module 5v - lighting applications department of transportation

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Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Module 5

Lighting Applications



Outline

Visual PerformanceVisual ImpactExterior EnvironmentComputer- Aided Lighting CalculationsLighting Costs



Visual PerformanceFactors Affecting Visual Performance

Visual TasksTask AreasLuminaire SelectionLuminaire Layout

Interior ApplicationsOffice SpacesEducational FacilitiesFinancial FacilitiesHealth Care FacilitiesLibrariesIndustrial Facilities



Visual TasksTasks should be ranked according to:

Level of importanceFrequencyDurationSpecific visual characteristics



Visual TasksFactors to be considered in ranking

Speed and accuracy requirementsDifficulty of task detailsRoom surface and task background reflectancesDirectionality of light sourcesWork plane location and tilt



Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Visual tasks are of varying duration and difficultySmall or fine details are difficult to see; the larger the details, the easier to seeFor example, a worker in a poorly lighted facility may not have enough time to see details and may not be able to maintain a constant or fixed rate of production, leading to loss in accuracy and visual performanceIn some tasks, accuracy is more important than speed

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Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Soccer :Slower Speed and Large Ball

Competition Level : 150 Lux

Tennis:Higher Speed and Small Ball

Competition Level : 500 Lux



Difficulty of Task Details



Room Surface and Task Background Reflectances

Ability to see details depends upon the detail and the backgroundEyes function more comfortably and efficiently when the luminances in the surrounding environment are fairly uniformThe designer must carefully evaluate the reflectances of all finishes of the room surfaces as well as the luminance distribution of the lighting equipment



Work Plane Location and TiltWork plane height and orientation are important components in ensuring sufficient illuminanceWork planes in a given space may not be at the same heightAlthough work planes are commonly horizontal, they can be vertical or tilted



Considerations in Visual Performance

Room dimensionsSurface reflectancesGlare

Direct GlareVeiling/Reflected Glare

Transient AdaptationUniformity



Room DimensionsRoom size and shape affect the amount of light that is reflected from surfaces and how light is distributed in spaceThe smaller the room size, for a constant ceiling height, the greater the loss of light by absorption

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Surface ReflectancesAffect both quantity of generated lumens (reflection and absorption) and the amount of glare that may result (luminance ratios)Amount of light reflected from walls, ceiling and floor depends on the reflecting properties, texture of the surface, spectral power distribution of the light sources, and the spectral reflectances of room surfaces



Surface Reflectances



Surface ReflectancesExamples

Reflectance value of a peach matte finish wall63% when illuminated by an incandescent source58% when illuminated by a cool white fluorescent source

A specular white wall may reflect 90% in a given direction, while a rough plaster finish may reflect only 30% in the same directionTwo rough textured walls (1 painted black and 1 painted white), illuminated with the same white fluorescent lamps may reflect 10% and 90% respectively for the same direction of view



Surface ReflectancesSelecting surface reflectances that are the same for all surfaces (walls, ceiling, and floor), and reducing window luminance to match the wall luminances, will soften the luminance patterns of the surfaces reflected in the VDT screen, but may produce a boring space



Surface ReflectancesVeiling reflections are also less noticeable in VDT screens with black characters on white backgrounds than with white characters on black backgrounds



GlareVisual discomfort (Discomfort Glare) and a loss of visibility (Disability Glare) can result from excessively bright sources of light and from excessive luminance ratios within a spaceThe discomfort may cause the person to look away, blink or close the eyes, with possible changes in the adaptation state

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GlareDiscomfort glare produces discomfort (even pain), it does not necessarily interfere with visual performance or visibilityDisability glare affects a persons visual performance by decreasing the ability to see and occurs when the luminance of an object (print) and the luminance of the background (paper) approach the same numerical value (approaching zero contrast)



GlareDirect Glare from Luminaires



Glare

Direct Glare comes from the luminaires that are in the direct field of view, or from excessively bright sources of light (high reflectance objects)Veiling/Reflected Glare veiling reflections reduce task contrast and impair visual performance



GlareMethods of minimizing the occurrence of veiling reflections or reflected glare

Selecting a more diffuse lighting systemRelocating the source of light relative to the task location (avoiding luminaires in the offending zone)Moving the task relative to the sourceUsing a matte rather than a glossy finish visual task



GlareVeiling reflections or reflected glare

Current innovations are directed at developing smaller, flatter, higher resolution and lighter weight display devices to avoid problem of veiling reflections such as liquid crystal display (LCD) micro screens in the workplace



Transient AdaptationProcess by which eyes adjust from one luminance level to another as they scan the luminance patterns in the field of viewExtreme luminance variations in the field of view will cause pupil diameter changes, which require a finite time to completeAge of the viewer also affects the pupil response time required to make the adjustment, slowing as the worker becomes older

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Transient Adaptation

E

L

For light reflecting surfaceL = pE

Control of excessive luminance ratios in the field of view will decrease or eliminate the negative effects of transient adaptation on the worker



Transient AdaptationPractical methods to achieve the IESNA recommended luminance ratios include:

Selecting low luminance luminairesControlling the luminance of window areas during the daytime with blinds, shades, or lined draperiesUsing high reflectance colors and textures on walls adjacent to windowsUsing translucent or opaque window treatments on windows that are in the field of viewUsing materials and finishes for large areas of a room that havenearly equal reflectance values but may have subtle color changes



UniformityUniform, diffuse illuminance may create a boring, non-stimulating visual environmentTo add interest, the use of spatial patterns of brightness, color and/or sparkle may be considered thus creating visual interest without causing visual discomfort for the people within the space.Additional variety to the luminance patterns may be achieved by using lighting controls.



