models of human development © gallahue, d.l., ozmun, j.c., & goodway, j.d. (2012)....
TRANSCRIPT
Models of Human Development
© Gallahue, D.L., Ozmun, J.C., & Goodway, J.D. (2012). Understanding Motor Development. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
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Human development is studied from a variety of theoretical perspectives, all of
which have implications for understanding the motor development and movement education of infants,
children, adolescents, and adults.
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Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)
Maturational Theory (Gesell)
Environmental Theory (Havighurst)
Cognitive Theory (Piaget)
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Phase/Stage Theories: Descriptive
Developmental Task Theories: Predictive
Developmental Milestone Theories: Both descriptive & predictive
Ecological Theories: Explanatory
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Erik Erikson: Phase/stage theory Robert Havighurst: Developmental task theory Jean Piaget: Developmental milestone theory Nicholas Bernstein: Ecological theory-- dynamic
systems branch Roger Barker: Ecological theory-- behavior
setting branch Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological theory--
behavior setting branch
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Change is Nonlinear (i.e. discontinuous) Change is Self-Organizing Change is Governed by Constraints Change is Interactive (T.I.E) Change Involves Degrees of Freedom
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Change is Ecologically (i.e. environmentally) Based Change is Governed by Attached meaning:
Activities (what people do) Roles (people’s expected behaviors) Relationships (how we treat & are treated by others)
Microsystems: Family; peers; school Mesosystem : Interacting microsystems Exosystem: Indirect but important social settings Macrosystem: Ones’ cultural reality Chronosystem: One’s total life experience
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Trust vs. Mistrust: Mutual affirmation Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame: “terrible
two’s” Initiative vs. Guilt: Play age Industry vs. Inferiority: Learning new skills Identity vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity &
devotion Intimacy vs. Isolation: Love & affiliation Generativity vs. Self-absorption: Mid-life crisis Integrity vs. Despair: Reflection & fulfillment
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Sensorimotor Phase: Basic assimilation & schema formation through movement
Preoperational Phase: Advanced assimilation through physical activity
Concrete Operations Phase: Reversibility with intellectual experimentation
Formal Operations Phase: Deductive reasoning through hypothesis formulation
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Infancy - Early Childhood: Birth to 5 years Middle Childhood: 6 to 12 years Adolescence: 13 to 18 years Early Adulthood: 19 to 29 years Middle Adulthood: 30-60 years Later Maturity: 60>
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Although a variety of theories attempt to both describe and
explain human development, all fall short.