfer process andofthe technology appropriate for medicine. During that sameperiod, microprocessors became sufficiently economical,powerful, reliable and available to be useful andefficient for abroad rangeof medical applications.

Allow me to Introduce myself. I first learned about corn-puters in the late 60's by programming business applicationsonan IBM 1130,no small feat. The fruits of this labor financedmyundergraduate education. At this time, I becameinterestedin applying computers to the monitoring, modeling, andprediction of shock states in critically ill patients. In medical

school, I began programming rsal-tlrne applications inneurophysiology and nuclear cardiology. Thebulk of this workwas performed on the PDP8, 11,and 12.

During mylast yearof medical school, I spent the summeratthe National Institutes of Health (NIH)as a visiting scientist, tolearn the man y applications of computers to medicine at theInstitutes. During this time, I helped implement real-tlrneanalysis of electrocardiograms in the post-surgical intensivecare unit. It was at NIH that I first became familiar withmicroprocessors in medicine. Scientists there werefabricating "intelligent" monitoring devices such as pre-processors for EKGs,blood pressuremeasurements,and fluidouput:

Currently, I am a clinical fellow at Harvard Medical Schooland work in the Radiology-Nuclear Medicine Division at the

Massachusetts GeneralHospital in Boston. tn our department,we havevarious applications on computers ranging from the

largesl 10 the smallest microprocessors. I myself havea PET

computer, a6800microprocessor system (TVBUG),andaccessto an APPLEsystem.

With this introduction behind us, I would like briefly to coverwhat this column will accomplish. Because MICRO isdedicated to the 6502,I would like to structure the column sothat an overview of a computer application in medicine In-

cludes an in-depthdescription of a specific 6502application. Ihope thai this column can be a forum with reader commentsand suggestions. What I need to know from you the reader ishow much depth is desired, if reviews of current literaturewould be helpful, and how much technical information isdesired. Please w.riteto meat the address below.

The second columnwill discuss the use of microprocessorsIn medical education and will include a description of aspecific system for teaching physicians and technologistsabout nuclear cardiology and nuclear medicine.

Jerry W. Froelich M.D.g Brown Place

Woburn, MA 01801

... belng yl! camp'eat

~'.a.'ogulJ! or p~rtphlCnhiliI'I'allil.ble "!;It YOUr"PET

Skyles Electric Works231 E South Whisman Road

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Hexadecimal Printer

This simple program permits the user to specify the

limits within which he wants the APPLE.II disassemblerto operate..

When using the disassembler Inthe Apple II to print out machinelanguage code, one normally typesin the starting address and then anumber of L's. There are two pro-blems with using this method to

print out a machine language pro-gram. The first is that if the machinelanguage program does not happen10 be a multiple of 20 instructions,there is probably going to be a col-lection of unwanted garbage printedat the bottom of the desiredmachine code, The second problemoccurs when the program beingprinted is fairly long, Does one typein 50 or 51 L's to get all of thedesired code? The programpresented here solves both of theseproblems by decoding an outputingthe disassembled machine

language code that lies betweentwo hexidecimal addresses.

After loading the program, usingit is very easy, First, turn on theprinter with a control P and thentype 800G (return). The screen willclear and prompt you with theheader "STARTING ADDRESS".Enter the hexidecimal address ofthe tlrst instruction to be decodedand then hit return. A similar prornp-ting question will be asked for theending address and after enteringthe ending address the program wilt

start outputing the disassembledcode beginning at the startingaddress and continuing until theending address.

The code presented here istransportable in that only twoaddresses (4 bytes) need to bec'hanged to relocate the programanywhere in memory. These loca-tions are the addresses for the datathat prints out the program's twolines of text. Data for this text isstored starting at lines 570 ($868)

October 1980

!A

1 2 1 ( 1 : 1 . 0

013213

(113300 1 2 1 4 0

~j050

(;'('0:'·00070

08130 2058FI': 1 2 1 0 8 1 2 1

080::? R2,30 0139(.1

0805 8D6888 ~j100

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080F E8 0 : 1 . 4 0

1 2 1 ; 3 : 1 . 0 [l(1F3 ( 1 : 1 . 5 0

'::1:;;:12 2£t6FFD 0 : 1 . 6 0

0 8 : 1 . 5 A 000 fH700:31.7 20A7FF 0:180

0au'! 8!;.3E 121:190

1 3 8 : 1 . C 8S3A 0213121

OS:1.£ AS:;:; ::- '32:1.013820 8538 (122~

0822 208EH' 02J~)1 0825 A 2£t 0 121240

8827 8D7N38 (12C~,~j

082A F 008 D260

882( : ( 1 92: 0 ij~~70

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12183:920A7FF 13:::;:0

083(: A53E 1':13:4(1

082E 85F£ 035k"1

084101 A 53: F 1 013: 6 0084 2 85F F 0 3 7 > !

0'344 208£FD 038f3'J847 2\Cl[:I\,W8 039.;t084 A E6 2F 0 4 ( 1 ( 1

084C i8 04:1.0084D A 53A 04 213<1184F 652F £14313£ 1 - , 1 2 . 5 : 1 8: 53A 134 4 00853 A 538 O~5~;0:35'5 6900 1346(1

',1857 :::.5:~B ~1'+78

€l859 ?8 048'"1 2185A A 53A 0491 01 2185C E5F E 1 21 500085E A538 1 3 5 : 1 . 0

0'8:613 E5FF 0 5 2 £ 1

0 8 6 2 90E: : 0530@864 208EFD £'540.::l86T 208£FD 0550086A 61 3 056,0

.D EC O[ : JE B ET I JE EN A DP

FlNR. DL ~30FEA F ' A 2 [;'L 001ELEr~G DL 002F

FtPPC DL '303Ft

STAR JSR $ F C 5 8l.[ :I ?': . 1 2 1 (.1 k '

D8A2 LDA TIT:L, > (

SEQ 081'i'l

LeRoy MoyerRoute 9, P.O. Box 236Charlottesville, VA 22901

:C LE AR S CR EE N

:OUTPlJf ,F I R ST HEADER LINE

" ST AR T I N G A DD RE SS "

OR A OS0JSP $ F [ " E [ " '

I N X8N E C·SA2

DeRi .ISR $F()6F

LD~' 0')8..ISP$FFA:'

LDA "'FtF'A2

srA '"APFC

LDR; ,4cAPA2+£liST A " 'A PPC +01JSR $ FD8E :PR INT LINE 'EEDLO ;- "; 1 2! 00 :PR INT SECOND HEADER LINE

[HA4 LOA TTT2,:~ " EN DIN G A DD RE SS "

:K EY BO AR D IN PU T OF S TA RT IN G A DR RE SS

;CHANGE TO HEXIO ECIt$ .L ADDRESS

: M 'JV E HEX I DEC I .~ l ADDRESS TOAPPC ($3A)

SEQ [,8FtJ

ORR 1<18~j

.JSR $FDEDINX8N E 08A4

DBA3- ]SR $FD6FLDY 1300J : ' O . f ; ' . $FFA7U >R * A F · R25TR ,.F I N AU,A "'RPR2+!ji5TR *F I tlR+0:1.. JS R $ F D8 E :PR INT LINE FEED

D8R5 .1SR $F800 :D ISASSEM BLE O NE LINE

1 M ' : "'LENG i I NCREMENT B Y T E F OR L EN GT H

CLCLDA * A F ' PCRDC . *LEt,jG

S TR *R F'P I:;=LD A *APPC+01R[,C l'Iv.> U

STR '~RPF'C+01SECU)R "RF'PC

SBe ' ' ' F I N RLDA *RPPC+0:1.S8e * FI NR+ Olsec C : ' B A 5.TSR $FD8ETSP :tFr!8E

PT S


:KEYBQARD INP\JT OF ENDING ADDRESS

: C I -W I G E TO HEX I DEC I M A L ADDRESS

i~V E HEXIOECIMAL ADDRESS TO

FINA ($FE) F IN AL AD DR ES S

; ADO LENGTH OF IN STRU CT I 00 TO

:ADDRESS TttA.T IS POINTER FOR

:O P C OD E TO BE DIS ASS Ef.'B LE D

:SUBTRACT FINAL ADDRESS TO SEE IF

T H E EN D H A S B EE N R EA CH ED

:PRINT LIlliE FEED

:PRINT LINE FEED

:R ETU RN TO tom lTO R

29:57



and 610 ($870) in the program listingand this data is used in lines 100($806) and 250 ($828) respectively.

Several APPLE monitor sub-routines are used in this programand two of them deserve some com-

ment. The first is the GETNUM($FFA7) subroutine that converts anumber stored as ASCII charactersin the input buffer ($200), indexed bythe Y register, into a two byte hex-idecimal number. This routine con-verts ASCll characters until it en-counters a character that is a non-hexidecimal number. A carriagereturn ($80) is used in this programfor the terminator. The resultinghexidecimal address is stored atlocation A2L ($3E) and A2H ($3F) inthe usual low byte, high byte orderfor addresses required by the 6502.

The second routine that deservessome comment is the INSTOP($F800) routine. This routinedisassembles an instruction andoutputs it to the screen. Theaddress that is used to direct thesubroutine to the op code to bedisassembled is stored in PCl ($3A)

':1:::6E: 5:5544:L ~"357~?1 TITi A S. " ';-n=IFi:T1 : D ATA FO R FIR ST HEADER LINt0 8 6 E r:12544':1

0871 4E4720 ~)5;=:0 RS r'K, Fir·!;,~1:=:74 4.L4444

~18?7 ~24~~,~. (1~:90 8S ' R E S : ; : :' : : : 1 : ? : 7 1 ~ ~;;-:;;;; '~1

0:-::7C O(il , , ' t ~ ' , , ( ! i-t; (30687[;' 0[.' ()6'l0 TIT:;: HS 0D : DATA FO R SEC()I ID HEADER LINE

087C 454E44 (,,:;';::0 AS "ENDING.;"8:3i 494E4?

0:384 2(j-j.144 8 1 1 0 . : : ; : 0 AS,.