Luminaire SelectionLight sourceDesired light distribution patternIlluminance levelControlDesired level of directional control (control media)AestheticsMechanical constructionThermal and acoustical characteristics

Maintenance characteristicsEfficiencyProduct reliability and availabilitySafetyLife cycle costCompliance with lighting power allowance (energy code) criteria



Luminaire SelectionThorough understanding of photometric data is essential to selecting a luminaire that is efficient, energy conserving, and appropriate for task lighting needs

Example: Lumen output data will provide the designer with valuable information on where the light is being distributed (zone from 0 to 45 of the zone from 45 to 90)



Luminaire SelectionLumen output data also indicate the luminaire efficiencyThe coefficient of utilization (CU) table can provide comparative data of the luminaires effectiveness in delivering light to the workplaneA luminaire with a high efficiency (lumen output) may have a lower CU than another luminaire

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Luminaire SelectionAll else being equal, a higher CU will result in the use of fewer luminaires, reducing ceiling clutter, the potential for glare, excessive luminance ratios, and overall energy consumptionIn determining the number of luminaires, a well-planned maintenance program (cleaning and relamping) must be included to assure that the minimum recommended illuminance is always available



Luminaire SelectionConsiderations:

Light DistributionIlluminance Level ControlDirectional ControlAppearanceMechanical Construction



Light DistributionLuminaires must distribute their luminous intensity total downward (direct), both up and down, and totally upward (indirect)Luminous intensity distributions can be symmetrical or nonsymmetricalLuminaires must produce the desired distribution pattern to satisfy task requirements and visual comfort needsLuminaires are normally selected for their performance in delivering flux to horizontal surfacesLuminaires photometric data will tell about its ability to provide vertical illuminanceMounting luminaires closer together than the maximum often improves light distribution on vertical surfaces



Light Distribution

Different Light Distributions



Illuminance Level ControlThere may be several types of tasks within a given area, each requiring different illuminance levels (i.e. work, leisure, cleaning, and security)Fluorescent, incandescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps can be controlled by dimming or by other control devices, such as multi- level switching



Illuminance Level ControlDALI BASIC light control system

pushbuttonDALI-BASIC-control unit

combined light/presence detector

DALI-ECG 1x39W

DALI-ECG 1x54W

DALI 1...10 V-converter

DALI 1...10 V-converter

1...10 V-DIMM-ECG

1..10 V trailing edge phase-dimmer HTM 70/230-240

Halogen50 W

DULUX T/E

DULUX L 40W

FC 40W

FQ 39W

DULUX L 55W

FC 55W

FQ 54W

L 58W

The diagram above illustrates how various light sources can be linked to the DALI system. With the addition of signal converters, dimmable 1-10V analogue electronic control gears (ECGs) or transformers can then be operated via DALI

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Directional ControlIndirect Lighting

Luminaires direct light up to the ceiling where it is reflected down to the visual task; ceiling is thus the primary source of light

Direct LightingDistributes light directly to the walls and the work surfacesLuminance control of the direct (downward) component of light is a function of the control media (lenses, baffles, and louvers)



Directional Control

Direct and Indirect Lighting Directional Control



AppearanceColor rendition of objects in a room will depend on the spectral distribution characteristics of the light sourcesTypically, the lighting system should play a subordinate role; it may attract attention to itself rather than to its taskThere are luminaires which can be decorative or unobtrusive, as well as functional



AppearanceDifferent Color Renditions

Appearance under incandescent lamp with yellow filter (left) and under low pressure sodium vapor lamp (right)



AppearanceSix basic types of mountings for interior luminaires for decorative or unobtrusive as well as functional purposes:

RecessedPendant or suspendedCeiling/surface mountedTrack mountedWall mountedFloor mounted



AppearanceRecessed

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AppearancePendant or suspended



AppearanceCeiling/surface mounted



AppearanceTrack mounted



AppearanceWall mounted



AppearanceFloor mounted



Mechanical ConstructionShould consider the following maintenance characteristics

Ease and frequency of replacing lamps, ballasts or control media (lenses and louvers)Likelihood of the luminaire and lamps collecting dirtEase and frequency of cleaning

Overall goal should be to reduce maintenance costs while maintaining the desired lighting quality and quantity

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Luminaire LayoutFour (4) Options

Single level system that meets the most critical, most commonly occurring visual tasksMultilevel lighting systemSystem that groups together with those visual tasks requiring the same illuminance levelCompletely nonuniform lighting system



Luminaire LayoutRequirements for a good luminaire layout

Meets quantity and quality requirements for the tasksProvides visual comfortComplies with cost and power budget limitsAesthetically pleasing



Luminaire LayoutThree (3) lighting classification systems

General (non-task lighting)Localized-General (task-ambient and supplementary)Local (task only)



Luminaire LayoutGeneral Lighting

Provides uniform illuminance on the work surfaces throughout an entire areaUsed where specific task locations are unknown or the entire area is considered a continuous visual task areaSymmetrical layout based on the given dimensions of the roomMain advantage: complete flexibility regarding the arrangement of furniture and equipment (work stations)Illuminance will be lower in corners and along the walls



Luminaire Layout

General lighting in a production area for ceiling height not less than 6 meters and not more than 12 meters



Luminaire LayoutLuminaire spacing

Luminaires should not be spaced so far apart or from walls as to result in unsatisfactory uniformity in general lighting conditionsRule of thumb Spacing from the wall to the center of the first luminaire should not exceed half of the spacing between luminairesLuminous intensity distribution is considered in determining the maximum luminaire spacing to achieve acceptably uniform illuminance in an empty room (no furniture or partitions)

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Luminaire Layout

Plan of Room Showing Luminaire Layout (in meters)



Luminaire LayoutLuminaire spacing

Factors contributing to the uniformity of illuminance in a room

Luminaire efficiencyNumber and placement of luminairesRoom shapeConfiguration of furniture and partitionsRoom surface reflectances

In general, uniformity decreases as spacing increases



Luminaire LayoutLocalized- General Lighting

Provides higher illuminance on the visual task, with a lower level of general illuminance throughout the remaining areaMinimize shadows; direct glare, and veiling reflections through careful placement



