micro 6502 journal march 1984

8/3/2019 Micro 6502 Journal March 1984

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$2.50$3,00

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NO. 70 MATHEMATICS

for the Serious Coml?_uterist

* Bezier Curves* Credit Card Register* Plotting Fractals* Multiplication on 6809 vs. 6502* Compiling BASIC Subroutines


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CAD / CAM ! DON 'T SPEND 25k , 50kr $500 ,000 BEFORE YOU SPEND $79 00s book w ill provide m anagers.n ee rs . ma nu fa ctu rin g p ers on ne lany inte rested persons anrs ta nd in g o f th e fu nd amenta ls o fm puter A ided D esign [CA D] andt er A id edmanu fa c tu rin g [CAM ]ca t ions and techno logy.

program w ill expose you to theio u s CAD /CAM term in o lo g ie s u sed .dw are a nd s oftw a re c omparis on sbe e xplo re d w it h heavyemphasis onir a dv an ta ge s a nd d is ad va nta ge s.ju s tif ic a tio n and imp lementat io np re se nte d u sin g c as e s tu die s.

course is des igned fo r bu t no tto:T hose m anagers. eng ineers andch pro fess iona ls assoc iated w i thmanu fa c tu rin g in dus tr y.Personnel from P roduct. Tools ign. P lan t Layou t and P lan tg ineering who are inte rested in

ND RESULTwi llenab lepar t ic ipan ts to :

L ea rn b as ic CAD /CAM Vo ca bu la ry .e tt er u nde rs ta nd t he va rio u s ha rd -re a nd s oftw are c omp on en ts u s-d in a ty pic al C AD w ork s ta tio n.e lect the ex is ting CAD /CAMystem m ost appropriate fo r cur-e nt a nd p ro je cte d n ee ds .a ke a n e ffe ctiv e c os t ju stific atio ns to W hy they SHOULD orHOULD NOT imp lement aCAM sys tem .

5 . A p ply a nd u se c ompute r g ra ph ic s a sa p roduc tiv it y t oo l.

PROGRAMCONTENT1 . Int roduct iona . H is to ry o f C AD/C AM

b . Im p orta nc e o f C AD/C AM2 . G ra ph ic s w o rk s ta tio n p erip he ra lsa . In pu t

b . O u tp utc . Ad van ta ges and d isadvanta geso f in pu t a nd o utp ut d ev ic es .

3. Computer G r aph ic s Sys tems[Hardware]a . M i cr osb . M in isc. M ain F ra me sd . Tu rn key G r aph ic s syst ems

4. Softwarea . Ope ra tin g systemsb . G r aph ic s Packagesc . G ra ph ic s Mo du le s

5 . C omp ute r A id ed D es ig na . Geome tr ic De fin it io n s[Po in ts . L in e s. C ir cle s . ETC. .)b . Con tr ol f un c tio n sc . G raph ics Man ipu la ti onsd . D ra ft in g Func tio n se . F i ling funct ionsf. Appl icat ions

z 0 rm,:I,,cli,i,I CONTINUING EDUCATION FOil BETTEIl:! C A D I C A M :l; A P R O D U C T IV IT Y! r : m E N H A N C EM E N T T O O L. . .

6 . Imp lemen tat iona . D e te rm in in g n ee dsb . Pu rchas in g and In s ta llin gc . G e ttin g S ta rte d

7 . C o st J us tific atio n a nd Su rv eya . C ost com parisons o f tw o and fourw o rk s ta tio n s ys tems.b. P resenta tion of recent survey ofC AD s ys tem u se rs

ZAN IM SYSTEMS MAKESTH ISSPEC IALOFFER: IF YOU BUY CAD /CAM : APR OD UC TIV IT Y E NH AN CEME NTT OOL BEFOR EAPR IL 1 5T H. W E W IL LINCLUDE F R E E OFCHARGETHESE TWOPAPERS PUBL ISHED NATIONAL LY BYZ AN IM SYS TEMS C AD /C AM EXPER T.1. "C re atio n o f a L arg e D ata B ase fo r

a Sma ll G ra ph ic s S y stem "2 . "S ho rte st P ath A lg orith m U sin g

Compute r G r aph ic s "O f course you cou ld spend as m uch as$495. $595 or $695 for a s im ilar 3 daysem inar even though th is book is not acomputer p ro g ram .W e te ll you April 15th fo r a spec ia lreason ... th is p roduct m ay be taxdeductib le depend ing on your fie ld orn ee ds . T his 1 70 p ag e c ou rs e w ill s atis fyany o f your CAD /CAM needs. W eguar an te e it .

P le ase se nd $ 79 to :ZAN 1M SYSTEMSCAD/CAM GROUPP.O. BOX 4384FLINT IMI48504(313) 233-5731

Q U A N T IT Y D IS C O U N TS A V A IL A B L E F O R C O LL E G E S U N IV E R S IT IE S A N D IO R S E M IN A R U S E .

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I A l C A O ' A Simple Assembly Listing ...Having recently improved ourtechniques for producing BASIClistings, MICRO focused its attentionthis month on improving the AssemblyListing process. Producing an assemblylisting may appear to be a fairly trivialtask for a magazine. The author sendsin a copy of his assembler's printoutand you print it. This may not providethe reader with the best listings due tovariations in quality, size, type ofinformation output, and variations inlistings by different assemblers.MICRO has taken a number of steps toimprove the assembly listings whichinvolved custom programming and alot of work, but we believe the endresult is worth it.Transferring to FOCUSThe first step is to get the originallisting, provided by the author in somemachine readable media, onto our6809-based FOCUS system.Techniques have been developed totransfer text between the FOCUS andthe Apple, At ar i, Coco andCommodore computers.

EditorialListing StandardizationThe FOCUS word processor is used to'standardize' the listings. Itssearch/replace function is used tomake changes quickly and accurately.The 'standard' that has been selected isthe LISA 2.5 running on the Apple II.Rather than discuss the minoreccentricities of the LISA,I suggest youlook at some of the listings in this issuetosee the standards. A couple are worthmentioning. The LISAdoes not require(or accept) the Aregister designation inthe ROL, ROR, LSR,or ASLinstructions. It requires a specialpseudo-op, EPZ to equate page zeroaddresses. These, and other minorchanges, are made. Then the LISA-fiedtext file is transmitted to the Apple II.Running LISALISAis instructed to accept input fromthe serial port by a CTRL-D, IN#2,RETURN. A transmit program on theFOCUS sends a line of text tothe Appleat 1200 baud, and then waitsapproximately 1.5 seconds betweenlines to permit LISA to do itshousekeeping.

LISA is instructed to assemble thefile with the output directed to theFOCUS via serial port by the commandCTRLD, PR#2, RETURN.MICROizing the ListingLISA output contains more than weneed for the magazine listing. AFOCUS program converts LISAoutputto a 'MICRO' format. The examplebelow shows the difference in output.Is ItWorth It?It takes a lot of work to get the listingsright. Now that the special programshave been written it is easier, but stillrequires time and effort. Is it worth it?Ithink so. An important feature ofMICRO is its support of assemblylanguage programming. It is importantthat the listings are not only accurate,but that they are in a form that is easyfor all readers to understand. Wewelcome, as always, your commentsand suggestions.

Editor-in-Chief

0 8 0 0 4 ; R E Q U I R E S 0 0 5 + U T I L I T I E S @ S C X X X0 8 0 0 5 ;C O O O 9 O R G S C O O vC O O O 1 0 O B J S 0 8 0 0C O O O 1 1 ,O O F D 1 2 N U H L E P Z $ F OO O F E 1 3 N U H H E P r S F EC 8 8 F 1 5 0 4 E Q U $ C 8 8 F ; D O S P L U S R O U T I N E S . R E Q U I R E S O O S + U T I L I T I E S @ i C X X XC F B I 2 1 S C R R C L E Q U $ C F B I jC O O O 3 1 j C O O O O R G i C O O I )C O O O 2 0 9 9 C F 3 2 F R H P T R J S R S C R S A V : ~ A K E S U R E ;C 0 0 3 A 9 4 5 3 3 L O A 1 $ 4 5 ; D E F A U L T I S O O F D N U H L E Q U $ F OC 0 4 1 5 0 5 2 4 F 5 2 I l S C P R O W R I T E R - - C O N N E C T I O N ' O O F E N U H H E Q U $ F EC 0 4 4 5 7 5 2 4 9 C 8 8 F 0 4 E Q U i C 8 8 F j O O S P L U s R O U T I N E SC I ) 4 7 5 4 4 5 5 2 C F B I S C R R C L E Q U f C F B IC 0 4 A 2 0 2 D 4 3 ;C 0 4 0 4 F 4 E 4 E C O O O 2 C > 9 9 C F F R H P T R J S R S C R S A V ; H A K E S U R EC O S O 4 S 4 3 5 4 C 0 0 3 A 9 4 5 L O A 1 $ 4 5 j O E F A U L T 1 5C 0 5 3 4 9 4 F 4 E C 0 4 1 5 0 5 2 4 F A S C ' P R O W R I T E R - C D N N E C T I O N 'C 0 5 6 9 2 0 0 0 0 5 3 B Y T i 9 2 . $ 0 0 , i O O C O 5 6 9 2 0 0 0 0 B Y T $ 9 2 , $ O O , $ O DC 4 F 7 3 6 2 E N D C 4 F i E N D2 MICRO No. 70 - March 1984


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MICROP.O. Box 6502Chelmsford, MA 01824617/256-3649

PubllsherIEdltorlnChlefRobert M. TrippAssociate PublisherCindy KocherProduction ManagerJennifer Collins

Technical EditorMark MoranoAdvertising ManagerCindy Kocher

Sales ManagerC. Skip BentleCirculation ManagerLinda HensdillCustomer ServiceKim Dundas

AccountingDonna M. TrippContributing EditorsCornel is BongersPhil DaleyDavid MalmbergJohn Steiner

Jim StrasmaPaul SwansonRichard C. Vile, Jr.Loren Wright

MICRO is published monthly by:MICRO, Chelmsford, MA01824.Second Class postage paid at:Chelmsford, MA 01824 and additional

mailing offices.USPS Publication Number: 483470.ISSN: 0271-9002.Send subscriptions, change of address,USPS Form 3579, requests for back issuesand all othe fulfillment questions to:MICRO

P.O.Box 6502Chelmsford, MA 01824or call 617/256-3649.Subscription Rates: (per year):U.S. $24.00or $42.00 for two yearsForeign surface mail: $27.00Air mail: Europe $42.00Mexico, Central America, Middle East,North Africa, Central Africa $48.00South America, South Africa, Far East,Australia, New Zealand $72.00

Copyright 1984 by MICRO.Ali Rights Reserved.

4

for the Serious ComputeristFeatures15 Least-SquaresCurve Fitter

Brian FlynnPlot and depict theapparent trend betweenvariables (such as stocksand interest rates)26 Credit RegisterJoseph KattanKeep track of credit cardpurchases as they occur

35 DOSPLUS forCommodore 64,Part 3Michael J. KeryanA machine languagemonitor, a printerformatting program, arepeat key toggle, and akill function.