A [ ,o D F ; : E1j:~:87 ...1·45245

O,=:8R -:'..;-S:·2~j 064.3 F I S ....S0SE:D 00 0>35'" H'- 00; ; ; ; ,

['66~3 Et,W Ell

and PCH($3B). After returning fromINSTOP, a number that is one lessthan the length of the instruction isstored in location lENGTH ($2F),The address in the painter {$3A, $3B)is not changed by INSTOSP andhence the length of the instructionneeds to be added to the pointer to

get to the location of the next opcode (lines 410 to 470 in the programlisting).

gram listing. Hopefully this routinewill be useful in making yourmachine language print-outs lookneater in the future.

S'r't1E:OL TA8LEFINR ,)OFE

APR2 Oi2GE

LEtJ(l .~1i212~-flPpr" 00::A

-:;Tf1R ~1 :K '0

r'8F12 0805

()8A~ 8812

~'E:A... ~t~!;::'7

r-'BA1. ~18~4

[.. E: A, , ~1==:4""

T IT~ 0'=:'_T:TT12 887[,

Em' O:3;:::~E

J .'

If you do not desire to have the in-itial lines of text printed out on yourprinter then one should insert aprjnter turn-on ro uti nebetween lines380 and 390 of the assembled pro-

SIRIUS SOFTWARE is proud to announce that SYNERGISTIC SOFTWARE

is now a distributor for us and is carrying the fallowing products in stock:

E·Z DRAW_It started as the best graphics editing package available for the APPLE and with our continuingsupport it is going to stay the best. Human engineered for ease of use and a tutorial intended to be used bycomputer novices. Still only $34.95. E-Z DRAW requires a 48K APPLE with Applesoft in ROM or a LanguageSystem. Written by Jerry Jewell and Nasir/Gebell!.

STAR CRUISER - The ULTIMATE ACTION gamel A real time hi-res action game with sound, action andsuspense. Finally a game that requires fast reflexes, coordination and strategy. These critters actually chaseyou. A game for all ages and priced right at $24.95. This game runs under 13 or 16 sector format with 32KRAM. Written by Nasir/Gebell!.

BOTH BARRELS Includes two games on the same diskette. DUCK HUNT is the traditional hunt from the blind,complete with dogs to retrieve the ducks and even an occasional dog fight to liven up the action. Hi-res, ofcourse. HIGH NOON has you pitted against an entire town of BAD GUYS. They'll attack from doorways, win-dows, and even rooftops. Be quick or be dead. This has some of the most Interesting graphics effects you'llsee on the APPLE. Nlnelevels of play, one to match any age group. These games have great action, greatgraphics, and great sound effects. What else could you ask for? BOTH BARRELS requires 48K with ApplesoftIn ROM. Written by Nasir/Gebelli.

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

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(206) 641-1917

APPLE, Applesoft and Language System are products of Apple Computer, Inc. E-Z DRAWand DUCK HUNT Includecharacter generation by Ron and Darrel Aldrich and fonts by Ted Cohn and Lawrence You,

The products listed are al/ copyrighted © 1980by SIRIUS SOFTWARE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.



Look at the program example,TESTSORT. The first thing torememberabout Pascal programs isthat 'first is last'. Inother words, anyvariable, constant, or proceduremust be defined before it is referredto. That is why the executablestatements for any program or pro-

cedure are the last statements inthat program or procedure.

A procedure is basicly a programsubroutine that is, or should be ac-complishing a discrete functionwithin the program. Any proceduremay also be composed of one ormore procedures. In the example,procedure PRINT is a stand-aloneprocedure, while procedure SPLITisconstructed using four sub-modules, SWITCH, BUBBLE,MOVEUPand MOVEDN.

Notice also that variables andconstants are always declared priorto their use at the beginning of theprogram or procedure. Additionally,these data areas are global to thelexical levelof the program at whichthey are defined. Inother words, theconstant MAXMEMS is available toany statement in the programbecause it is defined at the highestlevel, but the variable HOLDcan on-ly be accessed from within pro-cedure SWITCH.

This feature of defining variables

for a sub-module allows the techni-que of recursion to be used. Simplyput, this means that a procedure isable to call itself as a subroutine.This is in fact what the procedureSPLIT is doing. By using recursion,the programmer can keep thecoding Simple, and yet write ex-tremely efficient programs. In thisexample, SPLIT is initially calledfrom the main program logic, andthe value 0 and the variable ACT-MEMSare passedasparameters. Atthe end of the SPLITprocesslnq, thesize of the array segment being

manipulated is evaluated. At thispoint, the array is broken into twohalves and the procedure is calledagain for each half. This processcontinues until the array segment tobe passed to the SPLITprocedure istwelve items or less. At this point, asimple bubble sort is called for etfi-clency reasons and the return ismade from the subroutine call.

This use of recursion is possiblebecause new and unique variables

29:60

are generated for each recursionaflevel. This allows the variables to beat the proper value when the returnto the next higher level is com-pleted. Becauseof this, however,alot of memory is gobbled up in theprocess and there is an effectivelimit to the number of recursion

levels possible. In the case of theAPPLE,a minimum of six words areusedat each level in addition to anyvariables used, and each word is

1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 29 22

1 0 2 2

11 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 221 7 ' l1.18 2219 222(1 2221 12 2 12 3 124 12 5 126 127 1

2 8 119 13 0 131 13 2 133 13 4 13 S 13 D 137 13 B 13 9 14( ) 141 142 143 1

« 145 14 b 147 148 149 1S O 151 152 153 154 15 -5 156 157 158 1

considered by the P-machine to be16bits. For this reason, the exampleis limited to 285 members in the ar-ray.

The use of this recursion techni-que is what makes the QUICKSORTalgorithm so efficient, however.The

first sort that I wrote inPascal was asimple bubble sort that took about70 seconds to sort 100 items in the

array. Using QUICKSORT,this same

1 : D 1 (t$l P R I N T E R : * )1 : D 1 P R O G R M T E S T S O R T ;1:0 3 (** ," -I -H***** **** . .. ********4- I******)1:0 3 {* *l1 : 0 3 (f O OI C' K S O RT A R R A Y O F I N T E G ER * l1 : 0 3 (I * 11 :D 3 (HHHnuH*HIHHf***********H)1 :D 3 ($ )

1:0 31:0 3

2 : D 3 F U N C T I O N P A D D l E l S E L E C T : I N T E G E R ) : I N T E G E R ;3 :0 3 F I . . .K : T IO N B 1 m O N I S E l E C T : IN T EG E R ) : B O O lE AN ;4 :D 1 P R O C E D U R E T I L O U T ( S E l E C T : I l n E G E R ; D A T A : B O O l E A N ) ;5:D 3 FOCTlON KEYPRESS: B fAEAN;b :D 3 F U N C T IO N R A N D O M : I N T E G E R ;7 :0 1 ? R D C E D U R E R A N l lO I 1 lmS : 0 1 P R O C E D U R E N O T E ( P I T C H , D U R A T IO N : I N T E G E R ) ;8:0 31 :0 3 I M P L ~ T A T I O N1 : 0 1I :D 1 U S E S A P P L E S T U F F ;1:0 31 : D 3 C O N S T I ' I A X ! ' I E M S = 2 8 4 \I:D 31 : 0 3 V A R O U T : I N T E R A C T I V E ;1 : 0 3 0 4 C O N : I N T E R A C T I V E ;1 : 0 6 0 5 N U ~ : A R RA Y ( O •.~ A X H E ~ 3] O F I N T E G E R ;

1 : 0 8 , 9 0 A C T M E l ' I S , I Y :I N T E G E R ;I : D 8 9 2 P , D , l X : I ~ T E G E R ;1 : D 895 CHRtlR : CH ff{;1 : D B 9 b (1$P ~i

2 : D 1 P R O C E D U R E P R I N T ( T E X T : S T R I N G 1 ;2 : D 4 3 (***HHIH-t+H*-H-HHftH*********)2 : D 43 It * 12 : D 4 3 (t P RI N T T HE I N T E G E R A R R A Y f l2 : D 43 It * 12 : 0 4 3 (***Ht I***1HH:4Hf-H***********H)2 : D 4 3 V A R I X , C T R : I N T E G E R ;2 : D 4 52 : 0 0 B E G I N2 : 1 0 P A 6 E ( O U T ) i2 : 1 1 4 W R l T E L N 1 0 J T , T E X T l ;2 : 1 31 W R IT E U H O U T l i

2 : 1 3 8 I I l . I T E L N mm ;2:1 45 IX:= 0;2 : 1 4 8 e T R : = O J2 : 1 5 1 R E P E A T2:2 51 . ' U T E ( O U T , ' ' :4,Nl. lM[lX):6)i2 : 2 8 1 I X := I X + I i2 : 2 8 7 e T R := C T R + 1;2: 2 93 IF eTR = 12 TH EN2 : 3 9 9 B E G I N2:4 99 eTR := 0;2: 4 1 0 2 W R I T E L N ( O U T l2:3 109 END;2:1 1Q9 U N T I L IX) A C T M E M S ;2:1 117 W R I T E L N t O U T 1 ;2 : 0 1 2 4 E N D ;




Octob.r 1980

5 9b Q616 26364O S6 6676 86 91 071127 37 47 S76n78798081B 2

8384S5868 7a s89909192939 49S9b97989910010 11 0 210 31 0 4l O Sl O b1 0 7l O S10911 011 111 21 1 31141 1 5

1 1 61 1 71 1 81191 2 01 2 11 2 2123124

11111111t111111111111111

111111111111111111111111111111111

111111111

2 : 03 : 03 : 03 : 03 : 03 : 03 : 03 : D3 : D3 : 03 : 03 : D3 : 04:[j4 : 04 : 04 : 04:14 : 14:14 : 04 : 05 : D5 : D

5 : 05 : 05:15 : 25 : 35 : 45 : 55 : 45 : 25 : 05 : 06 : 06 : 0b:16:16 = 26 : 36 : 46 : 46:4,6 : 46 : 36 : 26 : 36:16:06 : 07 : D7 : 07:17: 17·"L7·,... ,

7 : 47 : 47 : 47 : 47 : 37 : 27 : 37:17 : 0

138(dP.)1 P R C l C E D 1 J 1 E SF t . 1 T (X, Y : I N TE G ER I ;3 (.......t + t II I I I ••• f lll.I I I II * * ** *l

3 (f I)

3 (+ S P l I T I S A P R O C ED U R E ) I - l I C H +)

3 ( . A C T l .w . .L V D C E S TI£ S O R T I M 3 . I)

3 (+ T I £ S O O T r t .O O R In t t L lS U i I S I

3 ( . T I £ Q U I C K SO O T 1 'E 1 T l lO . I)

3 (+ +)

3 (tt....... tf~~.ft+lI.III ••II*1

3 V A R F , L , I ' I I D : I N T E G E R :b O DD f'A SS : B OO lE A N :71 P R OC E O O R E SW IT C H ( S W l, S W 2 : I N T E G E R ) ;

3 'J A R I { J L D : IN T E G E R i

4oo1 43S49b413

5oo13132 62 651b 471881oo44

35354 351'5 161616 37 1819 61oo44

3 5

3 54 351516161637 181

B E G I NI - f J L D := ~JtUSWlli~ [ S W 1] : = NlI ' I [SW21iNU l ' ! ( S W 2 ] : = I - [ ! L D

E N D ;

P R O C m I R E B U BB lf ( B B I , B £W I N T E G E R ) :V A R Z . X : I N l £ G E R i

B E G I NF O R Z := B B I T O ( B B 2 - 1 ) 0 0B E G I N

F O R X := I I + 1 ) T O B B 2 D OB E G I N

I F N U I ' I ( Z ] ) ~ ( X ] T H E N S W I T C H ( Z , X );E N D ;

E N D ;E N D :

P R O C E D U R E tm£UP;F f : G IN

O D D P A S S := F A L S E ;

R E P E A TI F N U M ( F ] )= N U M ( l ] T H E N

B E G I NS W I T C H ( F , l ) ;F := F + 1;M ID := L ;E X IT ( I ' I O V E U P I

E N DRSE

L := L - 1 ;U N T IL N O T ( L ) F ) i

E N D ;

P R O CE D U RE I1 O V E DN :B E G I N

O D D P A S S : = T R U E ;

R E P E A TI F ~ ( L ] ( N U M [ F ] T H E N

B E G I N

SW I T C H I F , l) ;L := L - 1;1 1 1 0 := F iE X I T ( t1 O V E I tl I

E N DE L S E

F := F + 1 ;U N T I L N O T ( L ) F l i

E N D ;

MICRO -- T.... 6502 Journal

array will be sorted in about fiveseconds. The maximum of 285elements is sorted consistently in16seconds. Eventhough a machinelanguage sort would run circlesaround these figures, try doingsome sorts in BASIC. I'm not evensure that QUICKSORTcould bewrit-

ten in BASIC.

There is one last feature of theU.C.S.D. Pascal system that I feelmerits a lot of attention. With thissystem, machine languagesubroutines can be linked into andcalled from Pascal host programs.These routines are essentiallymembers of Partitioned Data Sets(PDS)that are called UNITs. TheseUNITs each have a unique name,and up to 16 of these UNITs mayreside on anyone of a number ofsubroutine libraries that the pro-

grammer can generate. In theTESTSORTprogram, Iwanted to usethe routines NOTE and RAN·DOMIZE, which are machinelanguage procedures that are usedto manipulate the APPLE's speakerand in gererating random numbers,respectively. These routines residein An APPLE supplied UNIT calledAPPLESTUFF.This unit is includedin the program, and at the end ofcompilation, this UNIT isautomatically linked in from thesystem library. Any of the functionsand procedures listed at the begin-

ning of the programabovethe state-ment, IMPLEMENTATIONare nowavailable to the Pascal host pro-gram.

In this article I have tried tohighlight some of the main featuresof this very professional softwaresystem as simply as possible, andin dolnq so, have tried to indicatethe usefulness of this productwithout being tedious. Pascal is anexciting development on themicrocomputer horizon which willallow the serious software analyst

to develop professiona applicationsfor microcomputer systems. Ohyes,there is only last critical point that Ihave neglected to mention. Pro-grams written in U.C.S.D. Pascalcan be run on any computer systemusing the U.C.S.D. OperatingSystem, and there are a lot ofmicros out there in addition to AP-PLE now using this operatingsystem. Think about it for a mo-ment. The implications are trulyamazing.

29:81



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14 2 ( * * * * I * * H * + * t * t * t * * * H H H * * * * * t lo B E G I No R E S E H O U T , 'P R I N TE R : I );

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6 7 8 G O T O X V ( 0 5 , 1 4 ) i W R IT E { 'S T A R T F ~ lN T E R A N D H IT A N V K E Y I);

72 5 U N I T C L E A R ( l ) i7 2 8 R E A D (C H R C T R ) ;7 3 9 P R IN T ( ' A F T E R T I£ S O O T - ' )7 S 8 E N D .

A P P L E

B U S I N E S S

S O F T W A R EGENER.AL LEDGER

If you an: a busine .. person who is looking for

ultimate performance, take B look at this out-

standing General Ledger package from SmallBusincn Computer Systems_

Our package fea ture s six digit account

numbers. plus thirty-one character account

names. We have ten levels of subtntalo, giving

you a more detailed income statement and

ba lance sheet with up to nine depa rtments. Either

cash or accr ual accoun ting methods may be 118Cd.The cash journa l allows a thirty-thr ee cha racter

transaction description and automatica.lly cal·

culates the proper off_lting entry. You may

print the balance sheet and i ne o m e s ta tem en t for

the current month, quarter, or any of the pre-

vious three quarters, Abo, this year's or last

year's total an: included on the income statement,

depending on the current month.

Then: is virtua lly no limit on entr ie s, since you

may process them as orten as you like. Two

thousand (1,000 from GL; 1,000 from any exter-

na l source) can be processed in one session.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Sound business management n:quires you to

keep up-t.<Hiate reports regarding the status of

yo ur accounts receivable.

Now, from the same company lhat revolu-tionized accounting on the Apple IIcomputer,

with their convers ion of the Osborne/McGraw.

Hill General Ledger program, you may now

obtain th e Acconnl8 Receivable package you

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Our package allows you to assign your own

alpha-numeric cus tomer code up to six char-

acters, Date of the last activity. as we l l as

amounts billed this year and last year are main-

tained. This Accounts Receivable system main-

tains six digit invoice numbers. six digit job

numbers . invoice amount, shipping charges, salestax (automatically ca lcula ted) , total payments as

well as progress billing infonnation. You may

enter an invoice at any time; before it's ready for

billing, after you have billed it, and even after it's

paid. This package also prints reports which list

the invoices you have not billed yet, open items,

paid items, and an aging analysis of open items.

!n the f inal analysi s, making your bookkeeping

easier is what our software is all about. With our

General Ledger package you can format your

own balance sheet and income statement.

Department financial statements may be for-

mated diff erently. You have complete f reedom to

place titles and headings when: you want them,

skip lines or pages between accounts and

generate subtotals and totals throughout the

repcrts=-up to ten levels if you need them. Ac--

counts Receivable is designed to provide youwith complete up-to-date information. The

program will print customer sta temenuas well ali

post invoice amounl8 to any of the accounts

maintained by our General Ledger package.

These packages will support any printer/inter-

face com bination. General Ledger requires 11 0

columns. Account. Receivable re q uires 13 0

columns.

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IndividuaUy S;80.00Toge1her S33O.00

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(4 02 ) 4 67 -! 8 78



B E F O R E T H E S O R T -

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3 4 3 2 3 4 B f , 3 5 0 2 3~126 ~:577 : 3 5 7 2 1 3609 3t·bt :3t.90

J . !

Legal Note: Computers and the Law

The Computer/Law Journal has

Just issued a "Call for Papers" for a

special two-issue set entitled "Law

and Information Polroy" to be

published in early 1981.

Papers are sought in all areas of

the information process, from the

legal aspect of fact-gathering, to In-

formation storage. retrieval and

transmission. Topics include inter

alia, privacy, protection of data

bases, Viewdata and similar

systems, transborder data flow, ac-

cess to government data bases, cryp-

tography, and the antitrust aspects

of the telecommumications industry.

Articles addressing the international

aspects of information law and policy

will be of particular interest.

Guest editors for these special

issues are Dr. Jon Bing and Professor

Selmer of the Norwegian Research

Center for Computers and Law.

Authors interested in submitting

papers for these issues should either

write Dr. Bing at the Norwegian

Research Center for Computers and

Law, Oslo University, Karl Johans Gt

37, Oslo 1, Norway, or write or

telephone Michael Scott. Edltor-In-

Chiel, Computer/Law Journal, 530

West Sixth Street· 10th Floor, Los

Angeles, California 90014

(Telephone: 213- 623-3321).



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PA residents add 6% Sales Tax



Cassette Label Program

Printed labels make cassette recordings easy to find.

Now the computer can do the dirty work!

Did you ever have a hard time fin-ding a tape that you thought you

lab led? Are you tired of hearing"Honey, did you see the programI've been working on?" Have youever tried loading a program whenyou forgot whether it was IntegerBASIC, APPLESOFT or Machine? Ifyou answered any of these ques-tions "yes" then this program mightbe the answer to your problems.

My husband and I have sixcassette cases of fifteen tapes eachthat have no real system of labelingthem. While hunting a program thatjust happened to be in the sixth

case Ilooked in, Ihad an idea forthis cassette cover printer program.

I sat down that evening after thechildren and my husband had goneto bed (that's the only time Ican get

the computer) and deSigned thisprogram to use with our teletype.

I discovered that a line of 41characters on our teletype Is equalto the width of the clear plastic of acassette tape case. USing this fact Iwrote this program which when runcreates a printout. The printout isdesigned to be cut and folded to fitthe Inside of the case so that theprogram names are clearly visible.

Program Description

Lines 150 to 190 store your nameand address. Lines 200 to 260 store

the lnslde instruction label. It waswritten for a tape that only has oneprogram per side. This could bechanged to suit your needs. Line 900enables our TIY output routine. Youwill have to change this line to suit

Dawn E. EllisRDS Box 344York, PA 17403

your own printer. Lines 1000 to 1150print the Inside label with the side-A

and slds-B instructions. lined 2000to 2160 print the front cover. Use itas is or invent your own textgraphics cover like Idid on some ofmine. If your printer has a graphicscharacter set, you're really in luck.Lines 3000 to 3030 print the titlestrip. Lines 4000 to 4070 print yourname and address. Line 4900 turnsoff our teletype motor. Line 4910starts you allover again for the nextcover. Lines 5000 to 5040 centers allInputs when they are printed.

I used colored paper for the

cassette covers to make it easier tospot different types of programs.Maybe this program will help youkeep your tapes organized until youwin the lottery and buy a disk!

RA~ FOR 14PES ~lTH ONE": PRINT

SPCC 10); "PROGRAM ON EACH S

I DE"

150 PRINT: PRINT -ENTER YOUR NAM E : .. : I N PUT A sc0 ): I F L EN C

AH a » > 39 THEN 150

''': RE'Yl 160 PRINT "F_NTER FIHSl LINE OF' 339 SPACES LINE ADDRESS:": INPUT A$(l)

70 C$ = "":0$ = "1--------------- IF LEN CAHIl)> 39 THEN

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ! " 160170 PRINT "ENTER S~COND LINE OF

3 LINE ADDRESS:-: INPUT A$(2

): I F LEN C.4H2» > 39 THEN

110

180 PRINT "ENTER THIRD LINE OF 3LINE ADDRESS:": INPUT A$(3)IF LEN (A$(3» > 39 THEN

1 0 REM CASSETTE. LA9EL PROGRA:_" l

20 REM BY DAw:\! E. ELL! 5

30 REM RD 8 BOX 3l!L1

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180

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ACJJON. S1JlATEGY. AND FANTASY-.....for the SERIOUS games player

and his APPLE IIBrain Games - 1 demands ingenuity.

Two " layers bombard radioactive material with protonsand electrons until it reaches critical mass and sets up aNuclear Reaction. Dodgem requires you to outmaneuver

another player to get your pieces across the board first.

Dueling Digils and Parrot challenges your ability to

replicate number and letter sequences. Tones lets you

make music with your Apple (16K) CS-4004 $7.95. S'ra'egyGames and Brain Games are on one disk (16K) CS-4503$14.95.

SlTategy Games - 1 keeps games players in

You and your opponent trail around the screen at aquickening pace attempting to trap each other in your

Blockade. A 7 category quiz game will certify you as a

Genius (or an errant knave!). Beginners will meet their

master in Checkers. Skunk and UFO complete this classiccollection (16K) CS-4003 $7.95

KnowYourself t.hrough these vand self-tests.Find outhow your life style effects your Life Expectancy

or explore the effects of Alcohol on your behavior. SexRole helps you to examine your behavior and attitudes in

light of society's concept of sex roles. Psychotherapy

compares your feelings, actions, and phobias to the

population's norms and Computer Literacy tests your

microcomputer savvy. A fun and instructional package

(16K) CS-4301$7.95. Know Yourself and CAl Programsare on one disk (16K) CS-4503 for $14. 95

EYou're in command in Space Gcunes- 1.

Maneuver the TIE fighters into your blaster sights and

zap them with your lasers to save the rebel base camp

from annihilation in Sta' WafS. Rocket Pilot is an ad·

vanced real time take off and landing game. High resolu-

tion graphics, exploding saucers and sound effects add to

the suspense as you repel the Sauce' In"asion. Finally, abonus graphics demonstration, Dynamic Bouncer (16K)

CS-4001 $7.95. Space Games and Sports Games are onone disk (16K) CS-4501 for $14.95

A C T I O NSports Games - 1puts you in the Apple World Series

Take the field in the Great American Compute, Game.Mix up your pitches to keep the batter off balance. Move

your fielders to snag the ball before he gets to first. Balls

and strikes, double plays, force outs, and errors let you

play with a realistic strategy. Also in the line up-Slalom,

a championship downhill ski race, Torpedo AtI.y, and

Darts (16K) CS-4002 $7.95. Space Games and SportsGames are on one disk (16K) CS-4501 for $14. 95

It's easy to order SENSADONAL SOFIWAREforyour Apple II.Send payment plus $1.00 shipping and handling in the U.S. ($2.00 foreign) to

Creative Computing Software, P.O. Box 789-M, Morristown, N.J. 07960. N.J. residents

add S1 .00 sales tax, Visa, Master Charge and American Express orders may be called in toll

free 10 800-831·8112 (in N.J. 201-540-0445),



Dealer Update

Once again MICROpresents a listof dealers for reference. This list isin zip-code order within the U.S. ,followed by Canada and Europe.Only those dealers who respondedto our request for information orthose who have been our dealers forseveral months are presented. If younow carry MICROand are not listed,you will be included in the next up-date.

U_S. (zip-coded)

Programmalics71 Sargent AvenueProvidence, RI 029066502: PET

American BUSiness Computers454 Thames StreetGroton, CT 06340(203) 445-5166Contact: Paul Simard, Ralph Edwards6502: Ohio Scientific

Soft CTRL SystemsBox 599West Milford, NJ 07480(201) 728·12726502: Software and Hardware for the APPLE.

Stonehenge Computer Shop89 Summit AvenueSummit, NJ 07901

(201) 277-1020Contact: Mike Mahoney6502: APPLE, PET, Hardware

Polks/Aristo314 5th AvenueNew York, New York 10001(212) 279-9034Contact: Lewis Polk

Intech.nology (OSI)23 East zorn StreetNew York, New York 10003(212) 673-6310Contact: Hal6502: Ohio Scientific, WP6502, Structured Pro·gram DeSigners

October 1980

JINt Micro Systems, Inc.Box 274Bronx, New York 10463(212) 796-6200Contact: Jim rscaro6502: Software/JINSAM Data Manager

Designers & Builders ofInformation Systems, Inc.One Mayfair RoadEastchester, New York 10707(914) 779·5292Contact: Lee Kupersmith6502: Ohio Scienllflc, peripherals

Berliner Computer Center102 Jericho TurnplkeNew Hyde Park, New York 11040

(516) 775-4700Contact: Bob Berliner6502: APPLE dealer/service cenler, customsoftware department

Computerland of Nassau79Westbury AvenueCarle Place, New York 11514(516)742-2.2262Contact: K. Bub

Mr. ComputerImperial Plaza, Route 9Wappingers Faits, New York 12590(914)297-12.23

Future Distribution, Inc.Trimex Building, Route 11Mooers, New York 12958(514)861-4741Contact: P.H. Faure

Upstate Computer Shop629 French Road, Campus PlazaNew Hartford, New York 13413Contact: Tony Violante6502: APPLE, Commodore, Atari, North Star,Printers, Terminal Furniture, Software, MICRO,Supplies and many services

ComputerlandlPaoli81 E. Lancaster AvenuePaoli , PA 19301(215) 296-0210Contact: D. Reece

MICRO -- Tha 8502 Journal

Personal Computer24·26 W. Lancaster AvenuePaol i, PA 19301(215) 647-8-463Contact: Bob Bryant6502: Alari, APPLE

The Program Store4200Wisconsin Avenue NWWashington, DC 20016Contact: Mr. Daly .

Computerland of Tysons Corner841I Old Court House RoadVienna, Virginia 22180(703) 893-0424

A I Personal/Adventure

178 Oxford RoadFern Park, Florida 32730Contact: Alexis Adams

Turnkey Mini·Computer Systems, Inc.7372 NW5th StreetPlantation, Florida 33317(305) 791·4578Contact: Dan Pincu6502: APPLE and peripherals

Computerland3020 University Drive NWHuntsvltle, Alabama 35805(205) 539-1200

Computerlab627 S. MendenhallMemphis, Tennessee 38117(901) 761-4743Contact: James Watter6502: Hardware, Sottware, books, peripherals,repair

Computerland4579 Great Northern BoulevardN. Olmsted, Ohio 44070(216) 777-14336502: Commodore, APPL.E,Synertek

Computerland1288Som Center RoadMayfield Heights, Ohio 44124(216) 461-12006502: Commodore, APPLE, Synertek

29:89



Computer Solutions1932 Brown StreetDayton, Ohio 45409(513) 223-2348Contact: Harvey Curran6502: APPLE, books, magazines

Computerland Merrillvlll.e19 West 80 PlaceMerrillville, Indiana 46410

(219) 769-8020Contact: Andy, Chuck, Debbie6502: APPLE, PET, Atari

Digital Technology10 N_Third StreetLafayette, Indiana 47901(317) 423-2548Contact: Greg Madder6502: APPLE

New Dimensions in Computing541 E. Grand RiverEast Lansing, Michigan 48823(517)337-2880Contact: Robert Gibbs

Coloma Computer Company190 Paw Paw Street

Coloma, Michigan 49038(616)468-4145Contact: Joseph Johnson6502: Atari hardware and software

Abacus SoftwareP.O.Box 7211Grand Rapids, Michigan 49510Contact: Arnie Lee6502: PET Machine Language guide, TinyPa.scal for PET and APPLE

Home Computer Center2115 East 62nd StreetIndianapolis, Indiana 46220Contact: Sandra McGee

Cyberia, Inc.2330 LincolnwayAmes, Iowa 50010(515)292-76346502: APPLE, Commodore, Sales and Service

Computer Emporium3111 Dougla.sDes Moines, Iowa 50310

etc. Personal Computing6617 27th AvenueKenosha, WisconSin 53140

Faragher Associates, Inc.7635 BluemoundMilwaukee, Wisconsin 53213(414)258-25886502: Ohio Scientific

Byte Shop6019 W_LaytonGreenfield, Wisconsin 53220

ComputerLand1500South Lake StreetMundelein, Ill inois 60060(312)949-1300Contact: Ted Essex

Oak Brook Computer Centre17W 426 22nd StreetOakbrook Terrace, Ill inois 60181(312)941-9005Contact: Bill Colsher6502: APPLE and compatible hardware andsoftware

29:70

Data Domain of Schaumburg1612 E. Algonquin AoadSchaumburg, Ill inois 60195(312) 397-8700Contact: Steve Shendelman6502: APPLE products

Cornputerl.and136Ogden .AvenueDowners Grove, Ill inois 60515(312) 964-77626502.:APPLE, Mounta.in Computer, DC Hayes,Level I Service

The Computer Store3515 Auburn StreetROCkford, Illinois 61103{312}962-7580Contact: Clyde Person6502: APPLE and Ohio Scientific

Ill inois Computer Mart, lnc,1114W_Main StreetCarbondale, Ulinois 62901(618) 529-BYTEContact: Craig Martin6502: APPLE II sales, service, programs

Computer Country

235 Dunn RoadFlorissant, Montana 63031(314) 921-4434Contact: Jim Carroll6502: PET, KIM, APPLE, software

Computer Country808 Olive StreetSI. Louis, Montana 63101(314) 231-1101Conlact: Charles Tutt6502: PET, KIM, APPLE, software

Computer Country4479 Lemay Ferry AoadSI. Louis, Montana 63129(314) 487-2033Contact: Greg Kirkpatrick6502: PET, KIM, APPLE, software

Computers ASP, Inc.7115 NW Barry RoadKansas City, Missouri 64152(816) 741-80136502: APPLE II, accessories

Personal Computer Center3819 W 95th StreetOverland Park, Kansas 66206(913)649-5942

High Technology of Wichita1038 West PawneeWichita, Kansas 67213(913) 262-0315Contact: Richard Bowman6502.:APPLE II sales, service, software_ PET

sales and software, Atarl sales and software

Computers Plus5970 Broadway BoulevardGarland, Texas 75043(214)840-1383

A & L Data Systems, Inc,190 Lomax StreetIdaho Fal ls, Idaho 83401(208)529-3785Contact: Larry LBrown6502: Author ized sales and service dealer forAPPLE, North Star, NEC Printers, AnadexPrinters, Soroc Terminals, and a complete lineof f loppies, along with al l re lated suppUes.


