MOBILE PO

WER SOURCES

T E A M 7

INTRODUCTION• Chemical Batteries

• Mechanical Energy

• Wireless Energy

• Butane Energy

HOW A BATTERY WORKS

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science/battery-videos-playlist.htm#video-29391

CHEMICAL BATTERIESNickel CadmiumNiCdNickel Metal HydrideNiMHLithium IonLi-IonLithium PolymerLiPo

NICKEL CADMIUMNickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrodeMetallic Cadmium for negative electrode1.2 volts per cell70-90% dischargeSelf discharge approx. 10%/monthRechargeableMemory Effect2000 cycles

NICKEL METAL HYDRIDESimilar to NiCdUses nickel oxyhydroxide for positive electrode

Hydrogen absorbing alloy for negative electrode

1.2 volts per cell66% charge/discharge efficiency1-2% per month self dischargeRechargeable500-1000 cyclesMemory Effect

LITHIUM IONNo Memory EffectLithium Ions move from negative electrode to positive electrode during discharge and back during charge

3.6 volts per cell400-1200 cycles80-90% charge/discharge efficency8-31% self discharge (temperature dependent)Lightweight

LITHIUM POLYMERStill a lithium ion battery with different

gutsLithium salt electrolyte is held in solid polymer instead of organic solvent

99.8% charge/discharge efficiency5% per month self discharge rate1000 or more cycles24-36 month durability

FUTURE MECHANICAL BATTERIES• Nanogenerators• Plastic Supercapacitor• Extending battery life

NANOGENERATORSGeorgia Institute of TechnologyDr. Zhong Lin WangSmall movements to generate powerDevice able to power LCD screens and power radio signals

Devices powered by body movement5 years

NANOGENERATORS

Zinc oxide nanowiresPeizoelectric effect5 nano-generators

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/podcast/power-shirt.mov

NANOGENERATORSAdvantagesPowered by body movementsSmallNo batteries or electrical outletsDisadvantagesSensitive to moisture

PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITORPlastic supercapacitor Imperial College London & VolvoPlastic able to store electric charge

Like traditional batteryGreener

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZ7A51h6cwU&feature=player_embedded

PLASTIC SUPERCAPACITORAdvantagesGreenWearableLonger lasting with little degradationSmall and conformableDisadvantagesConcept ideaNot fully tested yet

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFEPresent flash memoryBits stored as chargesSlowHigh programming voltagesFuture flash memoryUniversity of Illinois EngineersUltra low-power digital memory

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFEPhase-Change Material(PCM)Alternative to current flash memoryBit stored in resistance

Switchable Carbon nanotubeSmall sizeNanoscale contacts

EXTENDING BATTERY LIFEAdvantagesFasterNot susceptible to degradation Immune to accidental erasureLow power consumptionSmallNo batteries or outlets neededDisadvantagesCost disadvantage compared to regular flashSensitive to temperature to perform well

THE TESLA EFFECT

WHAT IS THE TESLA EFFECT?• The transmission of electrical energy

from a power source to an electrical load without interconnecting wires

• First demonstrated in 1891

HOW DOES IT WORK?Built on the principal of resonant couplingElectromagnetic field

http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/30/the-wireless-future-of-energy-tranfer/

LIMITATIONSThe size RangeEfficiencyCost

www.techberth.com/2011/04/wireless-resonant-energy/&usg

PRODUCTS OUT TODAYPowermatDuracell MyGridEnergizer Inductive Charger

THE FUTURE!• No more wires cluttering areas• No more outlets in the wall• All devices will be charged/charging

without the needing to be plugged in

BUTANE POWER CELL• Company history• Reasons for using the cell• Technology concerns• Technical information/operation• The future of the company and product

COMPANY HISTORYSilicon Power CellLilliputian Systems IncFounded by former MIT students in 2002$50 billion portable power marketRaised over $90 million in venture capital

funding

TECHNOLOGY CONCERNSWhy consider butane power cells? Incremental growth in the lithium industryTechnology Concerns Environmentally friendly Approved for aircraft Improved volumetric density Improved gravimetric energy densityCost $99 for the power cell $2 for replacement cartridges

BUTANE POWER CELL PROTOTYPE

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Proton-Exchange Membrane vs Solid Oxide

Why the butane market is almost non-existent

Temperature!

FUTURE OF THE BUTANE POWER CELLFuture of Lilliputian Systems

Partnership with Intel to manufacture wafers

Intel’s equity stake

CONCLUSION

SOURCEShttp://news.illinois.edu/news/11/0310batteries_EricPop.htmlhttp://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-technology-battery-life-mobile-devices.htmlhttp://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/power-shirt.htmhttp://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/30/future-iphones-charged-heartbeat-experts-say/http://www.themobileindian.com/news/908_Future-perfect:-battery-less-mobile-phoneshttp://www.bit-tech.net/news/bits/2010/02/08/supercapacitor-

promises-end-to-batteries/1http://hothardware.com/News/The-Death-Of-The-Battery-Is-

Upon-Us-Plastic-Supercapacitor-Could-Recharge-Gizmos/http://www.talk2myshirt.com/blog/archives/3643http://www.lilliputiansystemsinc.com/

SOURCES CONT.Winter, M.; Brodd, J. (2004). 

"What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?" (PDF). Chemical Review 104 (104): 4245. doi:10.1021/cr020730k. Retrieved 2010-07-25.

Toshiba (2007-12-11). "Toshiba to Launch Innovative Rechargeable Battery Business". Press release. Retrieved 2009-06-25.

http://www.powerstream.com/NiCd.htmhttp://www.powerstream.com/NiMH.htm