mortem et gloriam army lists - the crusades · 2020-01-01 · army lists the crusades contents ......

Version 2020.02: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall

Army Lists The Crusades

Contents Georgian 1008 to 1403 CE Early Outremer States v02 1100 to 1129 CE Later Fatamid Egyptian 1074 to 1171 CE Post Seljuk Abbasid 1120 to 1259 CE Early Armenian Cilicia 1080 to 1150 CE Outremer States 1130 to 1187 CE Syrian States 1092 to 1174 CE Sultanate of Rum 1140 to 1276 CE Eastern Seljuk Turk 1092 to 1181 CE Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1151 to 1375 CE Later Seljuk Empire 1092 to 1194 CE Ayyubid Egyptian 1171 to 1250 CE Early Turcoman Beyliks 1092 to 1277 CE Later Crusader v02 1188 to 1291 CE People’s Crusade 1096 CE Ayyubid Syrian States 1193 to 1285 CE First Crusade 1096 to 1099 CE Seventh Crusade 1249 to 1250 CE County of Edessa 1097 to 1144 CE Mamluk Egyptian 1250 to 1517 CE


Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder.

There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is

taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any

bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled. Where allies are allowed, they must conform to the following rules:

1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary.

Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules:

1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take enough UGs to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is enough allowance for a UG after the core army

itself has taken the minimum. For example: An army has 4-12 cavalry (UG size 4,6) and 18-32 spearmen (UG size 6,8,9) as compulsory troops with 2 internal allies. The core army must take 4 cavalry and at least 18 spearmen. The first ally must take 4 cavalry and at least 9 spearmen. The second ally must take 4 cavalry but cannot take the 9 spearmen as this would exceed the 32 spearmen limit for the army.

4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. As a courtesy to your opponent, when you deploy your troops you should describe it fully; type, training, quality, protection, melee weaponry, shooting skill and weaponry, characteristics and which ally if appropriate. You should also explain how any unusual troop types in your army function and any special rules including Stakes, Caltrops, Barricades and Obstacles and troop types such as Battle Wagons.


Historical Introduction The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The most commonly known are the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Islamic rule and this set of lists focusses on these campaigns. The term "Crusades" is however also applied to other church-sanctioned campaigns.

The defeat of the Byzantine Empire at Manzikert in 1071 CE enabled Seljuk Turkmen generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia. It was to lead to the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, to request western aid to help repel the Seljuk Turks from Anatolia. Alexios was probably hoping for a small body of mercenary reinforcements he could direct and control. At the Council of Clermont Pope Urban II preached for a crusade. The result was probably not what the Pope expected. The Pope had previously contacted and obtained support from some nobles. Almost immediately Peter the Hermit preached to thousands of mostly poor Christians whom he led out of Europe in what became known as the People’s Crusade. This mass of people, most of whom had little or no military experience advanced into Anatolia to be ambushed and massacred by the Turks.

Meanwhile the First Crusade, led by a group of Nobles started to arrive in Byzantium. The initial aim was to capture Nicaea which had been declared the capital of the Sultanate of Rum. This was captured and followed up by a victory at Dorylaeum. The Crusaders marched on to Antioch which they started to besiege. Lacking the resources to fully invest the city it took eight months until the city was captured through bribery. Days later the Crusaders were themselves besieged. The Crusaders suffered further losses until a determined attack caused the Turks to withdraw. After months arguing who would have the captured territory the Crusading army eventually set out for Jerusalem. This had been recently taken from the Turks by the Fatamid Egyptians. This initial attack failed but a later attack captured the city. A surprise attack on an Egyptian relief force consolidated the Crusader hold on the territory and the Kingdom of Jerusalem was created.

Prior to capturing Jerusalem another Crusader, Baldwin of Boulogne, had travel to Edessa and succeeded as ruler adopting the title Count. This region was occupied by Orthodox Christians. Baldwin became King of Jerusalem when his brother Geoffrey of Bouillon died. They County of Edessa passed to his cousin. The Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli were to form the Outremer states that would have a presence in the Middle East for the next two centuries.

The Christian position was tenuous. To the north in Anatolia was the Sultanate of Rum, a Seljuk state that controlled most of Anatolia. Beyond was the Byzantine empire but the Byzantine Emperors had little sympathy for the Crusaders who had gone back on their original promise of handing over their territories to the Empire. To the East was the Seljuk empire which fortunately for the Crusaders had weak central authority and consisted of several lesser rulers in Syria and beyond attempting to hold and expand their own positions. To the south the Fatamid empire also lacked political stability. Over the next few decades there was a succession of wars and battles.


The loss of Edessa to the forces of the Zengi in 1144 was to result in the Second Crusade. It was ultimately to lead to an unsuccessful attack on Damascus. This failure was ultimately to have disastrous long-term consequences for the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1171 Saladin became the first Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt. He went on to capture Jerusalem and overrun the Kingdom in 1187 and precipitated the Third Crusade. The Third Crusade led to the capture of Cyprus and although it failed to capture Jerusalem, it allowed Richard the Lionheart to agree a treaty with Saladin which granted Muslim control over Jerusalem but allowed unarmed Christians to visit the city. The successes allowed the Crusaders to maintain their presence on the Syrian coast for a further 100 years.

The Fourth Crusade was originally intended to capture Jerusalem but due to a sequence of events culminated in the Crusaders sacking the city of Constantinople. They set up the Latin Empire and partitioned other Byzantine territories among themselves. Byzantine resistance based in unconquered sections of the empire such as Nicaea, Trebizond, and Epirus ultimately recovered Constantinople in 1261 but it was one of the more prominent acts in the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.

The Fifth Crusade (1213 to 1221) was an attempt to reacquire Jerusalem and the Holy Land by conquering the Ayyubid state in Egypt. After occupying the port of Damietta, the Crusaders marched south towards Cairo in July 1221, but were turned back after their dwindling supplies led to a forced retreat. A night time attack by Sultan Al-Kamil resulted in a great number of Crusader losses, and eventually in the surrender of the army.

The Sixth Crusade started in 1228 as an attempt to regain Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. The Egyptian sultan, occupied with the suppression of rebellious forces in Syria, agreed to cede Jerusalem to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast. The ten-year expiration of the treaty with Al-Kamil caused Pope Gregory IX to call for a new crusade to secure the Holy Lands for Christendom beyond 1239. This initiated the Barons' Crusade, a disorganized affair which wound up with relatively limited support. The Barons' Crusade consisted of two separate crusades: one that took place in Constantinople and the other one in the Holy Land. The Crusaders used diplomacy to successfully play the two warring factions of the Muslim Ayyubid dynasty (in Egypt and Syria) against each other. For a few years, the Barons' Crusade returned the Kingdom of Jerusalem to its largest size since 1187.

The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. His troops were defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah supported by the Bahariyya Mamluks. The Mamluks were to seize control of Egypt. Louis IX of France's failure to capture Tunis in the Eighth Crusade led Henry III of England's son Edward to sail to Acre in what is known as the Ninth Crusade. The Ninth Crusade saw several impressive victories for Edward but foreshadowed the imminent collapse of the last remaining crusader strongholds along the Mediterranean coast.