42 Bezier Curves:Richard H. TurpinThe Bezier method allowsa curve to be representedwith a minimum amountof data.

50 PEEKing Tom:PI.ayingwithBASIC's InternalsMark JohansenFind how and wherethings are done withinalmost any system.

62 On Multiplication:The 6809 Versusthe 6502Comelis BongersA new board allows aninteresting experiment.

70 Compile YourBASIC SubroutinesAnn Marie Lancasterand Cliff LongCombining Interpreted andCompiled BASIC can givea fast, easy method ofworking

74 Plotting FractalsOn Your ComputerSimon WardropPlotting fractals (irregularshapes) can often producebeautiful results; they callinto question ourdefinition of length

Departments2 Editorial6 Reviews in Brief24 Graphics ContestWinners32 CoCo Bits

John Steiner41 From Here to Atari

Paul S. Swanson54 Interface Clinic

Ralph Tenny

59 Commodore CompassLoren Wright78 From Here to Atari

Paul S. Swanson79 Listing Conventions80 Advertiser Index

MICRO No. 70 March 1984


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This famous book now contains the most comprehensive description of firmwareand hardware ever published for the whole Apple 1 / family. A new section withguide, atlas and gazeteer now provides Apple lie specific information. Gives names and locations of various Monitor,DOS, Integer BASIC and Applesoft routines andtells what they're used for Lists Peeks, Pokes and Calls in over 2000memory locations

This expanded edition is available at the new low price of only $19.95

Allows easy movement between BASIC andMachine Language Explains how to use the information for easier,better, faster software writing

For the 35,000 people who already own previous editions,the lie Appendix is available separately for just $5.00.~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~Please send me:___ What's Where In the Apple @ $19.95ea.

(Plus $2.00 per copy shipping/handling) Name___ Apple lie Appendix @ $5.00 ea.(includes shipping charges)

Mass residents add 5% sales tax $Address

State ZipityTotal Enclosed $ Signature _

o Cheek 0 VISA 0 MasterCardFor faster servicePhone 617/256-3649 Acet # _ Expires _I: MICRO, P.O. Box 6502, Chelmsford, MA 01824I ~

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I A l eAO"R eviews in B rie fProduct Name:Equip. Req'd:Price:Manufacturer:

ANA-LISTApple II+ 48K, Disk Drive$150Synoptic Software, Inc.57 Reservior LaneChestnut Hill, MA 02167

Dot addressable graphics are supported and an Ap-pak isavailable for Apple owners with full software support forscreen dumps including different sizes and alignment.Pluses: A very nice, quiet, high quality printer. Thegraphics software is easy to use.Minuses: The plastic cover to deaden the printing soundis inconvenient to feed the paper through.Documentation: An 80+ page technical manual and a50+ pageAp-pak reference manual are included. They areterse, well written manuals.Skill level: No prior knowledge necessary.Reviewer: Phil Daley

Product Name:Equip. Req'd:Price:

Aztec CApple II, II+, or lIe with 2 disks$199 (diskettes with software andmanual in notebookManx Software SystemsP.O. Box 55Shrewsbury, N J 07701

Description: A new list management program. It takeslists or tables of data and allows the user to rearrange theentries to his liking. The program will take advantage ofthe existence of a 16K card by expanding the maximumnumber of items in a list that can be handled.Pluses: Without question, this program's greatest plus isits ability touse input data structured in DIFformat. This,of course, makes Visicalc data entirely manageable. Fewother pure data base management packages I've seen cando that. Congratulations to Synoptic for spotting anunfilled niche in the market. Another nice feature worthmentioning is the program's speed. Things happen fast.Minuses: It is somewhat surprising that a package beingreleased now by a company that has clearly done itsmarketing homework does not have features specificallydesigned to take advantage of Apple lIe capabilities. Infact, the lIe isn't enen mentioned in the manual so, if youhave a Ile, you would be wise to check with the companyabout possible idiosyncrasies. Additionally, I thought thepackage was overpriced, though not so much as othersimilar items.Documentation: Overall, I was pleased with the manual.The manufacturer resisted the temptation to fill thetutorial with banalities and has kept each chapterfunctional. I do have one complaint. For $150 the usersurely deserves better paper for the manual, and hecertainly deserves index tabs of plastic. The paper onessupplied will tear off within a few days of constant use.But it really is quite good.Skill level: A novice who follows the manual should haveno trouble using the product.Reviewer: Chris Williams

Printmate 99 PrinterSerial, Parallel or IEEEInterface

Product Name:Equip. Req'd:Price:Manufacturer:

*Micro Peripherals, Inc.4426 Century DriveSalt Lake City, UT 84107

Description: A high quality dot-matrix printer with bi-directional printing, true descenders and one-passunderlining capability, the 99prints 80characters per line.While printing normally with a 5 x 9 dot matrix, a seriffont is included for letter quality type in an 11 x 9 matrix.

6

Manufacturer:

Description: Aztec C is a complete development systemfor writing C language programs on the Apple II. There are3 diskettes full of goodies: two C compilers, a 6502assembler, a pseudo-code assembler for assembling thepseudo-code generated by one of the two compilers, alinker, several runtime libraries, a full-screen editor, acommand interpreter (called SHELL, after the UNIXcommand interpreter), utilities for constructing objectlibraries and source archives, and various other programs.The implementation of the C language seems to supportthe full language as specified in the book byKernighan andRitchie. The system uses and produces files which are inDOS 3.3 format on the disk. However, you must BRUNSHELL in order to interact most conveniently with thesystem.Pluses: This is a complete development system. The onlysoftware that I can think of that rivals it for the pricewould be Apple Pascal(or the UCSD P-System). Thesystem provides a bare bones UNIX-like environment: theSHELLprovides the 5 or 6most popular UNIX commands.You get C source code for a large part of the softwareprovided with the system, somodifications are possible.Minuses: You have to think hard to find any. There aresome bugs in the native code generated by the C65compiler. However, Manx is fixing them and providesupdated software. Disk access performance is notoptimized sothere is painfully slow development time. Toprepare a few line program takes almost 5 minutes

MICRO No. 70 - March 1984


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(compare to UCSD's less than a minute).Documentation: A notebook with 8 112 x 11 pages has 5ample sections and two appendices. A bit terse forbeginners, but adequate for seasoned programmers. Thereis a tutorial sections and one on technical informationwhich provides details of system and compiler operationfor more advanced users.Skill level: Experience in using operating systems andhigh-level language coding and program preparation (e.g.,good knowledge of Applee Pascal would be typical of levelneeded). Knowledge of C language is a must; buy thepackage and buy and read Kernighan and Ritchie.Reviewer: Richard C. Vile, Jr.Product Name: DISKEDTEquip. Req'd: 16Kor 32K Color Computer with 1diskPrice: $24.95Manufacturer: Spectral Associates

141 Harvard AvenueTacoma, WA 98466

Description: DISKEDT is a disk editor which ismore thanjust a repair program. Two versions of the program arefurnished on the same disk, with the 32K version havingmore capabilities and protection against mistakes than the16K version. DISKEDT allows direct access, viewing andediting of any part of the disk, by track, sector or filename,which is somewhat unusual for this type of program. Diskdata is displayed in either Hexadecimal or ASCII, andsingle-key commands allow moving forward or backthrough a disk or file. This moving around can be randomaccess (specify track and sector), step-by-step or "skip to"movement. Besides the disk data, there is a constantlyupdated display of drive, track and sector, plus threespecial characters which aid in editing and generating diskdata. A truly impressive set of editing capabilities areavailable; in fact, there are editing capabilities for which Ican'timagine the purpose!Pluses: This program works well, has very powerfulcapabilities and is inexpensive for all it does. Also, thedisplay update is quite rapid so that a minimum of time iswasted.Minuses: Although the program has considerablecapability for simple disk file "repair", this topic iscompletely ignored. The display is highly readable, but ispresented in a lO-column width. As a result, directorydisplays are very difficult to interpret, since the next filename occurs 32 characters "down the line".Documentation: Well written and suitable for the diskformat expert. Directions are given with the assumptionthat the user is intimately familiar with all facets of the

No. 70 - March 1984 MICRO

METALOGICP ro gr am y ou r own 3D g ra ph ic s q u ic kl y a nd e as ily w it h t his Sub LDGICA23D2 in te rface Easy to learn .& . commands imbed into your BASIC program NO machine language. NO hex math. NO PEEKs. NO POKEs Games. demos. animation. CAD - unl imited applica tions Detai led manual - sample documented programs Requires: SubLOGIC A2302: ROM Applesoft & RAM Card (or App le I Ie): DOS 3.3Only $75; $ 18 0 i nc lu d in g c om p le te A 2 -3D2 g ra ph ic s p a ck ag e

TELEPHILEA database to k eep tabs on a ll y ou r impor tant c on ta c ts - f ri ends , r el at iv es ,bus iness associates Simp le touse Complete screen edi ting Search capabilities

App rox . 200 116 cha rac te r recordsavailable in each file Hardcopy in variable formats Inc ludes Name. Address . Phone& Comment fields ReQuires: PascalnlyS20PASCAT

Ca ta log a ll y ou r f >ASCALd is k s l or eas y r efer ence Automatical ly reads and sorts a ll f iles F lexible search capabil it ies- Rapidsort by any field including wildcards Screen list or hardcopy Requires: PascalOnly $25

SCREEN UNITTermina l 110uni t a must f or y our PASCAL Hb ra ry Device Independent F ie ld oriented with opt iona l defau lts Built-in editor (insert. replace.delete. clear. etc.)OnlyS45

Source and objec t code inc luded Input check ing pre\lents user error No l icens ing fee for commercial use Requires: Pascal

A) A R T E M IS S Y S T E M S , IN C .41 Parkview Drive, Millburn, N.J. 07041o r CALL(201) 564-9333Al l So ftware Unpro tec ted ! VISA/MC accepted..... 3rd Class P.P. NJ RES. ADD 6% ~

089APPLICATIONSOFTWARE

ACCOUNTSPAYABLE PAYROLLGENERALLEDGER $499$299 withCASH SMALL

JOURNAL BU~NESS$399 INVENTORY$299ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE$299COMPLETE DOCUMEI\lTATIOI\l $19.95

OS9 & BASIC 09 ARE TRADEMARK OFMICROWARE. INC. & MOTOROLA CORP.

SPECIALTYELECTRONICS

(405) 233-55642110 W. WILLOW - ENID, OK 73701

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Radio Shack format and disk files in general. Althoughsome specific examples are given, a larger number andmore basic examples would have greatly enhanced theproduct.Skill level: Very advanced programmers will derive muchuse from this product, but a dedicated computer hackerwith plenty of time for study can derive experience andbenefits from it.Reviewer: Ralph TennyProduct Name:Equip. Req'd:

STARDOS 6464KTRS-80C Color Computer with 1disk drive$49.95 (Disk only)Star KitsP.O. Box 209Mt. Kisco, NY 10549

Minuses: The only minus I have noted is that STAROOSdoes not have a large stable of programs to support it.However, some FLEXprograms will run unmodified underSTAROOS and others can be converted using instructionsfurnished. Finally, more programs are being added as timegoes on.Documentation: An 80 page manual is furnished whichexplains how to use and expand STAROOS, and how toconvert FLEXprograms. Italsogives considerable detail onproper and efficient use of a DOS. This manual is wellorganized, thorough and well written in a highly readablestyle. The manual covers both regular STAROOS (runs onunmodified 16Kand 32K computers, and furnished on thesame disk) and STAROOS 64.Skill level: A DOS is essentially useless for BASIC-onlyoperation, and almost indispensable for the assemblylanguage programmer who does more than dabble inprogramming. All experience levels can benefit, but theadvanced programmer will make greater use of STAROOSinitially.Reviewer: Ralph TennyProduct Name:Equip. Req'd:

MATHMENU 1.0TRS-80 Color Computer with 16Kmemory (tape version)TRS-80 Color Computer with disk and32K memory (disk version)$44.95 tape, $49.95 diskINTER +ACTION113 Ward StreetNew Haven, CT 06519

Price:Manufacturer:

Description: STAROOS 64 is a true Disk OperatingSystem which will run on the Color Computer if it has64Kof read-write memory. Ituses the same disk format asthe Radio Shack DOS. The advantage of STAROOS is thatit provides the following features: provision for multiple320 byte File Control Blocks, routines which open, read,write and close named files, rename or delete files, read orwrite single sectors, search or modify the directory andother functions. STAROOS 64 will support single ordouble density disks, 35, 40 and 80 track disk drives,single or double sided. Finally, it has utilities which allowit to read FLEXdisks and convert them to STAROOS/RSformat. This means that data files and source files can betransferred from FLEX to STAROOS and then to RS DiskBasic. The standard entry points for its internal routinesare the same as for the same functions in FLEX, whichopens up the possibility of running some FLEXprogramsunder STARDOS 64.The following memory-resident commands are

available: GET (load a binary file), XEQ (similar toBASICEXEq, BAS (return to BASIq, PNS (Printer Non-Standard; adjusts for special printer protocols], VON andVOF(control disk verify), and V32, V40, V51, V64 (controlspecial hi-res display character fonts). In addition, diskresident commands allow the user to BACKUP disks,BUILD simple text files, print a CATalog or DIRectory ofdisk files to screen or printer, COMPARE two disks (twodrives are required), COpy files, DELETE files,DISKCHEK (test) disks for errors, LIST test files,RENAME files, SAVEM binary files and DSKINI disks.PEEK and POKE work the same as in BASIC, whileACONVERT converts FLEX ASCII files to STAROOS,BCONVERT changes binary files and FCAT reads thedirectory of a FLEX disk. SETMAX sets the number oftracks used on a disk, provided the drive can handle greaterthan 35 tracks.Pluses: STAROOS 64 is a low cost, highly versatile DOSwhich is easy to use and runs on the standard 64K ColorComputer. Directions are given for adding user diskcommands for system expansion.

