Victor Harold Vroom (August 9, 1932, Montreal, Canada)

Vroom's primary research was on the expectancy theory of motivation

 most well-known books are Work and Motivation, Leadership and Decision Making and The New Leadership.

INTRODUCTION

It examines motivation from the perspective of why people choose to follow a particular

course of action.

Vroom’s Expectancy theory is one of the most widely accepted theories of motivation to explain

how and why people make decisions

These 3 factors interact together to create a motivational force for an employee to work towards pleasure and avoid

pain. The formula for this force is:

VARIABLES

Expectancy Theory is based on an employee’s beliefs:

Expectancy

Instrumental

ity

Refers to employees’ different expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing – the belief that

effort will lead to first order outcomesrefers to the perception of employees whether they will actually receive what they desire, even if it has been promised by a

manager – the perceived link between first order and second order outcomes

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory Concepts

Motivation Force= Valence of outcome x Expectancy act will be result in outcome (Instrumentality)

EffortFirst order Outcomes

• Performance

• Creativity• Reliability

Second order Outcomes

• Praise from boss• Salary increase• Demotion• Job security• Accepted by co-workers

First Order Outcome is the behavior that results directly from the the effort an employee expends on the job. Second Order Outcome is anything good or bad that results from a first-order outcome. 

Effort-performance linkage

A person performs better and makes more effort if they believe that they will be able to finish a task successfully.Example: “ I can’t do this” really means “I don’t think I can do this successfully.”

This describes what goals are attained to meet an individual’s needs.

Example: Passing the test will result in high marks which leads to scholarship entrance money to attend university

Attractiveness

THANK YOU