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Méningites DU Prise en charge des situations d’urgences médico-chirugicales Pierre Jaquet Réanimation médicale, Cochin

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Page 1: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

MéningitesDU Prise en charge des situations d’urgences médico-chirugicales

Pierre Jaquet

Réanimation médicale, Cochin

Page 2: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Plan

• Epidémiologie

• Orientation microbactériologique

• Clinique

• Pronostic et facteurs modifiables

• Prise en charge

• Et les autres méningites

Page 3: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Brouwer, Matthijs C., et Diederik van de Beek. « Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis ». Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 2017

Epidémiologie des méningites bactériennes

Incidence en diminution au cours des 20 dernières années (UE, EU)

• 2 cas/ 100 000 habitants en 98-99

• 0.7-0.9 / 100 000 par an en 2004-2014

Effet de la vaccination pneumocoque, méningocoque et haemophilus influenzae

Page 4: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Beek, Diederik van de « Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis ». Nature Reviews. 2016

Epidémiologie

Page 5: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Thigpen, Michael C. et al. « Bacterial Meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007 ». The New England Journal of Medicine, 2011

Epidémiologie

Page 6: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Streptocoque pneumoniae• Terrain

• Age >50ans

• FDR :• Asplénisme

• Alcoolisme

• VIH

• Diabète

• Dénutrition

• Hypogammaglobulinémie, Sd de Wiscott-Aldrich…

• Porte d’entrée : brèche méningée/pneumonie/endocardite/(Osler)

• Argument de fréquence

Page 7: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Neisseria meningitidis

• Sujets jeunes

• Contage ! DO

• Antibioprophylaxie de l’entourage(rifampicine 48h, C3G monodose)

• Voyages en zones d’endémie (moyen Orient)

• Infection ORL/respiratoire associée

• Arthralgies

• Purpura fulminans

Page 8: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Listeria monocytogenes

• Sujet âgés, femmes enceintes

• Immunodépression

• Subaigue

• Rhombencéphalite signes de localisation du tronc cérébral

• Méningite à PNN ou panachée

Page 9: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Beek, Diederik van de, et al « Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors in Adults with Bacterial Meningitis ». The New England Journal of Medicine 2004

Clinique : Sd méningé fébrile + confusion

Page 10: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Thomas, Karen E « The Diagnostic Accuracy of Kernig’s Sign, Brudzinski’s Sign, and Nuchal Rigidity in Adults with SuspectedMeningitis ». Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002

Clinique : Raideur de nuque

Page 11: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Beek « Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis in Adults ». The New England Journal of Medicine 2006

Complications

Page 12: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Beek, Diederik van de, et al « Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors in Adults with Bacterial Meningitis ». The New England Journal of Medicine 2006

Pronostic

Page 13: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Weisfelt, Martijn, « Pneumococcal Meningitis in Adults: New Approaches to Management and Prevention ». The Lancet. Neurology 2006

Page 14: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Que faire pour améliorer la prise en charge ?

• Seul facteur modifiable : le délai avant antibiothérapie !

• Et la corticothérapie ?

Page 15: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Spilf 2008

Prise en charge pré-hospitalière

• Délai de prise en charge > 90minutes

• Purpura fulminans

Isolement respiratoire

Ceftriaxone 2g ou Claforan 2g ou Amoxicilline 2g IV ou IM

• Instabilité hémodynamique : cristalloides et antibiothérapie

• Troubles de l’hémostase (retard à la PL) : antibiothérapie

• SAMU si <20minutes et prévenir le SAU

Page 16: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

<1H

Page 17: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Hasbun, R. « Computed Tomography of the Head before Lumbar Puncture in Adults with Suspected Meningitis ». The New England Journal of Medicine; décembre 2001

Page 18: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Place de la tomodensitométrie ?

SPILF 2008

Page 19: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Beek, D. van de, et al. « ESCMID Guideline: Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases . 2016

Page 20: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Glimåker, Martin et al. « Adult Bacterial Meningitis: Earlier Treatment and Improved Outcome Following Guideline RevisionPromoting Prompt Lumbar Puncture ». Clinical Infectious Diseases 2015

Page 21: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Glimåker, Martin « Lumbar Puncture Performed Promptly or after Neuroimaging in Adult Bacterial Meningitis: A Prospective National Cohort Study Evaluating Different Guidelines ». Clinical Infectious Diseases. Septembre 2017

a : GCS3, ou GCS6 + mydriase, ou troubles du rythme respiratoire ou HTA+ bradycardie.

