CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Motion detection is a process of confirming a change in position of an object relative to its surroundings or the change in the surroundings relative to an object. This detection can be achieved by both mechanical and electronic methods. In addition to discrete, on or off motion detection, it can also consist of magnitude detection that can measure and quantify the strength or speed of this motion or the object that created it.When motion detection is accomplished by natural organisms, it is called motion perception.Motion can be detected by: sound (acoustic sensors), opacity (optical and infrared sensors and video image processors), geomagnetism (magnetic sensors, magnetometers), reflection of transmitted energy (infrared laser radar, ultrasonic sensors, and microwave radar sensors), and electromagnetic induction (inductive-loop detectors), and vibration (turboelectric, seismic, and inertia-switch sensors). Acoustic sensors are based on: electrets effect, inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, turboelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, and fiber optic transmission. Radar intrusion sensors have the lowest rate of false alarms.

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Figure 1

FIGURE 1.1 Working of pir motion sensor

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1.2 THEORY

The principal methods by which motion can be electronically identified are optical detection and acoustical detection. Infrared light or laser technology may be used for optical detection. Motion detection devices, such as PIR motion detectors, have a sensor that detects a disturbance in the infrared spectrum, such as a person or an animal. Once detected, an electronic signal can activate an alarm or a camera that can capture an image or video of the motionedThe chief applications for such detection are: (a) detection of unauthorized entry. (b) detection of cessation of occupancy of an area to extinguish lighting and (c) detection of a moving object which triggers a camera to record subsequent events. The motion detector is thus a linchpin of electronic security systems, but is also a valuable tool in preventing the illumination of unoccupied spaces. A simple algorithm for motion detection by a fixed camera compares the current image with a reference image and simply counts the number of different pixels. Since images will naturally differ due to factors such as varying lighting, camera flicker, and CCD dark currents, pre-processing is useful to reduce the number of false positive alarms.More complex algorithms are necessary to detect motion when the camera itself is moving, or when the motion of a specific object must be detected in a field containing other movement which can be ignored. An example might be a painting surrounded by visitors in an art gallery

Motion sensors are often used in indoor spaces to control electric lighting. If no motion is detected, it is assumed that the space is empty, and thus does not need to be lit. Turning off the lights in such circumstances can save substantial amounts of energy. In lighting practice occupancy sensors are sometime also called "presence sensors" or "vacancy sensors".

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Here is a system based on PIR motion detector module BS1600 (or BS1700) that can be used for security or corridor lighting in power-saving mode. The 12V DC power supply required for the motion detector and the relay driver is derived from 230V, 50Hz mains using a transformer less circuit as shown in Fig. 1.2

FIGURE 1.2CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MOTION SENSOR

1.3 Working:

The working of the circuit is simple. When you power-on the circuit after assembling all the components including the CFL, the CFL will glow for 10 seconds, turn off for 30 seconds, glow for 10 seconds and then turn off. Now the circuit is ready to work.When any movement is detected, around 3.3V appears on the base of relay-driver transistor T1 and it conducts to energise relay RL1. As a result, Triac1 (BT136) fires to provide full 230V and light up the CFL. Another normally-opened contact of the relay (N/O2) is used here to hold the output until reset. If the switch is not in 'hold' position, the light will remain 'on' for about ten seconds (as programmed in the motion sensor). In short, when there is a movement near the sensor, the CFL glows for about ten seconds. It will remain 'on' if switch S1 is in 'hold' position.

Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. Use a three-pin connector for connecting the PIR sensor in the circuit with correct

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polarity. The motion detector is embedded onto the transparent cover of the light assembly as shown in Fig.

Fig 1.3 detector module (BS1600 or BS1700)

The "motion sensing" feature on most lights (and security systems) is a passive system that detects infrared energy. These sensors are therefore known as PIR (passive infrared) detectors or pyroelectric sensors. In order to make a sensor that can detect a human being, you need to make the sensor sensitive to the temperature of a human body. Humans, having a skin temperature of about 93 degrees F, radiate infrared energy with a wavelength between 9 and 10 micrometers. Therefore, the sensors are typically sensitive in the range of 8 to 12 micrometers.

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The devices themselves are simple electronic components not unlike a photo sensor. The infrared light bumps electrons off a substrate, and these electrons can be detected and amplified into a signal.

You have probably noticed that your light is sensitive to motion, but not to a person who is standing still. That's because the electronics package attached to the sensor is looking for a fairly rapid change in the amount of infrared energy it is seeing. When a person walks by, the amount of infrared energy in the field of view changes rapidly and is easily detected. You do not want the sensor detecting slower changes, like the sidewalk cooling off at night.

Your motion sensing light has a wide field of view because of the lens covering the sensor. Infrared energy is a form of light, so you can focus and bend it with plastic lenses. But it's not like there is a 2-D array of sensors in there. There is a single (or sometimes two) sensors inside looking for changes in infrared energy.