Luminaire Layout

Localized- General lighting for semiconductors assembly



Luminaire LayoutLocalized- General Lighting

Task-Ambient LightingUsed in office and some industrial lightingTask lighting portion of this system is mounted directly to the furnitureAmbient lighting portion may be free standing, furniture mounted, or ceiling mountedPrimary advantage is that reconfiguration of the workstations is relatively easy because the task lighting moves with the furniture



Luminaire LayoutLocal Lighting

Provides illuminance over a much smaller area just the task (task only lighting) and its immediate surroundingsThis requires provision of sufficient spill light into adjacent areas to prevent excessive luminence ratios and transient adaptation problems

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Luminaire Layout

Local lighting for electronic parts testing



Interior ApplicationsInterior spaces considered

OfficesEducational facilitiesFinancial facilitiesHealth care facilitiesLibrariesIndustrial facilities

Topics to be discussed per interior spaceVisual tasksQuality of lightingLighting requirements



Office SpacesVisual tasks include

reading important documents, handwriting and print outssearching for and reading data on computer screens

Visibility of the task is often poor and is affected by factors such as contrast, size, task luminance, and the time for viewing



Office SpacesVisual Tasks

VDT Work StationsThe Visual Display Terminal (VDT) is a major element in todays office and presents unique problems, not only in the lighting design, but in work station configuration, ergonomic requirements, and HVAC designIn most offices, some time will be spent viewing the VDT and some time spent on paper tasks or looking at customers while other applications used the screen constantly



Office SpacesVisual Tasks

Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Work StationsExamples: customer service operations or reservation officesMay result in luminance ratios between tasks which exceed recommendations

Other office spacesConference rooms

Range from casual to difficult viewing More than one lighting and control systems should be

considered especially if visual aids will be used, so that notes can be taken without interfering with the projection screen



Office SpacesQuality of Lighting

Troffers generate adequate ambient light levels in the circulation areas while ceiling recessed wallwashers with semi-specular assymetrical reflectors spread light evenly on the core walls

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Numerous type of luminaires can be used in conference rooms such as T-8 or T-5 lamp systems as well as high efficiency downlights with CFLs




Drafting/reproduction roomsDiscrimination of fine detail is frequently required for long periods of time and seeing tasks may be on surfaces other than horizontal

Reception areasLighting should make a statement, and yet be restful and sufficient for casual reading

File areasLighting should be directed into the opened files with minimal shadows on the file contents




Drafting/reproduction rooms

Specific illuminance level for tasks that needs exacting work to avoid harsh shadows and improve specularsensitivity




File areas Good visibility for easy files or document retrievals




Reception areasPleasant and relax lighting effect to project a feeling of a welcome atmosphere is the main feature of reception areas



Office SpacesLighting Requirements

Quality factorsLuminanceContrastQuantity

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Quality factorsReview the IESNA Lighting Design Guide for the factors that are identified as Very Important and Important. These must be addressed; then review the list of other design issues, which may be applicable to the particular space being designed




Luminance Office interiors should be finished in light colors and illuminated to provide enough luminance or color variations giving a stimulating, attractive work environment




LuminanceUniform illuminance is desired in areas like offices




ContrastThe degree of contrast between the details of the visual task and the task background affects visibility and depends in part upon the specularity of the taskWhen viewing a visual task, an image of a luminaire or bright ceiling is reflected in the task and the details will assume some of the brightness which will lead to reduction in contrast and visibility impairment




ContrastLow contrasts result in flat visual scene




ContrastHigh contrasts result in adaptation problem for eye when changing from one visual target to another

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ContrastWell balanced contrasts result in visual comfort and satisfaction




For typical office tasks, not involving extended use of VDTs, a minimum VCP (Visual Comfort Probability) of 70 is recommended while for extended use of VDTs, the minimum VCP should be 80




Quantity Designers should select an overall value from the Design Guide and allow for installation of supplementary lighting since visual tasks and occupants are unknown during the design stageGiven a large space with general lighting system, the design should allow for different illuminance levels to suit different visual tasksWhen localized task lighting should be used, the ambient illuminance can often be reduced




Quantity Lighting for visual tasks can be provided solely by general lighting or by task plus general lightingOccupancy sensors should be installed to reduce energy consumption when the space is unoccupied




QuantityIn an open office plan design containing VDTs, general lighting should be at relatively low levels, with supplemental task lighting applied where required for paper tasks. In the design below, suspended linear indirect uplighting was supplemented by an under counter task light equipped with user control or occupancy sensors



Educational FacilitiesTypes of Spaces:

Classrooms/Lecture roomsShopsArt roomsGymnasium

Lighting Requirements:Quality factorsLuminanceIlluminance

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Educational FacilitiesClassrooms/Lecture rooms

Donut layout



Educational FacilitiesClassrooms/Lecture Rooms

The donut is a long preferred layout design by many school architects and engineers, that employs ceiling mounted or lay-in grid recessed, low cost troffers with acrylic prismatic lenses and high reflectance (0.92%) white paint reflectors to achieve good vertical surface illumination on all walls



Educational FacilitiesClassrooms/Lecture rooms

Pendant-mounted luminaires are highly recommended for classrooms because they provide uniform glare-free illumination

Designers can add a chalkboard/whiteboard light to the design to increase the lighting power



Educational FacilitiesShops

Follow the best industrial lighting practices especially where moving machinery is used



Educational FacilitiesArt Rooms

Lighting should be versatile, capable of creating highlight and shadow for modeling and providing good color renderingThe direction of light creates the modeling effect and reveals the 3 dimensional form and textureThe greater the angle of incidence(light from above), the more dramatic is the effect obtainedThe smaller the angle of incidence ( light from the front), the greater is the chance for reflected glare



Educational FacilitiesArt rooms

Key Light : Creates accent by virtue of high brightness and deep shadows

Fill Light : Supplementary illumination to soften shadows and establish contrast at desired levels

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Back Light : Lighting from behind and above. Used to separate the object from its background by accentuating contours;reveals transparent elements




Up Light : Accentuates elements close to the floor.Can also be used for dramatic effects




Diffuse Light : Creates soft shadows and least modeling effect



Educational FacilitiesGymnasium

These spaces are often used not only for sports but also for graduations, assemblies, dances, concerts and community meetingsLighting levels should be equipped with flexible circuiting/controls and sourcesMany sports, such as basketball and volleyball require vertical illumination up to 30 feet



Educational FacilitiesGymnasium

Multipurpose area requiring a wide range of luminaires



Educational FacilitiesLighting Requirements

Quality FactorsVisual environment supportive of the learning process must also be visually comfortable and satisfy the psychological and emotional needs of learnersAppropriate lighting can enhance pleasant and attractive surroundings, providing a feeling of spaciousnessLighting can attract and hold attention, stimulate learning, and influence behavior in a positive way.

