most-motivational states theory

8/7/2019 MoST-Motivational States Theory

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Well-being Enhancement:Mindfulness & Positive Psychology Training

Jung-Ho Kim, Ph.D.Department of Psychology

Duksung Womens UniversitySeoul, KOREA

[email protected]

The 4th Asian Congress of Health PsychologyTaipei, Taiwan

26-31 August 2010


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(Shui Sheng Huo Xiang)

(Soo Seug Wha Kang)

Water Up Fire Down


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What is well-being? What is well-being

enhancement? Without clear definitions of the concepts we cannot

expect development of scientific research on them. Theory based definitions!

Positive Psychology Strategies

Mindfulness

Both are complementary to each other for well-being enhancement. -> Mindfulness-Positivepsychology Training(MPT)


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What is well-being?

What is time?

What time is it?


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Motivational States Theory (MoST):

Kim(2006); Kim&Kim(1998); Kim,Kim,&Kim(1999)

Theory of stress and well-being

Background of MoST Lack of communication between the two research

camps => Integration!

Lack of clear definitions on stress and well-being

What is well-being? What is stress?

States of motivations


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States of motivations (MoST)

(Present vs. Future) * (Frustration vs. Fulfillment)

Without motivations, no stress, no well-being. =>Motivation Management

STRESS WELL-BEING

Motivation Frustration Motivation Fulfillment

Motivation FrustrationExpectancy

Motivation FulfillmentExpectancy


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Lazaruss Model:

The three kinds of appraisal on the interaction between theperson and the environment

No appraisal, no stress?

-> Model of psychological stress

stressful Neutral(Irrelevant )

benign

Harm

Threat

Challenge


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Stressful appraisals

Harm

refers to psychological damage that had alreadybeen done.

Threat is the anticipation of harm that has not yet taken

place but may be imminent.

Challenge

results from difficult demands that we feelconfident about overcoming by effectivelymobilizing and deploying our coping resources.


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What Lazarus missed

Challenge

is the state of motivation fulfillment expectancy,i.e., well-being,

not the state of motivation frustration expectancy.

Mystery:

Why is challenge classified as a kind of psychologicalstress?

(cf) Eustress of Selye

Eustress is an inappropriate concept.

Eustress is not stress but well-being.


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Limitations of Lazaruss Model

His model is limited to psychological stress

Stress is defined in terms of well-being

'psychological' stress: "a particular relationshipbetween the person and the environment that is

appraised by the person

as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and

as endangering his or her well-being" (Lazarus& Folkman, 1984, 19).


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Adjustment of Lazaruss Model into MoST

stressful Neutral(Irrelevant )

benign

Harm ?

Threat Challenge


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Local Stress Frustration of a motivation

Frustration expectancy of a motivation

Local Well-being

Fulfillment of a motivation Fulfillment expectancy of a motivation

Global Well-being Judgment on the total states of ones motivations

Cognitive judgment Emotional judgment

What is (Global) Well-being?


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(Indices of) Global Well-being

Subjective Well-being(SWB): Diener, et al.; (


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Satisfaction with Life Scale(Diener et al.)

Below are five statements that you may agree or disagree with. Using the 1 -

7 scale below indicate your agreement with each item by placing theappropriate number on the line preceding that item. Please be open andhonest in your responding.

7 - Strongly agree6 - Agree

5 - Slightly agree4 - Neither agree nor disagree3 - Slightly disagree2 - Disagree1 - Strongly disagree

_____ In most ways my life is close to my ideal._____ The conditions of my life are excellent._____ I am satisfied with my life._____ So far I have gotten the important things I want in life_____ If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.


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Are Koreans unhappy?

Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener at al.) -> Motivation Fulfillment: O.K.

-> Motivation Fulfillment Expectancy: ?

His scale is not comprehensive. (cf) The world belongs to the discontented.-John

Pemberton(Founder of Coca-Cola)

There are people who are not satisfied but

confident of being satisfied. According to MoST we need a scale

measuring not only life satisfaction but alsolife satisfaction expectancy.


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Life Satisfaction Expectancy Scale(Kim et al.)

Below are five statements that you may agree or disagree with. Using the 1 -

7 scale below indicate your agreement with each item by placing theappropriate number on the line preceding that item. Please be open andhonest in your responding.