1 Dates0-3 Terrain0-3 Camp

Min

Mandatory Optional Max

- 3 4,6- 9

Experienced = Bow =

Experienced 4,6Bow Any

Experienced = Bow =

- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6

Experienced 0 4,6Bow 6


Skilled 0 4,6Bow 6

- 16 6,8,9- 32


1/2 RetainersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - Shoot & Charge Melee ExpertFormed Loose

GeorgianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1008 CE to 1403 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive (before 1246 CE, 0-1 from 1246 CE) Standard, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (from 1246 CE) Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

UG SizeTraining and

Cavalry comprising front rank Aznauri and rear rank Retainers

1/2 AznauriCAVALRY

Superior ProtectedCharging

Lancer- Melee Expert

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Formed Loose

Replace cavalry from 1122 CE

AznauriCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

RetainersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - -Formed Loose

-----

Frankish mercenaries (from 1121 to 1129 CE)

CAVALRYAverage Protected

Charging Lancer

Devastating Chargers

Melee ExpertFormed Loose


Horse archersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - -Formed Flexible

Frankish mercenaries (from 1130 to 1144 CE)

CAVALRYAverage -/Fully Armoured

Charging Lancer


-Formed Flexible

Turcoman skilled mercenaries (from 1122 CE)

CAVALRYAverage Unprotected - - -

Formed Flexible

Turcoman mercenaries (from 1122 CE)

CAVALRYAverage Unprotected - -

Integral Shooters, Combat ShyTribal Close

ArchersINFANTRY

Average Protected - - Combat ShyTribal Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear -


GeorgianExperienced 0 6,9

Javelin 18Experienced 12 6,9

Bow 24



Skilled 4,6Bow Up to half

Combat ShySkirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmishersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - -

Cumans - only from 1090

Cuman noblesCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

-Formed Flexible

Upgrade Cuman horse archers


Formed Flexible

Cuman horse archersCAVALRY


AlliesShirvan allies - Bedouin Dynasties (from 1121 to 1204 CE)

NotesThe minima and maxima are for the aznauri. An equal number of retainers must be taken. Cumans must be in a separate command(s). A Cuman command cannot contain other troops.

Historical NotesThe first united Georgian monarchy was formed at the end of the 10th century CE when Curopalate David invaded the Earldom of Kartli-Iberia. Between 1008 and 1010, Bagrat III created a united Georgia in both the east and west. In 1071, the Seljuk army destroyed the united Byzantine-Armenian and Georgian forces in the Battle of Manzikert. Most of Georgia was conquered and devastated by the Seljuks. The struggle against the Seljuk invaders in Georgia was led by King David IV. David created the regular army and peasant militia in order to be able to resist Seljuk colonization of his country. By the end of 1099 David had stopped paying tribute to the Seljuks and had liberated most of the Georgian lands. Between 1110 and 1118 he forced many of the Turks to withdraw and invited Cuman (Kipchak) warriors to settle. The reign of Queen Tamar 1184 to 1213 represented the peak of Georgia's might. In the 1220s, the South Caucasus and Asia Minor faced the invasion of the Mongols. In spite of fierce resistance by Georgian-Armenian forces and their allies, the whole area including most of Georgia, all Armenian lands and Central Anatolia eventually fell to the Mongols. After 1245, the country broke up into competing kingdoms.


GeorgianTroop NotesAt the start of the period, the Georgians relied on the lance rather than the bow. Later they are depicted emphasising the bow rather than the lance. This may well have been under Seljuk influence. Georgian foot were armed with spear or bow. They carried round shields and many wore lamellar armour.

Changes from last versionReclassified retainers.


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin



- 4 4,6- 12- 4 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 8- 0 4,6- 12




- 6 6,8- 30- 0 6,8- 8- - Up to 1/4- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8,9- 9

*see note

-Tribal Loose

Sudanese tribesmenINFANTRY

Average Protected -Devastating

Chargers-

Tribal Loose

Muttawwi volunteersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected -Devastating

Chargers

Integral ShootersDrilled Close

Upgrade 'abid al-shira as lutat with maces

INFANTRYAverage Protected 2-H Cut-Crush - Integral Shooters

Drilled Close

Sudanese 'abid SarirayaINFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear -

Pavise, Combat ShyFormed Loose

Sudanese 'abid al-shiraINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Integral ShootersDrilled Close

Sudanese archersINFANTRY


-Formed Flexible

Armenian archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - -Formed Loose

TurcomansCAVALRY


-Formed Loose

Bedouin cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected Long Spear - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Ghulam lancersCAVALRY


Syrian cavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Long Spear - Combat ShyFormed Loose

Armenian cavalryCAVALRY

Average ProtectedCharging

Lancer-

MamluksCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Loose


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Later Fatamid EgyptianArmy Commander Any Professional 1074 CE to 1171 CESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, CoastalInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average


Later Fatamid Egyptian- 0 6,8,9- 18- 0 6,8,9- 9


Reclassified Sudanese archers. Feigned flight. Ally restriction.

Up to 2 elements in each Abid 'al-shira TuG may be replaced with lutat macemen.Only one external ally may be taken.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesDuring the late eleventh and twelfth centuries CE the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 Saladin seized its territory. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty and incorporated the Fatimid state into the Abbasid Caliphate.

Troop NotesThe Turkish Mamluks were a huge cost on the Fatamid treasury. In 1074 CE Nasir al-Dawla, a major leader, was assassinated. Control of the Turkish Mamluks was lost from this point on. At this time the Dailami were also disbanded. The Fatamids came to rely on significant numbers of Armenians. The 'abid infantry remained the core of the Fatamid army. Some were armed with a heavy lutat mace. The Sariraya were armed with 11 or 12 foot spears.

Changes from last version

-Skirmisher

AlliesCrusader allies - Outremer States (only in 1167 CE)Syrian States allies

Notes


Average Unprotected - Combat Shy

Integral ShootersTribal Close

Upgrade ahdath spearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Integral ShootersTribal Close

Ahdath spearmenINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short Spear Shieldwall


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 4,6- 8- 6 4,6- 18- 16 6,8,9- 60


Experienced 0 6,9Javelin 18


Crusader allies - Outremer States (from 1130 CE)

NotesOnly one external ally may be taken.

Historical NotesThe Armenians in Cilicia gained their independence following the battle of Manzikert. The principality was founded c. 1080 CE by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratid family, which at various times had held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia.

-Skirmisher

AlliesSeljuk Turk allies - Early Turcoman Beyliks (only in 1128 CE)Crusader allies - First Crusade (from 1098 to 1099 CE)Crusader allies - Early Outremer States (from 1100 to 1129 CE)

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Combat ShyFormed Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

ArchersINFANTRY



SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear -Integral Shooters,

Combat shyTribal Close

CavalryCAVALRY


Lancer-

UG SizeTraining and

Noble cavalryCAVALRY



Formed Loose

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Early Armenian CiliciaArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1080 CE to 1150 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Early Armenian Cilicia

The Armenians relied on bands of paid retainers. Equipment was influenced by the Crusaders. Foot were equipped with spears or bows. Circular shields were carried but some kite-shaped shields seemed to have been adopted from the Crusaders.

Changes from last versionAlly restriction.

Troop Notes



Min








Skilled 4,6

Bow Up to 3/4

- 0 4,6- 18

- 0 4,6

- 6

- 0 4,6- 6

Turcoman tribesmenCAVALRY


Syrian StatesArmy Commander Any Professional 1092 CE to 1174 CESub-Generals Any Professional (Zenghids, 0-1 Others) Standard, Coastal, PlainsInternal Allied Generals Any (Syrian) or Any Instinctive (up to 2 Turcoman) Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

UG SizeTraining and

Only Damascus or Aleppo

MamluksCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Drilled Loose

Only Zhengids

MamluksCAVALRY


Upgrade Mamluks as eliteCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - Melee ExpertDrilled Loose

Formed Flexible

Turcoman tribesmen (only minor states)


Formed Flexible

-Formed Flexible

------

Upgrade Turcoman tribesmen (any except minor states)




Formed Loose

Kurdish or Armenian cavalryCAVALRY


Lancer

- Combat ShyFormed Loose

Upgrade Syrian cavalry as nobles with retainers (only minor states)

CAVALRYSuperior Protected Long Spear - -


Average Protected Long Spear

- Melee ExpertFormed Loose


Syrian States- 0 4,6- 8- 6 6,8,9- 18- 0 6,8- 8


Experienced 0 6,8Crossbow 8

- 0 6,8,9- 9- 0 6,8,9- 18- 0 6,8,9- 9

Unskilled 0 6,8Bow 18

Unskilled 0 6,8,9Javelin 18



Experienced 0 6Firearm 6

Formed Flexible

Syrian spearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear


Average Unprotected Long Spear - Combat Shy

Formed Close

Syrian archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected -

- Combat ShyTribal Close

Upgrade Syrian spearmen as mercenaries

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -

Formed LooseMuttawwi and Ghazi volunteers

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected -

- Combat ShyTribal Loose

Syrian crossbowmen (from 1100 CE)

INFANTRYAverage Protected - - Combat Shy

Tribal Close


Average Protected Short Spear


-Tribal Loose


Poor Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Integral Shooters

Tribal Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear

Shieldwall Integral ShootersTribal Close

Ahdath archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Skirmisher

Skirmishing javelinmenINFANTRY


- Shoot & ChargeTribal Loose


Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

- Combat ShySkirmisher

NaffatunINFANTRY



Syrian States

Changes from last versionAdded Turcomans for minor states. Feigned flight.

