model komparasi aneg nilai institusi
TRANSCRIPT
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MODEL KOMPARASI ADMINISTRASI
NEGARA: NILAI DAN INSTITUSI
ZPZ
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THE NATURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE
TRADITIONS IN COMPARATIVE
PERSPECTIVE
• LEGAL BASIS OF THE STATE
• STATE AND SOCIETY
• THE ORGANIZATION OFGOVERNMENT
•
CIVIL SERVICE
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ADOPTION AND
ADJUSTMENT
Western
Tra!t!"ns
C"#"n!a#!s$
C"#"n!a#Le%a&':
As!a( Lat!nA$er!&a(
A)r!&a
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WESTERN ADMINISTRATIVE TRADITIONS
DIMENSIONS ANGLO-AMERICAN NAPOLEONIC GERMANIC SCANDINAVIAN
Legal Basis forState
No Yes Yes Yes
State-Society Pluralist Interventionist Organicist Organicist/Welfarist /‘OpenGovernment
Organi!ation of
government
‘Limite" government#
$%& unitary' (it) (ea*‘local self government#$S& ‘compoun"repu+lic
,)e in"ivisi+le
‘aco+in .epu+lic#ierarc)ical an"centrali!e" 0Spain&Semi fe"erali!e"1
Integrate"#
cooperativefe"eralism an"interloc*ingcoor"ination
2ecentrali!e"
t)roug)3"ministrativean"/or political2ecentrali!ation
4ivil service $%& 5uite )ig) status'unifie"' neutral'
generalist' permanent#$S& upper ran*stemporary'Politici!e"
6rance& 7ery )ig)status' permanent'
Speciali!e" elitetraining#segmente"‘corps8 0S8 9urope&lo(er status'politici!e"1
7ery )ig) status'permanent# legal
training# upperran*s permanent'+ut can +e openlyPartisan
ig) status#professional'
Non politici!e"0S(e"en&segmente" an""ecentrali!e"1
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ASIAN TRADITIONS-EUROPEAN
TRANSPLANT: THE ADMINISTRATIVE
INHERITANCE OF THE EAST ASIAN STATE
TRANSPLANT TRADITIONS
CONFUCIAN NON
CONFUCIANCONTINENTAL
EUROPE *APAN( KOREA( TAIWAN( CHINAVIETNAM
INDONESIA THAILAND
ANGLO+AMERICAN
HONGKONGSINGAPORE
PHILIPPINESMALAYSIA
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ANGLO+AMERICANDIMENSIONS EXPLANATION MODEL
S,3,9-SO4I9,Y ,)e +oun"aries +et(een statean" society are far from clear an"t)e mar*et an" civil society play aprominent role8
Britain an" t)e $nite" States& ‘stateless societies$nite" States& pluralist conception of society# itsoutrig)t )ostility to(ar"s :tatism# its strong reliance onvarious forms of self-organi!e" voluntary forms ofgovernance
O.G3NI;3,ION O6GO79.N
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NAPOLEONICDIMENSION EXPLANATION MODEL
S,3,9-SO4I9,Y
,)e la(& ‘an instrument of t)e state for interveningin society rat)er t)an serving as a means of conflict
resolution +et(een "ifferent societal actors3 separate system of pu+lic la( regulates relations+et(een t)e state an" citi!ens3"ministration& closely +oun" to t)e la( an" t)ere isa comple= )ierarc)y of constitutional la(' statute'regulations' a"ministrative notes an" circulars t)at"efine t)e scope an" content of all a"ministrativeactionW)ere a"ministrative "iscretion is e=ercise"' it isc)ec*e" +y a system of >u"icial revie(' t)e scope of
()ic) is muc) (i"er t)an in t)e 3nglo-Sa=ontra"ition
,)e Napoleonic tra"ition is foun" not only in6rance +ut also in Spain an" ot)er
Sout)ern 9uropean countries
O.G3NI;3,ION O6GO79.N
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NAPOLEONICDIMENSION EXPLANATION MODEL