Price:Manufacturer:

Description: MATHMENU is a collection of 15 differentengineering and math programs. The programs includedwill perform the following functions: Plot (both twodimensional and three dimensional); Matrix Operations(performs 8 standard matrix operations on amatrix as largeas 8 x 8); Vector Operations (eight separate operations maybe performed on vectors consisting of up to 20 elementseach; Numerical Differentiation and Integration; LeastSquares (performs least squares curve fitting); NumberBase Conversions; Reverse Polish Calculation (acts as acalculator with stacks and memory visible on the screen);Binomial Expansion; Prime Number Checking; LargeAddand Multiply (substitutes digits for scientific notation onlarge numbers); Rectangular and Polar Conversion;Quadratic Root Computation.Pluses: Menu driven for ease of use (disk version). RPLcalculator is useful and well done. Some documentation ispresented on-line for each function. Algorithms usedappear to run relatively fast in benchmark tests.Minuses: Many assumptions of user knowledge level aremade in the documentation. The tape version is difficultto use because programs must be separately loaded. Theexperienced user should have the option of skipping onlinedocumentation.

8 MICRO No. 70 - March 1984


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Documentation: A 24 page manual provides a generalsummary of functions and at least one page of detail oneach program. It lacks examples and assumes a high levelof math expertise, but is generally adequate in itsexplanations of how to use the programs.Skill Level: These programs require a high level of mathapplications skills. No programming skills are required torun them.Reviewer: Norman Garrett

Product Name:Equip. Req'd: HomebaseTRS-80 Color Computer; 32K DiskBASIC (I drive required)

$79.95 diskHomebase Computer SystemsP.O. Box 3448Durham, NC 27702

Price:Manufacturer:

Description: Homebase is a complete database managerdivided into three separate parts which will work alone orin unison and which may be purchased separately or as asingle unit. The division has separated the package intothe Data Management function, the Custom ReportingFunction and the Text/Word Processing Function. Atutorial program is included which allows the new user tolearn the main features of Homebase while experimentingwith the pre-established database.Database functions of formatting, adding, changingand deleting records are performed, and utilities are alsoincluded for selection, ascending or decending sorts,merges, filecopies and file synchronization. Data entryscreens can be customized. Full computational functionsare available, as well as a report writer that includes formletter management and full interface with the textprocessor and data manager, and a mailing label printingroutine.Pluses: Complete, easy-to-use tutorials are included on aseparate disk and include documentation. The database ismenu driven, making access rapid and efficient. Thesystem is set up to function with Epson, Radio Shack,Okidata and NEC printers with good documentation onother models. The database manager itself is versatile andcontains a number of utilities which enhance the ability tomanipulate data. Another plus is the ability to backup filesto and reload from cassette tape. Data entry isaccomplished via user-designed data entry screens.Calculations use predefined or user-defined formulas. Thereport writer allows form letters using database fields andin conjunction with the text processing facility, with labelprinting routine built in.Minuses: On some of the tutorial screens, words arewrapped rather than divided. The use of color and reversevideo on tutorial and mainscreens is excessive and can bedifficult to read. Record design is limiting with characterfields being fixed length 5 byte fields. A logical recordcannot exceed 255 characters although you are allowed upto 49 fields per record.No. 70 - March 1984 MICRO

Te lecommunw ith a diffe rence !Unexcelled communications power andcompatibil ity, especially for professionals andserious computer users. Look us over; SuperTermisn't just "another" terminal program. Like ourfamous Terminal-40, It's the one others will bejudged by. EMULATION-Most popular terminalprotocols:cursor addressing, clear, home, etc. EDITING-Full-screen editing of ReceiveBuffer UP/DOWNLOAD FORMATS-CBM, Xon-Xoff,ACK-NAK,CompuServe,etc. FLEXIBIUTYSelect baud, duplex,parity,stopbits,etc. Evenwork off-line,then upload to system! DISPLAYMODES-40 column;80/132 withside-scrolling FUNCTIONKEYS-B standard, 52 user-defined BUFFERS-Receive, Transmit,Program,and Screen PRINTING-Continuous printingwith SmartASCIIinterface and parallelprinter; buffered printingotherwise DISKSUPPORT-Directory, Copy, Rename,ScratchOptions are selected by menus and EXECfile.Softwareon diskwith specialcartridge module.CompatIble wIthCBMand HESAutomodems; select ORIG/ANSmode,manual or autodial.Write for the full story on SuperTerm; or, Ifyoualready want that dIfference, order todaylRequires: Commodore 64 or VIC-20. disk drive or Dacasette. andcompatible modem. VIC version requires 16Kmemory expansion. Pleasespecify VIC or 64 when ordering.

Sm art A S C II P lus ... S59~The only Interface which supports streaming -sendingcharacters simultaneously to the screen and printer - withSuperTerm.Also great for use with your own programs or mostapplication programs, i .e., word processors. Print modes:CBM Graphics (w/many dot-addr printers), TRANSLATE,DaisyTRANSLATE,CBM/True ASCII, and PIPELINE.Complete with printer cable and manual. On disk or cassette.VI C :!Il and Commodore 64 are trademarks of Commodore Electronics, Ud .

1. . 1Ii

9


12/86

Documentation: A loose leaf notebook contains 147pagesfor all features of Homebase, including the tutorial. Thedocumentation could be more compact if printed on bothsides of the sheet, but it is good quality and wellorganized.Skill level: While programming skills are certainly notrequired to use the package, a basic knowledge ofcomputer files is essential in order to properly design fileformats. A novice user could, however, learn to use thepackage fairly quickly due to good documentation whichpresupposes no expertise.Reviewer: Norman Garrett

Product Name:Equip. Req'd:Price:Manufacturer:

Parallel Printer SwitchTwo Centronics-type Printers$39.95 plus $2 shippingKen Branscome Associates368 N. Walnut Grove RoadMidlothian, TX 76065

Description: This piece of hardware consists of aCentronics-type female connector which will plug ontothe end of any Centronics parallel interface cable. The"parallel printer switch" allows the user to connect anexisting Centronics type printer cable to the printerswitch. By using two flat cable extensions, two printerswith Centronics type interface can be connected to theprinter switch. A switch on the PC card will allow thecomputer output to be directed to either printer. Thus, ifboth dot-matrix and letter-quality printers are available,draft copies can be run in dot matrix and final copies withletter quality.Pluses: This accessory eliminates cable swapping; thedesign allows easy home-brew flat cables or the option ofpurchasing standard Radio Shack Model I or Model IIIcables to interconnect any two printers with standardCentronics interfaces. Two versions are available; oneswitches the BUSY line and the switches the ACK line, sospecify the one you need (check the printer driver protocolof your computer). Ready-made 5' cables are alsoavailableat $39.95 each; two cables and the Printer Switch areavailable for $100 pp.Minuses: None noted

Skill level: NoneDocumentation: None furnished or needed

Reviewer: Ralph Tenny

Product Name:Equip. req'd:Price:Manufacturer:

MMG Form Letter WriterAtari 400/800 with 40K disc driveprinter$29.95MMG Micro SoftwareP.o. Box 131Marlboro, N T 07746

Description: Form Letter Writer produces letters whichcan be merged with MMG Data Manager, Mail List, MMGAccounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, MMG Payrolland MMG Inventory programs. This means that owners ofthese other products now may send form letters to theirclient base without typing in the names, etc. .

Pluses: The program allows printer codes to be entered soit can be configured to work with any printer. The codescan be placed anywhere in the text and will not be printedwith the text, but will be sent to the printer. This allowsprint type to be changed or any special print codes to besent from within the body of the letter. Form letters can bepersonalized in the same manner as is done by professionalmailers.Minuses: The text is listed continuously on the screenwith an inverse " 11 symbol marking the end ofparagraphs. According to information furnished in the in-struction manual, this allows more text to be stored thanwith the normal format. This special format does take somegetting used to. Proportional printer is not supported.Documentation: The seven pagemanual explaining use ofthe program does not cover the interfacing with the pro-grams that it works with as well as it could.

Skill level required: A user with some experience.Reviewer: Richard E. DeVore

Product Name: Decimal Practice-Plato EducationalSoftware

Equip. req'd: Atari 400/800/1200XL with 48K discdrive

Price: ?Manufacturer: Control Data Publication Co., Inc.

P.O. Box 261127San Diego, CA 92126

Description: Decimal Practice is one of the sixteen educa-tional programs in the Plato Educational Software series.As the title implies, the program is designed to teachdecimals to elementary math students.Decimal Practice uses a number line with coloredballoons "pinned" at different locations along the line.The object is toestimate where the balloons are positionedon the number line. The student enters an estimate of thelocation of the balloons from the keyboard and a dart is"thrown" at the balloons. If the aim is good, the balloonbursts and the location is printed. If the dart misses, itsticks in the number line, and the location is printed. Thishelps learn the relationship between parts and the whole.The program is divided into two lessons with 8 prob-

lems in the first lesson and ten in the second. The prob-lems in the first lesson have whole numbers at each end ofthe number line and the student can select whether all ofthe problems should have positive numbers or a mix ofpositive and negative numbers. The problems in the sec-ond lessons are more difficult and have decimal numbers.

10 MICRO No. 70- March 1984


13/86

Pluses: Decimals Practice uses proven teaching methodsto instruct students while providing positive feedback bymaking the student think he is playing a game. The pro-gram features a "help" function accessible by typing an"h" instead of a number. When the "h" is pushed thecomputer will shoot a dan at the number line which willgive the student another reference point to use inestimating the location of the balloons.Minuses: The program was developed using BASIC A+and loads the language as well as the program so it takessome time to load.