NotesAny army must be either Damascus or Aleppo, a minor city state or Zenghid.Minor states must take 1 TuG of Syrian cavalry.A Turcoman ally can only command Turcomans.Crusader allies may not be used with Armenian Cilician allies.Allied contingents from this list do not need to take infantry.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesThe revived Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad enable the rulers of various Syrian cities to achieve semi-independence. The most powerful were Damascus and Aleppo. Minor cities included Hama, Homs, Tripoli and Shaizar. Antioch and Jerusalem were captured during the First Crusade. The smaller cities were captured by Zengi and then ruled by him and his son Nur ed-din from 1128 to 1174 CE. Armies of the Atabegs of Mosul prior to 1128 are covered in the Later Seljuk Empire list. Zenghi took Edessa in 1145 and Nur ed-din took Damascus in 1154. In 1169 Nur ed-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh took Egypt. Shirkuh was succeeded by his nephew Saladin (Salah ed-Din Yusuf), who ruled Egypt theoretically on Nur ed-Din's behalf until the latter's death in 1174, then took over the whole Zenghid territory to create the Ayyubid Sultanate.Muslim-Frankish alliances include: In 1108, Ridwan of Aleppo with Tancred of Antioch against Jawali Saqawa and Baldwin of Edessa; in 1115, Toghtekin of Damascus, with Roger of Antioch, Pons of Tripoli and Baldwin of Jerusalem against the Seljuq Sultan Mohammed; in 1139, Unur of Damascus with Fulk of Jerusalem against Zengi.

Troop NotesThe core of the more powerful rulers forces were slave-soldiers (ghulams or mamluks). These were supported by Syrian, Armenian or Kurdish cavalry. Ahdath were city militia. Ghazis were volunteers fighting for religion, mutatawwi for loot.

AlliesArmenian Cilician allies - Early Armenian Cilicia (before 1151 CE)Armenian Cilician allies - Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (from 1151 CE)Crusader allies - Early Outremer States (only Aleppo in 1108 and Damascus in 1115 CE)Crusader allies - Outremer States (only Damascus in 1139 CE)



Min


- 0 2,3- 3



Skilled 4,6Bow Up to 3/4

- 0 4- 4


- 0 4,6- 12- 0 6,8- 18





-Skirmisher

Skirmishing crossbowmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy

-Skirmisher


Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

JavelinmenINFANTRY


Melee ExpertDrilled Flexible

Skirmishing horse archersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - -Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

Dailami mercenaries (before 1157 CE)

INFANTRYAverage Protected -


-Formed Loose



Persian cavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected - -

-Formed Flexible

Agulani (before 1157 CE)CAVALRY

SuperiorArmHrs/Fully

Armoured- Melee Expert -

Formed Close

Upgrade Turcoman tribesmen


-Drilled Loose



GhilmanCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear -

UG SizeTraining and

Elephants (before 1157 CE)ELEPHANTS

Average Protected - Shove -Tribal Loose

Internal Allied Generals Any Professional (Seljuk) or Instinctive (Turcoman) Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Eastern Seljuk TurkArmy Commander Any Professional 1092 CE to 1181 CESub-Generals Any Professional (0-1 from 1157 CE) Standard, Plains, Mountains


Eastern Seljuk Turk

Changes from last versionFeigned flight. Ally restriction.

NotesA Turcoman ally can only command Turcomans. A Turcoman ally general must be used if more than 24 Turcomans are taken.Only one external ally may be taken.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesAfter the death of Malik Shah I in 1092 CE the control of the Seljuk Sultanate over their Eastern territories was limited. The most powerful ruler in the East was Ahmad Sanjar who ruled from 1118 to 1157. Sanjar's power, marked by conflict with the Kara-Khitai and Khwarazmians, ended in 1153 when Turkish Ghuzz nomads from beyond the Amu Darya pillaged the city of Merv.

Troop NotesThe Seljuk army in the east tended to use more horse archers following the Khurasanian tradition.

AlliesKara-Khanid Khanate allies (before 1128 CE)Ghaznavid allies (from 1117 to 1141 CE)Ghurid allies (from 1117 to 1157 CE)



Min





- 0 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 12- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8,9- 27- 0 6,8,9- 9






Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall

Melee ExpertDrilled Flexible


Poor Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Integral ShootersTribal Close

Dailami mercenaries (before 1128 CE)

INFANTRYAverage Protected -


-Formed Close



Agulani (before 1128 CE)CAVALRY

SuperiorArmHrs/Fully

Armoured- Melee Expert

-Formed Loose

Kurdish cavalryCAVALRY



Formed Loose





Formed Flexible



GhilmanCAVALRY


-Formed Flexible

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Later Seljuk EmpireArmy Commander Any Professional 1092 CE to 1194 CESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, PlainsInternal Allied Generals Any Professional (Seljuk) or Instinctive (Turcoman) Unfortified; Poor or Average


Later Seljuk EmpireExperienced 0 6,9


Bow 18Experienced 0 6,9Crossbow 9

Feigned flight.

A Turcoman ally can only command Turcomans. A Turcoman ally general must be used if more than 24 Turcomans are taken.Bedouin and Syrian State allies may be used together.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesThe Later Seljuk Empire disintegrated into a series of competing dynasts and emirs. From 1105 to 1118 CE it was nominally ruled by Muhammad I and 1118 to 1131 by Mahmud II. Mahmud II was eventually succeeded by Masud who reigned until 1152. During this period the capital was moved to Hamadan. These Sultans controlled much of modern Iran, Iraq and parts of Syria. After the death of Ahmed Sanjar the governors known as Atabegs were effectively independent in Kerman (southern Iran), Fars (southern Iran), Hamadan (Iraq and Azerbaijan), Damascus (Syria), Mosul (Iraq) and Eastern Anatolia. Georgia expanded from the north. The Armenian kingdom of Cilicia expanded. The Abbasid caliphs reasserted their authority. For a brief period from 1191, Togrul III was the Sultan of all Seljuk except for Anatolia. In 1194, however, Togrul was defeated by the Khwarezmid Empire and the Seljuk Empire finally collapsed.

Troop NotesThe Seljuk army did not change significantly during this period. The crossbow was introduced during the 12th century.