7 - Strongly agree6 - Agree

5 - Slightly agree4 - Neither agree nor disagree3 - Slightly disagree2 - Disagree1 - Strongly disagree

_____ In the future, I expect my life to be close to my ideal._____ In the future, my living circumstances will improve._____ In the future, I will be more satisfied with my life._____ In the future, I will accomplish more things that are important in my life_____ In the future, I will grow and improve.


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Psychological Well-Being(PWB)(Ryff)

psychological well-being as consisting of 6 dimensions: autonomy,

a sense of self-determination, independence, and freedom from norms

environmental mastery, the ability to manage life and ones surroundings

personal growth, open to new experiences as well as having continued personal growth

positive relations with others,

high quality, satisfying relationships with others purpose in life,

having life goals and a belief that ones life is meaningful

self-acceptance. a positive attitude toward oneself and ones past life

Some problems

Validity Assumptions Measurement

Strength vs. States of motivations

Ground of the 6 dimensions


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Subjective Happiness Scale(SHS)(Lyubomirsky)

For each of the following statements and/or questions, please circle the point on the scale that youfeel is most appropriate in describing you.

1. In general, I consider myself:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

not a very

happy

person

2. Compared to most of my peers, I consider myself:1 2 3 4 5 6 7

less

happy

3. Some people are generally very happy. They enjoy life regardless of what is going on, getting themost out of everything. To what extent does this describe you?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

not at

all

4. Some people are generally not very happy. Although they are not depressed, they never seem ashappy as they might be. To what extent does this describe you?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

not at

all Note: Item #4 is reverse coded.


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SDT & MoST

No scale measuring global well-being

Combination of SDT * MoST

3 basic motivations(needs) + othermotivations

3 basic needs are too basic and are onlypsychological needs.

States of motivations


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Management of Motivations is essential for well-beingenhancement.

Without motivations, no stress, no well-being.

(Even though we have motivations) Without activationof motivations, no stress, no well-being.

Rumination of stress intensifies stress.

Counting ones blessings prolongs ones well-being.


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Local Well-being Enhancement

Fulfilling motivations. Anticipation of fulfilling motivations.

Global Well-being Enhancement Reducing motivation frustration & motivation

frustration anticipation Increasing motivation fulfillment & motivation

fulfillment anticipation Which motivations to discard? Which motivations to pursue?

Harmony (Balance) of fulfillment amongmotivations

(cf) relativity of value


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MoST Stress Management -> Stress/Well-being Management (= Motivation

Management)

Reducing/Eliminating/Preventing Stress

Reduction/Elimination/Prevention of Motivation Frustration

Modification of Motivations

Reduction/Elimination/Prevention of Motivation FrustrationAnticipation


Increasing Well-being

Increase of Motivation Fulfillment


Increase of Motivation Fulfillment Anticipation Modification of Motivations

Reducing/Eliminating/Preventing stress can be helpful in increasingwell-being.

Increasing well-being can be reducing/eliminating/preventing stress.


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Positive Psychology Strategies

Focus on enhancement of positives (happiness, health, flourishing, etc)

rather than elimination or reduction of negatives(pains, symptoms,troubles, traumas, disorders, etc.)

(i.e.,) Focus on enhancement of well-being (motivation fulfillment andmotivation fulfillment expectancy)

rather than elimination or reduction of stress (motivation frustration and

motivation frustration) Directly building positive resources may successfully counteract negative

symptoms and may also buffer against their future reoccurrence. (Seligman,et al., 2006, 774)

Enhancing human positives

Hedonic WB

Eudaimonic WB


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Positive psychotherapy(PPT) : Seligman et al.

Increasing (the 3 elements of well-being) Positive emotion

Positive emotion about the present(e.g., satisfaction orgratification from immediate pleasure), past(e.g., satisfaction,contentment), and future(e.g., hope, optimism)

Learning the skill to amplify the intensity and duration ofthese emotions

Engagement

Identify peoples highest talents and strengths(e.g., creativity,

and then help them to find opportunities to use thesestrengths more

Meaning

Using ones signature strengths and talents to belong to and

serve something than the self (e.g., family, community,religion, nation)


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Correlation Data

The pursuit of meaning and engagement were robustlycorrelated with higher life satisfaction (rs = .39 and .39,respectively) and lower depression (rs = .32 and .32,respectively)

The pursuit of pleasure was only marginally correlated with

higher life satisfaction (r = .18) and lower depression (r = -.15). PPT intervention

PPT delivered to groups significantly decreased levels of mild-to-moderate depression through 1-year follow-up

PPT delivered to individuals produced higher remission rates

than did treatment as usual and treatment as usual plusmedication among outpatients with major depressive disorder


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Positive psychotherapy(2): Peseschkian, et al.