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LuminanceThe distribution, size, and range of brightness within an environment affect eye comfort, adaptation, and contrast renditionAs the eye shifts from one luminance (the page of a book), to another luminance (a chalkboard), it must readapt to the new luminance level. If the difference is too great, the reaction will be visual discomfort




IlluminanceVisual tasks differ in size, viewing direction, distance and contrastMajor critical tasks include reading and writing, often requiring prolonged and close attention



Financial FacilitiesVarious functions and tasks that occur in financial facilities are mainly the same as those that occur in offices i.e. conference areas, accounting, general and private offices, and bookkeepingOther specific areas that are special to banking where the lighting needs maybe different

data processingtellers stationssecurity vault lightingAutomatic Teller Machines (ATMs)



Financial FacilitiesLighting Requirements

Quality FactorsLuminanceQuantity




Quality FactorsLighting design should reflect the image desired in the lobby and adjacent spacesUse high intensity discharge lamps to help control initial, energy and maintenance costs where high ceiling existsHigh quality, relatively uniform lighting should be provided forelectronic data processing (EDP) equipment areas where there are usually only a small number of VDTs




Quality FactorsProvisions for highlighting during promotional activities in thelobby to create a point of interestLighting at bank tellers stations must provide for fast and accurate transactionsOutdoor drive-up teller (ATMs) lighting should be designed

for persons inside the car and appropriate for surveillance camera needs

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Quality FactorsBank lobbies should create dramatic effects especially during merchandise promotion




Quality FactorsInterior lighting at the banks vault must be on at all times inaccordance with the Bank Protection Act and must meet the requirements specified for alarm camera systemLighting recommendations for office lighting should be followed in the banks network control area where multiple VDT screens are in constant use




LuminanceUse large area, low brightness luminaires or luminaires positioned on either side of the deal plate to reduce reflections caused by highly polished material at tellers stations from ceiling mounted luminairesLuminaires behind the drive-up tellers windows should also be of low brightness to minimize reflections from sloping glass




LuminanceLighting should be at about the same level as the interior lighting in the outdoor drive-up area to avoid mirror effect on the glass when looking out from the drive-up tellers position.Careful placement of light sources to avoid poor visibility fromveiling glare on ATM information display screens at outdoor locationsApproaches and departure areas must be adequately lighted to ease adaptation for the customer when transitioning to and from the machine




QuantityATM locations require lighting for tasks such as:Reading and writing transactions in the horizontal planeViewing the VDT screen Inputting information on a keyboard in the horizontal or vertical planeSafety and security lighting is also necessary for customer protection in surrounding areas for camera surveillance operation



Health Care FacilitiesHealth care facilities include:

Acute general hospitalsChronic generalChronic specialized institutions for the care of physically and mentally illFacilities that offer professional care in residential environment

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Health Care FacilitiesLighting Requirements

Quality FactorsLuminanceIlluminance




Quality FactorsLighting should serve both the demands of medical attendants and the comfort needs of the patientsIllumination in multi-bed rooms should be designed to be unobtrusive to one patient, while remaining adequate for the otherColor Rendering Index (CRI) should be at least 80 and the Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) approximately 4100 K




LuminanceComfortable lighting conditions by limiting luminance ratios between the localized task and other areas in the normal field of view i.e. surgery, obstetrics, dentistry, emergency treatment and autopsies




IlluminanceFor Illuminance recommendations, see the IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition, Chapter 10



Health Care FacilitiesEmergency room

Wall illuminance formobility

Surgery roomHigh illuminance forspecial task



LibrariesVisual tasks include:

ReadingBrowsing through book stacksStudying at a carrelViewing microfilm or computer retrieval systemsMeeting or conferringPerforming general clerical tasksRepair and inspection work

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LibrariesLighting Requirements

Quality FactorsLuminanceIlluminance




Quality FactorsConsiderations in the design of a library lighting system:

Creation of a desirable visual environment to enable users to see efficiently and without distraction

Appearance of the installation within the architectural design of the space




LuminanceCare must be taken to avoid veiling reflections on the seeing tasks and to use luminaires that reduce the luminance in direct glare zones

Example: in microfilm areas, one of the most difficult tasks is reading a screen located under a general lighting system needed for other tasks in the area. Reflections, diffuse and specular, tend to wash out the already poor image on the screen. Hooded machines or those that have screens treated to reduce reflections make the task more visible




IlluminanceReading is by far the most frequently performed task in a library which varies from reading childrens books of high contrast type and paper, to newspapers with low contrast print, to law books with condensed type, to rare books with unusual type faces printed onold paperOther reading tasks may be handwritingUnique visual task to the library is that of browsing and/or searching in a stack or other form of storage space which are in shelves as high as 8 feet and tightly spaced in a limited aisle space titles or authors names with a number coding systemImportant design objective is obtaining vertical illumination on the stacks, especially on the lower shelves



LibrariesOther illumination needs:

Circulation spaces and audio boothsSpecial lighting for audio-visual areasVDT workstationsAccent lighting for exhibits and displaysLighting treatments of glass showcases, paintings, prints and rare books, refer to the Museum and Art Gallery Lighting section of IESNA Lighting Handbook



LibrariesSpecial lighting for audio visual areas

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Industrial FacilitiesIndustry has a wide range of visual tasks, operating conditions and economic considerationsVisual tasks involve:

Extremely small or very largeDark or lightOpaque, transparent or translucent on specular or diffuse surfacesFlat or contoured shapes



Industrial FacilitiesVisual Tasks



Industrial FacilitiesTasks are often on tilted or vertical planes and the lighting design should provide the appropriate vertical illuminancePhysical hazards exist in manufacturing processes and lighting plays an important role in helping to prevent accidentsLighting must be designed to contribute to speed of vision and to the overall environmental conditions of the workplace



Industrial FacilitiesSpeed and Environmental Conditions of the Workplace



Industrial FacilitiesDesign of a lighting system and selection of equipment maybe influenced by many economic and energy related factorsEconomic decisions should be based not only on initial and operating costs of the lighting system, but also on the relationship of the cost of lighting to other production costs



Industrial FacilitiesEconomic and Energy Related Factors

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Industrial FacilitiesLighting Requirements

Quality FactorsQuality in ManufacturingLuminanceIlluminanceLuminaires




Quality FactorsOne of the important factors is the distribution of luminances in the visual environmentIndustrial installations of poor quality are easily recognized as uncomfortable and are possibly hazardousCumulative effect of even slightly glaring conditions can result in a loss of seeing efficiency and undue fatigueColor as a part of the seeing task can be very effectively used to improve contrast either by intensifying or subduing certain colors inherent in the task




Quality FactorsDirectional light maybe useful in emphasizing texture and defects on uneven surfacesFluorescence under UV radiation is often used to create contrast while surface flaws in metal, nonporous plastic and ceramic parts can be detected by the use of fluorescent materialsDetection of internal strains in glass and transparent plastics maybe facilitated by transmitted polarized lightStroboscopic illumination can be used to slow down or stop the motion of constant speed rotating or reciprocating machinery to inspect/study moving parts while they are operating




LuminanceReflectances of room surface finishes and equipment should be as high as possible to achieve the best possible luminance relationshipsPainting stationary and moving parts of machines with contrasting ANSI safety colors helps to reduce accident hazards by aiding identification




IlluminanceDesired illuminance depends primarily on the seeing task, the worker and the importance of speed and accuracy in performing the taskIlluminance recommendations for industrial tasks and areas are given in the Lighting Design Guide in the IESNA Lighting Handbook and in latest version of ANSI/IESNA RP-7Several industries have also developed industry-specific recommendationsIn locations where dirt will collect rapidly on luminairesurfaces, and where adequate maintenance is not provided, the initial values should be higher than for spaces which are cleaner or where there is a planned maintenance program




IlluminanceIlluminance must be increased where workers wear eye-protective devices with occupationally-required tinted lenses that reduce the light reaching the retina of the eyeIn cases where specific amount or quality of lighting cannot be obtained by general lighting, supplementary luminairesare often used to provide high illuminances for small restricted areas and to furnish a certain luminance or color or to permit special aiming or positioning of light sources to produce or avoid highlights or shadows to best portray the details of the taskSupplementary equipment must be well shielded to prevent glare for the user and others working in adjacent areas

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LuminairesWide selection of luminaires including fluorescent, metal halide and high pressure sodiumMaybe open or enclosed, with light control elements of metal, plastic or glassMounting maybe low-bay (up to 5.5 m), medium-bay (5.5 7 m) or high-bay (>7.5 m)Fluorescent sources should always be considered in areas with ceiling heights of approximately 10-12 ft, or where hihg CRI or instant starting is requiredLuminaires should be selected which provide well-shielded illumination distributed over all of the work planes with aesthetics in mind




LuminairesLuminaires should be chosen with regard to:

Their ease of maintenance Durability Efficiency

Lighting designer should consult with local code authorities before specifying equipment especially in areas where hazardous materials may be present as to what special equipment maybe required



Visual ImpactConcepts of Lighting Applications for Visual Impacts

Light Source CriteriaLuminaire Selection and LayoutApplications



Light Source CriteriaConsiderations

ColorIntensityDistributionPotential to dim the sources



Light Source CriteriaColor

Color renderingDaylightingWarm color temperature e.g incandescentColor-enhanced discharge sources i.e. metal halide or high pressure sodium



Light Source CriteriaIntensity

The designer should take into account the visual tasks to be performed and the factors of size, contrast and timeThe designer should select appropriate illuminance for the design (maintained over time)IESNA Lighting Design Guide (Chapter 10 IESNA Lighting Handbook 9th Ed)

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Light Source CriteriaEconomics

The designer must weigh the aesthetic goals of the lighting design against the financial considerations of both initial cost and the life-cycle costs of maintenance and energy useThe designer may need to make strategic use of incandescent sources for accent lighting while using sources with higher efficacy (fluorescent (HID) for general illumination



Luminaire SelectionConsiderations:

Task considerations and Illuminance CriteriaDistribution of lightLuminaire Glare and Visual Comfort



Luminaire SelectionTask Considerations and Illuminance Criteria

Task considerations should also be taken into account, even in applications where the visual impact of a space is the most important design criterion

Tasks include: Reading in the seating area of house of worship Completion of sale in a merchandising application Computer use in a home study

Luminaires should be selected to provide the appropriate amount of incident light for the task, keeping in mind that the occupants will be seeing reflected or transmitted light



Luminaire SelectionDistribution of light

Shape and distribution of light must be consideredExamples:

Luminaire with a narrow distribution of light is quite useful for controlled accent lighting on a single painting, or where it is desirable to see the edge of the lighted area against a darker background in an intimate restaurant

Luminaires with a wider distribution that provide even illumination on the vertical surface for a wall washing application are more appropriate

For uniform illumination, the manufacturers spacing criterion (SC) should be consulted to assure adequate coverage for a given ceiling height



