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P1: SFK/UKS P2: SFK/UKS QC: SFK/UKS T1: SFK

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Index

δ18 O195–198, 215–216, 356–360, 387δ–notation 183, 19414C 184, 185, 187, 189, 191–93, 210, 215, 357,

385–387222Rn 185, 201, 203–205, 386, also see radon235U 201238U 201, 203–204, also see Uranium32Si 184, 185, 187, 193–194, 210–21136Cl 184, 185, 187, 189, 21139Ar 184, 187, 1893 H -3He dating 1904He 185, 189, 200–205, 385–38685Kr 184, 189absorptance 271Accelerator Mass Spectrometry See AMSactivable tracers 186activity coefficient 139–140, 145, 147adhesion 1–2, 28, 34, 74along-track mode 277, 278alpha (α) particles 182–183, 201AMS 187, 191, 193analytic element method 119, 126annual exceedance series 241aquiclude 73, 86, 188aquifer (definition) 71

confined aquifer 73–75, 79, 83leaky aquifer 73, 103–104perched aquifer 73–74unconfined aquifer 73–75, 77–91, 95–103,

127–130, 209, 377, 392aquifer diffusivity 84aquifuge 74aquitard 73, 75, 86, 88, 97, 103–105artificial tracers 184–185, 389, 396Avogadro’s number 135

backscattering 29, 272–273Bernoulli’s equation 74beta (β) particles 182–183, 190, 193beta distribution 236, 239Blue baby syndrome See Methemoglobinemiaboundary conditions 37, 83, 89, 96, 106, 118–119,

123–131, 208, 394

capillary action 3cation exchange capacity (CEC) 153CFC 184, 188–189, 200, 396chelates 153chemical tracers 42–43, 169–170, 185, 205condensation 2–3, 15–16, 197–199cone of depression 97–98, 107, 393Cooper and Jacob Method 100cosmogenic 187, 190, 193, 215, 396cross-track mode 277, 278Darcy flux 36, 76, 392Darcy’s law 36, 75, 81–86, 96, 119, 123, 129,

171–172, 392–393Debye-Huckle equation 139–140, 168delayed yield 102–103dew point 16d-excess 198–199, 215, 387dispersion 85–86, 163–164, 171–174, 188, 208, 212,

220, 393, 396longitudinal dispersion 85–86transverse dispersion 86, 173

DNAPL 166–167drawdown 97–112, 118, 371, 393

residual drawdown 101–102

electromagnetic radiationelectromagnetic spectrum (EMS) 269, 288–289

Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development S. K. Gupta

© 2011 S. K. Gupta. ISBN: 978-1-405-17124-3



434 INDEX

electromagnetic radiation (Cont.)photon 182–183, 191, 269–277, 282spectral signature 270, 273–279

environmental tracers 184, 186–189, 211, 369equilibrium constant 138, 141–144, 150error analysis 246eutrophication 9, 20, 313, 318, 399evaporation 2–6, 16–20, 26–34, 59–61, 90–91, 181,

185, 195–199, 290–292, 348–350, 355,386–390

evapotranspiration (ET) 13, 31–34, 114, 117, 123,154, 198, 213, 288–290, 299–300, 314–318,345, 399

field of view (FOV) 275–278, 280finite difference method 119–120, 394finite-element method 123flow lines 84–85, 110, 208flow nets 84fluoride 136, 205–207, 335, 382–387formation loss 109–110, 112Formula mass See Molecular massfractionation factor 198, 197

gamma (γ ) rays 29, 182–183, 204, 269, 289, 308gamma distribution 234–236, 240gaseous tracer 186, 396geocoding 285Ghyben-Herzberg relationship 87, 169glacier 11–12, 20–25, 70, 290, 296, 338–339

alpine 23–24continental 23isostatic adjustment 24

Global positioning system (GPS) 287GMWL 195, 197–198, 216, 359–360Green-Ampt Equation 36groundwater age 189, 192, 202–203, 207–209,

357–358, 386–387, 396

half-life - radioactive isotope 141, 182–187, 190–193,205, 209–210, 215

hardness 144, 147–148, 155–156, 303heat capacity 2, 4–5helium See 4HeHenry coefficient 255Henry coefficients 143, 199–200, 203Henry’s law 186, 256Horton equation 143, 179, 199Horton-Strahler stream ordering 54hydraulic conductivity 34, 36–39, 75–81, 85, 87,

93–94, 98, 103, 111, 120–123, 127–130,173–174, 392–393

hydraulic gradient 34, 75–79, 87, 93–97, 103, 166,170, 386, 392–393

hydraulic head 74–88, 93, 121, 126–131, 392hydrologic cycle 11–12, 25–26, 70–71,

189–199, 251, 296, 317–318, 355, 375,390–401

hydrologic tracers 170, 181–184, 187hydrologic modelling 36, 114–118, 134, 269, 288,

291, 390, 394, 398distributed parameter 115–118lumped parameter 115–118

hydrophilic 164–166hydrophobic 154, 164–166hydrosphere 11, 187

ideal tracer 183,199igneous rocks 72, 77, 154, 377impermeable 44, 71–74, 107, 123–124, 130, 177,

302, 315–317, 392, 399infiltration excess overland flow 38, 61injected tracers See Artificial Tracersinterflow See Subsurface return flowion activity product 138irreversible reactions 137isohyets 29–30isotope fractionation 183, 195isotopes and radioactivity 182

lake 9–12, 20–25, 31–32, 61–62, 71–72, 90–91,215–216, 219–220, 356–357

buffering capacity 23entropic 20epilimnion 21eutrophication 20, 313hypolimnion 21mesotrophic 20metalimnion 21oligotrophic 20thermal stratification 22thermocline 21

laminar flow 50–51, 63, 85–86, 393Laplace equation 93–84, 96–99, 104–105, 127–128,

393Laplacian operator 83lapse rate 15latent heat 3–4, 16, 31, 390

of fusion 3–4of sublimation 3of vaporization 3–4

ligands 152–153LMWL 195, 197–199LNAPL 166–167



INDEX 435

Manning formula 43, 58–59mass number - isotope 182, 201melting 2–3, 24, 28, 289, 365metamorphic rocks 72, 77methemoglobinemia 10method of images 107Mie scattering 272model calibration 89, 129–130, 174MODFLOW 121–123, 131–134, 394mole 135–136, 139, 146, 167, 179molecular mass 135, 312MTBE 152multispectral remote sensing 273–274Muskingum routing 57–57, 117Muskingum-Cunge method 57–58

NAPL 164–167, 172,186Neuman solution 102noble gases 186, 199–200, 203, 205non-point source 158, 395North Gujarat - Cambay (NGC) Region 192, 380–382,

387groundwater hydrology 70–94, 187, 291, 382, 389

old groundwater 185, 188–189, 203oxidation number 149oxidation state See oxidation number

PAH 164–166partially penetrating well 110Pattern Recognition (PR) 281PCB 165–166permeability 25, 34, 38, 73, 75–78, 86permeable 71Philip equation 37, 300photon 182–183, 191, 269–278piezometric surface 74, 88, 97, 105, 383–384, 392point source 85, 158, 163–163, 395Poiseuille’s Law 51Poisson equation 83, 105, 127–128Poisson distribution 226–231pore water velocity 77, 392porosity 35, 60–61, 72, 76–79, 86, 93–95, 172–173,

202, 204, 382–383effective porosity 77, 79, 86, 172

potentiometric surface See Piezometric surfaceprecipitable water 17precipitation 11–17, 20, 22, 26–34probability distributions 223, 226, 229

beta 239binomial 227–229, 231–232, 397double exponential See extreme-value type-I

Erlang 234exponential 225, 229, 234–238extreme-value type 1 236extreme-value type 3 237Fisher-Tippett See extreme-value type-Igamma 234–236, 240Gaussian 223, 229–230, 239, 246generalized extreme value 238, 243Gumbel See extreme-value type-Ilognormal 232–236, 243–245Log-Pearson type 3 235, 243–245Normal See GaussianPoisson 226–231t-distribution 240–241, 250Weibull See Extreme-value type IIIχ2 (chi-square) 239

RADAR 26–31, 276, 279, 281–283side lookong airborne radar 282synthetic aperture radar 276, 282

radioactive isotopes 182–183radioactive particulate tracers 186radioactive tracers 185, 208radiocarbon See 14Cradon 29, 203–205, 382rain gauge 27–30, 59, 288rainfall hyetograph 39, 391rainwater harvesting (RWH) 322–337

groundwater recharge 91–93, 188–192, 211–213,322–337, 357, 372

runoff area 323–324run-on area 323–324

random errors 246–247Rayleigh distillation 197reaction quotient 138, 141reactive gases 199recurrence interval See Return periodredox reactions 141, 148–150, 168–169reflectance 271–274, 277, 288–290remote sensing sensors 275–276