If you have a burglar alarm with motion sensors, you may have noticed that the motion sensors cannot "see" you when you are outside looking through a window. That is because glass is not very transparent to infrared energy. This, by the way, is the basis of a greenhouse. Light passes through the glass into the greenhouse and heats things up inside the greenhouse. The glass is then opaque to the infrared energy these heated things are emitting, so the heat is trapped inside the greenhouse. It makes sense that a motion detector sensitive to infrared energy cannot see through glass windows.

 Infrared Radiation:

Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength that is longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9.4um. Infrared in this range will not pass through many types of material that pass visible light such as ordinary window glass and plastic. However it will pass through, with some attenuation, material that is opaque to visible light such as germanium and silicon. An unprocessed silicon wafer makes a good IR window in a weatherproof enclosure for outdoor use. It also provides additional filtering for light in the visible range. 9.4um infrared will also pass through polyethylene which is usually used to make Fresnel lenses to focus the infrared onto  sensor elements.

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 Pyroelectric Sensors:

The pyroelectric sensor is made of a crystalline material that generates a surface electric charge when exposed to heat in the form of infrared radiation. When the amount of radiation striking the crystal changes, the amount of charge also changes and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device built into the sensor. The sensor elements are sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is added to the TO5 package to limitdetectable radiation to the 8 to 14mm range which is most sensitive to human body radiation.

Typically, the FET source terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100 K to ground and feeds into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. The amplifier is typically bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the sensor output signal. A well filtered power source of from 3 to 15 volts should be connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.

Fig 1.3

CONFIGURATION FOR PIR SENSOR

The PIR325 sensor has two sensing elements connected in a voltage bucking configuration. This arrangement cancels signals caused by vibration, temperature changes and sunlight. A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first one and then the other element whereas other sources will affect both elements simultaneously and be cancelled. The radiation source must pass across the sensor in a horizontal direction when sensor pins 1 and 2 are on a horizontal plane so that the elements are sequentially exposed to the IR source. A focusing device is usually used in front of the sensor.

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Fresnel Lens

A Fresnel lens (pronounced Frennel) is a Plano Convex lens that has been collapsed on itself to form a flat lens that retains its optical characteristics but is much smaller in thickness and therefore has less absorption losses.

Our FL65 Fresnel lens is made of an infrared transmitting material that has an IR transmission range of 8 to 14um which is most sensitive to human body radiation. It is designed to have its grooves facing the IR sensing element so that a smooth surface is presented to the subject side of the lens which is usually the outside of an enclosure that houses the sensor.

The lens element is round with a diameter of 1 inch and has a flange that is 1.5 inches square. This flange is used for mounting the lens in a suitable frame or enclosure. Mounting can best and most easily be done with strips of Scotch tape. Silicone rubber can also be used if it overlaps the edges to form a captive mount.

The FL65 has a focal length of 0.65 inches from the lens to the sensing element. It has been determined by experiment to have a field of view of approximately 10 degrees when used with a PIR325 Pyroelectric sensor.

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CHAPTER 2

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SOFTWARE & HARDWARE

REQUIREMENT

Software:

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DipTrace:It is EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed circuit boards. The first version of DipTrace was released in August, 2004. The latest version as of September 2011 is DipTrace version 2.2. Interface has been translated to many languages and new language can be added by user. There are tutorials in English, Czech, Russian and Turkish. In January of 2011, Parallax switched from Eagle to DipTrace for developing its printed circuit boards

WINDOWS-XP

Hardware requirements:

PIR sensor DIODE(1N4007) RELAY(12 V) TRANSISTOR (2N2219) TRANSFORMER(12 V) CAPACITOR(100µF,1000µF) VOLTAGE REGULATOR(7805,7812) TRIACS (BT-136) PCB

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CHAPTER 3

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LITERATURE SURVEY

HISTORY

Smart Lighting Technology

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Since the first caveman learned to control fire, humans have shaped and used light in a constantly expanding array of technologies. Yet lighting – “smart lighting” – could do much more, according to E. Fred Schubert, Wellfleet Senior Distinguished Professor of the Future Chips Constellation at Rensselaer.

What is Smart-Lighting? Smart Lighting is a lighting technology designed for energy efficiency. May include high efficiency fixtures, day lighting and automatic controls that make adjustments based on conditions such as occupancy.

Current statistics reveal that 65 percent of energy consumed in the US is by the commercial and industrial markets and 22% of this energy is being utilized for lighting alone. We can see that lighting energy takes up a lot of energy and even 1 percent of saving on that part will matter a lot in energy efficiency.

Lighting is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical effect.[ It includes task lighting, accent lighting and general lighting.