-Skirmisher

AlliesSyrian States allies (before 1128 CE)Bedouin allies - Bedouin Dynasties (before 1128 CE)

Notes



-Skirmisher







Min



Experienced 0 4,6

Bow 6



- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4- 4- 0 6,8- 16


Experienced 0 6Crossbow 6



-Skirmisher

JavelinmenINFANTRY


Combat shyFormed Loose



CrossbowmenINFANTRY


-Tribal Close

ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyFormed Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY



Byzantine cavalryCAVALRY



Formed Loose

Armenian mercenary cavalryCAVALRY


Lancer-

-Formed Flexible

Arab cavalryCAVALRY




-Drilled Loose



Upgrade nobles as Mamluks (Seljuq or Danishmends only)

CAVALRYSuperior Protected Short Spear -

UG SizeTraining and

NoblesCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (up to 1 Turcoman) Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Early Turcoman BeyliksArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1092 CE to 1277 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Plains


Early Turcoman BeyliksExperienced 0 6,9



NotesA Turcoman ally can only command Turcomans. A Turcoman ally general must be used if more than 24 Turcomans are taken. An internal ally can be from another Beylik.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesThis list covers the Turkish states that appeared after Anatolia was overrun following the defeat of the Byzantines at Manzikert and the collapse of the Great Seljuk Empire. This includes the Danishmends 1092-1178, Mengujekid 1092-1277 CE, Saltukid 1103-1202 CE and Seljuqs 1092-1140.

Changes from last versionFeigned flight.

-Skirmisher

NaffatunINFANTRY







1 Dates1 Terrain

1-2 CampMin


- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6- 32 8,10,12- 180

Unskilled 0 6,8Javelin 32

- 0 8

- 32


Experienced 0 6,9Sling 12

NotesThe French knights must be in an ally command that doesn't contain any fanatical pilgrims.Fanatic pilgrims do not require a general present to claim the Fanatic characteristic. This must be pointed out to your opponent when they are deployed.

Historical NotesThe People's Crusade was the prelude to the First Crusade and lasted roughly six months from April to October 1096 CE. It is also known as the Peasants' Crusade, Paupers' Crusade or the Popular Crusade as it was not part of the official Catholic Church-organised expeditions that came later. Led primarily by Peter the Hermit with forces of Walter Sans Avoir, the army was destroyed by the Seljuk forces of Kilij Arslan at Civetot, northwestern Anatolia.

-Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY


JavelinmenINFANTRY


-Tribal Loose

Fanatical pilgrimsINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -Devastating Chargers,

Fanatic-

Tribal Loose

Upgrade pilgrimsINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear -


PilgrimsINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -Devastating

Chargers-

Tribal Loose

Italian and German crusadersCAVALRY


LancerDevastating

Chargers

UG SizeTraining and

French knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating

ChargersMelee Expert

Formed Loose

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Peoples CrusadeArmy Commander Competent or Mediocre Instinctive 1096 CE to 1096 CESub-Generals Competent or Mediocre Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Peoples Crusade

Changes from last versionFanatics.

Troop NotesThe majority of Peter's army was a band of illiterate peasants. The long tradition for pilgrimages to Jerusalem ensured that the location and distance of the city were known to many. While the majority were unskilled in fighting, there were some well-trained minor knights leading them, such as Walter Sans-Avoir, who were experienced in warfare.



Min


- 4 4,6- 24- 0 4,6- 8- - Any

- 0 4,6- 6- 4 4,6- 18- 0 4,6- 8

- 16 6,8- 32- 0 6,8- 8



Experienced 6,8Crossbow Up to 2/3


Upgrade crossbowmen with armour


Formed Loose

CrossbowmenINFANTRY


Shield CoverFormed Close

ArchersINFANTRY


Spearmen brought by the Count of Flanders

INFANTRYAverage Protected Long Spear -

-----

Crusader spearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shield Cover ShieldwallFormed Close

Poorer knights and sergeants without horses

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear Shield Cover Shieldwall

Formed Close

Crusaders without horsesINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short Spear Shield Cover

Crusader lords and knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating


Formed Loose

ShieldwallFormed Close

SergeantsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating


Formed Loose

Only in 1098 CE - due to loss of horses

Regrade sergeants as up to half of Crusader lords TuG

CAVALRYSuperior Protected -



UG SizeTraining and

Except in 1098 CE

Crusader lords and knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Formed Loose

First CrusadeArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1096 CE to 1099 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive (0-2 in 1098 or 1099 CE) Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive or 1 Professional (Byzantine) Fortified or Mobile; Poor or Average


First Crusade- 0 8,10,12- 36

- 4

- Up to 1/3


- 0 4- 4


Experienced 0 6,9Bow 12Skirmisher

NotesA TuG with Crusader knights may have half the TuG as sergeants. A TuG can consist entirely of sergeants.Pilgrim fanatics do not need to be led by a general to count the Fanatic characteristic. This must be pointed out to your opponent as they are deployed.

Formed Flexible

Byzantine archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Drilled Loose

Byzantine tourkopouloiCAVALRY


-Skirmisher

Byzantine ally (only before 1098 CE)

Byzantine marinesINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -

SkirmishersINFANTRY


- -

-Tribal Loose

Regrade pilgrims as fanaticsINFANTRY


Fanatic-

Tribal Loose

PilgrimsINFANTRY


Chargers


First Crusade

Changes from last versionNone.

Historical NotesThe First Crusade (1095 to 1099 CE) was the first attempt to capture the Holy Land, called on by Pope Urban II in 1095. The response to the call was much greater than even the Pope expected. The crusade was led by some of the most powerful nobles of France. The four main crusader armies left Europe around the appointed time in August 1096. They gathered outside its city walls between November 1096 and April 1097; Hugh of Vermandois arrived first, followed by Godfrey of Bouillon, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, and Bohemond of Taranto.The Crusader armies crossed over into Asia Minor during the first half of 1097. They were joined by the remnants of the People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit. The first objective of their campaign was Nicaea, the capital of the Sultanate of Rum. Kilij Arslan was away campaigning against the Danishmends and rushed back to attack the Crusaders but was driven back by the unexpectedly large crusader force. The city surrendered on 18 June 1097 and was handed over to the Byzantines as previously agreed. At the end of June, the crusaders marched on through Anatolia. They marched in two groups, the Normans in the lead and ahead of the French. Kilij Arslan surrounded the Normans at Dorylaeum but the French arrived sooner than expected and the Turks fled. The crusaders' march through Anatolia was thereafter unopposed but due to the heat and inadequate supplies, discipline broke down, looting was widespread and many Crusaders and horses died of thirst.The Crusader army, meanwhile, marched on to Antioch, which lay about halfway between Constantinople and Jerusalem. The siege was to last 8 months between October 1097 and June 1098. The crusaders were reinforced with supplies and armies in March 1098 and the city fell to bribery. A few days later the Crusaders were themselves besieged by the Turkish army of Kerbogha of Mosul. On 28 June 1098 the Crusaders defeated the Muslims after the Fatamid section deserted the Turkish contingent. The leaders argued amonst themselves so the Crusade was delayed for the rest of the year. Finally, at the beginning of 1099, the march restarted, leaving Bohemond behind as the first Prince of Antioch.Proceeding down the Mediterranean coast, the crusaders encountered little resistance, as local rulers preferred to make peace with them and furnish them with supplies rather than fight. Jerusalem, which had been recaptured from the Seljuqs by the Fatimids only the year before, was reached on 7 June 1099. They resolved to take the city by assault as they could not blockade the city and had little in the way of supplies. An initial assault on 13 June failed, but may have been intended to test the defences. The final assault began on 13 July and was completed on 15 July when the defenders abandoned the city. A massacre of many Muslims and Jews followed. A Fatamid army approached the city but was surprised by an army led by Godfrey of Bouillon.The Kingdom of Jerusalem was formed and when Godfrey died in July 1100, he was succeeded by his brother, Baldwin of Edessa who was the first King of Jerusalem.

Troop NotesThe First Crusade was most likely one of the largest gathering of lords and knights of any army from the west. Despite attempts to forbid certain groups to crusade (including women, monks and the sick), most who took up the call were not knights, but peasants who were not wealthy and had little in the way of fighting skills.