Well-being list technique: Kim et al.

Happiness enhancement techniques: Lyubomirsky

Based on experimental research

Solution-focused therapy: de Shazer; Berg; O'Connell &Palmer)

Hope therapy: Lopez, et al.


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Possible Problems of Positive PsychologyStrategies

Positivity vs. Growth

Possible misunderstanding/side-effects of positive psychology Obsession to positivity

Suppression/denial of his negativity

Secret?

Compelled positivity (Pushing positivity to others)

Too much is not better than too little. ()

Fall into neither side.

Positivity is not possible without negativity

(cf) appropriate negativity (Fredrickson et al.)

(), the 3rd patriarch of Zen Buddhism : () () Getting Tao is not difficult.

() Only keep off discrimination.

() Just stop liking and disliking.

() Then it would be clear.


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Tennis Experience

No regret in life --- Good life?

I wouldnt have any regrets if I died right now.


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Is this real?

Living in a dream (world)? Inception

Living in a dream of a dream of a dream?

Changzu() Butterfly

How do you know this is real?


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MINDFULNESS

Bare Attention -> Bare Awareness

which is devoid of the activation of any motivation and cognition

except keeping the object of attention in mind.

Meta-Attention -> Meta-Awareness

Attention on our experience which is product of our common attention Make a distance between our awareness and experience

If attention on our experience make no distance between our awarenessand experience, we may call it neurotic attention.

(ex) public speech phobia

(Without a distance nobody can see anything.) Keep us objective on our experience

(cf) Common Attention

Our prior motivations and cognitions influence our information-processing.


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Kinds of Mindfulness

Breathing Mindfulness

Action Mindfulness

Choiceless Mindfulness

Monitoring Mindfulness


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Breathing Mindfulness Objects of mindfulness:

Sensations of Breathing touch, warmth, wetness, etc.

Stopping our motivations and cognitions

Take a rest!

P.I.D.(Put It Down): During B-M forget anything, whatever it is.

Let It Be Let It Go

Effortless Effort

Dont push it to hard.

Give us peace Return the scale of weighing scales to 0(zero).

Give us chance to watch our motivations and cognitions

Make us to train/manage our attention (-> mind)

Stress/Symptom-evoking motivations/cognitions are deconditioned.


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Action Mindfulness Objects of mindfulness:

Sensations of Our Daily Routine Action (ex) washing dishes, brushing teeth, cleaning rooms,

taking a shower, eating, drinking, walking, putting anentrance machine of MRT with a coin, etc.

Stopping our motivations and cognitions Take a rest!

Just do the action and watch the sensations made bythe action.

The same with those of B-M

You can generalize mindfulness more into yourdaily life.


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Choiceless Mindfulness Just Sitting ()

Just standing is also O.K. Just doing nothing but distanced-watching

Objects of mindfulness: Not specified Just watch anything occurring in your mind

Dont attach anything from your motivations-cognitions to thesensations.

(ex) in the MRT: sound of train moving, announcement, talking,cell-phone users voice, touch of the seat, your minds talking,etc.

(ex) in a silent place: sitting, breathing, your minds talking, etc.

If any motivation-cognition arises, just watch it. The same with those of A-M You can practice mindfulness skill more deeply.


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Monitoring Mindfulness

Do whatever you do with mindfulness.

Reserve some mental resources for mindfulness

In some case mindfulness cannot be strongbecause most of mental resources are invested

to what we are doing, such as studying, talking,etc..


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General Benefits

Get an objective perspective

A sensation is a sensation, not me.

An emotion is an emotion, not me.

A cognition (thought, judgment, memory,

imagery) is a cognition(..), not me.

A motivation is a motivation, not me.

Get free from symptoms/stress


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Potential Problems of Mindfulness

Vegetative Mindfulness

Mindfulness is only an element of 8 rightways(8) to practice


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Life is composed of all kind of things.

Life is full of contradictions Life is like a drama. (cf) Who would prefer watching a drama whose hero or

heroine lives only happy and peaceful life?

Positivity is shining because of negativity. We just accept and go. And we accept and go.

We should not attach to even positives. () - Diamond Sutra(

) Do it without attachment.

Both mindfulness and positive psychology strategies willmake complementary contribution to human well-being. =>


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()

: knowing(realizing)

: being contented

()

: always

: be happy

: foot


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Thank You

most-motivational states theory

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