For a long time, people only focus on how to make the lighting source be brighter. When time goes on, the energy consumed by lighting is growing to be bigger and bigger. As a result, to make the use of lighting more efficient is the main topic. People are trying to use the smart control and more energy-efficient lighting source to achieve their goal. This is the origin of Smart Lighting Technology.

Energy Consumption

Usually lighting consumes a lot of electrical energy every day all around the world. According to the statistics, 20 to 50 percent of total energy consumed in homes and offices are used for lighting. What is surprising to us is that over 90 percent of the lighting energy expense used for some of the buildings is unnecessary due to the over-illumination.The cost of lighting can be very realistic. For a single 100 W light bulb, it will cost over $50 if it is used for 12 hours per day (0.12/kWh). As a result, lighting can take a large part of the energy consumption, especially for large buildings.

Minimizing Energy Usage

There are several approaches we can use to minimize energy usage, at least for lighting:

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1. Specification of illumination requirements for each given use area.2. Analysis of lighting quality to ensure that adverse components of lighting

(for example, glare or incorrect color spectrum) are not biasing the design.3. Integration of space planning and interior architecture (including choice of

interior surfaces and room geometries) to lighting design.4. Design of time of day use that does not expend unnecessary energy.5. Selection of fixture and lamp types that reflect best available technology for

energy conservation.6. Training of building occupants to use lighting equipment in most efficient

manner.7. Maintenance of lighting systems to minimize energy wastage.8. Use of natural light - some big box stores are being built (ca 2006 on) with

numerous plastic bubble skylights, in many cases completely obviating the need for interior artificial lighting for many hours of the day.

9. Load shedding can help reduce the power requested by individuals to the main power supply. Load shedding can be done on an individual level, at a building level, or even at a regional level.

Potential Improvement for Lighting

New photonic crystal light emitters will be 10 to 30 times more efficient than light bulbs, says Shawn-Yu Lin, Future Chips Constellation Professor and professor of physics. They will have a huge impact on worldwide energy consumption and the environment. It will be possible to change their color and their intensity independently, so that a homeowner can easily adjust both to match the time of day, the current use of the area, or the mood of the occupants.

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CHAPTER 4

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HARDWARE/SOFT-WARE

REQUIREMENTANALYSIS

SOFTWARE DESIGN

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*DipTrace It is EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed circuit boards. The first version of DipTrace was released in August, 2004. The latest version as of September 2011 is DipTrace version 2.2. Interface has been translated to many languages and new language can be added by user. There are tutorials in English, Czech, Russian and Turkish. In January of 2011, Parallax switched from Eagle to DipTrace for developing its printed circuit boards.

Modules

Schematic Design Editor PCB Layout Editor Component Editor Pattern Editor Shape-Based Autorouter 3D PCB Preview

Freeware and Hobbyist versions

A version of DipTrace is freely available with all the functionality of the full package except that it is limited to 300 pins (commercial use) or 500 pins (non-commercial use) and 2 signal layers. Power and ground plane layers do not count as signal layers, so the free versions can create 4-layer boards with full power and ground planes

Hardware Design: PIR (passive infrared) sensor

Here is a system based on PIR motion detector module BS1600 (or BS1700) that can be used for security or corridor lighting in power-saving mode. The 12V DC power supply required for the motion detector and the relay driver is derived from 230V, 50Hz mains using a transformer less circuit as shown in Fig. 1.2

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DIODE(1N4007)A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

RELAY(12 V)A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

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TRANSISTOR (2N2219)An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode. In typical operation, the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the base–collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base–emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base.

TRANSFORMER(12 V)

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current

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in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling.

If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

CAPACITOR(100µF,1000µF)

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

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When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR(7805,7812)

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.

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TRIACS (BT-136)

TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is a genericized trade name for an electronic component that can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on), and is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor.

TRIACs belong to the thyristor family and are closely related to Silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices (i.e. can conduct current only in one direction), TRIACs are bidirectional and so current can flow through them in either direction. Another difference from SCRs is that TRIACs can be triggered by either a positive or a negative current applied to its gate electrode, whereas SCRs can be triggered only by currents going into the gate. In order to create a triggering current, a positive or negative voltage has to be applied to the gate with respect to the A1 terminal (otherwise known as MT1).

Once triggered, the device continues to conduct until the current drops below a certain threshold, called the holding current

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CHAPTER 5

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HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

DESIGN

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PCB- LAYOUT

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CHAPTER 6

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COMPONENT LIST

TABLE 7.1

S. No. Component Type Reference Number

1. IC555 IC555

2. Resistor R1

3. Resistor R2

4. Resistor R3

5. Resistor R4

6. Resistor R5

7. Variable Resistor VR1

8. Capacitor C1

9. Capacitor C2

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