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 2 4,6- 3- 2 - 3

- 2 4,6- 3- 2 - 3

- 4 4,6- 16


- 6 6,8- 24


- 0 6,8,9- 36


SergeantsCAVALRY

Superior Protected -Devastating


Formed Loose

County of EdessaArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1097 CE to 1144 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Plains, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

UG SizeTraining and

Mixed TuGs of 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants before 1130 CE

Frankish knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Formed Loose

CAVALRYMixed TuGs of 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants from 1130 CE

Outremer knights Average -/Fully ArmouredCharging

LancerDevastating


Formed Loose

Outremer sergeantsCAVALRY



Formed Loose

CAVALRYFormed Loose

CAVALRY

-----

Separate sergeants and Armenian cavalry



Foot sergeantsINFANTRY


Regrade separate sergeants as tourkopouloi

Average Unprotected Short Spear - -Formed Flexible


SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear -Integral Shooters,

Combat ShyTribal Close

CrossbowmenINFANTRY



ArchersINFANTRY



County of EdessaExperienced 0 6,9


Bow 18

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

-Skirmisher

AlliesArmenian Cilician allies - Early Armenian CiliciaSyrian States allies (only in 1108 CE)Crusader allies - Early Outremer States (before 1130 CE)



The core of the army was still Frankish but the County relied more on its Armenian subjects than neighbouring states.

Changes from last versionReclassified Outremer knights. Ally restriction.

Crusader allies - Outremer States (from 1130 CE)

NotesA TuG with Frankish knights must take half the TuG as sergeants.Only one external ally may be taken.

Historical NotesIn 1098 CE, Baldwin of Boulogne left the main Crusading army. He went to Edessa, where he convinced its lord, Thoros, to adopt him as son and heir. Thoros may have been assassinated or abdicated but in March 1098 Baldwin succeeded Thoros as ruler, taking the title of Count. In 1100 Baldwin became King of Jerusalem and the title passed to his cousin, Baldwin of Bourgq. The Frankish lords formed a good rapport with their Armenian subjects, and there were frequent intermarriages. In 1104 Baldwin was taken prisoner at the Battle of Harran. Tancred (Bohemond's cousin) became regent until Baldwin was ransomed in 1108. In 1110 all the lands east of the Euphrates were lost to Mawdud of Mosul. Baldwin II became King of Jerusalem in 1118 and Edessa was given to Joscelin of Courtenay. In 1121 Joscelin was taken prisoner and in 1122 Baldwin was captured when he tried to rescue him. Both were released in 1123. In 1131 Joscelin was suceeded by his son Joscelin II. The growing power of Zengi who had united Aleppo and Mosul threatened the County the fall of Edessa in 1144 was the first major setback for Outremer and provoked the Second Crusade. Edessa was briefly taken in 1146 but lost again in the same year. The second Crusade focused on the capture of Antioch.

Troop Notes



Min


- 2 4,6- 8- 2 - 8

- 0 4,6- 6

Experienced 4,6Bow All or none

- 16 6,8- 32





- 12 6- 12

-----

Combat ShyTribal Loose

Only from 1107 to 1110 CE - Norwegian ally command

Norwegian lendermen and bondi

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear

Integral Shooters

-

Maronite or Syrian archersINFANTRY


Formed Loose




Formed Loose

CrossbowmenINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY


SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shield Cover

Regrade separate sergeants as tourkopouloi

CAVALRYAverage Unprotected Short Spear - -

Formed Flexible


CAVALRY-----

Separate sergeants Average ProtectedCharging

LancerDevastating


Formed Loose

ProtectedCharging

LancerDevastating


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Formed Loose

Sergeants and turcopolesCAVALRY



Formed Loose

Early Outremer StatesArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1100 CE to 1129 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Sigurd's crusade from 1107 to 1110 CE) Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

UG SizeTraining and

Mixed TuGs of 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants

Feudal and crusader knightsCAVALRY

Superior


Early Outremer States- 0 8,10,12

- 24

- 4

- Up to 1/3


Historical NotesThis list covers the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli.Jerusalem was captured by the First Crusade. The number of Latin inhabitants increased as the minor crusade of 1101 brought reinforcements. Acre was captured in 1104 CE, Beirut in 1110 and Sidon in 1111. Baldwin successfully defended the kingdom against the Fatamids from the south and from Damascus and Mosul to the north. Baldwin died without heir in 1118 and after the kingdom was rejected by his brother Eustace, passed to his cousin, Baldwin who had previously succeeded him in Edessa. Baldwin II's reign saw the establishment of the military orders. Tyre was captured in 1124 with support from the Venetians. He died in 1131.Antioch was captured during the First Crusade and held by Bohemond and his Italian Normans. Following Bohemond's capture in 1100 his nephew Tancred became regent. Tancred succeeded Bohemond in 1111 but died in 1112. Although Bohemond had sworn to return Antioch to the Byzantines upon his death Tancred refused. Bohemond II suceeded under the regency of Tancred's nephew, Roger of Salerno, but he was killed in 1119 and Antioch became a vassal state of Jerusalem. Bohemond II ruled for four years from 1126 until succeeded by his four-year old daughter Constance.The County of Tripoli was created after the region was captured by Crusaders in 1109. Bertrand of Toulouse was created the first Count of Tripoli as a vassal of King Baldwin of Jerusalem.

AlliesCounty of Edessa allies Armenian Cilician allies - Early Armenian Cilicia

Damascus or minor state allies - Syrian States (from 1114 to 1115 CE)

NotesA TuG with knights must take half the TuG as sergeants.Pilgrim fanatics do not need to be led by a general to count the Fanatic characteristic. This must be pointed out to your opponent as they are deployed.Norwegian troops are only compulsory if a Norwegian allied contingent is taken.Only one ally (including Norwegians) may be taken.

Bedouin allies - Bedouin Dynasties

-Tribal Loose

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Regrade pilgrims as fanaticsINFANTRY


Fanatic

PilgrimsINFANTRY


Chargers-

Tribal Loose


Early Outremer StatesTroop NotesThe army was mainly Frankish but started incorporating native Syrian elements. The Pope granted protection to the Templars in 1128 CE.

Changes from last version01: Reclassified Outremer knights. Ally restriction. 02: Corrected error with separate sergeants.



Min


- 6 4,6- 18- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 12


- 24 6,8,9- 64- 0 6,8,9- 32- 6,8,9- Up to half


- 0 6,8,9- 18- 0 8,9,10- 10


AyyarunINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - -


Ghazi and other volunteersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected -Devastating

Chargers-

Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


-Tribal Close

Further upgrade infantryINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -Formed Close

Upgrade infantryINFANTRY


-Formed Flexible

Baghdad infantryINFANTRY

Poor Protected Short Spear - ShieldwallTribal Close

TurcomansCAVALRY


Combat ShyFormed Flexible




Formed Loose


Average Unprotected Long Spear -

-Formed Loose

MamluksCAVALRY


Upgrade Baghdad cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Protected Long Spear -

UG SizeTraining and

Baghdad cavalryCAVALRY


Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Up to 1 Turcoman, 1 Bedouin) Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Post Seljuk AbbasidArmy Commander Any 1120 CE to 1259 CESub-Generals Any Standard, Plains


Post Seljuk Abbasid

- 8 4,6- 18- 0 4,6- 6



NotesIf more than 1 UG of Turocman are used, then a Turcoman allied general must command all and only Turcomans.Bedouin cavalry are only mandatory if a Bedouin contingent is taken.Only one external ally may be taken.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesThis list covers the caliphal armies of Baghdad in the period following the collapse of the Great Seljuq Empire until the Mongol conquest.