imaging 275–279non-imaging 276photometer 276radiometer 275–276, 284, 289–291

residence time 11–12, 63, 70–71, 154, 184, 187–190,208, 396

reversible reactions 137Reynolds number 51, 393Richards equation 36–37

saturation excess overland flow 38, 61Schoeller plots 157



436 INDEX

SCS-CN model 46secular equilibrium 193–194, 202sedimentary rocks 62, 72–73, 86, 154semi-permeable 71, 73, 123, 383, 392sensitivity analysis 129–131SF6189, 200sherve stream ordering 54SMOW 194–195, 215–216snowfall 13, 28–31sodium-adsorption ratio (SAR) 177soil water depletion 33, 390sorption 141, 152–154specific capacity 110, 393specific discharge See Darcy fluxspecific heat 2, 4, 390specific retention 77–78specific storage 79–82, 120, 122specific yield 76–80, 83, 102, 122spectrometry 182–185stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen 194Standard Mean Ocean Water See SMOWstatistics 217–218, 221–221, 226, 236

average See meancentral limit theorem 230, 232classes, or categories 218continuous measurements 217correlation coefficient 226cumulative distribution function (CDF) 223, 236,

243derived variables 217discontinuous measurements 217discrete measurements 217, 223expectation 224, 228frequency 44, 64–66, 115, 218–223Gaussian distribution 222, 229–230kurtosis 222, 225–226mean 218–222median 219mode 219moments 221Pearson’s first and second coefficients of skewness

222population 217probability density function (PDF) 223, 233, 235,

238, 240, 245probability mass function (PMF) 223qualitative measurements 217quantitative measurements 217skewness 221–222, 225standard deviation 219–222statistical expectation operator 224variance 220–221

steady flow 51, 83, 96, 128, 393step-drawdown pumping test 109stiff diagrams 156–157, 180storage coefficient See Storativitystorativity 79, 100, 111–112, 392–393streamflow hydrograph 38–39

Time of Concentration 40, 44–45, 47–49, 64–65Time to Equilibrium 40

streamlines See flow linessublimation 2–3, 16, 181, 365subsurface return flow 38superposition 48, 100, 105–107, 126surface tension 3–4, 34, 143systematic errors 246–247

TCE 166Theis equation 99, 102–103thermodynamics 135–137, 395

First law 136Second law 136Third law 136

Thiem equation 98Thiessen Polygon Method 29thorium 190, 201, 203Thornthwaite method 34, 390total alkalinity 145, 146, 179transmissivity 78–79, 83–84, 95–98transmittance 271transpiration 3, 31–34, 59, 90, 196triple point 3tritium 182–184, 189–191, 212–215, 356–358, 383tritium-3He dating See 3 H -3He datingturbulent flow 4, 42, 50–52, 63

unit hydrograph (UH) 47–49, 65–68, 116–117,301

uranium 29, 184, 190, 201–204, 215urban hydrology 297–321

definition 297municipal wastewater 307, 400

urban water 318, 320, 365, 372–375, 399–401environmental goals 320sustainability 294, 317–320, 339, 341, 389,

399–401urbanization 60, 241, 295, 297–302, 317, 338, 372,

399–401

vadose zone 70–71, 181, 190, 292, 332–334virtual water 346–348, 402

colours of 347VOC 165VSMOW 194–195, 215–216



INDEX 437

wastewater treatment 303–320, 400activated sludge process 306, 309–310, 400adsorption 307–308aerated lagoons 309coagulation 306–307comminution 305–306constructed wetlands 314–317dechlorination 308denitrification 313–315disinfection 308, 327flotation 307–307flow equalisation 305–306land treatment 314–315nitrification 313preliminary 303primary 303–317screening 304–313secondary 303–306sedimentation 306–312stabilisation pond 313tertiary 304–305trickling filter 309

water ethics 340–342water footprints 348, 402water harvesting 322–327

water isotopes 502water isotopes 194water molecule 1, 3, 7water quality 4–10, 22, 89, 135–180

alkalinity 8–9, 144–148, 179biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 7, 303, 320chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 7–8, 303chlorinity 6–7dissolved oxygen (DO) 7–10, 22electrical conductivity (EC) 5–6, 89–90, 177, 184,

377, 385macro-invertebrates 10nitrate (NO–

3 ) 9–10, 303–304, 313pathogens 10, 160–163, 303, 315pH 8salinity 6–7, 10, 87, 93, 155, 176temperature 2–5total dissolved solids (TDS) 6, 76–89, 157, 304transparency 5

watershed 25–26well efficiency 110, 112well function 99, 101well loss 98, 109–112, 335

young groundwater 185, 188–190

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