ADORA A. VOSOTROSPh.D – EPM l

Mindanao University of Science and Technology

DEFINING MOTIVATIONMotivation - The internal and external forces that lead an individual to work toward a goal.Motivation can affect the following:

• intensity,• direction, and

• persistence a person shows in working toward a goal

Early Theories of Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs TheoryAbraham Maslow hypothesized that every human

being has a hierarchy of five needs:• Physiological

• Safety • Social

• Esteem• Self-actualization

Early Theories of Motivation

ERG theory (Clayton Alderfer)There are three groups of core needs:

•existence, •relatedness, and

•growth

Early Theories of Motivationintrinsic motivators - a person’s internal desire to do something, due to such things as interest, challenge, and personal satisfaction.

extrinsic motivators – motivation that comes from outside the person and includes

such things as pay, bonuses, and other tangible rewards.

Early Theories of Motivation

Motivation-Hygiene Theory (also known as Two-Factor Theory by Frederick Herzberg )

“What do people want from their jobs?”factors leading to job satisfaction were motivators that are separate and distinct from the hygiene factors that lead to job dissatisfaction.

Early Theories of MotivationMotivators (factors that lead to extreme satisfaction)

AchievementRecognitionWork itself

ResponsibilityAdvancement

Growth

Early Theories of Motivation

Factors that lead to extreme dissatisfaction:Company policy and administration

SupervisionRelationship with supervisor

Work conditionsSalary

Relationship with peersPersonal life

Relationship with subordinatesStatussecurity

Early Theories of Motivation

McClelland’s Theory of Needs (David McClelland)The theory focuses on three needs:

•Need for achievement. The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeed.• Need for power. The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise.• Need for affiliation. The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

Contemporary Theories of Motivation

Cognitive Evaluation Theoryintroduction of extrinsic rewards, such

as pay, for work effort that was previously rewarding intrinsically (i.e.,

that was personally satisfying) will tend to decrease the overall level of a

person’s motivation

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

When extrinsic rewards are used by organizations as payoffs for superior

performance, the intrinsic rewards, which are derived from individuals doing what they like,

are reduced

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

SELF-CONCORDANCE - the degree to which a person’s reasons for

pursuing a goal is consistent with the person’s interests and core values

Goal-Setting Theory

A goal is “what an individual is trying to accomplish; it is the object or aim of an action.” Goal-Setting theory – says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance; specific goals increase performance; difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals; and that feedback leads to higher performance than does nonfeedback.

Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke)

According to Locke, goal setting motivates in four ways:

• Goals direct attention• Goals regulate effort

•Goals increase persistence• Goals encourage the development of

strategies and action plans

Self-Efficacy Theory-an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of

performing a task.According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy can be

increased through:•Enactive mastery•Vicarious modeling•Verbal persuasion

•arousal

Reinforcement Theory

a theory that says behavior is a function of its consequences.

Equity Theory -equity theory Individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond so as to eliminate any inequities.Four referent comparisons that an employee can

use:1.self-inside

2.Self-outside3.Other-inside

4.Other-outside

Model of Organizational Justice

Reference

Robbins, S.P & Judge T.A. (2011). Organizational Behavior (Global Edition). Pearson Education, Inc.

Singapore