Luminaire SelectionLuminaire Glare and Visual Comfort

Glare from the luminaire itself should be considered especially if the direct source glare is within the visual field making the overall view and aesthetic appreciation of the scene maybe obscured



ApplicationsLighting functions and techniques will be discussed in the following applications:

Merchandising AreasMuseums and ExhibitsRestaurants and Hospitality SpacesCasinos and Gaming FacilitiesHouses of Worship

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Merchandising AreasLighting Functions

AttractionWindows

Lighting should address the following:

Visual context for the window

Window layout Contour of the

window




AttractionStore Interiors

Luminance ratios on the merchandise and displays should have at least 3 times the luminance of the surrounding areas

Luminance ratio should not exceed 5 to 1 throughout the space except in small areas of specialization

Dramatic luminance ratios maybe desirable in a themed store Light sources with high CRI (at least 70) should be used to

highlight the merchandise attractively while texture should be accentuated by grazing angles of light to help attract customers




Appraisal (or Initiation of sale)Adequate illumination must be provided so that customers can evaluate the merchandise once they are attractedColor rendition is important at the time of appraisal both for the merchandise and the customer to look attractiveLuminaire placement should avoid facial shadowing especially in mirrors at the fitting roomVertical illumination should be provided for clothing appraisal to enable customer to evaluate the entire length of the merchandise




Completion of SaleTask lighting is required for the store personnel in the following sales transaction areas:

Registering the sale Verifying the price Reading copied or printed data

Merchandise should look as attractive at the register as it did on the rack to avoid customers from changing their mindsColor rendering should be consistent throughout the store



Merchandising AreasLighting Techniques

Three Basic ApproachesGeneral Pattern SystemSpecific SystemFlexible System




General Pattern SystemThis system employs a uniform pattern of luminaires to provide general illumination regardless of the position of the merchandiseUseful in supermarkets or in the general merchandising areas of large department storesIf this system is not combined with supplementary or special display lighting, it may project an image conducive to bargain prices or lower-priced merchandise since the customer may associate less expensive lighting installation to less expensive merchandise

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Specific SystemThis system employs a layout of luminaires determined by the layout of merchandise displays in the store An integrated system can be very useful in the delineation of sales areas whether used in the sale of groceries, shoes, clothing or furniture but keep in mind that they are permanently located




Flexible SystemThis system employs a pattern of electrical outlets for non-permanent installation of luminaires usually of the aimable varietySystem of track lighting is the most common exampleWith this system, lighting can be tailored to changing merchandise displaysCombining the flexible layout with a multi-channel control system, maximum flexibility can be achieved




Specialty LightingDifferent types of merchandise have special lighting needsExample:

A display case of crystal should include integrated point sources of light that will provide the necessary enhancing sparkle



Museums and ExhibitsLighting Functions

Damage ControlFlat Displays on Vertical SurfacesExhibit CasesThree-Dimensional ObjectsEnvironments and Installations




Damage ControlLighting must be designed to enhance and illuminate 3D artifacts as well as the surface qualities of 2D artifactsLighting must also be designed to control potential damage to the artifacts with respect to amount of illumination and timeof exposure




Flat displays on Vertical SurfacesLuminaires should be placed to provide the necessary vertical illuminance while minimizing shadows and direct/indirect glare

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Exhibit CasesEnclosed display cases may be lighted internally, externally, or in combinationExternal lighting is usually from directly overhead and through a diffusing panel but take into consideration glare problemInternal lighting is more commonly usedCare should be taken to limit the heat inside the enclosure in both eternal and internal lighting




3D ObjectsThree dimensional forms usually require highlighting and shadowing to reveal the contours of an object and should be lighted from multiple directions using a key and fill approach




Environment and InstallationsDecorative Art

Lighting in character with the original purpose of the space is desirable, within reason

Contemporary Installation Art Many installation artists design their pieces to be self-

illuminating, or include light itself as the subject



Museums and ExhibitsLighting Techniques

Electric sourcesLighting Controls




Electric SourcesElectric sources should be chosen to render colors appropriately while limiting the damage caused by both infrared (heat) and UV radiationMR16 lamps with dichroic infrared coatings are often a good option for accent lightingLight transport systems (fiber optics and light pipes) with limited heat and UV radiation are also suitable for lighting artifacts




Lighting ControlsSpecification and installation of special control devices can reduce both the lighting energy consumption and exposure to damaging radiationExamples:

Control via interface with a real time clock will limit the lux-hours/year to the minimum necessary

Occupancy sensors maybe used to control lighting in less frequented spaces

Photocells can be used when the design combines daylight and electric light

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Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Lighting FunctionsCreating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining Area

Intimate Type Low lighting levels to create a relaxing atmosphere and a

sense of privacy Standard or custom decorative luminaires maybe used

throughout although color rendering at the dining table is important so that both patrons and food look appealing while colored sources maybe used for dramatic effect

Leisure Type A higher and more uniform level of illuminance should be

provided to create a restful but interesting environment where eating is the main objective




Lighting FunctionsCreating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining Area

Quick-service Type Higher light levels and uniform light distribution are the

norm Lighted signage is often used to control traffic flow Menu and counter should be adequately illuminated for

the given task Menu maybe self-illuminating Color rendering in these locations is not as critical as in

the seating area




Lighting FunctionsService Areas

Areas where money is exchanged, food is prepared or from which food is served must be adequately illuminated for the given taskThe designer must be knowledgeable about code requirements for enclosed luminaires in food preparation areas and for damp location or wet location luminaires




Lighting FunctionsHotel Lobbies

Lighting should complement the architecture and provide for safe transition exterior to interiorConsideration should be given to adaptation timeA control system should provide for varying illuminance levels and a change in mood from daytime to nighttime hoursThe registration area must be illuminated for the seeing tasks involved with check in/out




Lighting TechniquesGeneral Pattern IlluminationDecorative LuminairesSpecialty LightingLighted Signage




Lighting TechniquesGeneral Pattern Illumination

Uniform pattern of illumination maybe appropriate in leisure and quick-service restaurants as well as in hospitality spaces such as hotel lobbies and ballroomsRecessed downlights with high CRI sources (either incandescent of compact fluorescent) are often the luminaires of choiceEven in an intimate-type restaurant, a general pattern of luminaires maybe used if the sources are well shielded and have a narrow beam distribution to produce a pattern of light shadow to create a sense of privacy

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Lighting TechniquesDecorative Luminaires

Custom designed decorative luminaires can heighten the image of an intimate-type restaurant or a hotel lobby or ballroomIn more moderately priced leisure-type restaurants, off-the-shelf decorative luminaires may be suitable




Lighting TechniquesSpecialty Lighting

Lighting package for multi-use spaces of some restaurants and hotel meeting rooms and ballrooms may include a variety of theatrical luminaires (usually ellipsoidal reflector spotlights and PAR units) as well as control system integrated with the permanent architectural system or a separate theatrical-style console




Lighting TechniquesLighted Signage

Lighted signage, often neon, is often used for customer attraction as well as control of circulation at quick-service restaurants



Casinos and Gaming Facilities

Lighting FunctionsAttractionLighting for Customer ComfortLighting to Enhance Safety and SurveillanceLighting for Seeing Tasks




Lighting FunctionsAttraction

Lighting of a casino should help to attract and visually focus the customers attention toward the gaming area(s) without over-stimulating the visual sense much like the ways in which lighting must function to attract a customer to a merchandise display



Casinos and Gaming FacilitiesLighting Functions

Lighting for Customer ComfortThe lighting should create a pleasant atmosphere and make the customer feel relaxed and welcome

Lighting to Enhance Safety and SurveillanceUnique to casinos is the need for the lighting to provide adequate illumination for the operation of surveillance video cameras

Lighting for Seeing TasksAdequate illumination must be provided at each gaming areasSome games require vertical illuminance while others require horizontal illuminance sometimes at a distance from the customer e.g. Bingo, Race and Sports Book

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Lighting TechniquesDiffuse Lighting and Direct LightingVisually Subordinate Lighting SystemsSparkle and Glitter




Lighting TechniquesDiffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting

diffuse lighting is appropriate in most work areas to prevent distracting shadows from the work itself (IESNA RP-26, Recommended Practice on Lighting for Casinos and Gaming Facilities)Direct lighting can be used for accent purposes and to create visual focusCombination of diffuse and direct lighting is the best illumination system for people at the gaming tables




Lighting TechniquesVisually Subordinate Lighting Systems

IESNA Committee on Casino and Gaming Lighting recommends minimizing the potential for the lighting system itself to be distracting and place visual focus on the gaming areaIndirect systems and direct lighting systems with concentrating distribution patterns are useful design tools




Lighting TechniquesSparkle and Glitter

Enhancing reflection and glitter are useful techniques for attraction of the customer and care must be taken to light the individual gaming areas so that the operator, the customer, and video and live surveillance can view the game without glare



Houses of WorshipLighting Functions

Light for ReadingAccent LightingCelebration LightingArchitectural Lighting




Light for ReadingLighting must provide adequate light for reading prayer books and hymnals throughout the congregation seeing areaLight should be uniform, not only for the paper reading tasks, but also to enable the congregates to see one another comfortably

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Accent LightingAccent lighting provides visual focus on the leadership area of the space as well as on religious objectsModeling of the speaker/leader as well as of three-dimensional objects is important, as is color rendering




Celebration LightingCelebration lighting is the festive and joyous lighting that evokes a special uplift to an occasion often provided by lighted candles or specialty lanternsCelebration lighting can enhance many liturgical special events




Architectural LightingArchitectural features such as arches, trusses, or painted ceilings should be appropriately illuminatedThe architecture of the house of worship itself can be celebrated with light



Houses of WorshipLighting Techniques

Stained GlassGeneral IlluminationFocused Lighting Control




Stained GlassStained glass may be used for daytime illumination of the interior or to provide decorative visual accentFor nighttime effect, the glass may be lighted with floodlights or from a luminous panel or light box




General IlluminationGeneral illumination in the sanctuary is usually provided by a direct system of luminaires with overlapping beam distribution to alleviate shadowing on the reading tasksCare should be taken to specify luminaires appropriate for mounting height because houses of worship are often designed with high, sloping ceilingsAccess for maintenance must be provided

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Focused LightingFor direct accent lighting on the speaker platform or leadership area, luminaires should be located so as to provide light from at least two directionsThe IESNA Committee on Lighting for Houses of Worship recommends these luminaires equipped with a controllable beam, such as theatrical spotlight, and be placed approximately 45-55 above horizontal and 30 to the right and left of the centerline of the object being lighted




ControlPreset control system, which can be programmed for different functions such as worship service, wedding, concert or visiting hours will The visual focus of the space and overall composition of light help provide flexibility and variety will need to be different for each event




ControlExamples:

For somber occasion e.g wake, downlighting should predominate

For a joyous festival celebration, the architectural features of the building may receive more lighting emphasis

Control system can also serve to reduce power consumption by shutting off unneeded lighting systems



Exterior EnvironmentsExterior Lighting IssuesLighting for Visual PerformanceLighting for Visual Impact



Exterior EnvironmentsExterior Lighting Issues

WeatherMaintenanceControls

TimeswitchesPhotocellsOccupancy-sensing Controls

Vandalism

Obtrusive LightOrdinances and StandardsSafety and SecurityPlantings




WeatherLocal weather should be understood before designing the system; it is the designers responsibility to anticipate the most severe weather, and to consider the corresponding light lossLighting system must be adequate during good conditions as well as during worse conditionsProtection against moisture and impact should should be considered where appropriateLabel Damp and Wet Locations