Home Computers1775 E . Tropicana 1 12

Las Vegas, Nevada 89109(702) 7~363Contact: Ike Jordan6502: Commodore CBM, APPLE, Aterl, andassociated peripherlals

Malibu Mlcrocompuling23910 A De Ville Way

Malibu, California 90265

Computer Forum14052 E. Firestone BoulevardSanta Fe Springs, California 90670(213)921-2111(714) 739-0711Contact: Mike Nel l6502: APPLE, PET, SYN1, Software, Repair,Books, Magazines

Byte Shope5453 E. Stearns StreetLong Beach, Cal ifornia 90815(213) 579-77716502: APPLE, PET,CBM, and peripherals

Computer World3808 West Verdugo

Burbank, California 91505(213)848-5521Contact: Joan Halleror Stuart Mil ls

Silver SpurElectroniC Communication co,3873 SChaefer Avenue Suite FChino, California 91710(714) 6.27-9366

Computermart of California315 C Diamond Bar BoulevardDiamond Bar, Cal ifornia 91765(714) 598-7505Contact: Dave Glawson6502: APPLE, PET, Atart, Software, Books

Computerland Castro2272 Market StreetSan FranCisco, California 94114

Sunset Electronics588 San Mateo AvenueSan Bruno, Cal ifornia 94066(415) 588-9705

Sunset Electronics2254 Taravel StreetSen Francisco, California 94116(415) 665-8330

Computerland of Sacramento1537 Howe Avenue Suite 106Sacramento, CA 958.25Contact: Terry E_Bradley

Smell Computer Systems3149C Walalae AvenueHonolulu, Hawaii 96818

Camera and Computer Emporium, Ltd.921 SW MorrisonPortland, Oregon 97205(503) 228-5242Contact: Harry Sweeny6502: APPLE, Peripherals, Software

Camera and Computer Emporium, Ltd,Holly Farm Mall16144 S_E_McLoughlinMilwaukie, Oregon 97222(503)659-9191

October 1980



The Computer Connection3100 NW Bucklln Hill RoadSilverdale, Washington 98383(206) 692-36116502: APPLE authorized dealer

Ye Olde Computer Shoppe, lnc.1301 George Washington WayRichland, Washington 99352(509) 946-3330

Canada

The Computer Shop3515 18th Street S_W_Calgary, Alta.T2T 4T9Canada243-03016502: APPLE, PET, KIM

TJB Microsystems, t.td,10991 124 StreetEdmonton, AlbertaCanada T6M OH9Contact: Jim Nerkerson6502: Commodore PET, APPLE

McKay svstems Corp., Ltd_The Byte Shop2151 Burrard StreetVancouver, B_C_V6J 3H7

Canada(604) 738-2181Contact: Don McKay6502: APPLE, Atari, North Star, r.i,CentroniCS, and software

Compumar1411 Roosevelt AvenueOttawa, OntarioK2A H2Ganada(613) 725- 31926502: PET,APPLE, KIM

Home Computer Centre6101 Yonge StreetWillowdale, OntariOM2M 3W2 Canada(416) 222-1165

Europe

Microtronic DataprodukterBox 401184 00 AkersllergaSweden0764/65460

Contact: G_Berglund6502: OSI

ElincomOosterkade 699503 HR StadskanaalThe NetherlandsContact: J. Hovius

Market ing Trim ABBox 10031

S-100 55 StockholmErik Dahlbergsg 41 - 43Sweden 08-61 22046502: AIM-65, Cornpuklt, Acorn,Memory Boards, Books, MagaLines

Portable Mlcrosystems, Ltd.Forby House, 18, Market PlaceBrackley, NorthantsEngland, NN13 5SF0280 - 702017Contact: Mike Ayers6502: AIM-65

/

RUN YOUR CLASSIFIED

WITH MICRO

A classttted ad In MICROWill bring your product/serviceto the attention of thousandsof readers. These ads are plac-ed in clusters throughout themaqazlna, Nowhere else willyou find such a bargain onclassified ads. An ad inMICRO only costs $10.00 perlnsertlon, Please limit theseInsertions to six typewrittenlines. (Absolutely no morethan 40 words,) You may in-dicate a title Hne In addition tothe body of the ad. The com-pany name and address will beset at the end of the ad and arenot considered In the bodycount. These ass must be pre-paid and received before the'end of the month precedingthe month of publication. (Nolater than October 31 for theNovember Issue. A'ds receivedlater tttan the required datewill be placed in the nextlssue.) Be SEEN!n MICRO.

APPLE OWNERS-NO DISK? .

Wan't to store and retrieve1iles on

tape? Create your own file struc-

ture, search, sort and more. Send

$19_95 for tape and instructionmanual, or send $1.00 for addi-

tional In1'ormation_ $1.QO aPlllliedtoward purchase. 32K + Applesofti n ROM required.SUPER SOFTWARE GO.P_O. Box 684

Pittsburgh, PA 15219

BE YOUR OWN ASTROLOGER

Impress your friends. Two BASIC

programs for PET (8K or more).

ASCALG calculates six attribut.es

Including Rising Sign. Over one-

hal·f millIon combinations.

DAY/HOUR calculates planetary

hours, etc. 43 page bool< gives in-

tsrpretatlcns. NO. AST - T2-001$15.95. 0)\ res. add 6%.

ACCESS

P.O. Box 8126

Ro~land Heights, CA 91748

OHIO SCIENTIFIC

IN STOCK

SUPERBOARD 118K BASIC $299.

CHALLENGER lP8K RAM 399.

CHALLENGER 1P Minifloppy 1250.

C4P Cassette Color 8K RAM 750_

C4P Minifloppy 24K Color 1795.

C8P Expandable 8K RAM 950.

C8PDF Dual8" Floppies 32K 2895.

C20EM 48K Dual8" Floppies 2799_

C30EM 48K Triple Processor 3995.

C3S1 Dual 8"Floppies 48K 4095.

C3A 48" Cabinet C3 5995.

DSK-5A 5ft Desk for C20EM 300.

AC-3P 8&W 12"TVlVid. Mon. 129.

AC-15P 12"Color Monitor 475_

AC-9TP Centronics Tractor Ptr - 1250.ACll P 300 Baud Orig. Ans. Mod. 199_

AC-14 NEC Spinwriter55cps 2795.

AC-5A Okidata HS LIne Ptr. "2950.

S-120Soroc Serial Video Term. 995.

CA-9 Centronics Paralleiinterf. 175.

CA -10-22 RS232 Seri« I Ports 175.

CA -1296 Line Para Ilel I/O 12.5.

CA-14A Votrax Voice Synthes. 399.

4KP 4K Expansion Kit of 2114's 49.

CM-2 4K Expansion Mem for DOOO 129.

CM-3A 16K low Power 2Mhz 8d 399_

CM-648K Dynamic Ram 1Mhz 549.

CM-9 24K steuc RAM 2114s 450.

CM-tO 8K Static RAM D&E Addr. 198.

610-8K Supbd 8K Exp & Disc Ctl 298_A TV Microverter to Modulate TV 35.

505 B Upgrade Disk COr CPU bd 275.

540 B ector Video Board 200.

510 C Upgrade to C3 CPU's 600.

470B Upgrade Floppy Control ler 175.

C730 Centronics 730 Parallel Prt 899.

At t ime of preparation, all of the above

items were in stock except those marked

with an •.

FREE ATV

MICROVERTER

With purchase of an 8KCHALLENGER 1P

Limited Quantity - First 25 Customers

cnrn P U TE A SHO PU nio n N ff Cambndge

Rle 168 288 Nortolk SI.

6 03 -4 73 -2 32 3 ( ne ar M .I .T .)

661·2670

sosion590 Cammo Av e

( ac ross f rom S.U.)

247·0700



Up From the Basements

There are always problems and growing painsassociated with anemerging market. TheOhio Scien-tific market is no different. The most serious threat Isee to the healthy expansion of that market is soft-ware piracy. Wholesale software piracy could bepar-ticulary damaging. If that occurs, the responsibilityfor the damage will fall on both end-users anddealers, and the effects will injure us all,

Because the Ohio Scientific market is orientedvery much toward vertical-market applications, it isparticularly vulnerable to the ill effects of softwarepiracy. Also, since this market is in its infancy, itlacks the maturity and economic pressures that keep

the CP/M market balanced.

For those of you unfamiliar with the term "verticalmarket," it is a vertical segment of the over-allbusiness market that can becharacterized by a par-ticular need. For example, all automobile dealers, aspart of their business, handle flnanclnp, and autofinancing may beconsidered a vertical market withinthe over-all financial market which cuts across alltypes and sizes of businesses. A computerizedfinance program could appeal to a range of different-sized automobile dealers, which might other wise re-quire special-purpose software. Ohio Scientific, withits high-performance, low-priced hardware, has suc-ceeded very well with programmers who are in-

terested in writing their own software for such ap-plications.