Documentation: There is a forty page booklet furnishedwith the program. There are sections covering ClassroomStrategies, Sample Activities, Student Practice Activitiesand a Student Record sheet. It is well done and easyto follow.Skill level required: Elementary School Students.Reviewer: Richard E. DeVore

Product Name:Equip. req'd:

KoalaPadAtari Computer with min. 16K, 32K fordisk storage disk drive for disk version(tested)$99.95Koala Technologies253 Martens Ave.Mt. View, CA 94040

Price:Manufacturer:

Product Name:Equip. req'd:Price:Manufacturer:

DataFaxApple ITor Apple IT+?Link Systems1655 26th St.Santa Monica, CA 90404

Description: DataFax is a data base management systemthat runs on the Apple Pascal Operating System. Ituses ahighly flexible filing process based on keywords within adata record, or folder. The user can select any word orphrase, of variable lengths, to be keys for the folder; theyare in turn used to retrieve desired folders for editingor printing.Pluses: DataFax is designed to handle unstructured data,so nearly anything one can type in can be filed and re-trieved with ease. Folders are scanned for on single keys orcombinations of keys, boolean operators, and wildcardsymbols that are easy towork with because they are writ-ten in English, not special computer codes. The controlkeys that function in the Editor may be customized forany system.Documentation: Over 200 pages of documentation are pro-vided with the DataFax package. The manual includes atutorial section for beginners, a reference section for thebasic commands and functions, and Advanced Techniquessection for using DataFax in conjunction with the USCDPascal System, and appendices covering hardware re-quirements, trouble shooting, and a list of all possibleerror messages and their meanings.

Description: The KoalaPad is a touch tablet designed tobe Skill level required: Easy to learn and use for everyone.used from joyport 1 of an Atari 400 or 800 computer. Itmay be operated using your finger or the provided stylus, Reviewer: John Heddermanany other object is not recommended. The unit is small,measuring 6" x 8" X I" with an active tablet surface area I\ICRO'.of 4\4 " x 4\4". The KoalaPad is supplied with a programdisk called the "Micro Illustrator". This program alongwith others soon to be available allow easy use of thetouch pad.Pluses: The touch pad is extremely easy to use with thesupplied software. The brief (14 page) owners manual.states how to hook the unit to the computer while the 16page software manual tells how to load the program anduse it. In less than 3 minutes a child who had never seenthe tablet before had it connected and was drawing on it.Minuses: Could not find any. It worked exactly aspresented.Documentation: The two manuals supplied with thetouch pad and the program disk, while brief, showed clear-ly how to connect and use the unit.Skill level required: Beginning computer user.Reviewer: Richard DeVore

No. 70 - March 1984 MICRO

I,

11I


14/86

NEC PRINTERSNEC 2050 $999.00NEC 3550 $1699.00

PERCOM/TANOONORIVES

5'1. 320K Floppy.. . $229.005Meg Hardw/Controlier $1399.0010Meg Hardw/Controller $1699.oo15Meg Hard w/Controller $2095.oo20Meg Hard w/Controller $2399.oo

AMOEK310A Amber Monitor $169.00DXY 100 Planer $599.00Color II $399.00

AST RESEARCHSix Pak Plus trom 5279.00Combo Plus 11.. from $279.00Mega Plus from $309.00I/O Plus from $139.00

GUAORAMQuadlink 1499.00Quadboard as low as 5289.00Quad 512 Plus...as low a5 $249.ooQuadcolor as low as 5219.00Chronograph $89.00Parallel Interlace Board 589.0064K RAM Chips Kit. $59.00

MCROPROWordStar/MailMerge $349.00Info Star $299.00SpeIiStar $159.00CalcStar $99.00MCROSTUFCrosstalk $105.00

MCROSOFTMultiplan $159.00

ASHTON TATEdBASE II $389.00Friday! $185.00 .Call On Titles

IUSEasyWriter II ............... $249.00 1.2-3 ~ C J ~ ~ . t : I $319.00EasySpelier $119.00 PROFESSIONAL SOFTWAREE~ci~~;.;.-~.:.;:.:.;.:;._'s;;,~:':!:!~~ PCPlus/The Boss $349.oo1st Class Mail/Form Letter $79.oo SYNAPSEThe Home Ace"t. Plus 588.00 File Manag.r 589.00PRINTER

VisiCalcVisiCalc 4VisiCalcAdvancedVisiWord/SpellVisitrend/PlotVisiLinkVisiFileVisiSchedule

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laM89.0089.0079.0089.0016.00olutions: as low as

AXIOM NEC2010/2030 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. $899.008023 Dot Matrix $379.008025 Dot Matrix $669.003510 Serial/Lener Quality $1449.003530 Parallel/leiter Quality $1499.007710/7730 Serial/Parallel $1949.00

OKIOATA82.83.84.92.93.2350.2410 ... CALL

SMTH CORONATP'2 ... ......... ........... $399.00Tractor Feed $119.00

SILVER REED500 Lener Quality $469.00550 Letter Quality $699.00

STARGemini lOX $299.00Gemini PI5X $399.00Delta 10 $559.00Serial Board $75.00

ATloo Atari Interface $239.00CD-l 00 CBM 64/VIC 20 $239.00GP-loo Parallel Interface $199.oo

SMC401 Lener Quality $589.00BX80 Dot Matrix $269.00

CENTRONICS122 Parallel $399.00739-1 Parallel $299.00739-3 Serial $349.00

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'PRINTER CASLESAvailable for Atari, Commodore, IBM,Apple, Epson,Kaypro.Televideo. Frank-l in, Eagle, Sanyo, Osborne, NEe.Zenith and many others. We supply allyour computer needs!OS

Prism 8O.. _For Configurations CAL,LPrism 32.. .ForContigurations CALL

MANNESMAN TALLY160L $589.oo180L . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. $799.oo

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MBC-SSO PC CALLMBC-SSS PC CALLMBC 1100 $1499.00FDD 32oo-320K Drive $389.00MBC 1150 $1899.00MBC 1200 $1849.00FDD6400-640K Drive $469.00MBC 1250 $2099.00 .MPR5500 Printer $599.Q()~'_"~=

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COMPUTERSTel.port Portable CALLBOOA $1099.00802 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. $2699.00803 $1949.00802H $4695.00806/20 $4999.00816/40 $9199.001602 $3399.001603 CALL

MONITORSAMOEK300 Green $149.00

300 Amber $159.00310 Amber $169.00Color 1 $279.00Color 1 Plus $299.00Color 2 $399 .00Color 2 Plus $419.00Color 3 $349.00Color 4 $699.00

SMC12" Green $79.9912" Green HI-RES $119.999191-13" Color $249.99

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NECJB 1260Green $109.99JB 1201 Green $149.99JB 1205 Amber $159.99JC 1215 Color $299.99JC 1216 RGB $429.99PRINCETON GRAPHICSHX-l: RGB $519.00SAKATA100 $269.00TAXAN12" Green .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. $119.0012" Amber $129.00Taxan 1 RGB $279.00Taxan 210 $299.00USIPi 1,9" Green $99.99Pi 2,12" Green $119.99Pi 3,12" Amber $149.99Pi 4,9" Amber $139.991400 Color $269.99ZENITHZVM 122 Amber $109.00ZVM 123 Green $89.99ZVM 135 Color/RGB $469.99

Spirit XL Portable $3999.00IIEI............ .. $1569.00IIE2............ ....... .. $1899.00IIE3 $2399.00IIE4.. .. $3299.00PCE $1579.00PCl $2399.ooPC2...... . $2799.00PCXL .. $3599.001620 $3599.001630 $5499.001640 $6499.00Cyma Software CALLoTelt.4lideo

MOOEMSANCHORMark I (RS-232) $79.00Mark II (Atari) $79.00Mark III (TI99) $109.00Mark IV (CBM/PET) $125.00Mark V (Osborne) $95.00Mark VI (IBM-PC) $169.00Mark VII(AutoAns/Auto Dial) $119.00Mark XII (1200 Baud) $299.ooTRS-80 Color Computer $99.009 Volt Power Supply $9.00

HAYESSmartmodem 300 $219.00Smart modem 1200 $509.00Smart modem 1200B $459.00Micromodem II $265.00Micromodem II Plus 5299.00Micromodem IIE 5269.00Micromodem 100 $299.00Smart Com II $89.00Chronograph $199.00NOVATIONJCat $99.99SmartCat 103 $179.00SmartCat 103/212 $399.00AutoCat $219.00212 AutoCal.. $549.00Apple Cat II $249.00212 Apple Cat $569.00Apple Cat 212 Upgrade $309.00Cat $139.99D-Cat............... .. $149.00PC-Cat $339.00

ZENITHZTl $309.00ZTl 0 $339.00ZTll $369.00

APPLE INTERFACECAROS &SUFFERS

Choose from PKASQ, Orange Micro,MPC. MicroMa ....Tymac, auadram &Practical Peripherals CALL


15/86

MCRO-SCI2 5219.0040 5299.0070 5319.002 Controller 579.0047 Controller 589.00RANAlite 1 5279.00lite 2 . 5389.00lite 3 5569.00

PPLE II.. STARTER PACKK Apple lie, Disk Drive & Controller.

lumn Card, Monitor II& DOS 3.3MPLETE ......... S, , 99.00

ACE 1000 Color Computer CALLACE Family Pack System CALLACEPROPLUS System: CALLACE12000tlice M9mt. System CALL

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BM 8023 5599commodore

SX-S4BM 4032 5599.00BM 8096 5869.00BM 9000 5999.00I28-80 .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 5769.00BM 64K Memory Board 5269.00032 to 9000 Up9rade 5269.00031 LP Disk Drive 5299.00050 Disk Drive 5949.00250 Disk Drive 51199.00023 Printer 5379.00023 Printer ... .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5569.00400 Printer 51399.00RAM 5499.00ilicon Office 5699.00he Manager 5199.00oH ROM 5125.00isiCalc 5159.00

PROFESSIONALSOFTWARE

ord Pro 2 Plus 5159.00ord Pro 3 Plus 5189.00Pro 4Plus/5 Plus each 5279.00nloPro , 5179.00dministrator S399.00ower _ 579.00

sa6s00VIC 20 ....... CALLCBM 64 .. $199MSDSOl Disk DriveIC54) 5349,00C1541 Disk Drive 5249.00C1530 Datasette 569.00CI520ColorPrinter/Piotler .. 5169.00M-801 Dot Matri. Printer ... 5219.00C1526 Dot Matri./Serial. .. 5279.00C1702 Color Monitor 5249.00C1311 Joystick 54.99C1312 Paddles 511.99C1600 VIC Modem ..... .. ... 559.00C1650 Auto Modem 589.00L090 64 549.00Pilot 64 539.00Simon's Basic $19.00Word Pro 64 Plus 559.00Paral lel Printer Interface $49.00Calc Result 64 5129.00Codewriter 64 .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 575.00Quick Brown Fo. .. ... .. .. .. . 549.00Word Pro 64 Plus 559.00

We stock a full inventory of software for Commodore, such as:Artworx, Broderbund, Commercial Data, Creative SoftwareEpyx, HES, MicroSpec, Nufekop, Romox, Sirius, Synapse:Thorn EMI, Tronix, UMI, Victory, Spinnaker, Rainbow & Timeworks!CALL FOR DETAILS!

HANDHELD(h~ C~ERSCX $249.99 SHARP

1 CV.... 5199.991C .... 5144.99P IOC 551.99PI1C 569.99P 12C 588.99PI5C 588.99P 16C 588.99P 75C 5749.99PIL Module 598.99IL Casso or Printer S359. 99ard Reader 5143.99xtended Function Module 583.99ime Module 583.99

NEC-B201Per.ional Computer 5599.00C8221 AThermal Printer 5149.00C'8281 A Data Recorder 599.008201068KRAMChips 5105.008206A32K RAMCartridge ..S329.oo

PC-1500A .$165.99PC-1250A ... $BB.99CE125 Printer/Casselle 5128.99CE15OColorPrinter/CassetIe 5171.99CE155 8K RAM 593.99CE 161 16K RAM 5134.99CE 500 ROM Library 529.99

TIMEX/SINCLAIRTime./Sinclair 1000 ..... .. . 524.99Time./Sinclair 2086 CALL16K Memory 525.002040 Printer . ... .. ... .. .. .. .. 599. 99VuCalc . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. 517.99Mindwar. Printer S99. 99

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A T A R I 'SDDXL..... $1S9SDDXL.... $2991010 Recorder 574.001020 Color Printer 5249.001025 Dot Matrix Printer .... $449.001027 Letter Qualily ....... 5299.001030 Direct Connect Modem ... CALL1050 Disk Drive ..... ... .. .. 5379.00CX30 Paddle 512.00CX40 Joystick .. .. ... .. each 58.00CX77 Touch Tablet 564.00CX80 Trak Ball ... .. .. .. .... 54B.00CX85 Keypad 5105.00488 Communicator 11. 5229.004003 Assorted Education .. 547.004011 Star Raiders 533.004012 Missile Command 529.004013 Asteroids 529.005049 VisiCalc 5159.007097 L090 579.007101 Ent.rtain.r S69.007102 Arcade Champ ..... .. . 575.008026 Di9 DU9 ... .. .. ... .. . . 533.008030 E.T. Phone Home 533.008031 Donkey Kon9 ..... .. .. . 539.008033 Robotron 535.008034 Pole Position .... .. .. .. 539.008036 Atari Writer ... .. .. .. ... 579.008040 Donkey Kon9, Jr 539.008043 Ms. PacMan .... ... .. . 539.008044 Joust . .. ... .. .. .. .. ... . 539.00

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12DDXL .. CALL14DDXL ... CALL

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TRAKATD2 5389.00MEMORY BOARDSA.lon 32K 559.00A.lon 48K 599.00Axlon 128K 5299.00Intec 32K .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 559.00Intec 48K 585.00Intec 64K 599.00Intec Real Time Clock 529.00

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WICOJoystick . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 521.993way Joystick '" 522.99Famous Red Ball. 523.99Power Grip 521.99BOSS Joystick 517.99ATARI/VIC Trak Ball 534.99Apple Trak Ball 554.99Apple Adapter 515.99Apple AnaI09..537.99

KRAFTJoystick 541.99Atari Sin91e Fire 512.99Atari Switch Hitter 515.99Apple Paddles 534.99IBM Paddles 534.99IBM Joystick 546.99

AMIGiA3100 Sin91e 513.993101 Pair 519.99Joyboard 537.99

TGAtari Trak 8all 547.99Apple Joystick 547.99Apple Trak Bal l . .. .. .. .. .. ... 547.99


16/86


17/86

Least-SquaresCurve

Fitterby Brian Flynn

Plot and depict the apparent trend betweenvariables (such as stocks and interest rates) withthe statistical routine

The urge is almost irresistible. You see A Real-World Examplea plot of points between two variables,such as incidents of heart disease and According to many Wall Street gurus,frequency of cigarette smoking, or the only sure thing about the stockwheat harvest and yearly rainfall, or market is that it will fluctuate. Thestock prices and interest rates. And you only certainty, in other words, iswant to draw a line through the points change. Nevertheless, is it not possibleto depict the apparent trend, as Figure 1 to devise an investment strategy thatshows. Least-Squares Curve Fitter is a will work successfully on average, andstatistical routine which will enable over the long haul? With painstakingyou to satisfy your desire for a line in a work and steady nerves, is it notwide range of circumstances. More possible to tilt the merciless roulettetechnically, Curve Fitter estimates a wheel of Wall Street in our favor formultiple linear regression equation in once?Apple II Basic. With little Perhaps it is. Many of us havemodification, the program will run on probably noted that stock prices tend tonon-Apple systems as well. This article fall when interest rates rise, andwill explain the use of Curve Fitter by conversely, that stock prices tend topresenting a real-world example. rise when interest rates fall. In short,Regression statistics will then be the two variables seem inverselyinterpreted. related. When one goes up the other

Drawing a Line 01 Best FitThe Trend LinePlot 01Points

Figure 1

No. 70 March 1984 MICRO

goes down, and vice versa.To test our hypothesis about stock

prices and interest rates, we first gatherthe observations shown in Table 1, andthen run Curve Fitter. The computersoon displaysThe Maximum Allowable Numbers ofObservations and ExplanatoryVariables Are:Observations =50Exp. Variables = 6Change the Values in Line 2020 forDifferent Limits"Stock Prices" is called the dependentvariable, or Y. Our goal is to explainchanges in Standard and Poor's Index of500 Leading Stocks from January 1982to June 1983, or for 18 months in all.The term todo the explaining is called,logically enough, the explanatoryvariable, or X. In our case, we have onlyone X, namely "Interest Rates."The computer now asks us to enter

our data. First comes the dependentvariable. Starting with January 1982,we key-in 100.0 for Y(IJ, 97.6 for Y(2),and so on down the list, all the way to141.9 for Y(18J, or June 1983. When thecomputer asks for Y(19), we simply hitRETURN without entering a numberbeforehand. This tells the computerthat we have 18 observations. Data oninterest rates are entered similarly.After we have entered the values of

Table 1, the computer displays whatwe have keyed-in, and gives us a

15


18/86

T a b J ~ 1S t o c k P r i c e s a n d I n t ~ r e s t R a t e sY e a r S , P 5 0 0 3 " o n t ha n d S t o c k I n d e x T-Bm" o n t h R a t e8 2 : 1 1 0 0 . 0 1 2 . 3 %

: 2 9 7 . b 1 3 . 5: 3 9 4 . 5 1 2 . 7: 4 9 9 . 2 1 2 . 7: 5 9 9 . 2 1 2 . 1: b 9 3 . 5 1 2 . 5: 7 9 3 . 3 1 1 . 4: 8 9 3 . 5 8 . 7: 9 1 0 4 . 4 7 . 9: 1 0 1 1 3 . 1 7 . 7: 1 1 1 1 7 . 8 8 . 1: 1 2 I I B . 8 7 . 9

8 3 : 1 1 2 3 . 0 7 . 9: 2 1 2 5 . 2 8 . 1: 3 1 2 9 . 5 8 . 4: 4 1 3 4 . 5 8 . 2: 5 1 3 9 . 9 B . 2: b 1 4 1 . 9 8 . 8

chance to make corrections. Tenobservations are shown at a time on thescreen, sodonot worry about scrolling.The computer now estimates our

regression equation, and then displaysR e Q r e s 5 i o n R e s u l t s

T e r lB O8 1 t - S h t i l t i c1 1 . 9 9 b- 3 . 9 7 9Y a l u e1 6 5 . 9 4 5- 5 . 4 6 7R - S q u a r e dF - S t a t i s t i c . . 0 . 4 9 7II 1 5 . 8 3 0S t a n d a r d E r r o r o ft h e E s t i l a h . . 1 2 . 4 5 5D u r b i n - W a t s o nS t a t i s t i c = 0 . 2 6 3

These statistics are interpreted asfollows. First, BOis the Y-intercept ofour equation and Bl the slope, as Figure2 illustrates. The Y-intercept of 165.9means that, if interest rates were zero,our index of stock prices would equal165.9, or so we estimate. The slope of-5.5 means that a one percentage pointrise in interest rates will induce anestimated 5.5 unit drop in the Index of500 Leading Stocks. In short, therelationship between stock prices andinterest rates is indeed negative, asconjectured.16

Trend Line

Regression EquationStock PricesI S O ,tV Yintercept1 MI4 D1 2 1 >1 0 0

Figure 2. The slope of a line is the change in Y (denotedby A Y ) divided by tbe change in X (denoted by Il.X ).These values of BO and B1 are

merely best guesses rather than perfectmeasurements, however. The truevalues are always unknown and mustbe estimated. But this, after all, is thepurpose of regression analysis.The t-statistics indicate how precise

the estimates of BOand B1 are. As arough rule of thumb, a t-value greaterthan two in absolute value means thatan explanatory variable is statisticallysignificant in explaining changes in Y.The next three values are goodness-

of-fit statistics. The R-squared, alsocalled the coefficient of determination,is the proportion of variation in thedependent variable explained by theregression equation. It ranges from 0 to1, with a value close to 0 meaning thatthe equation fits the data poorly, andwith a value close to 1meaning that itfits the data well. Figure 3 illustratesthis. The R-squared of 0.497 in ourexample means that changes in interestrates explain roughly 50% of the totalvariation in stock prices. The source of

the other 50% of the variation isunfortunately unknown.Next, the F-statistic is the ratio of

the explained to the unexplainedvariance in Y. The higher the value ofF, the better does the regressionequation explain changes in thedependent variable. The standard errorof the estimate is a measure of theaverage error made in predicting Yusing the regression equation, or 12.5index points in our example.Finally, the Du rb in-Watson

statistic is used in testing for first-orderserial correlation among regressionresiduals. A residual, let me hasten toexplain, is an actual value of Y minusthe corresponding value of Y predictedby the regression equation, as Figure 4shows. As a rough rule of thumb, a OWvalue of around 2 means that serialcorrelation is not a problem. Themiserly value of 0.263 in our examplewarns us that some systematicvariation in stock prices is unexplainedby interest rates.

Goodness of Fit

Figure 3.A high R 2 means that the regression line fitsthe data well. A low R 2 means that the regression linefits the data poorly.

y High R'

L-----------------x

y low R 2

L- x

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Regression Residualsy ,

f ',T, I

,I!l ~

Figure 4. A residual is the vertical dtstance between anactual value of Y and the estimated regression line.

1 R E M F L Y N N M A R C H 1 9 8 41 0 R E M M U L T I P L E L I N E A R R E G R E S S I O N2 0 R E M B R I A N J, F L Y N N3 0 R E M N O Y E M B E R 1 9 8 34 0 R E M I N T I A L I Z E5 0 B O S U B 1 0 0 06 0 R E M E N T E R ~ E D I T D A T A7 0 B O S U B 3 0 0 08 0 R E M C O M P U T E9 0 B O S U B 7 0 0 01 0 0 R E M D I S P L A Y R E S U L T S1 1 0 B O S U B 1 2 5 0 01 2 0 E N D

ffttffftftttfttttfttfffffftftffff I N S E R T C O M P U T E R S P E C I F I C ff D R I Y E R S H E R E tf ( S E E T A B L E O F S U B R O U T I N E S ) ftftffftftftfftftfftffffffffftfft1 0 0 0 R E M I N I T I A L I Z E1 0 1 0 R E M H E A D I N B1 0 2 0 B O S U B 1 5 0 01 0 3 0 R E M I N I T I A L V A L U E S1 0 4 0 B O S U B 2 0 0 01 0 5 0 R E M I N T R O D U C T I O N

l O b O B O S U B 2 5 0 01 0 7 0 R E T U R N1 5 0 0 R E M H E A D I N G1 5 1 0 G O S U B 3 0 01 5 2 0 Y T = I I : H T = 1 5 : G O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T M U L T I P L E 1 5 3 0 Y T = 1 2 : H T = l b : G O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T - L I N E A R "1 5 4 0 Y T = 1 3 : H T = 1 7 : G O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T R E G R E S S I O N 1 5 5 0 F O R D = 1 T O 7 5 0 : N E X T D1 5 6 0 R E T U R N2 0 0 0 R E M I N I T I A L V A L U E S2 0 1 0 R E M M A X N U M B E R O F O B S E R V A T I O N S ~ X ' S2 0 2 0 D A T A 5 0 , b

k----------------- x

SummaryIn summary, our regression results areonly fair. Changes in interest ratesaccount for roughly half of thefluctuation in stock prices over the last18months. A large part of the market'smovement, then, is left unexplained.Hence, trying to predict the futurecourse of the stock market usinginterest rates alone is a risky businessindeed. Perhaps Madame Zelna'scrystal ball can defeat the dark forces ofignorance and uncertainty, and shedlight on the problem.