Page 22: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Glimåker, Martin « Lumbar Puncture Performed Promptly or after Neuroimaging in Adult Bacterial Meningitis: A Prospective National Cohort Study Evaluating Different Guidelines ». Clinical Infectious Diseases. Septembre 2017

50% d’adhérence aux guidelines. Seulement 50% d’antibiotiques délivrés immédiatement lorsque la PL est différée…

Page 23: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Prise en charge hospitalière

• PL TRAITEMENT <1h

• Hémoculture TRAITEMENT puis imagerie cérébrale

• Liquide purulent C3G (2g Cefotaxime) + DXM (10mgx4/j)

Page 24: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

SPILF 2008SPILF 2017

( )

+ DXM

Page 25: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Autres éléments d’orientation

• Hémoculture : 2/3 positives• PCT>0.5• Scores chez l’enfant (Méningitest…)

• Dans la PL : • Binax NOW (Antigène pneumo et méningo)• PCR multiplex (dont quelques virus)• Lactate• ARN 16s

• BiopSie cutanée• Facteurs favorisants : VIH, EPS, TDM faciale, ORL.

Page 26: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Bactérien ?

Page 27: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

SPILF 2008SPILF 2017

Page 28: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

CNR pneumocoques 2016

Page 29: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Dexamethasone : diminue la surdité

Beek, D. van de, et al. « ESCMID Guideline: Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases . 2016

Page 30: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Surveillance

• En réanimation au moindre doute : risque dégradation de la vigilance, choc septique, états de mal épileptiques…

• Pas d’imagerie systématique : Si évolution défavorable (fièvre, vigilance)Si apparition de signes focaux (IRM>TDM)

• Pas de PL de contrôle systématique sauf PSDP

• Pas de prophylaxie antiépileptique

Page 31: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Et si le LCR est clair ? Lymphocytaire ?

Quel traitement?

Quel examen vous permet d’orienter le diagnostic aux urgences ?

Page 32: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Critères diagnostiques IDSA 20131 critère

majeur

Altération de la conscience ou troubles du comportement

≥ 24h

3 critères

mineurs

CRITÈRES CLINIQUES CRITÈRES PARACLINIQUES

Fièvre ≥ 38°C dans les 72hLCR : Nombre de leucocytes

>4éléments/mm3

Crise épileptique partielle ou

généralisée de novo

IRM : Anomalies

parenchymateuses récentes

Déficit neurologique focal récentEEG : Anomalies évocatrices

d’encéphalite

Venkatesan A. et al, Clin Infect Dis. 2013

Page 33: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

• Aciclovir 10mg/kg/8h à adapter à la fonction rénale.

Méningoencéphalite herpétique (HSV)

SPILF 2017

Page 34: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

A 48 - 72h toujours pas de documentation…

• Quel examen faut-il envisager ?

• Quel traitement faut-il envisager ?

Page 35: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Méningoencéphalites

• PL : 2e PCR HSV / VZV / BK (+culture).

• Envisager BK selon clinique/contage traitement anti BK + corticothérapie

• Envisager encéphalites dysimmunitaires (ADEM, anticorps anti NMDA, encéphalites paranéoplasiques…) corticothérapie / Ig IV

• Causes infectieuses subaigues : Lyme, syphilis… => antibiothérapie

• 50% d’encéphalites jamais documentées…

SPILF 2017

Page 36: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Take home message

• Urgence, dans l’heure C3G et DXM

• Rien ne doit retarder le traitement (surtout pas un scanner peu utile)

Beek, D. van de, et al. « ESCMID Guideline: Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases mai 2016

• En cas de liquide clair : acyclovir et amoxicilline (apport de l’IRM)

Stahl, J. P. et al. « Guidelines on the Management of Infectious Encephalitis in Adults ». Medecine Et Maladies Infectieuses mai 2017

Page 37: Méningites - MEDESIMBacterial Meningitis ». Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Merci pour votre attention