Dealers and end-users who have been successfulwith a particular vertical-market package are Juststarting to advertise their packages in various tradejournals and through mailings. Their experience willlargely determine the future health and quality of in-dependent Ohio Scientific-based software. If theyfind their packages are routinely pirated by others,then they are unlikely to return to the marketplacewith a package of similar quality. Furthermore, if adealer or end-user purchases a package that doesnot meet his expectations or, worse yet, finds that hecan't get support from the vendor once he receives

the package, then the dealer or end-user is going tobe much more cautious about entering themarketplace again.

Software piracy is already occuring on a largescale. One of the most widely advertised, indepen-

dent Ohio Scientific-compatible software packageswas not written by its vendors. The software pur.chaser already hasbecomesomewhat wary,becauseof the spotty quality of software and supportavailable from the factory and from factory-supported software vendors. If software availablethrough independent channels fails to improve on

29:72

that situation, there just won't be much of amarketplace for software.

So here we sit with a burgeoning marketplacewhich has the potential to support very high-qualityapplications software. On the other hand, themarketplace could shrink to include only very low-priced software of questionable utility, with the

quality software eventually going to other machines.

As an end-user, there are several things that youcan do. The first is: refuse to copy for another user

any software you may have purchased. The secondis: insist on original copies of a/l software and

documentation that you purchase. Original copieswill generally include some sort of license form andserial number. For your own protection, you shouldalso insist on knowing who the authors of the soft-ware are and what sort of support you can expectfrom both your dealer and the original vendor of thesoftware. Though the market is still young, there isno reasonwhy quality software should not also havequality documentation. Too often, authors are more

proficient inwriting code than they are in writing theEnglish language. However, if the marketplacedemands a particular quality of documentation, youcan be sure that software vendors will do their bestto conform to that standard. If you ever suspect thatyou have received a pirated copy, you should makeevery attempt to contact the authors. In case yourdealer fails at some point to provide the support youneed, that is really the only way to protect your in-vestment.

Steps are now being taken by vendors as well. Themost significant is the formation of an independentcorporation, by several of the larger distributors ofOhio Scientific hardware, to distribute software and

nurture the market to maturity. Though this organiza-tion is still in its natal stages, I have high hopes thatit will be a strong force working in the Interests ofboth the software vendor and the software pur-chaser. It will be able both to prevent and prosecutethe software pirate and also serve as a resourcecenter for software vendors and software pur-chasers. Inaddition, the new organization will insurethat high-quality software will include high-qualitydocumentation. It will also answer questions fromend-users and dealers concerning installation of thepackages that it offers.

If the new software corporation is assuccessful asI hope, and end-users realize the value of a strong, in-

dependent software market and work to make It hap-pen, I am convinced that Ohio Scientific computerswill live up to their potential as the most cost-competitive machines available today. Excellentsoftware is being written all across the country forthese machines, for every conceivable application.With the proper encouragement and a healthymarketplace, it won't be long before we all have ac-

cess to it.

Jeff Beamsley

TheSoftware Federation, Inc.44 University Drive

Arlington Heights, IL 60004

MICRO-- The6502Journal October1980



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The MICRO Software Catalog: XXV

Software announcements for the 6502 based systems~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Name: CRYSTAL CAT.

System: Apple II, Apple II Plus

Memory: 32KLanguage: Machine

Hardware: Disk 1 1Description: With this program you

can type "BRUNC" instead of

"CATALOG" in order to: display allfile names at one in alphabetical

order - fast! Allow just 2 or 3keystrokes to run any file, showbinary addresses and lengths, show

hidden control characters, show

free space on disk, and more,operate with 1 or 2 drives using DOS

3.1 or 3.2. The program is completely

relocatable; it can be run in any free

5K block of memory.

Price: $19.95Includes: Diskette, operating in-

structionsAuthor: Daniel J. HughesAvailable: JOel LectricWare, Inc.

P.O. Box 9140

St. Louis, MO 63117

Inventory Program

Apple II, Apple II Plus48K (Firmware Card on

Apple II)

Language: Applesoft, AssemblyHardware: 2 disk drives, 132 col-

umn printer

Description: Maintain a complete in-ventory on up to 800 items. Every

category included to backorder aswell as LOC, Coast and aTY on

order. Generates search reports,

keeps a running account of what

was sold YTD and much more. A

must for inventory control or daily

inventories.

Name:

System:Memory:

October 1980

Price: $140.00 with complete

manualAuthor Gary E. HafterAvailable: Software Technology

for ComputersP.O. Box 428

Belmont, MA 02178

ON· LINE DATABASEApple II, Apple II Plus,

Language SystemMemory: 48K

Language: Applesoft, MachineLanguage

Hardware: Disk II

Description: An extremely fast andeasy to use database system. Fullscreen editing during data entry or

updating. Holds binary file pointers

in memory to reduce disk access toa minimum. Allows user definitionof searches and sub-sorts based on

fields and sub-fields in the data

records. Automatically prints fulldata screens, user defined reports,

and mailing labels.Price: $100.00

Author: Mike DhueyAvailable: Blue Lakes Computing

438 N. Frances

Madison, WI 53703

Name:System:

Name: R.F. Power Amplifier

DeSign

Apple II with Applesoft

II firmware card or Ap-ple 1 1 Plus, with 48K

RAM48K

Firmware Applesoft

This set of programs

System:

Memory:

Language:

Description:


Mike RoweP. O. Box 6502


allows the user to design A.F. Power

Amplifiers through the use ofMlcrostripllne, or conventionallumped constant methods, One canselect either reslstlve.or reactive im-

pedances for interstage or tran-sistor matching, respectively. All

standard dielectric constants for

standard P.C. boards are supported.Microstripl lne fil ters, spl ltters/corn-

biners, and resistive matching net-works can also be designed using

this program. All schematics are

shown in High Resolution Graphicswith labels to show component

location and value.

Price: $69.95Includes: Diskette, Description

and Examples

Author: David A. GlawsonAvailable: Computermart of

California

315C Diamond Bar

BlvdDiamond Bar, CA91765

- - ~ - - - ~ ' - ~ - - -ame: ContestSystem: Apple II, Apple II Plus

Memory: 32K RAM-ROM Ap-

plesoft, 48K RAM(disk)Applesoft

Language: Applesoft

Hardware: Apple II, single drive.Appleclock, printed

desired but optionalDescription: DeSigned for anyamateur radio operating contest.Provides not only logging contacts

with other amateur operators, but inthe fast-paced contest quickly tellsthe operator whether he has worked

a particular station before. Handles

29:73



up to 900 contacts. Operatorspecifies call sign, signal report and

section. If he has worked a par-ticular station before, the programwilltelJ him immediately and placehim back in beginning entry modeagain. Many other features.

Copies: Just released

Price.: $14.95 cassette oruser provided diskette.

$19.95 on author sup-plied diskette. Specify

Applesoft ROM orRAM.

Autho~ AI JensenAvailable: Al Jensen

19111 First Avenue

Seattle, WA 98177~""""~ . . . . .

PLOTApple II, Apple II Plus16K

AppJesoft

Apple II with Applesoftin ROM or Apple IIPlus

Description: PLOT will graph virtual-ly any function in HIRES graphics. Itfeatures automatically scaling ofthe v-axts , use of builtih functions,

and the ability to graph up to 5 func-tions on one set of axes. Built in fun-tions include ABS, SIN, COS, TAN,INT, SGN, and many more.Copies: Just releasedPrice: $9.95

Author: Joe VerzulliAvailable: Softpoint

Dept. A103 Clinton AvenueTerryvi lie, NY 11776

Name:System:Memory:

Language:

Hardware:

-----ame:System:Memory:

language:

Hardware:

SYMBOLAIM-554K or moreAim-55 Assembler

AIM-55 Assembler,with cassett

Description: Saves paper by making

assembly list i ng s unnecessary.Allows user to find a specific sym-bol, step up, step down, and list

table to printer/display. Alsocalculates total number of symbols

and total RAM required for table inHEX. Uses F3 key and $EOOto $FFF.Copies: Just releasedPrice: $6.00 obj only, $12.00

obi and sr c. Will

customize program for$10.00 extra

Author: Doug Kaynor

Available: Software Experience

308 NE 24th AvenunePortland, OR 97232

29:74

PolyMan

Apple II, II Plus48k & ROM Applesoft

54k & Language Sys.Language: ApplesoflHardware: Disk II, printer optionalDescription: Allows interactivemanipulation of twenty polynomials

of degree less than 21.. Add, sub-tract, multiply, divide, find all realand complex roots, integrate, dif-ferentiate, evaluate at real or com-

plex point, and graph between reallimits with automatic scal.ing ofgraph and annotation of extrema.Save and recall graph flies and

database files on disk. Display orprint coefficients or roots, input byroots or coefficients.

Copies: Just releasedPrice: $24.95 plus 4.5 %tax

in Ohio

Diskette and manual

R.obert RennardSmartWare2.281 Cobble Stone Ct

Daylon, Ohio 45431

Name:

System:Memory:

Includes:

Author:Available:

Name: Apple WorldSystem: Apple H , PlusMemory: 48Klanguage: 5502 machine code

Description: .AppJe World is a new3-D hires graphics package for the

Apple II computers that promises tomake drawing figures in three

dimensions easier than ever. Is atext-editor base and is easy for

anyone to us. Includes color, text-editor input, and user oriented input(no subroutines to calll).Copies: 500Price: $59.95 plus $5.00 s&h

Includes: 32 page instruction

manual, system diskAuthor: Paul LulkusAvailable: USA

750 Third AvenueN.Y. N.Y. 10017

-----Name: The Conditioning life

DynamicSystem: Apple IIMemory: 48 KLanguage: Applesoft, MachineHardware : Apple II, Disk 11Description: This disk adds up to along, intense look at conditioning,motivation, positive and negative

reinforcements, etc. Deals with con-

ditioned values, effects, responses,attitudes, beltets, and motivations.