2 0 3 0 R E A D N X , K X2 0 4 0 P X = K X + l2 0 5 0 D I M C ( P X ) , X ( N X , P X ) , R ( P X , 2 fP X ) , E ( N X ) , B $ ( K X ) , Y $ ( K X )2 0 5 5 D I M T ( P X ) , S ( P X )2 0 6 0 R E M C O E F F I C I E N T S Y M B O L S2 0 7 0 F O R 1 = 0 T O K X2 0 8 0 B $ ( I ) = B + S T R $ ( I )2 0 9 0 N E X T I2 1 0 0 R E M Y A R I A B L E S Y M B O L S2 1 1 0 Y $ ( 0 1 = V -2 1 2 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O K X2 1 3 0 Y $ ( I ) = ' X + S T R $ ( I )2 1 4 0 N E X T I2 1 5 0 R E T U R N2 5 0 0 R E M I N T R O D U C T I O N2 5 1 0 G O S U S 3 0 02 5 2 0 P R I N T T H I S P R O G R A M E S T I M A T E S A M U L T I P L E '2 5 3 0 P R I N T L I N E A R R E G R E S S I O N E Q U A T I O N , 2 5 4 0 P R I N T2 5 5 0 P R I N T T H E M A X I M U M A L L O N A B L E N U M B E R S O F 2 5 6 0 P R I N T O B S E R Y A T I O N S ~ E X P L A N A T O R Y V A R I A B L E S '2 5 7 0 P R I N T A R E : -2 5 8 0 P R I N T2 5 9 0 P R I N T O B S E R Y A T l O N S = ; N X2 5 9 5 P R I N T - E X P L A N A T O R V Y A R I A B L E S = " ; K X2 6 0 0 P R I N T2 b l 0 P R I N T C H A N G E T H E V A L U E S I N L I N E 2 0 2 0 2 6 2 0 P R I N T F O R D I F F E R E N T L I M I T S , 2 b 3 0 Y T = 2 2 : H T = b : G O S U B 4 0 02 b 4 0 P R I N T H I T A N Y K E Y T O C O N T I N U E " ;2 b 5 0 G O S U B 6 0 0 : Z $ = X X $2 b 6 0 R E T U R N3 0 0 0 R E M E N T E R ~ E D I T D A T A3 0 1 0 R E M N U M B E R O F X ' S3 0 1 5 G O S U B 3 2 5 03 0 2 0 R E M D A T A O N Y3 0 3 0 G O S U B 3 5 0 0

.,

I

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3 0 4 0 R E ~ D A T A O N T H E X ' S3 0 5 0 S O S U B 4 0 0 03 0 6 0 R E ~ E D I T3 0 7 0 S O S U B 4 5 0 03 0 8 0 R E T U R N3 2 5 0 R E ~ N U ~ B E R O F X ' S3 2 6 0 S O S U B 3 0 03 2 7 0 V T = I : H T = I : S O S U B 4 0 03 2 8 0 P R I N T H O W ~ A N Y E X P L A N A T O R Y V A R I A B L E S 3 2 9 0 P R I N T A R E I N Y O U R R E S R E S S I O N E Q U A T I O N , "3 3 0 0 P R I N T C O N S T A N T T E R ~ E X C L U D E D ? " j3 3 1 0 S O S U B 6 0 0 : K $ = X X $3 3 2 0 K = V A L ( K $ )3 3 3 0 R E ~ C H E C K F O R L E S A L N U ~ B E R3 3 4 0 I F K ) O A N D K ( = K X T H E N 3 4 0 03 3 5 0 V T = 2 2 : H T = 7 : B O S U B 4 0 03 3 6 0 I F K ( I T H E N P R I N T A T L E A S T O N E X I S N E E D E D ! "3 3 7 0 I F K ) K X T H E N P R I N T ' S O R R Y , O N L Y " j K X j X ' S A L L O W E D ! "3 3 8 0 F O R D = I T O 5 : G O S U B 8 0 0 : N E X T 03 3 9 0 S O T O 3 2 7 03 4 0 0 R E T U R N3 5 0 0 R E ~ D A T A O N Y3 5 1 0 S O S U B 3 0 03 5 2 0 P R I N T ' P L E A S E E N T E R D A T A O N T H E D E P E N D E N T 3 5 3 0 P R I N T V A R I A B L E , O R y , H I T ' R E T U R N ' 3 5 4 0 P R I N T ' W H E N T H R O U G H , '3 5 5 0 N = N X3 5 6 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O N X3 5 7 0 V T = 5 : H T = 1 0 : S P = 1 5 : S O S U B 5 0 03 5 8 0 V T = 5 : H T = 2 : S O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T " Y ( " ; 1 ; T A B ( 8 ) ; n ) = ' ;3 5 9 0 S O S U B 7 0 0 : Z $ = X X $3 6 0 0 I F Z $ = ' T H E N N = I - I : I = N X : S O T O 3 6 2 03 6 1 0 X ( I , O ) = V A L ( Z $ )3 6 2 0 N E X T I3 6 3 0 I F N ) 2 T H E N 3 6 6 03 6 4 0 V T = 2 2 : H T = 5 : S O S U B 4 0 03 6 4 5 P R I N T " A T L E A S T 3 O B S E R V A T I O N S N E E D E D !"3 6 5 0 F O R 0 = 1 T O 2 0 : S O S U B 9 0 0 : N E X T D3 6 5 5 S O T O 3 5 1 03 6 6 0 R E T U R N4 0 0 0 R E ~ D A T A O N T H E X ' S4 0 1 0 f O R 1 = 1 T O K4 0 2 0 6 0 S U B 3 0 04 0 3 0 P R I N T ' P L E A S E E N T E R D A T A F O R ' j V $ ( I l j : "4 0 4 0 F O R J = I T O N4 0 5 0 V T = 5 : H T = 1 0 : S P = 2 0 : S O S U B 5 0 04 0 6 0 V T = 5 : H T = I : 6 0 S U B 4 0 04 0 6 5 P R I N T V $ ( I ) ; ' ( ' j J j T A B ( 8 ) j ' ) = ' j4 0 7 0 S O S U B 7 0 0 : Z $ = X X $4 0 8 0 X ( J , I ) = V A L ( Z $ )4 0 9 0 N E X T J : N E X T I4 1 0 0 R E T U R N4 5 0 0 R E ~ E D I T D A T A4 5 1 0 F O R 1 = 0 T O K4 5 2 0 F O R L = O T O I N T ( ( N - I ) / I O )4 5 3 0 R E ~ D I S P L A Y D A T A4 5 4 0 S O S U B 5 0 0 04 5 5 0 R E ~ C O R R E C T D A T A4 5 6 0 S O S U B 5 5 0 04 5 7 0 N E X T L : N E X T I4 5 8 0 R E T U R N5 0 0 0 R E ~ D I S P L A Y D A T A5 0 1 0 R E ~ D I S P L A Y l i P T O 1 0 O B S E R V A T I O N S A T A T I ~ E

5 0 2 0 S O S U B 3 0 05 0 3 0 P R I N T ' T H E S E A R E V A L U E S O F ' j V $ ( I l j ' : "5 0 4 0 P R I N T5 0 5 0 F O R J = I T O 1 05 0 6 0 I F J + L i I O ( = N T H E N P R I N T V $ ( I ) ; " ( " j J + L i I 0 ; T A B ( 8 I j I = . j X (J + L u o , I I5 0 7 0 N E X T J5 0 8 0 R E T U R N5 5 0 0 R E ~ C O R R E C T D A T A5 5 1 0 S O S U B 8 0 05 5 2 0 V T = 1 9 : H T s l : S O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T C O R R E C T I O N S ( Y / N I H ;5 5 3 0 S O S U B 6 0 0 : A $ = X X $5 5 4 0 I F A $ = ' N ' T H E N 5 6 7 05 5 5 0 I F A $ ( ) Y T H E N 5 5 1 05 5 6 0 V T = 2 1 : H T = 1 8 : S P = 2 0 : S O S U B 5 0 05 5 6 5 V T = 2 2 : H T = 1 8 : S P = 2 0 : 6 0 S U B 5 0 05 5 6 7 P R I N T C H R $ ( S L )5 5 7 0 V T = 2 2 : H T = I : S O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T ' T O B E C O R R E C T E D " j5 5 9 0 S O S U B 7 0 0 : S $ = X X $5 6 0 0 Q = I N T ( V A L ( S $ ) )5 6 1 0 I F Q ( I + L f I O ) O R Q ) N O R Q } ( I O + L i I O ) T H E N S O T O 5 7 0 05 6 2 0 V T = 2 4 : H T = I : G O S U S 4 0 0 :P R I N T ' W H A T S H O U L D T H E V A L U E B E ' j5 6 3 0 S O S U B 8 0 05 6 4 0 S O S U B 7 0 0 : S $ = X X $5 6 5 0 X ( Q , I I = V A L ( S $ )5 6 6 0 B O S U B 5 0 0 0 : S O T O 5 5 1 05 6 7 0 R E T U R N5 7 0 0 V T = 2 2 : H T = 1 8 : S O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T O U T O F B O U N D S I'5 7 1 0 F O R D = I T O 1 0 0 0 : N E X T D : S O T O 5 5 6 57 0 0 0 R E ~ C O ~ P U T E7 0 1 0 R E ~ D E S R E E S O F F R E E D O ~7 0 2 0 S O S U B 7 5 0 07 0 2 5 R E ~ I N S E R T V E C T O R O F I ' S F O R C O N S T A N T T E R ~7 0 2 7 S O S U B 7 7 5 07 0 3 0 R E M T A L L Y ~ A T R I X O F C R O S S P R O D U C T S7 0 4 0 S O S U B 8 0 0 07 0 5 0 R E ~ I N V E R T ~ A T R I X7 0 6 0 S O S U B 8 5 0 07 0 7 0 R E M C O ~ P U T E C O E F F I C I E N T S7 0 8 0 S O S U B 9 0 0 07 0 9 0 R E ~ C O ~ P U T E A N O V A S T A T I S T I C S7 1 0 0 S O S U B 9 5 0 07 i l 0 R E M C O ~ P U T E T - S T A T I S T I C S7 1 2 0 S O S U B 1 2 0 0 07 1 3 0 R E T U R N7 5 0 0 R E ~ D E S R E E S O F F R E E D O M7 5 1 0 V = N - K - I7 5 2 0 S O S U B 3 0 07 5 3 0 I F V C I T H E N S O T O 7 6 0 07 5 4 0 R E T U R N7 6 0 0 P R I N T Y O U H A V E O N L Y " j V ; D E S R E E S O F F R E E D O M I":S T O P7 6 1 0 R E T U R N7 7 5 0 R E ~ V E C T O R O F I ' S7 7 6 0 R E ~ ~ A K E R O O ~7 7 7 0 F O R I = K T O 1 S T E P - I7 7 8 0 F O R J = I T O N7 7 9 0 X ( J , I + I I = X ( J , I I7 8 0 0 N E X T J : N E X T I7 8 1 0 R E ~ I N S E R T7 8 2 0 F O R J = 1 T O N7 8 3 0 X ( J , 1 ) = 17 8 4 0 N E X T J



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7 8 5 0 P = I ( + 1 1 0 0 7 0 R E M E R R O R S U M O F S Q U A R E S7 8 6 0 R E T U R N 1 0 0 8 0 E 5 = 08 0 0 0 R E M M A T R I X O F C R O S S P R O D U C T S 1 0 0 9 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O N8 0 1 0 V T = 1 2 : H T = 0 : S O S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T C O M P U T I N S . 1 0 1 0 0 E S = E S + E ( I ) t E ( I )8 0 2 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O P 1 0 1 1 0 N E X T I8 0 3 0 F O R J = 1 T O P 1 0 1 2 0 R E M R E S I D U A L V A R I A N C E8 0 4 0 R ( ! , J ) = O 1 0 1 3 0 R Y = E S / Y8 0 5 0 F O R L = 1 T O N 1 0 1 4 0 R E T U R N8 0 6 0 R ( I , J ) = R ( I , J ) + X ( L , I ) t X ( L , J I 1 0 5 0 0 R E M A N O V A T E R M S8 0 7 0 N E X T L : N E X T J : N E X T I 1 0 5 1 0 R E M T f l T A L S U M O F S Q U A R E S8 0 8 0 R E T U R N 1 0 5 2 0 S O S U B 1 1 0 0 08 5 Q O R E M I N Y E R T H A T R I X 1 0 5 3 0 R E M R E S R E S S I O N S U M O F S Q U A R E S8 5 1 0 R E M T A C K O N I D E N T I T Y M A T R I X 1 0 5 4 0 R s = T S - E S8 5 2 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O P 1 0 5 5 0 R E M S T A N D A R D E R R O R O F T H E E S T I M A T E8 5 3 0 F O R J = 1 T O P 1 0 5 0 0 S E = S Q R ( R Y )8 5 4 0 I F I = J T H E N R ( I , J + P I = 1 1 0 5 7 0 R E M F - S T A T I S T I C8 5 4 5 I F I < > J T H E N R ( I , J + P ) = O 1 0 5 8 0 F = ( R S / K I / R Y8 5 5 0 N E X T J : N E X T I 1 0 5 9 0 R E M R - S Q U A R E D8 5 0 0 R E M I N Y E R T 1 0 0 0 0 R Q = R S / T S8 5 7 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O P 1 0 b l 0 R E T U R N8 5 8 0 R E M A D J U S T K E Y R O W 1 1 0 0 0 R E M T O T A L S U M O F S Q U A R E S8 5 9 0 C = R ( I , 1 i 1 1 0 1 0 S = O : S Q = O8 6 0 0 F O R J = I T O 2 t P 1 1 0 2 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O N8 0 1 0 R ( I , J I = R ( J , J ) I C 1 1 0 3 0 S = S + X ( I , O )8 0 2 0 N E X T J 1 1 0 4 0 s Q = S Q + X ( I , O ) " 28 0 3 0 R E M A D J U S T R E M A I N I N S R O W S 1 1 0 5 0 N E X T I8 0 4 0 F O R J = 1 T O P 1 1 0 0 0 T s = S Q - S t S / N8 0 5 0 X = R ( J , J)~ 1 1 0 7 0 R E T U R N8 0 0 0 F O R L = I T O 2 t p 1 1 5 0 0 R E M D U R B I N - W A T S O N S T A T I S T I C8 0 7 0 I F J ( } I T H E N R ( J , L I = R ( J , L ) - X t R ( I , L ) 1 1 5 1 0 R E M N U M E R A T O R8 b 8 0 N E X T L : N E X T J : N E X T I 1 1 5 2 0 5 = 08 0 9 0 R E T U R N 1 1 5 3 0 F O R 1 = 2 T O N9 0 0 0 R E M T A L L Y C O E F F I C I E N T S 1 1 5 4 0 S = S + ( E ( I ) - E ( I - l ) ) " 29 0 0 5 R E M X ' Y Y E C T O R 1 1 5 5 0 N E X T I9 0 1 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O P 1 1 5 6 0 R E M Y A L U E9 0 2 0 C ( 1 1 = 0 1 1 5 7 0 D I I = s / E S9 0 3 0 F O R J = 1 T O N 1 1 5 8 0 R E T U R N9 0 4 0 C ( I ) = C ( I ) + X ( J , I ) t X ( J , O ) 1 2 0 0 0 R E M T - s T A T I S T I C S9 0 5 0 N E X T J : N E X T I 1 2 0 1 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O P9 0 6 0 R E M C O E F F I C I E N T S 1 2 0 2 0 T ( I ) = B ( I I / S Q R ( R Y I R ( I , I + P ) )9 0 7 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O P 1 2 0 3 0 N E X T I9 0 8 0 B ( 1 ) = 0 1 1 0 4 0 R E T U R N9 0 9 0 F O R J = 1 T O P 1 2 5 0 0 R E M D I S P L A Y R E S U L T S9 1 0 0 B ( I ) = 8 ( 1 ) + R ( I , J + P ) t C ( J I 1 2 5 1 0 R E M E Q U A T I O N9 1 1 0 N E X T J : N E X T I 1 2 5 2 0 S O S U B 1 3 0 0 09 1 2 0 R E T U R N 1 2 5 3 0 R E M S U M M A R Y S T A T I S T I C S9 5 0 0 R E M A N O Y A S T A T I S T I C S 1 2 5 4 0 S O s U B 1 3 5 0 09 5 1 0 R E M R E S I D U A L V A R I A N C E 1 2 5 5 0 R E T U R N9 5 2 0 S O S U B 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 R E M E Q U A T I O N9 5 3 0 R E M S l i M M A R Y S T A T I S T I C S 1 3 0 1 0 S O s U B 3 0 09 5 4 0 S O S U B 1 0 5 0 0 1 3 0 2 0 P R I N T T A B ( 9 ) W R E S R E s S I O N R E S U L T S 9 5 5 0 R E M D U R B I N - W A T S O N S T A T I S T I C 1 3 0 3 0 P R I N T9 5 6 0 S O S U S 1 1 5 0 0 1 3 0 4 0 P R I N T " T E R M " ; T A B ( 1 2 ) ' Y A L U E ' j9 5 7 0 R E T U R N T A B ( 2 4 ) - T - s T A T I S T I C '1 0 0 0 0 R E M R E S I D U A L Y A R I A N C E 1 3 0 5 0 P R I N T " - - - - " ; T A B ( 1 2 ' - - - - - ;1 0 0 1 0 R E M Y E C T O R O F R E S I D U A L S T A B ( 2 4 ) , - - - - - - - - - - - "1 0 0 2 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O N 1 3 0 6 0 P R I N T1 0 0 3 0 Y H = O 1 3 0 7 0 F O R 1 = 1 T O P1 0 0 4 0 F O R J = 1 T O P 1 3 0 8 0 P R I N T B $ ( I - l ' ; T A B ( 9 ) B ( I ) ; T A B ( 2 4 ) T ( I )' 1 0 0 5 0 Y H = Y H + X ( I , J ) I B ( J ) 1 3 0 9 0 N E X T I1 0 0 6 0 N E X T J 1 3 1 0 0 Y T = 2 2 : H T = 6 : S O S U B 4 0 01 0 0 6 5 E ( J ) = X ! I , O ) - Y H 1 3 1 1 0 P R I N T - H I T A N Y K E Y T O C O N T I N U E O J1 0 0 0 7 N E X T I 1 3 1 2 0 s o s u e b O O : Z $ = X X $

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22/86

1 3 1 3 0 R E T U R N1 3 5 0 0 R E M S U M M A R Y S T A T I S T I C S1 3 5 1 0 6 0 S U B 3 0 01 3 5 2 0 P R I N T T A B ( a l S U M M A R Y S T A T I S T I C S 1 3 5 3 0 P R I N T1 3 5 4 0 P R I N T ' R - S Q U A R E D = R i R Q1 3 5 4 5 P R I N T1 3 5 5 0 P R I N T ' F ~ S T A T I S T I C = " i F1 3 5 6 0 P R I N T1 3 5 7 0 P R I N T S T A N D A R D E R R O R "1 3 5 a o P R I N T O F T H E E S T I H A T E = " i S E1 3 5 9 0 P R I N T1 3 6 0 0 P R I N T ' D U R B I N - W A T S O N '1 3 6 1 0 P R I N T ' S T A T I S T I C = " i D W1 3 6 2 0 Y T = 2 2 : H T = 6 : 6 0 S U B 4 0 01 3 6 3 0 P R I N T ' H I T A N Y K E Y T O C O N T I N U E " ;1 3 6 4 0 6 0 S U B 6 0 0 : Z $ = X X $1 3 6 5 0 R E T U R NListing NotesThe above listing does not include routines toposition thecursor, get character input, input strings or make a sound.These are provided below for three BASIC's: Flex,Applesoft and Commodore 64. Key in the appropriateversion for your microcomputer. If you have some othermicro, except for the Atari, you should be able to adaptthis program by fixing up these I/O routines to match thecapabilities/limitations of your system.If you have an Atari, the program will require moreextensive changes than just these I/O routines. This isbecause the program makes use of string arrays which arenot simply supported on the Atari.

2 0 0 R E H A P P L E I I S ~ 8 R O U T I N E S2 9 9 R E M ff H O M E A N D C L E A R D I S P L A Y ff3 0 0 H O M E : R E T U R N3 9 9 R E M ff P O S I T I O N C U R S O R ff4 0 0 I F V T ) O T H E ~ Y T A B ( Y T I4 1 0 I F H T } O T H E N H T A B ( H T )4 2 0 R E T U R N4 9 9 R E M ff P O S I T I O N C U R S O R A N D P R I N T S P A C E S ff5 0 0 6 0 S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T S P C ( S P ) i : R E T U R N5 9 9 R E M *f 6 E T S U B R O U T I N E ff6 0 0 6 E T X X $ : R E T U R N6 9 9 R E M ff I N P U T S U B R O U T I N E ff7 0 0 I N P U T X X $ : R E T U R N7 9 9 R E M ff M A K E S O U N D ff8 0 0 P R I N T C H R $ ( 7 ) ; : R E T U R N2 0 0 R E M C O M M O D O R E S U B R O U T I N E S2 9 9 R E M *f H O M E A ~ D C L E A R D I S P L A Y ff3 0 0 P R I N T " ( C L E A R } " ; : R E T U R N3 9 9 R E M If P O S I T I O N C U R S O R f*4 0 0 P R I N T ' ( H O M E } " ;

4 1 0 F O R X X = l T O Y T : P R I N T : N E X T X X4 2 0 I F H T > O T H E N P R I N T T A B ( H T ) ;4 3 0 R E T U R N4 9 9 R E M ff P O S I T I O N C U R S O R A N D S P A C E ff5 0 0 6 0 S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T S P C ( S P } i : R E T U R N5 9 9 R E H f' S E T S U B R O U T I N E ff6 0 0 X U = " 6 1 0 6 E T X X $ , I F X X $ = " " T H E N 6 1 06 2 0 R E T U R N6 9 9 R E M " I N P U T S U B R O U T I N E ' f7 0 0 X X $ = " " : P R I N T ' C S P A C E I O , L E F T I O } ' i : I N P U T X X $ :R E T U R N7 9 9 R E H ' f H A K E S O U N D ( O P T I O N A L ) f '8 0 0 R E T U R N : R E H A D D C O D E T O H A K E A8 0 1 R E M S O U N D I F Y O U S O D E S I R E I I I2 0 0 R E M F L E X S U B R O U T I N E S2 9 9 R E M f' C L E A R D I S P L A Y *f3 0 0 P R I N T C H R $ ( I I ) i C H R $ ( 2 7 ) ; ' X " j C H R $ ( 2 4 ) ; : R E T U R N3 9 9 R E M f ' P O S I T I O N C U R S O R f '4 0 0 I F Y T } O T H E N P R I N T C H R $ ( I I } ; : F O R 1 1 = 1 T O V T : P R I N T :N E X T I I4 1 0 I F H T > O T H E N P R I N T T A B ( H T ) ;4 2 0 R E T U R N4 9 9 R E H f ' P O S I T I O N C U R S O R A N D S P A C E f '5 0 0 6 0 S U B 4 0 0 : P R I N T S P C ( S P ) ; : R E T U R N5 9 9 R E M f' G E T C H A R A C T E R R O U T I N E ff6 0 0 I N P U T X X $ : I F X X $ = " X T H E N X X $ = " '6 1 0 R E T U R N6 9 9 R E M ff I N P U T R O U T I N E ff7 0 0 6 0 T O 6 0 07 9 9 R E M f' H A K E S O U N D ( O P T I O N A L ) ff8 0 0 R E T U R N : R E M A D D C O D E H E R E T O M A K E A8 0 1 R E H S O U N D I F Y O U S O D E S I R E !!