- Combat ShySkirmisher

AlliesSeljuk Atabeg allies - Later Seljuk Empire (to 1194 CE)Syrian Atabeg allies - Syrian States (to 1174 CE)

Skirmisher

Skimishing javelinmenINFANTRY


- Combat ShyFormed Loose

Skimishing archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Formed Flexible

Armoured cavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Long Spear

Bedouin contingent


Average Unprotected Long Spear - Combat Shy


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 2 4,6- 8- 0 4- 2- 2 - 8

- 0 4- 4- 16 6,8- 32








INFANTRY


Arriere-banINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Maronite or Syrian archersINFANTRY



Feudal and crusader knightsCAVALRY

Average -/Fully ArmouredCharging

LancerDevastating


Formed Loose

-----


LancerDevastating


-Skirmisher

SkirmishersINFANTRY




Melee Expert



CAVALRY

Formed Loose

Formed Loose


- -

CrossbowmenINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics



SpearmenINFANTRY



Average Protected -

Outremer StatesArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1130 CE to 1187 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive or (if Military Order) Professional Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Upgrade knightsCAVALRY

Superior -/Fully ArmouredCharging

Lancer

UG SizeTraining and Name

Type


Outremer States

- 0 4,6- 4- 0 - 4

- 0 4

- 4


Military order knights Superior -/Fully ArmouredCharging

LancerDevastating


Military order sergeants and turcopoles



Byzantine allies - Komnenan Byzantine (only in 1169 and 1177 CE)

NotesExcept for Brother knights, a TuG with knights must take half the TuG as sergeants. The army may have a single Military Order commander who must be Professional. Military Order troops must be commanded by the Military Order commander. A Military Order commander can command other troops. Only one external ally may be taken.

Armenian Cilician allies - Early Armenian Cilicia (before 1151 CE)

French allies - Feudal French (only 2nd Crusade in 1148 CE)Fatamid allies - Later Fatamid Egyptian (only in 1167 CE)

Allies

Brother knightsCAVALRY


Lancer

TurcopolesCAVALRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear - -Drilled Flexible

Imperial German allies - Early Imperial German (only 2nd Crusade in 1148 CE)

Armenian Cilician allies - Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (from 1151 CE)Saracen allies - Syrian States (not Zenghid and until 1174 CE)

CAVALRYFormed Loose

Devastating Chargers, Melee

ExpertFanatic

Drilled Loose

CAVALRYFormed Loose

Military Orders

-----



Outremer States

Changes from last versionReclassified Outremer and military order knights. Ally restriction.

The kingdom of Jerusalem relied on the military orders and the mercenaries they hired to supplement the kingdom's own resources. During the 12th century the armour used by knights increased but armies were largely unchanged.

Historical NotesIn 1131 CE Baldwin II died. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter Melisende and her husband Fulk V of Anjou. He was not popular and in 1132 Antioch, Tripoli and Edessa all asserted their independence. He defeated Tripoli and married Melisdende's niece to his relative Raymond of Poitiers. The Kingdom now faced the growing threat of the atabeg Zengi of Mosul who took control of Aleppo and had his sights set on Damascus. Fulk died in 1143 and Zengi invaded and conquered Edessa in 1144. The fall of Edessa shocked Europe and led to the Second Crusade arriving in 1148. The crusading kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany agreed to attack Damascus. The subsequent siege was a failure and the French and German armies returned home.Melisende ruled as regent long after Baldwin III came of age. Baldwin III was crowned as sole ruler in 1153 but had to seize the south of the Kingdom from his mother and her supporters. The threat from Egypt was removed due to weak caliphs and the capture of the fortress at Ascalon and a tribute imposed.Baldwin III had died in 1162 and the kingdom passed to his brother Amalric. Zengi's successor Nur ad-Din was now the major threat to the Kingdom. An alliance was agreed with the Byzantine Empire. This prevented Nur ad-Din seizing Antioch, but Nur-ad-Din's general Shirkuh was able to seize Egypt. He died in 1169 to be succeeded by Saladin. Amalric and Nur ad-Din both died in 1174. Baldwin IV reached his majority in 1176 but as a leper could not have children. Succession issues dominated the kingdom. Baldwin however proved a good military leader and defeated Saladin in 1177. In 1183 Saladin was finally able to gain control of Aleppo. The Kingdom had to introduce a general tax to recruited enough troops to meet the threat.On July 4 1187, Saladin destroyed the army of the kingdom at the Battle of Hattin. In the next few months the entire kingdom was overrun. The fall of Jerusalem led to the Third Crusade launched in 1189.

Troop Notes



Min



Experienced 4,6Bow Any



- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4- 4- 0 6,8- 16


Experienced 0 6Crossbow 6



Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

JavelinmenINFANTRY





CrossbowmenINFANTRY

Average Protected - - Combat shyFormed Loose

ArchersINFANTRY



SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -Tribal Close

Byzantine cavalryCAVALRY


Lancer-


Armenian mercenary cavalryCAVALRY



Formed Loose

Frankish mercenariesCAVALRY


LancerDevastating

Chargers

-Formed Flexible

Arab cavalryCAVALRY






Upgrade Nobles as MamluksCAVALRY


NoblesCAVALRY


-Drilled Loose

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Sultanate of RumArmy Commander Any Professional 1140 CE to 1276 CESub-Generals Any Professional (0-1 from 1246 CE) Standard, PlainsInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (Turcoman) Unfortified; Poor or Average


Sultanate of RumExperienced 0 6,9




NotesA Turcoman ally can only command Turcomans. A Turcoman ally general must be used if more than 24 Turcomans are taken.Only one external ally may be taken.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesThe Sultanate of Rum started to secede from the Great Seljuk Empire as early as 1077 CE. Rum reflects the Arabic name of Anatolia. The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades, and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion in 1243. From this point they became vassals of the Ilkhanid Mongols.

Troop NotesThe Sultanate of Rum was influenced by the Byzantine territories they conquered and from fighting the Crusaders.The allied Syrian State was ruled by al-Ashraf, an Ayyubid who ruled Damascus, the Jazira and Khilat.

-Skirmisher

AlliesDanishmend allies - Early Turcoman BeyliksAyyubid Syrian State allies (only in 1230 CE)Khwarazmian allies (from 1232 to 1234 CE)

NaffatunINFANTRY


-Skirmisher






1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 6 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 12


- 0 4,6- 3- 0- 3- 16 6,8,9- 60


- 0 6,8- 8




*see note


SkirmishersINFANTRY


JavelinmenINFANTRY



Frankish mercenary crossbowmen


Formed Loose

Frankish mercenary spearmen

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear Shield Cover

Integral Shooters, Combat shyTribal Close

ArchersINFANTRY


SpearmenINFANTRY



Sergeants supporting knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating


Formed Loose

Frankish knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating

Chargers


Imitation Mongols (from 1260 CE)

CAVALRYAverage Unprotected Short Spear - -

Formed Flexible



Upgrade cavalry as Armenian knights


Charging Lancer

- Melee ExpertFormed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY


Lancer-

Noble cavalry and followersCAVALRY


LancerDevastating

Chargers-

Formed Loose


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Armenian Kingdom of CiliciaArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1151 CE to 1375 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average


Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia


NotesOnly one ally may be taken. *Frankish knights must be supported by a rear rank of sergeants.

Historical NotesThe Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia proved a strong ally of the European Crusaders. In 1198 CE Levon the Magnificent of the Rubenid dynasty became the first king. In 1226 the crown was passed to the Hethumids. As the Mongols approached Syria, Hethun sought to create an alliance against common foes, most notably the Mamluks. Despite paying tributes to the Mamluks, the city of Tarsus was taken in 1275. In 1281 a truce was forced on Armenia. A further truce with harsher terms was imposed in 1285. Despite these, the Mamluks again invaded in 1292 and Hrmokia was sacked. The Mamluks continued to attack the kingdom. In 1342, Guy de Lusignan was anointed as King Constantine II. The new rulers tried to impose their Catholicism which was resisted by many Armenians. Amidst failed Armenian pleas for help from Europe, the fall of Sis to the Mamluks in 1374 and the fortress of Gaban in 1375, where King Levon V, his daughter Marie, and her husband Shahan had taken refuge, put an end to the kingdom.