Centers on five programs. Oneallows you to condition a Hi-res


mouse to perform up to 200 sequen-tial responses. You'll love the

games, and learn from them as well.Copies: ManyPrice: $15.95

Includes: Disk, game cardAvail.able: Avant -Ga rde C re a-

lions

P.O. Box 30161 MCCEugene, OR 97403

Name: C1 Cassette DalaBase Manager

System: OSI C1 BASIC-in-ROM

Memory: 16K or moreLanguage: BASICHardware: None special

Description: A data base manager

for cassette based systems, Goodtor maintaining. mailing lists, articleor slide lists, etc. Save and read to

tape, find, sort,lisl, add to file,

delete from fHe, and change file en-try are all supported. High speed

sorts are used.Copies: Just releasedPrice: $15.00 on cassette,

ppdAuthor: Mike CohenAvailable: Orion Software

Associates147 Main Street

OSSining, N.Y. 10552

-----Data Factory 3.0This is a revised listing

of the package aspresented in IheAugust issue.Apple

48K RAM, ROM card,language Card

language: Applssott

Description: A data base file pro-gram of unique utility. It can modify

one of its own existing data bases

by adding or deleting fields, cnano-lng the order of fields, or changingIhe!ieldlengths without having tore-enter your data. This is just one ofthe many time and money saving

features that makes this program sopowerful! Can never overload your

diskette; the program informs you ofyour free disk space when enteringdata. Many teaturesl

Price: $100.00Includes: Disk, manual and pro-

gram

Author: WUliam PassauerAvailable: Andenl, Inc.

1000 North Avenue

Waukegan, IL 50085

Name:

System:Memory:

October 1980



Autodialer IIAPPLE IIProgram -9KData Statements 10K

Language: ApplesoftHardware: APPLE II, APPLE II

Plus with D.C. HayesMlcromodem II

Description: Comes with over 100phone numbers built In that can bedialed automatically by themicromodem

II.Each number can

have up to 14 lines of information(text). Micromodem parity,word length, transparency, lowercase mask, and duplex set at thetouch of a key. Manual dial entrytoo!Price:

Name:System:Memory:

Author:Available:

$15.00 (diskette ortape)Bill HydeModular SoftwareP.O.Box 12883SanAntonio, TX 78212

H-EDIT 1_5APPLE II32K ROM Applesoft.48K with either RAMorROM Applesoft(specify which)

Language: Applesoft, MachineLanguage

Hardware: APPLE n , APPLE IIPlus, Disk II, Printeroptional

Description: H-Edit is a 'mini' texteditor which provides the user withthe ability to create, read and up-date moderate size text files. It is aline-oriented text file editor used tospeed up certain edit functions andpermit any type of character input. Itwill provide you with the ability tocreate or read those 'EXEC' filesthat, heretofore, were a nuisance towork with. Easy to use. Comes withinstruction booklet.Copies: Just releasedPrice: $16.95 Diskette, plus

$1.50 p&h, first classSystem diskette, andbookletABC Software

2802 Claude DoveLas Cruces, New Mex-ico 88001

Name:System:Memory:

Includes:

Available:

Name:System:Memory:Language:Hardware:

STATISTICAL

APPLE"48KApplesoft BAStCDisk drive, optionalprinter

Description: A comprehensivestatistical analysis package foreconometric work including muttl-pie linear regreSSionof up to sevenvartabtes- each can be laggedbyupto fifteen periods. Correlation withfifteen period lag. Seasonalanalysis - deseasonallsing andsmoothing of series. Data can bestored, amended, updated and pro-cessed in arithmetic progrm beforeanalysis. Handles both monthly andquarterly data.Price: $69.00 disketteAuthor: JUlian Knight

Tripont Assoc ..Systems Consultants,Sunderland, England

Available: B.W.ArdinTheWhite HouseHutton GateGuisborough,ClevelandEngland

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FILEWRITERAPPLE II, APPLE IIPlus2K (plus DOS & op-tional RAMApplesoft)

Language: Applesoft 11Hardware: Disk II, Printer op-

tionalDescription: Allows you to writerandom-access disk files with aminimal effort. It has many safe-guarding features sothat it is veryhard to make a mistake. It allowsyou to enter commas into your lines.TheCTRL-Ocommand allows you touse the options the program pro-vides. A machine language versionwill soon be available.Price: $20.00 (Inc!. p&h)Includes: Diskette, documenta-

tion, instructionsS. GrimmThe Video Stop23492 Belaire Ct.Los Gatos, CA 95030

Name:System:

Memory:

Author:Available:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Software Catalog Entries

Entries to this catalog should be sub-

mitted in the above format. Only onelisting per company, per month. Entries

submitted in other formats or that are

too lengthy in the description portion.

will be rejected. This catalog Is providedfree of charge and is on a first come -

first served basis. Address any inquiries

to:

MICRO Software Catalog

P.O. Box 6502


PROQRESSIVE COMPUTER SOFTWARE

P 405 Corbin Rd., York, Pa. 17403

(717) a.5-4954

C SOFTWARE - HARDWARE - SYSTEMS

CUSTOM PROGRAMMING

SAP PL E & H.D E

* ** * * *TEMA II:

The latest in a series o[machine language program

development r o c r s [or the

APPLE. TEMA-2 is 8 mach-

ine language debugging aid

d e s iq n e d 10 run exactly

like the main'lrame debug

programs.

With TEMA-2 yOU candisplay or change the content

01 any register or memory

t o c a t t on : display the last 4

stack locations; JSR to any

s u b r o u t t n e - Without any

Interfence to the user prog-

ram t r o w : The d l r e c t mode

a r s o allows display for<'1at

test ing and finding ASC II orhex strings 01 up to 256

c h a r a c t e r s . A TEMA command

editor c h ec k a all inputs.

Complele with TEMA' 2

Tr ain e r I in Ap p l e sc f t or Integer)

on disk. 10f $49.95. HOE

version coming soon.

Write for complete catalog.

SPEECHRECOGNITION

FOR THEROCKWELL

AIM-6S

Introducing COGNIVOX SR-100.

16 word vocabulary. up to 98%

recognition rate. Connects to

application port. includes mike,

cassette with software and manual.

Requires 4K RAM on your AIM.

Breakthrough price only $119 (CA

add 6% sales tax). Order direct

from·

VOICETEKP.O. Box 388 Goleta. CA 93017



6502 Bibliography: Part XXV

703. (conl'd) Compute II, lssue 1 (AprilIMa.y 1980)

Schwartz, Daniel, "Machine Language Tapes for 05.1Challengers," pgs. 52·53. ..

Routines to enable the C1 computers to store machine-

languages on tape.

Hawkins, George W., "Songs in the Key of KIM," pgs. 52-53.

Several song lables are given for Richard Martin's "Four

Part Harmony" on the K'IM.

Carlson, Edward H., "Fast Tape ReadfWrite Programs lor

Your OSI," pg. 56.

A complete listing lor the KC last tape Read for the OSI

computers.

704..Abacus 2, Issue 3 (March 1980)

Banks, Guil, "Fresh 0.0.5.," pgs. 2-3.This routine allows the user to replace a crashed DOS on

a diisk without disturbing the data on the other tracks.

Anon., "Restore LN," pgs. 3-4.

This subroutine for the APPLE does a 'restore LN' where

LN is a user-supplied line number.

Anon., "Computer Equivalents Chart," pg. 5.

A chart to help with binary and hex arithmetic; APPLE'listing.

Davis, James P., "Truth Tables," pg. 6.

An interesting set of relationships on logic statements.

Davis, James P., "Programs," pgs. 7-8.

A series of short routines for the APPLE.

Crossman, Craig, "Fun with Assembler; An Assembly

Lan guage Tutori al,' pg s. 9-1:1.

A tutorial.

Anon., "System Configuration," pg. 11.

.A program toligure out what cards are in your APPLE

slots.

705. Dr. Dobb's Journal 5, tssue 5 (May, 1980)

Barker, Lee, "Help with OS'I's CPM," pgs. 36·37.

A modified listing 01 the OSI ten routines that corrects afew problems.

706. Nibble 1, No.2 (April, 1980)

Micro-Sparc Staff, "Low Resolution APPLE Shape-Writer,"

pgs. 7·8, 46·47.

A program to assist in APPLE graphics.

Anon., "Quick and Easy," pg. 11.

Bring those decimals into line, for the APPLE.

Anon, "Short and Sweet FHe Names," pg. 11.

A time and space saving routine.

Anon., "How to Build and Wire Joysticks," pgs. 12-13.

Joysticks for the APPLE, a 'hardware article.

29:76

Dr. William R. Dial438 Roslyn AvenueAkron,OH 44320

707. Call - APPLE 3, No.3 (MarchlApril 1980)

Reynolds, Lee, "Multiple Dimension Arrays in Integer

BASIC,'" pgs. 7-11.

Extend the utility of your Integer BASIC lor the APPLE.

McVay, Ray, "Integer BASilC Post-Edltor," pgs. 13·16.

An Wegal statement writer lor the APPLE.

Dunmire, Darrell, "Personify," pg. 17.Personalize your disks with this routine which prints overthe label 'disk volume.'

Huelsdcnk, Bob, "Making BASIC Behave," pgs. 18·19.

Several usetul routines lor the APPLE.

Throop, Wayne, "Auto-Number for Applesoft," pgs. 20-24.

A convenient utility which can be used with Applesoft

BASIC on the APPLE.

Golding, Val J., "Modifying the Program line Editor Escape

Table;" pg. 24. .

Define your own key functions with this routine.

Golding, Val, J., "Menu," pgs. 26·27.Use letters to call up your menu Items with this APPLEutility.

Winston, Alan B., "The Multi·lingual' APPLE," pgs. 28·29.

Three listings for Pascal users.

Pilloff, Hersch, "Stock Market Data Retrieval on The Source,

pgs. 30·31.

Discussion of commands and procedures for using UPI

UNISTOX on THE SOURCE with the APPLE.

Aldrich, Ron, "Ron's DOS Command Finder," pg. 31.

Program to print DOS commands and addresses on the

APPLE.

Golding, Val J., "Benchmarking the Micros," pgs. 33·34.

In eight benchmark programs, the APPLE averaged faster

speed than most other micros. I'll another case, Integer

BASIC showed up a hair laster than an IBM 3701115 main-

frame.

Beck, Maj. Peter M., "Shape Display Utility," pg. 39.

