Biology 30

Morinville Community High School

Unit 2: Endocrine System

Name: ______________

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Chapter 13 text p. 434-471 Key Concept A: The endocrine system and nervous system both mediate interactions between humans and their environment to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis). A1. Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems A2. Defining endocrine glands, hormones, and negative feedback A3. Location of endocrine glands Key Concept B: The hypothalamus and pituitary complex controls the secretion of many of the bodyʼs hormones B1. Hormones of the Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary glands B2. Growth Hormone

• growth hormone irregularities B3. Tropic Hormones Key Concept C: Metabolism and Calcium homeostasis are controlled by the Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands C1. Control of Metabolism: Thyroid

• thyroid hormone disorders C2. Calcium regulation Key Concept D: The Endocrine and Nervous systems act together in times of stress D1. Structure / Anatomy of the Adrenal Gland D2. Adrenal Cortex: cortisol & aldosterone D3. Adrenal Medulla: adrenaline D4. Adrenal hormone disorders Key Concept E: Water balance & regulation E1. Antidiuretic Hormone

• Diabetes insipidus

Key Concept F: Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar F1. Islet Cells of the Pancreas: Insulin & Glucagon F2. Diabetes Mellitus Lab: Urinalysis as a Diagnostic Tool Key Concept G: Hormones of the Reproductive System G1. Oxytocin & Prolactin G2. FSH & LH G3. Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone

Endocrine System Unit Outline

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM UNIT EXAM

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A1. Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems Your nervous system and endocrine system works cooperatively in order to ensure homeostasis. text p. 203 Homeostasis is:

Comparison of Nervous and Endocrine Systems Nervous System Endocrine System control of homeostasis

response to stimuli

duration of action

affects

A2. Defining endocrine glands, hormones, and negative feedback text p. 436 hormone:

• The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands and several organs that contain endocrine tissue

• Endocrine glands/tissue secrete hormones into the blood

• Hormones affect only specific target cells that have receptors to

recognize (bind) a given hormone Homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms, or loops. text p. 203, 441 negative feedback:

Key Concept A: The endocrine system and nervous system both mediate interactions between humans and their environment to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis) text p.434-439

Vocabulary

Vocabulary

Vocabulary

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A3. Location of endocrine glands

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B1. Hormones of the Hypothalamus, posterior and anterior pituitary glands

Key Concept B: The hypothalamus and pituitary complex controls the secretion of many of the bodyʼs hormones text p.440 - 447

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B2. Growth Hormone hGH - human growth hormone text p. 444 - 445

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effects: (majority of the effects are *tropic) Together, hGH and growth factor hormones from the liver increase:

text p. 444

o 1.

o 2.

o 3.

hGH Endocrine Disorders text p. 445- 446 i) hyposecretion of hGH

ii) hypersecretion of hGH

iii) hypersecretion after puberty

B3. Tropic Hormones Many of the hormones released from the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones, which means that their targets are other glands. Tropic hormones stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones.

Using the above generalized diagram, determine the placement of: hGH, hGH releasing hormone, liver, growth factor hormone. (reference: text p. 445 Figure 13.11) Which term in the above list is considered a 'tropic hormone' ?

*About tropic hormones

Check your Understanding

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C1. Thyroid gland and control of metabolism text p. 446 – 449 Thyroxine:

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effects:

Note: Formation of thyroxine requires iodine

The Regulation of the Thyroid Gland by a Negative Feedback Mechanism

Thyroid disorders Description of

Disorder Symptoms

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

Key Concept C: Metabolism and Calcium homeostasis are controlled by the Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands text p.446 - 450

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C2. Calcium regulation Calcitonin (From Thyroid) p. 449

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effects:

Parathyroid Hormone (From Parathyroid) text p. 446-449

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effects:

PTH and calcitonin work antagonistically with each other.

Negative Feedback Mechanism That Regulates Blood Ca2+

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D1. Structure / Anatomy of the Adrenal Gland

D2. Adrenal Cortex: cortisol & aldosterone text p. 454

Key Concept D: The Endocrine and Nervous systems act together in times of stress p.451-455

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Cortisol ( a glucocorticoid hormone)

§ stimulus:

§ target and effects: 1. 2. 3.

Aldosterone (mineral corticoids) stimulus: target: effect:

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D3. Adrenal Medulla p.451-452 The adrenal medulla: Regulating the short-term stress response The adrenal medulla organ is functionally part of the sympathetic nervous system Two hormones: stimulus: targets: effects: Review! List at least 10 physiological responses initiated / controlled by the sympathetic nervous system:

D4. Adrenal hormone disorders

Disorder Cause / Description Symptoms

Cushingʼs Syndrome

Addisonʼs Disease

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E1. Antidiuretic Hormone

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effect: ADH's Role in Water Regulation 1. dehydration causes the blood plasma to become too concentrated 2. osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect this concentration change; hypothalamus sends a neural signal to posterior pituitary to release ADH 3. ADH targets the nephron of the kidneys, causing the tubules to become more permeable to water 4. More water is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream as a result:

§ urine output: § concentration of urine: § blood solute concentration : § blood pressure:

6. The hypothalamus detects these changes and sends a signal to the posterior pituitary to stop secreting ADH: Diabetes Insipidus:

Negative feedback mechanism controls the secretion of ADH text p. 441

Both ADH and Aldosterone have a role in regulating water homeostasis. How are they the same? How are they different?

Key Concept E: Water balance & regulation p.441 & 454

Vocabulary

Check your Understanding

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F1. Islet Cells of the Pancreas: Insulin & Glucagon Islet Cells of the pancreas secrete two antagonistic hormones: Insulin

§ secreted by:

§ stimulus:

§ effects: lowers blood sugar by stimulating…

a) increased absorption of glucose into cells (review: glucose is used in cellular respiration to provide energy)

b) liver to store glucose as glycogen

c) muscles to store glycogen and build protein

d) adipose (fat storing) tissue to use glucose to

form fat

Glucagon § secreted by:

§ stimulus:

§ effects: raises blood sugar by stimulating…

a) liver to convert glycogen to glucose

b) stimulating adipose tissue to breakdown fat glucose

Negative feedback mechanism to regulate blood glucose levels

Key Concept F: Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar (Glucose) p.456-462

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F2. The Effects of Glucose Imbalance: Diabetes Melllitus text p. 457-462 Diabetes mellitus, or commonly referred to as just 'diabetes', is a metabolic disorder where the person does not produce enough insulin or the body does not react properly to insulin. As a result, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) occurs. text p. 457. hyperglycemia:

Explain the short-term effects of hyperglycemia in diabetics.

Explain the long-term effects of hyperglycemia in diabetics.

Make notes using the following categories: Type I Diabetes

§ causes

§ two possible treatments Type II Diabetes

§ causes

§ treatment

§ factors that increase the incidence of type II diabetes Describe two technologies used to treat diabetics: Insulin injections: Islet cell transplants:

Vocabulary

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G1. Oxytocin & Prolactin Oxytocin

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effect: *Oxytocin is one of the few examples of hormones that exhibits positive feedback:

Positive Feedback Loop for Oxytocin

Prolactin

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effect: G2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone & Luteinizing Hormone

• Both FSH and LH are considered gonadotropic hormones because they target the gonads.

• GnRH (Gonadotropic Release Hormone) is secreted by the

hypothalamus which causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

Target Effect

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone

Key Concept G: Hormones of the Reproductive System - Chapter 14

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G3. Testosterone, Estrogen, & Progesterone Testosterone

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effect: Estrogen

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effect:

Progesterone

§ stimulus:

§ target:

§ effect: