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School of GeoSciences

Dissertation

For the degree of

MSc in Integrated Resource Management.

Robbert Derk Bosscher

August 2014

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Table of Contents: Abstract: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Authorʼs Note………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………...9

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………….11

List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………….15

List of Abbreviations and Translations……………………………………………………………….17

Maps…………………………………………………………………………………………………………19

Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………..……………………………...21

Chapter 2: Executive Summary …………………….………………………………25

Chapter 3: Research Question ……………………………………………………..27

Chapter 4: Methodology ……………………………………………………………..29

4.1. Type of research: Positivism vs. Post-positivism……………………………………30

4.2. Qualitative Heuristics……………………………………………………………………...31

4.3. Criteria of Evaluation………………………………………………………………………34

4.4. Foreign, and Regional/Dutch Readers………………………………………………….36

4.5. Stakeholder Analysis………………………………………………………………………37

4.6. Interviews…………………………………………………………………………………….39

4.7. Ethics…………………………………………………………………………………………40

Chapter 5: Context of the Case Study…………………………………………….41

5.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….41

5.2. History………………………………………………………………………………………..42

5.3. Gas Production Induced Earthquakes………………………………………………….44

5.4. Main Documents and Agreements………………………………………...46 5.4.1. Meijer et al.j (2013)……………………………………………………………...46

5.4.2. Verklaring van Huizinge (2013)……………………………………………….48

5.4.3. VoH&HvV (2014a)……………………………………………………………….49

5.4.4. Van Geel & Wallage (2014)……………………………………………………52

Chapter 6: Literature Review………………………………………………………..54

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6.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….54

6.2. Treaties, Law & Sustainability Principles……………………………………………...55

6.3. Pragmatic Reasons………………………………………………………………………...57

6.4. Ethical Reasons…………………………………………………………………………….59

6.5. Participation in the Netherlands…………………………………………………………61

6.6. Matching Zones……………………………………………………………………………..64

6.7. Shared Solutions……………………………………………………………………………66

Chapter 7: Analysis……………………………………………………………………69

7.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….69

7.2. Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………71

7.2.1. Intention…………………………………………………………………………..71

7.2.1.1. Pre-negotiation Considerations………………………………….71

7.2.1.1.1. For NAM…………………………………………………..73

7.2.1.1.2. For Societal Actors……………………………………..75

7.2.1.2. Operational Considerations………………………………………76

7.2.1.2.1. Government and NAM………………………………….76

7.2.1.2.2. The Dialogue Table……………………………………..77

7.2.1.2.3. Protest Parties…………………………………………...80

7.2.2. Initiation…………………………………………………………………………..81

7.2.2.1. General………………………………………………………………..81

7.2.2.2. Tactical level principles……………………………………………84

7.2.3. Inclusiveness……………………………………………………………………88

7.2.3.1. Representation………………………………………………………88

7.2.3.2. Involvement in decision-making…………………………………90

7.2.3.3. Openness of Information & Presentation of Success………..91

7.2.3.4. Accountability……………………………………………………….95

7.2.4. Information……………………………………………………………………….96

7.2.5. Influence………………………………………………………………………….99

Chapter 8: Conclusion………………………………………………………………103 8.1. Satisfaction of Success Criteria & Shared Solutions………………………………103

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8.2. Transferability of Results………………………………………………………………..105

8.2.1. ʻIntentionʼ……………………………………………………………………….105

8.2.2. Satisfaction of Criteria and Shared Solutions…………………………...106

8.3. Lessons Learned & Reflections for Future Research……………………………...107

Reference:…………………………………………………………………………..…109

Appendix I: List of Respondents………………………………………………….116

Appendix II: Positivist vs. Post-positivist Research…………………………..117

Appendix III: Advice of the Meijer Commission………………………………..118

Appendix IV: Members of the Dialogue Table………………………………….119

Appendix V: Signatories to the Verklaring van Huizinge……………………..120

Appendix VI: Interview script (English Translation……..……………………..123

Appendix VII: Citation and Data Use Agreement (English & Dutch)………..125

Appendix VIII: Ethics Self Assessment Form…………………………………..131

Appendix IV: Travel Overseas Approval…………………………………………132

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Table of Figures: Figure 1: Criteria of analysis……………………………………………………………………35 Figure 2: Stakeholder communication map with respondents indicated in red…………...38 Figure 3 Soil Subsidence………………………………………………………………………42 Figure 4: Gas Production Induced Earthquakes in Groningen……………………….…….44 Figure 5: Government Participation Ladder…………………………………………………..63 Figure 6: Shared Solutions……………………………………………………………………..67 Figure 7: Influence-Interest Matrix……………………………………………………………100

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Maps: Groningen, The Netherlands !

!Map 1: Groningen, The Netherlands.!Db$4#*.;!EFUTH!!!Earthquake Map

!Map 2: Earthquake Map, Groningen, The Netherlands.!D:II;!EFUT4H!!!

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1. Introduction

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4.3. Criteria of Evaluation

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Criteria of analysis:

Figure 1. Criteria of analysis. DI,%*(!0.=!B$(,C,);!EFFG=lFH

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4.5. Stakeholder Analysis

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Stakeholder Communication Map

Figure 2. Stakeholder communication map with respondents indicated in red.

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4.6. Interviews

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5. Context of the Case Study

5.1. Introduction

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5.2. History

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5.3. Gas Production Induced Earthquakes

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5.4. Main documents and Agreements

5.4.1. Meijer et al., (2013)

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5.4.3. VoH&HvV (2014a)

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5.4.4. Van Geel & Wallage (2014)

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6. Literature Review

6.1. Introduction

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7. Analysis

7.1. Introduction)

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7.2.1. Intention

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8. Conclusion

8.1. Satisfaction of success criteria & shared solutions

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! **&!