A useful graphics utility for the APPLE.

Gibbs, Terrell T., "Do a HPLOT of Page 2," pg. 41.

How to do HIRES animation by switching from pape 1 topage 2 on the APPLE. .

Flanagan, Dale, "Lower Case for APTYPE,." pg. 42.

Changes to allow the APTYPE program to be used on AP·

PLEs equipped with the Paymar chip for lower case.

Stadfeld, Paul, "A Bug in the Autostart ROM," pg. 42.

A fix for a microbe in the ROM.

708. The Apple Orchard " No.1 (March/April,. 1980)

Cross ley, Joh n, "A pplesoft Internal Entry Points," pgs.12·18.

The initial issue of the new Apple Orchard publication of

the International Apple CNe contains very good articles,




many of which have been abstracted before in thisbibliography. This article on the Applesoft entry points isone of several reference sources contributed by AppleComputer.

Hyde, Randall, "Connecting with the USCD BIOS," pgs.25·33.

An APPLE Pascal utility.

Stout, Bob, "Software Development Tools for the Apple II,"pg.l.

From the Apple Barrel. The first of a series of articlesdealing with tools for the Apple. This one deals with adebugger.

Crosby, Mark L ., "Shaping Upwith the APPLE II," pgs. 37-45.

listings for two utilities, SHAPE DESIGNERand SHAPE

ASSEMBLER.Contributed byWashington Apple Pi.

Hyde, Randall, "Conver1ingBrand X to Work with Brand Y,"pgs.47A8.

There is BASIC and then there Is BASIC, but the twainshall meet.

Deegan, W. Curt, "APPLE Typer," pgs. 62·65.

Two utilitias, APPLE Typer and Trim Print, as well asTyper II, contributed byApple Gram.

Hyde, Randall, "Converting Integer BASIC Programs to

Assembly Language," pgs. 67·71.A tutorial on Assembly language contributed by Ap-plesauce.

Wurzel, Bill, "The Language System - The APPLEGrowsUp," pgs. 74·77.

All about Pascal, contributed by Washington Apple Pi.

Deegan, Curt, "Hex·ASCII Memory Dump," pgs. 79-80.

A utility for the APPLE,contributed by Apple-Gram.

Rivers, Jerry, "DOSTidbits," pgs. 83·86.

Notes on disk files for the APPLE,contributed by Apple-Gram.

Suitor, Richard F., "Disk Bootstrap without ROM," pgs.95·96.

A utility for disk users, for the APPLE. Contributed byNEATNotes.

Knevels, Paul, "The APPLE Rumor Mill," pg. 96.

Suggested Op-codes for a microprocessor. Contributedby Apple-Gram.

709. NW Suburban Apple User Group Newsletter 1 (July 1979)

Russ, John, "A Real-TimeClock Display for the Apple Using

the Mountain Hardware Board," pg. 1.A machine program with explanations of the clock

works.

710. NW Suburban Apple User Group Nwslt 3 (August 1979)

Lyle, Guy, "Memory (AndOther ThingsWhich I Forget," pgs.1-5.

An instructive article on the APPLEMemory.

Russ, John, "Hello There!" pg. 5.

A graphics program for the APPLE.Alpert, Dave, "Dave's Peeks," pg. 8.

How to read or use editing controls on long cataloglistings that scroll off the APPLE's screen.

711. 73 Magazine, No. 236 (May 1980)

Smith, Bill, and Williams, Rich, "Breakthrough I - A Com-puterized Antenna Rotator," pgs. 86·94.A ham radio utility using the KIM-1.Hardware and listing.

712. Apple Peel 1 No.2 (Sept 1979)

Jenkins, Jerry, "Maxwell Character Generator," pgs. 4·5.A useful new graphics utility for the Apple.

October 1980

713. Apple Bits (Apri l, 1980)

Wysocki, Tom, "Program PageList," pg. 4 _A machine language APPLEutility.

Kovalik, Dan, "Taking the Mystery and Magic Out ofMachine Language," pgs. 7-8.A program to allow APPLE users to select any of theavailable text or graphics modes by pressing only one key

rather than typing in a command or doing a poke.

Martie, Ed, "Investing a Different Way," pg. 11.Use your APPLE to improve your chances at the track -can be very practicable!

714. NW Suburban Apple User Group Newslt (Sept. 1979)

Russ, John, "Formatting Numerical Input and Output," pg.1-3.

Dress up the numbers or dollar/cents reporting in your

program.

715..NW Suburban Apple User Group Newslt (October 1979)

Hartley, Tim, "Disk Volume Modification," pg. 6.On the APPLE, how to replace "Disk Volume XXX" with

"Tim's Disk #XXX."

716.73 Magazine No. 236 (May 1980)Walker, Bill, "VHF Signal Diffraction," pgs. 56-57.Let your APPLEshow why your hamsignal may not bethebest with the highest antenna.

717. NW Suburban Apple User Group Newslt (Nov. 1979)

Tapper, Rick, "Creating a Shape Table," pg. 1.

Russ, John and Russ,Chris, "Screen Access In HiRes," pgs.3-4.A tutorial on graphics programming.

718. Washington Apple Pi 1 No. 10 (Nov. 1979)

Crosby, Mark l., "Kaleido-Shape," pg. 8.A shape-drawing graphics program for the APPLE.

719. NW Suburban Apple User Group Newslt (Dec. 1979)Allen, Earl, "Applesoft Error Handling Routines," pgs. 1·9.

Examples using the ONERRstatement on the APPLE.

Anon., "Control Character Locator," pg. 9.HereIs a neat routine on the Apple to find hidden control

characters.

Alpert, Dave, "Dave's Peeks," pg. 10.Locations In the APPLE Monitor for the prompt sign,HIMEM, LOMEM.Program pointer, Speed,etc.

720. Interactive Issue No.1 (Apri l 1980)

Anon., "Using EPROMSin AIM 65," pg. 3.Helpful hints for using EPROMSin the AIM.

Anon., "AIM-65 Application Notes," pg. 4.

A list of eight Application Notes published by Rockwellfor the 6502JAIM65.

Anon., "AIM 65Symbol Table Routine, " pg. 4.

Here is a short relocatable routine that will assist in ob-taining a symbol table from an assembly.

Boisvert, Conrad, "A Couple of 6522 Applications Notes,"pg.9-10.

Generating long Timed Intervals, Generating a 1 HZ

SquarewaveSignal.

Editor, .. TIY TIP," pg. 12.

Notes on USingthe AIM·65at terminal speedsof 2400and

above.

MICRO -- The 6502 Journal 29:77



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The ONLY 'PLUG IN AND GO' VIDEO BOARD for Boththe Beginning and the Sophisticated System Builder!

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providing the designer, systems integraterand serviceman with detailed hardwareinformation. Ohio Scientific is offeringqual ified OEM users its principal disk

operating system (08-630 V3.2) whichsupports multiple languages, mini-floppies,8" f loppies, printers, modems and otheraccessories in documented Source Codeand machine readable form which can bereassembled on standard OSI computers.This gives the product developer theultimate flexibility in integratinglhesecomponents into his total system design.

Cost Effective Systems f'orthe

Microcomputer OEM.Ohio Scienti fic has been bui lding smallbusiness rrucrocornputers and personalcomputers since the beginning of themicrocomputer revolution. Most Ohio

Scienti fic products incorporate a busarchitecture util izing modular circuitcards mated to a rnultt-slot backplane.Ohio Scientific's 48 signal line bus isdesigned to effectively marry the versa-t il ity and modularity of bus architecturewith the economies of consumer productsproducing an ultra-low cost yet reliablesystem. Many industrial users of micro-computers recognize the economy andversatil ity of Ohio Scientiflc's modularcomputer boards and util ize these boardsand subsystems as well as customerswho purchase complete computersystems on an OEM basis.

Ohio Scientific'sNew OEM Program

Ohio Scienti fic now recognizes theimportance of the OEM marketplace andis introducing a complete program for theboard level OEM user as well as thesystem OEM. The program starts with ourstandard products including three CPUboards, a : broad range of static anddynamic memory boards, mini and 8"floppy disk controllers, printer controllers,multiple RS·232 port boards, a hard diskcontroller, and video lntertace withoptional keyboard. Backplanes with two,four, eight or sixteen slots are available.

These standard products are now beingsupplemented by a broad range of

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• New universal telephone interfaceboard which has auto-dial capability,

auto-answer capability, tone encodingand decoding, answer and originate 300baud modem and voice I/O via taperecorder or optional phonetic voiceoutput system.

• New calendar-clock with several monthbattery backup capabil ity which can beprogrammed to automatically restartthe computer or shut off the computer atset times. The circuit board alsoincludes automatic power-fail restartcapability.

• Instrumentation quality high speed,12-bit analog AID - O /A module with a16·channel input multiplexer and two

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• New scilderless prototypinq board whichconnects to the computer systemand al lowsrapid prbtotypJng of newinterface ideas _ .

• System PROM blaster whichaccepts 8Kthrough 64K bit industry standardEPROMS and a universal EPROM-ROMcard.

• A card edge extender, bus analyzer andbus compatible breadboards.'

Documentation

All of Ohio Scientific major circuit boardsare now fully documented by HowardSams (the originator 01 the Sams Photo-tact series for Consumer Electronics)

servicing manuals which includeblock diagrams, schematics,detailed pictorials, parts place-ment diagrams and parts lists

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Because of Ohio Scientific's hundreds ofthousands of boards per year volume forthe consumer and small business market,these products cost a mere fraction of the

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Ohio Scientif ic's reasonably priceduniversal telephone interface and voiceoutput capabilit ies allow you to integrateadvanced telecommunications, remotecontrol capabilit ies arldlor unlimitedvocabulary voice response in yoursystems at the same price as a "barebones" implementation with other busarchitectures.

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Getting started with the OSI bus architec-ture is now easy with documentation, offthe shelf availability, and economicalcomputer systems for In-house softwaredevelopment using Assembler, BASICFORTRAN or PASCAL Ohio Scientific'snew OEM contract provides easy to startwith terms and generous volumediscounts.

For more information and the name andphone number of your local OhioScientific OEM representat.ive call1·800·321·6850 toll free. Please specify

micro 6502 journal october 1980

Documents