Troop NotesSome Armenians adopted Frankish armour. Also many Armenian fortresses were manned by Crusaders including the Military Orders.

AlliesCrusader allies - Outremer States (before 1188 CE)Crusader allies - Later Crusader (from 1188 to 1263 CE)Seljuk Turk allies - Sultanate of Rum (from 1220 to 1246 CE)Ilkhanid Mongol allies - Ilkhanate (from 1260 CE)Cypriot allies - Lusignan Cypriot (from 1300 CE)


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


Skilled 0 4,6Bow 6


- 4 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 8- 0 4,6- 6



- 0 6,8,9- 18



- 0 6,8,9- 18- 0 6,8,9- 9



SkirmishersINFANTRY



Poor Protected Short Spear Shieldwall

Combat shyFormed Loose

Muttawwi and Ghazi volunteers



-Tribal Loose

CrossbowmenINFANTRY


-Formed Close

Sudanese archers (before 1244 CE)

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Formed Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY


-Formed Flexible



Formed Flexible

Turcoman tribesmen (before 1244 CE)






Formed Loose



QaraghulamsCAVALRY

Average Protected Long Spear - -Formed Loose

Asadiyya, Tawashi and other provincial mamluks

CAVALRYSuperior Protected Short Spear -

Sultan's mamluksCAVALRY


-Drilled Loose

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Ayyubid EgyptianArmy Commander Any Professional 1171 CE to 1250 CESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, CoastalInternal Allied Generals Unfortified; Poor or Average


Ayyubid EgyptianExperienced 0 6,9Crossbow 9

Experienced 0 6,9Sling 9


Feigned flight. Ally restriction.

Only one external ally may be taken.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesSalah ad-Din (Saladin) was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty after abolishing the Fatamid Caliphate. In the following years, he led forays against the Crusaders in Palestine, commissioned the successful conquest of Yemen, and staved off pro-Fatimid rebellions in Upper Egypt. After the death of Nar ad-Din in 1174 CE he conquered Syria, capturing Aleppo in 1182. Ultimately he failed to take the Zengid stronghold of Mosul. In 1187 he defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin and captured Palestine. He died in 1193.After the death of Saladin in 1193, his sons contested control of the sultanate, but Saladin's brother al-Adil became the paramount Ayyubid sultan in 1200, and all of the later Ayyubid sultans of Egypt were his descendants. In the 1230s, the emirs of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and the Ayyubid realm remained divided until Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored its unity by conquering most of Syria, except Aleppo, by 1247. In 1250 the Mamluk generals who had defeated a Crusader invasion of the Nile Delta ended Ayyubid power in Egypt.

Troop NotesSultan's Mamluks could include Saladins Salabiyya or elite Tawashi. Toassin were elite white mamluks. Halqa were non-mamluk elite cavalry. Some cavalry are described as "mudajjaj" - referring possibly to heavy armour. Qaraghulams were probably Berbers and negroes armed with lance, progressively replaced by Kurds. Infantry were now used only in a supporting role. The Sudanese archers were new regiments raised by Saladin to replace those he had massacred in 1169 CE.


-Skirmisher

AlliesAyyubid Syrian States alliesKhwarazmian allies (from 1244 to 1245 CE)

Notes

NaffatunINFANTRY


-Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY





1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 2 4,6- 4- 2 - 4

- 0 4,6- 4- 0 - 4

- 0 4- 4- 12 6,8- 32





Formed Loose

Later CrusaderArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1188 CE to 1291 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive or up to 2 (if Military Order) Professional Standard, Coastal, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

UG SizeTraining and


Outremer and crusader knights


Charging Lancer


Melee Expert

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Formed Loose

CAVALRYOnly in 3rd Crusade (1189 to 1192) and 5th Crusade (1213 to 1221)

Crusader knights Superior -/Fully ArmouredCharging

LancerDevastating


Formed Loose

Crusader sergeantsCAVALRY



Formed Loose

CAVALRYFormed Loose

INFANTRY

------


LancerDevastating


ArchersINFANTRY


Spearmen Average Protected Short Spear Shield Cover ShieldwallFormed Close


Later CrusaderExperienced 6 6,8Crossbow 24


Experienced 6,8Crossbow All or none

Experienced Crossbow




- 0 4,6- 4- 0 - 4

- 0 4

- 4





Formed Loose

CrossbowmenINFANTRY


INFANTRY

Arriere-ban or Egyptian infantry

INFANTRYPoor Unprotected Short Spear - -

Tribal Loose

Maronite or Syrian archers Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyTribal Loose

SkirmishersINFANTRY


CAVALRYFormed Loose

Military order knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating


Brother knightsCAVALRY


Lancer


ExpertFanatic

Formed Loose

Military Orders (up to two contingents)


Drilled Loose

-----




- -Drilled Flexible

TurcopolesCAVALRY


Replace Crossbowmen with mixed TuGs, 1/2 spearmen, 1/2 Crossbowmnen (from 1191 CE)

Spearmen with crossbowmen

Average Protected Short Spear Shield Cover -Formed Close

-----

Formed Loose

INFANTRY

Rear rank crossbowmenINFANTRY

Average Protected - - Combat Shy


Later Crusader

01: Reclassified Outremer and military order knights. 02: Revised troop notes suggestion for tent pegs.

Sub-generals can be military order (Templar or Hospitaller). They can command other troops as well as their own military order contingent. If no military order general is used, only a minimum sized single TuG of military order troops can be taken. The maximums listed in the military order contingents apply to each contingent. Except for Brother knights, a TuG with knights must take half the TuG as sergeants.If mixed TuGs of Spearmen and Crossbowmen are taken, then the minimum and maximum number of spearmen is reduced by half the number of bases in the mixed TuGs.

Historical NotesThis list covers the 3rd Crusade (1189 to 1192 CE) and 5th Crusade (1213 to 1221) , but not the 4th Crusade. It covers the 7th Crusade when based in Acre. The 6th Crusade (1228) involved very little fighting but enabled the Kingdom of Jerusalem to gain some control over areas of the Holy Land. It also covers the Kingdom of Acre (sometimes called the Second Kingdom of Jerusalem) that was re-established after the Third Crusade and lasted until the city was destroyed in 1291, the Principality of Antioch until 1268 and the County of Tripoli until 1289.The Third Crusade was largely successful in capturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to capture Jerusalem, the emotional and spiritual motivation of the Crusade. The Fifth Crusade was an attempt to reacquire Jerusalem by conquering the Ayyubid state in Egypt. It occupied the port of Damietta but failed to take Cairo due to dwindling supplies. A night-time attack by Sultan Al-Kamil resulted in a great number of crusader losses, and eventually in the surrender of the army. After Louis surrendered Damietta to Egypt in May 1250, he made an alliance with the Mamluks and established a new base at Acre. He returned to France in 1254, but a French garrison remained until the fall of Acre in 1291.

Troop NotesRichard the Lionheart introduced the idea of mixing crossbowmen and spearmen. It may have been copied by later commanders.The tent pegs used by Richard at Jaffa in 1192 CE could be represented by a special rough going terrain selection that is treated as good going by close order infantry.


AlliesAyyubid Syrian States allies (from 1244 to 1245 and 1252 to 1253 CE)

Notes



Min






- 0 4,6- 12- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 8- 6 6,8,9- 18- 0 6,8- 8



- 0 6,8,9- 18

-Tribal Loose





Syrian crossbowmenINFANTRY

Average Protected - - Combat shyFormed Loose

Syrian archersINFANTRY


Combat ShyTribal Close

Upgrade Syrian spearmen as mercenaries

INFANTRYAverage Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -

Formed Close

Syrian spearmenINFANTRY





Kurdish or Armenian cavalryCAVALRY


Lancer-

-Formed Flexible







MamluksCAVALRY


Guard mamluksCAVALRY


-Drilled Loose

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Ayyubid Syrian StatesArmy Commander Any Professional 1193 CE to 1285 CESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, PlainsInternal Allied Generals Any Professional (Syrian) or Any Instinctive (1 Turcoman) Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average


Ayyubid Syrian States- 0 6,8,9- 18- 0 6,8,9- 9

Unskilled 0 6,8Bow 18





A Turcoman ally can only command Turcomans.Only one external ally may be taken.This army may use Feigned Flight.

Historical NotesAfter the death of Saladin, the provincial Ayyubid dynasties retained control in Syria until absorbed by the Mamluks. They received religious support from the Abbasid Caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongols in 1258 CE.

AlliesArmenian Cilician allies - Armenian Kingdom of CiliciaLater Crusader alliesSultanate of Rum allies (only in 1240 CE)Khwarazmian allies (only Damascus in 1246 CE)

Notes


NaffatunINFANTRY




Shoot & ChargeTribal Loose



JavelinmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear -


Ahdath archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -Tribal Loose




Poor Protected Short Spear Shieldwall Integral ShootersTribal Close


Ayyubid Syrian States

Feigned flight. Ally restriction.

Troop NotesThe Syrians continued the same styles of fighting that had existed since before Ayyubid times.




Min


- 4 4,6- 9- 4 - 9

- 0 4,6- 4- 0 - 4

- 0 6,8- 24







-Skirmisher







Average Unprotected - - -Skirmisher

ArchersINFANTRY


Mercenary crossbowmenINFANTRY

Average Protected - - Combat ShyDrilled Loose

CrossbowmenINFANTRY


SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear Shieldwall -Formed Close


SergeantsCAVALRY

Average Protected - - Melee ExpertFormed Loose

------

Mixed TuG comprising 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants

KnightsCAVALRY



Formed Loose

-/Fully ArmouredCharging

LancerDevastating


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

Formed Loose

Best sergeantsCAVALRY



Formed Loose

Seventh CrusadeArmy Commander Any Instinctive 1249 CE to 1250 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive or up to 1 (if Military Order) Professional Standard, CoastalInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Fortified; Poor or Average

UG SizeTraining and

Mixed TuG comprising 1/2 knights and 1/2 sergeants

Best knightsCAVALRY

Superior


Seventh Crusade

- 0 4,6- 4- 0 - 4

- 0 4

- 4


Changes from last versionReclassified military order knights.


Military order knightsCAVALRY


LancerDevastating





Historical NotesThe Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. This list covers the operations in Egypt. Damietta , a port on the Nile, was taken in June 1249 with little resistance. Louis however did not take into account the Nile flooding and the fleet and army was grounded for six months. In November Louis marched towards Cairo. A force led by Robert of Artois alongside the Templars and an English contingent were defeated at the Battle of Al Mansurah. Louis was defeated by the Mamluk Baibars but attempted to besiege Mansourah. In the end it was the Crusaders who starved rather than the Egyptians. Louis tried to return to Damietta but was captured at the Battle of Fariskur where his army was annihilated. Louis fell ill with dysentery but was cured. He was ransomed and agreed to surrender Damietta. Louis made an alliance with the Mamluks who were rivals of the Sultan of Damascus and left for Acre.

Troop NotesLouis raised 3,000 knights and 5,000 crossbowmen in a 15,000 strong army. This included English, Achaian, Syrian Frankish, Hospitaller and Templar knights.

FanaticDrilled Loose

NotesA military order commander can command other troops as well as their own military order contingent. If no military order general is used, only a minimum sized single TuG of military order troops can be taken.Spearmen and crossbowmen cannot be mixed.

CAVALRYSuperior -/Fully Armoured

Charging Lancer


Expert

TurcopolesCAVALRY

Average Unprotected Short Spear - -Drilled Flexible

CAVALRYFormed Loose

Formed Loose

-----

Military Order Contingent

Brother knights


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


Skilled 0 4,6Bow 12

Skilled 0 4,6Bow 6




- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 4,6- 18



- 0 6,8,9- 9

Mamluk EgyptianArmy Commander Any Professional 1250 CE to 1517 CESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, CoastalInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Melee

Weaponry

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Royal mamluksCAVALRY


Melee ExpertDrilled Loose

Amirs' mamluksCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Drilled Loose

Upgrade Royal mamluks (from 1260 CE)

CAVALRYSuperior

ArmHrs/ Protected

Short Spear -

-Drilled Loose

Al Halqa (before 1316 CE)CAVALRY


Upgrade mamluksCAVALRY


-Formed Loose

Al Halqa (from 1316 to 1341 CE)

CAVALRYPoor Protected Short Spear - -

Formed Loose

Al Ashir cavalry (before 1316 CE)

CAVALRYAverage Protected Long Spear -

-Formed Loose

Al Halqa (from 1342 CE)CAVALRY

Poor Protected Short Spear - -Formed Loose

Al Ashir cavalry (from 1316 to 1341 CE)

CAVALRYPoor Protected Long Spear -


Turcoman mercenariesCAVALRY




-Formed Flexible

HillmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Upgrade Turcoman mercenaries



Mamluk EgyptianExperienced 0 6,8

Bow 18Experienced 0 6Crossbow 6

- 0 6,8,9- 9



Experienced 6

Firearm All

Experienced 0 2Light Art 2


CrossbowmenINFANTRY

Average Protected - - Combat ShyFormed Loose

Al Ashir archersINFANTRY


-Tribal Loose

SkirmishersINFANTRY





-Skirmisher

Replace Naffatun with Handgunners (from 1490 CE)


Skirmisher

NaffatunINFANTRY


BarricadesSkirmisher

AlliesAyyubid Syrian States allies

Historical NotesMamluk control of Egypt arose in 1250 CE when a group of Mamluks assasinated the lasy Ayyubid sultan Turanshah. This led to factional power struggles amongst the Mamluks. Meanwhile in 1258 the Mongols sacked Baghdad and proceeded westwards capturing Aleppo and Damascus. A threatened invasion of Egypt was averted when the Mongol leader Hulagu left to claim the Mongol throne. The Mamluks under Qutuz advanced into Palestine and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260. On his return to Cairo Qutuz was assassinated and the Bahri Mamluk Sultanate was established by Baybars.Baybars initiated an aggressive policy of attacking and destroying Crusader fortresses. He also extended Mamluk control south into the Nubian kingdom of Makuria. He died in 1277. In 1280 the Mamluks defeated an Ilkhanid army at Homs which confirmed the Mamluk dominance of Syria. In 1291 the Mamluks captured Acre, the last Crusader fortress in Palestine, allowing the Mamluks to rule all of Syria. A further Ilkhanid invasion was defeated in 1303. A further invasion was defeated in 1313 and the a peace treaty agreed in 1322. After 1341 the Mamluks entered a period of political instability. A planned invasion of Armenia, the main Christian state, was abandoned after an invasion of Alexandria by Peter I of Cyprus.The 15th century saw the Mamluks compete with the rising Ottoman Empire for influence in Anatolia. In 1501 conflict broke out between Egypt and the Safavid dynasty in Persia. In 1516 the Ottomans invaded, the Egyptian cavalry proving no match for the Ottoman artillery and janissaries. In 1517 Ottoman Selim I captured Cairo and Egypt became a vassal of the Ottomans.

Light guns (from 1340 CE)ARTILLERY



Mamluk EgyptianTroop NotesThe failure of the Ilkhanids to defeat the Mamluks may have been in part due to dry conditions in Syria and Palestine. A Mongol warrior on campaign needed six or seven ponies to meet his logistical needs. A Mamluk warrior had one horse. Each horse requires a lot of water each day. It is clear however that the Mamluks were capable of meeting and defeating Mongol armies. Infantry were second rate troops and largely used for sieges and usually took a defensive stance in battles.At the end of Mamluk rule there is an account of 600 sets of horse armour issued to the sultan's elite made of steel and coloured velvet.



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