Damp refers to luminaires mounted in exterior but covered locations

Wet refers to luminaires in locations exposed directly to precipitation

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MaintenanceTo keep the system performing at design levels, maintaining exterior lighting equipment in order to stand weather is a mustGroup maintenance should be considered where all lamps in a system are replaced and luminaires cleaned and checked at scheduled intervals especially if equipment mounting locations and heights can make access difficultLuminaire cleaning and replacement of auxiliary equipment such as lenses, gaskets, ballasts, ignitors and photocells should be a part of the maintenance schedule




MaintenanceIn extreme situations, component testing during routine maintenance maybe desirable e.g. checking ballasts performance and replacing as necessaryRegularly scheduled maintenance ensures that the minimum performance level will be adequate, while reducing burn-outs between maintenance




ControlsLighting controls for exterior projects are typically activated by clocks or the sensing of light levels or occupancyOften, more than one control is applied to a luminaire or to a group of luminaires

Example: a parking lot lighting system maybe switched on by one photocell (which senses ambient lighting levels) for each luminaire but switched of by a single timeclock

Controls may also be integrated with a facility management or building automation system




ControlsTimeswitches

Controls that use clocks re called timeswitches (or timeclocks) and may include automatic adjustments for daylight savings and changing seasons, backup power for uninterrupted timekeeping and additional features

Timeswitches typically control groups of luminaires to turn them on or off at a scheduled time of night, most frequently at a specified time following the end of local activities




ControlsPhotocells

Photocell controls switch luminaires on or off in response to light levels

Individual or group control can be used, and the switch can either turn on or off as the light level increases or decreases

Photocells can be set to respond at different light levels, and to go either on or off mode at system failure e.g.switching on of lights at dusk and off at dawn




ControlsPhotocells

For tunnel and building entrances, lighting is usually programmed to be at higher intensities during daylight periods and lower at night to enable easier transition and mitigate sudden changes in illuminance levels

Different types of photocells are available, each having distinct properties and performance

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ControlsOccupancy-sensing Controls

Occupancy activated controls are used in some exterior applications, particularly security lighting

These controls work in a similar manner to interior occupancy sensors, switching on when occupancy is detected and off after a specified period with no occupancy

Use of these control devices is not recommended with HID sources because of the restrike and warm up time




ControlsSwitching and controls often play an increasing role in the usefulness of the lighting system as the facility increases in sizeLarge sports facilities often have a number of switching schemes, which encompass everything from clean-up to practice to televised competitionSafety and /or security lighting might require using a quartz instant re-strike feature in HID luminaires, or an additional lighting system




ControlsManual dimmer and wall switchOccupancy-sensing control




VandalismTypical techniques for minimizing vandalism include mounting equipment sufficiently high, using hardened (durable) luminaires and installing additional equipment to light important areas from more than one directionMounting heights of 3.5 to 4 m may be necessary to remove luminaires from easy attack




VandalismHardened luminaires may incorporate polycarbonate lenses, wire or mesh enclosures, glare shields and other attachments e.g. vandal-proof screws to help prevent vandalismAdditional luminaires are often used to provide supplementary lighting from more than one direction in important areas and may be used to highlight the luminaires in the principal lighting system, to further avoid vandalism because of increased visibility




VandalismControls and power supply should also be protected from vandalismExample:

A lighting system that locates luminaires high on poles but leaves easy access to photocells or wiring (through the handholes) may not be an effective solution

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VandalismSince steps taken to reduce vandalism can affect the performance of the lighting system, these methods (luminaire types, mounting heights and use of protective devices) must be included I the design stageVandalism reduction measures may also help to make the equipment less susceptible to everyday mechanical damage, but typically increase the difficulty of maintenance




Vandalism




Obtrusive LightApplications such as building facades, landscapes and central business districts sometimes require lighting to be aimed upwardRoadway, pathway and area lighting typically do not require uplight, but other exterior lighting systems might require itLuminous flux above the horizontal does not always benefit exterior lighting projects, but can add to glare, spill light and light trespassLuminous flux above the horizontal and reflected light also contributes to sky glow which is an immensely important issue with the professional and amateur astronomical community




Obtrusive LightFixtures with some cutoff characteristics in the photometric distribution are recommended for exterior lighting unless it is essential to have luminous flux above the horizontalArea, pathway and roadway lighting equipment should have distributions that are at least semi-cutoff while full cutoffshould Always be consideredWhen it is necessary to have a luminous flux above the horizontal, the designer should be diligent in keeping the above-horizontal flux as low as practical to accomplish the intended effect




Obtrusive LightRaising mounting heights and using sharper cutoff luminaires can reduce spill light most effectivelyVisits to the site during the day and at night can identify potential effects the lighting design may have on adjacent property and the impact those properties may have on the proposed designThe least expensive way to deal with light trespass and sky glow from exterior lighting is to consider the issues prior to the design phase




Obtrusive LightThe design might affect the properties several blocks away or areas where the properties are set above or below the design site, so special care should be taken to eliminate or limit glare and light trespassA site visit can also influence decisions regarding the type of luminaire, mounting height, light source, overhang/setback, plus other possible criteria to be used in the design

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Ordinances and StandardsAdoption of lighting ordinances and standards enables jurisdictions to restrict, direct and check on exterior lightingsystems and presents designers with additional requirements for each projectThe designer is responsible for finding out which ordinances and standards apply, and how to demonstrate complianceClarification of the details of ordinances and standards may be necessary, and should be provided by the official responsible for the review of the submittal




Ordinances and StandardsCommon requirements of standards and ordinances are illumination quantity and quality criteria and restrictions on lamp lumens or luminaire distributionsRequirements for submittal and review may include photometric plans and luminaire product literature (cut-sheets), to demonstrate compliance, particularly with controlling spill light




Safety and SecuritySafety concerns can be addressed by appropriate lighting of hazards such as stairs, curbs, sloped walkways and other obstaclesProperty protection is one important aspect of security lightingSecurity lighting provides illumination to deter would-be criminals by facilitating detection and identification, and allows individuals and guards to view the surrounding area(s)



Exterior EnvironmentsExterior Lig

module 5v - lighting applications department of transportation

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