4I7ILS9.7I49
,)e 6renc) civil service is le" +y ane=clusive a"ministrative class' most of
()ose mem+ers are traine" an"recruite" in a fe( *ey e"ucationalinstitutions8,)e so calle" gran"s corps alsocomprises t)e recruiting pool for alarge portion of t)e 6renc) politicalelite3ll roles of pu+lic office' ()et)erelective or appointive' are constraine"an" s)ape" +y t)e legalistic' :tatisttra"ition
In 6rance& no perceive" contra"iction in slipping +ac*an" fort) from a civil service to a political rolet)e
former is clearly prescri+e" +y la( so as to e=clu"eam+iguity' regar"less of ()et)er t)e occupant )ass)o(n any political allegiance,)e Sout)ern 9uropean variant 0Spain' Portugal' Italyan" Greece1& c)aracteri!e" +y a )ig) "egree of legalformalism ? or ‘management +y "ecree ? couple" (it)sectoral an" local ‘clientelismLegal formalism +ree"s ‘"ou+le tal* ? t)e rules are‘o+serve" t)roug) ela+orate proce"ures' +ut outcomesare ac)ieve" +y informal arrangements' inclu"ingcorruption8,)ere ten"s to +e a )ig)er inci"ence of politici!ation ofsenior appointments' (it) t)e result t)at t)ere is not t)esame *in" of e=clusive' permanent a"ministrative elitefoun" in 6rance 0(it) t)e possi+le e=ception of Spain18,ra"ition of using lo(er-level pu+lic sector >o+s aspolitical re(ar"s for party supporters an"' as a result' a+loate" pu+lic employment sector
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GERMANICDIMENSIONS EXPLANATION MODEL
S,3,9-SO4I9,Y ,)e German .ec)tsstaat is often )el" up as t)e
prime e=ample of a statist vie( of governance' (it) a very strong an" all-encompassing +o"y ofpu+lic la( governing every a"ministrative sp)ere
3ustria' S(it!erlan" an" t)e
Net)erlan"s8
O.G3NI;3,ION O6GO79.N
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SCANDINAVIAN
DIMENSIONS EXPLANATION MODEL
S,3,9-SO4I9,Y ,)e Scan"inavian or Nor"ic variant com+ines an
:tatist' organicist in)eritance similar to t)eGermanic tra"ition (it) a strong state-(elfareorientation8,)e latter is +ase" on a ‘social compact arisingfrom a "eep-seate" "emocratic an"communitarian tra"ition
2enmar*' S(e"en an" Nor(ay
plus 6inlan"
O.G3NI;3,IONO6GO79.Nect to )ig) levels of open scrutiny' (it) a presumptionagainst secrecy in any a"ministrative procee"ing or "ocument
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LATIN AMERICA
• S,an!s- an P"rt.%.ese &"n/.est -e#,e e0ne Lat!n
A$er!&a1s a$!n!strat!2e -er!ta%e
• S,an!s- r.#e 3as 4ase "n str"n% -!erar&-' ane#a4"rate( .n!)"r$ #a3s an r.#es 3r!tten 3!t-".tre%ar t" t-e ,ra&t!&a#!t!es ") #"&a# &!r&.$stan&e5
• A,,#!&at!"n ") t-e an&!ent R"$an La3 ,r!n&!,#e ") seacato pero no se cumple (‘I obey but I do notexecute16( 7.st!0e 4' t-e a!$ t-at t-e r.#er 3".#
n"t !ntent!"na##' -ar$ -!s s.47e&ts( #e)t r""$ )"r #"&a#!s&ret!"n( a#4e!t ")ten ta8!n% t-e )"r$ ") !na&t!"n
• P"rt.%a#1s #e%a&' 3as s"$e3-at #ess r!%! an
&entra#!9e
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LATIN AMERICA
• F"##"3!n% !ne,enen&e !n t-e n!neteent- &ent.r':
#"&a# e#!tes rea&te t" t-e H!s,an!& tra!t!"n an#""8e e#se3-ere )"r $"e#s( !n ,art!&.#ar t" t-e.n!tar' Na,"#e"n!& state H",8!ns ;
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LATIN AMERICA• Here!a ;