more real-world applications of nanotechnology: energy mark tuominen, center for hierarchical...
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More Real-World Applicationsof Nanotechnology: Energy
Mark Tuominen, Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing, UMass, December 1, 2007
www.citizenre.com
www.honda.com
www.teslamotors.com
SOLAR CELLS
FUEL CELL CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
Prior application examples:Nanoelectronics
10 GB2001
20 GB2002
40 GB2004
80 GB2006
160 GB2007
Example: Advancement of the iPod
Hard driveMagnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!
Shrinking Magnets to the Nanoscale
Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of “real estate” !
Now ~ 100 billion bits/in2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in2
25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter, orall Library of Congress books on a 1 sq ft tile!
Computer
Microprocessor"Heart of the computer"
Does the "thinking"
Shrinking Transistors to the NanoscaleMoore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
Can similar advancements be made in energy technology?
History of Energy Consumption in the U.S.
www.eia.doe.gov
quads
year
U.S. Total Energy Flow, 2003in quadrillion Btu (QBtu)
www.eia.doe.gov
1 BTU ~ 1055 Joule
The U.S. consumes about 100 QBtu annually.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020 2030
Net imports
Consumption
Production
ProjectionsHistory
Total US Energy Production and Consumption, 1980-2030
quadrillion Btu
The Earth’s Power SystemTheSun
Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.
Solar Cells
Konarka
Electric Solar CellsMade from single-crystal silicon wafers (conventionally)
cross-sectional view
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
+
-
Current
The load can be a lamp, an electric motor, a CD player, a toaster, etc
wires
Inside a Solar Cell
light
neutralSi
atom
+ -electronhole
• The separated charge has higher potential energy than the neutral atom.• The electron (and hole) are now free to move independent of one another.
Electric Solar Cellsp-n junction interface
cross-sectional view
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentThe electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell
- - - -- - - - + + + ++ + + + 0.5 Volt
Nanostructured Solar Cells
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentMore interface area - More power!
ONE ROUTE: SELF ASSEMBLY
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
Diblock Copolymers
Hydrogen Fuel Cell• Lightest fuel• Can make H2 from water
Goals• Improve proton membrane• Use less catalyst• CHEAPER!
Nano-Battery
Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many application
• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products• And others
My Advice to Students:• Pursue your interests• Ask questions• Be clever• Do!
Thanks for visiting UMass and learning about nanotechnology!
Re: Your future