Brian Flynn may be reached at FlynnLaboratories, 1704 Drewlaine Drive, Vien-na, VA 22180.

[Ed. Note: It is interesting to examine the differences between thevarious implementations of BASIC on as fundamental anoperation as INPUT. To INPUT a NULL string in ApplesoitBASIC, a simple INPUT XX$ will suffice. In Commodore BASICyou must first set the string to the null string by a XX$ = 1/". Thescreen location under the cursor must be a space or the characterunder the cursor will be returned as the string. In Flex BASIC,.used on our FOCUS system and the CoCo among others, theINPUT statement will not allow a null string input. In thisprogram I used the letter X as input to be tested and changed intothe null string.

And INPUT seemed so triviall]



23/86

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CADILLAC QUALITY Each disk certified Free replacement lifetime warrantyFor those who want cadillac quality we have the Loran Floppy Disk.on Loran Disks to store important data and programs witexclusive process) plus each disk carries an exclusdisks you can have the peace of mind widevelopment.100% CERTIFICATIOSome floppy disk manufaccertified. Each Loran disk islifetime!FREE REPLACEMENTWe are so sure of Loran Disksty materials or workmanshipAUTOMATIC DUST REMJust like a record needle, disk ddisks the Loran smooth surfacegrind your disk drive head like sa(dust & dirt) are being constantlyprobability rate of any other disk in

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24/86

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With the need for computing power growing every day, Sanyo hasstepped in to meet the demand with a whole new line of low cost, highquality data monitors. Designed for commercial and personal com-puter use. All models come with an array of features, including up-front brightness and contrast controls. The capacity 5 x 7 dotcharacters as the input is 24 lines of characters with up to80 characters per line.Equally important, all are built with Sanyo's commitmentto technological excellence. In the world of AudiolVideo, Sanyo issynonymous with reliability and performance. And Sanyo quality isreflected in our reputation. Unlike some suppliers, Sanyo designs,manufactures and tests virtually all the parts that go into our products,from cameras to stereos. That's an assurance not everybody cangive you!

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25/86

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26/86

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1~ ~* *Announcing* *The Winnersof the* *Graphics Contest* *

~~--~--ii--ii~-ii~~--~~1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;

iii-~~-ii-~lllllllllllill

Grand PrizeTaking the BaitCommodore 64

Koala PadTitle:System:Graphics Package:Computer Artiste: Thaworn Phatinawin

1425 E. Ocean Blvd. #11Long Beach, CA 90802

(This photo is on this month's cover.Another entry by Mr. Pbatinawin titled: MICRO appearedon last month's MlCRO cover.)

Apple WinnersFirst PrizeTitle:System:Graphics Package:Computer Artiste:

Country 5AppleDKoala/ Micro Illustrator

Thomas Wilson5 Cresta Circle #9

San Rafael, CA 94903Second PrizeTitle:by:

Polly Want a CrackedLori Karoub

Ypsilanti, MI 48197

Color Computer WinnerFirst PrizeTitle:System:Graphics Package:Computer Artiste:

Space ShuttleColor ComputerPersonal Software

Eric White375 Palm Springs Drive #1112Altamonte Springs, FL 32701

2 4

Congratulations hom the staff of MICRO to all thewinners of the Graphics Contest which was announced inthe September, 1983 issue. The subjects and methods ofpresentation were all interesting, colorful, and varied. Asurprising number included animation as well.We truly enjoyed the efforts of everyone who entered, andwe thank you for taking the time to participate.

Atari WinnersFirst PrizeTitle:System:Graphics Package:Computer Artiste:

Dragon SlayerAtari 800

MicropainterVic Albino

18501 194 NEWoodinville, WA 98072

Second PrizeTitle:by: Loon HavenEdward H. CheelyAccord, NY 12404

Third PrizeTitle:by: LandscapeJane Zinke

San Diego, CA 92115Title:by: Starwars CollectionJim Stevenson

Fairfax, VA22033

Commodore WinnerThere was only one entry in the Commodore class. Thisentry was so good that it won the Grand Prize. Too badyou did not take the time to enter - you would haveWON.

MICRO No. 70 - March 1984


27/86

215-822-7727 WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add 5150 per o rder for United Parce l252 Bethlehem P'k A B Com puters We pay b al an ce o! UPS s urf ac e s hip pi ng c ha rg es o n a ll p re pa id o rd ersColmar PA 1891 ~ e (add extra for m ail APO FPO air) PriCeS Include cash discount, Regular prices s lightly higher Prices subject to change

Hewlett Packard rh~W r i t e o r c a J l l o r p r i c e s . . : : ~- - - - - s P E C i A L s - ; ; i N T R i G A T E - O C - l i c u I T i - - - -6 5 0 2 7 . 4 5 1 0 / 6 . 9 5 5 0 /6 .5 5 1 0 0 / 6 . 1 56 5 2 0 P IA 5 .1 5 1 0 / 4 . 9 0 50/4 .45 1 0 0 / 4 . 1 56 5 2 2 V IA 6 .4 5 1 0 / 6 . 1 0 5 0 / 5 .7 5 1 0 0 / 5 .4 52 7 1 6 E P R O M 4 . 4 5 5 /4 .2 0 1 0 /3 .9 52 5 3 2 E P R O M 5 . 9 0 5 / 5 .7 5 1 0 / 5 .4 56 1 1 6 2 1 0 < 8 C M O S R A M 6 . 4 5 5 /6 .2 0 1 0 /5 .9 54 1 1 6 R A M 8 f o r 1 4i!.~-~~-_____ . E . : Q . QA n c h o rA u t o m a t i o nS i g n a l m a nM o d e m sF R E E S OU R C E M E M B ER S H IP W IT H S IG N A LM A NA l l S ig n al m an M o d e m s a re D i re c t C o n n ec ~ an d p r o v i de t h eb e s t p r ic ~ p e rf o rm a n c e v a lu e s.

D i ll er I n d O E M i aq u ir il s i ai ll edV . lk lm e d e m w n . C lm p a l l r C I ~ I . ( 9 9 1 6 8Mark V I for IB M P ers on alC om pu te r (2 79 ) 1 39Mark V II Auto D ia l/Auto Answer (159) 99Mark X II Smart M ode l 1200/300 (399) 299o c - i l AV i S - Sm i i i . d i ; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Z I 9D C H a y e s S m a r t r r o d e m 1 2 0 0 / 3 0 0 5 2 9-----------------------------------{_. _.. ~P R O M Q U E E N ' . r V ICA p p ll E m .l l I . r ' . r C a m ll e d. r e 6 4S T A T S l Il i al le a P lc D 'II' C 6 4S . l I d o lk 2 L n .1 S l l a d ' . r C 6 4 . r V ICC 6 4 N IC S w i t ch ( ne tw o r k in g )B A C K U P V l .O l i p . c ap l. r fa r C 6 4 . r V ICC A R D B O A R D / 6M o t he rb o ar d - V I CC A R D B O A R D / 5M o t he rb o ar d - C 6 4C A R D P R I N T G P ri n te r I n t w i th G r a p h ic sC A R D P R I N T B P r in te r I nt er fa c e -- C 6 4 N I CC A R D B O A R D / 3s M o th e rb o ar d - V I CC A R D C O C 6 4 N IC C a lc u la to r K e y pa dC A R D R A M / 1 6 R A M E xp an si o n - V I CC .m p le tl C A R o C o U.. l a s to c kC I E a nd V I E I E E E I n te r f ac es i n s to c kM S o S u pe ro r i" 'II' C 6 4 . r I E EEM A E A s se m b le r f o r C 6 4K a l i l T c ~ T I~ I. l - C 6 4 . r V ICC B C 4 /1 2 1 2 - b H A II0 B l ln I + S . l h n nM u l t l p ll . ' . r C 6 4D u st C o v e r f o r C 6 4 o f V I C

3 6 55 07 91 9 97 96A P - P L E = r n l t n r L r N - - f f E M S

F R A N K L IN - c .m p l. l l l 1 n I n l t o c kQ U E N T IN o r l l i l l a r A p p le / F n n k l l a 2 1 9S w . ,p . r St . p p . r 2 6a u to m a ti c s w it ch b e tw e e n p a dd le s a n d j o y s t ic kK R A F T A p p l. J O Y l tl ckK r a f t A p p le P a d d le P a irK I l II T I U C ~ T I ~ I e I- A p p l t/ F n a k li aS P IN N A K ER S alh n r e i l s t I C kB r eu n.a d S o H w lr e I n a la ck1 6K R A M C a rd f o r A p p leM n l t l, I It - M l c r e I 8 HS al l d o lk 2 L il l i S lI n d ' . r A p p l.S e ri al C a r d f o r A p p leM C P R A M / 8o c aI I Im . C I r d 'II' I II ( A P f T X T IZ 8 0 S o f t c a rd a n d C P / M ( M ic ro s o f t)R A N A E l it e I w i th C o n t r o l le rP a r a ll e l P r i n te r I n te r f a ce / C a b l eM l c re ll k l i d M C P I l I I r l lC l l l a s t I C kG r a p ple r + I nt er fa c eK r a f t P r o d uc ts f o r A p p l e i n s t o c kD C H a ye s M i cr om o d em IIP F S : A l lP F S : R e p l rtV ld ex 8 0 C o lu m n C a r dA "I I 1 11 1 B i lk

[tcommodoreS .. B S f o r P ll1 Ia I. B u s in es s . l a d E du c l f ll lu llr II IU l ll .B t s. E liu a t lo B I ( D is cH I tS ln il lb le .

P E lS C A N I $ 2 4 5 b a s e p r i c eA l l o w s y o o to c o nn ec t u p to 3 0 C B M /P ET C o m p ute rs t os h a re d d i sk d r i v es a n c f p r in t e rs . C o m p l e t e ly t r an s p a re n t t o t h eu se r . P e rf ec t l o r s ch o o ls o r m u l t ip le w o r d p ro c es sin g COlI -f ig u r at io n s . B a s e c o n f i gu r at io n s u pp o r ts 2 c o m p u te r s. A d d ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . .E : .~ ~ p s $ 1 ~ ~ ~ a c h ~ _

170C I I I9 52 91 2 92 06 45 6724 02 23 24 4

C O M P A C K lS T C P $ 1 1 51 1 1 I1 1 1.I .t T l rm i . l l I ' I c Q ll f ar P ET . C B M . C 6 4I nc lu d es A C I A H a rd W a r e / S T C P S o f tw a r e-------------------

micro 6502 journal march 1984

Documents

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ed-thelen.orged-thelen.org/comp-hist/TCMR-V17.pdf · notes: sheet 12. 13. unit. as supplied. cludes a 6502 micro- processor. and solder jumpers at both points marked "6502". and has

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C74-6502 DatasheetC74-6502 Datasheet The C74-6502 is a cycle-accurate, pin-compatible implementation of the classic 6502 8-bit microprocessor. Built using strictly discrete components,

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· machine based on the 6502 micro- processor chip. From a discussion of the character- istics and features of 6502 Assembly Language, the authors take you step by step through the

MICRO 6502 Journal, Volume 14, July 1979

MICRO 6502 Journal, Volume 116502.org/documents/publications/micro/micro_11_apr_1979.pdf · CHECK BOX AND ENTER CARD NUMBER BELOW. TOTAL MASTER CHARGE VISA ... blocks of data to make

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