Appendix I

List of Respondents

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Respondents + Stakeholder Analysis map code

! **'!

Appendix II Positivist vs. Post-positivist research!

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Appendix III Advice of the Meijer Commission

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• ,%(-%.))"&/#+"&21&&J*"1.%&'/#'1.0.(<;'"()'?/+:'$(0.+/(@$(%''5$",*+$'K7'' L$,%+*-%*+.(<'/#'2/*,.(<'@"+:$%'"()',2/44.(<'-$(%+$,'.(''' ' "+$",'/#'4/4*1"%./(',2+.(:"<$''5$",*+$'M7'' L$%$(%./('"()'+$4*+4/,.(<'/#'?.()@.11,N'3*++/?,N'"()''' ' -2*+-2$,'5$",*+$'O7' 'E@4*1,$'#/+'1/-"1'$($+<&'4+/)*-%./('5$",*+$'6P7'' Q",%'E(%$+($%'0."'<1",,'#.3+$'-/(($-%./('%/'%2$'("%./("1'''' ' <+.)'

• ,%(-%.))"&/#+"&31&!*,%".("31$'$-/(/@.-'4$+,4$-%.0$'#/+'%2$'+$<./('5$",*+$'667'' >('"@3.%./*,'.((/0"%./('4+/<+"@@$'R<",'=SPTS'U2.,'' '' ' 4+/<+"@@$'<.0$,',*3,%"(-$'%/'%2$'$($+<&'%+"(,.%./('?.%2''' ' %2$'".)'/#'B+/(.(<$(T,',%+/(<'$-/(/@.-',$-%/+,7'$($+<&N''' ' "<+.-*1%*+$V"<+.3*,.($,,'"()'%2$'-2$@.-"1'.()*,%+&S''

• 4"5&6+7"%*8.+7#+-&5$",*+$'6=7'' W."1/<*$'U"31$'"%'?2.-2N'*()$+'%2$',*4$+0.,./('/#'"('''' ' .()$4$()$(%'-2".+@"(N'F>5N'8-/(/@.-'>##".+,N'"()'''' ' ,%":$2/1)$+,'#+/@'%2$'+$<./('-/;-+$"%$'")0.-$,'+$<"+).(<''' ' <",'4+/)*-%./('.('+$1"%./('%/N'"@/(<,%'/%2$+,N',"#$%&'"()''' ' #*%*+$',$-*+.%&'#/+'%2$'+$<./(T,'.(2"3.%"(%,'"()''' '' ' $(%+$4+$($*+,S''

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Appendix IV Members of the Dialogue Table

D>,.!:**1!^!P,11,6*;!EFUT=TFH!

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!"#$%&$%'()*+,((-%%%%%%%%%%%.*/**+0*%1(22*#34/5%% % %%%%%%%%%%+6/*+3%-*/**+0*+7860*#39"622*+

!"#$%:$%.#((0% %%%%%%%%%%%;*<=<-"*<)3#*-<(%.#(+<+-*+

>8$%?$%@6+3*+% %%%%%%%%%%.#(+<+-*#%A()*/,*8*-<+-%

!"#$%1$%)*%A(+0% %%%%%%%%%%.#(+<+-*#%A()*/,*8*-<+-%

!"#$%!<*0*#/6+% %%%%%%%%%%%B((+-#(*2%>6#*+=6+)5%% % %%%%%%%%%%%+6/*+3%8(+<+-30<9"0<+-*+

!"#$%C$%D6+%)*#%;*=)*%%%%%%%%E6044#F%*+%/<=<*4G*)*#60<*%.#(+<+-*+

>8$%&$%D6+%;*=)*FH4)<IJ%%%1KHFE((#)

!"#$%L$%A#*4J<+J% %%%%%%%%%%C0<9"0<+-%H4)*%.#(+<+-*#%M*#J*+

!"#$%?$%N<I)*#D*=)%%%%%%%%%%%%C6/*+8*#J*+)*%A*)#<ID*+%:*/3)*=06

!"#$%&$%H(30*#"(GG%%%%%%%%%%%>MAFE((#)

!"#$%@$%A(*#% %%%%%%%%%%%;*#*+<-<+-%.#(+<+-*#%!(#2*+

!"#$%@$%B<-,(=)43% %%%%%%%%%%C6/*+8*#J<+-%><I+,(48%C9"6)*%%% % %%%%%%%%%%.#(+<+-*+

!"#$%B$%>((#=6-% %%%%%%%%%%L#(D<+9<*%.#(+<+-*+

!"#$%A$%D6+%)*%1**/240%%%%E&>

!"#$%@$%)*%.#((0% %%%%%%%%%%><+<30*#<*%D6+%:9(+(/<39"*%N6J*+

!""#$"%"&'(0."12$*'12"3(.+/"#

!"#$%@$%)*%@(+-% %%%%%%C066030(*O<9"0%(2%)*%><I+*+

!"#$%!$%K(//*=% %%%%%%%K*9"+<39"*%?(//<33<*%A()*/,*8*-<+-%

!"#$%:$%N4<)6/% %%%%%%%;*<=<-"*<)3#*-<(%.#(+<+-*+

4)(2,15

!"#$%P$%C<I,#<+-% %%%%%%.#(+<+-*+%C*62(#03

!"#$%C$%@6+3*+% %%%%%%EH>

!"#$%'$%>4=)*#% %%%%%%%;*#*+<-<+-%:<-*+%P4<3

!"#$%&'$(#!'$)

*++$,++)%-$+*&*.'*

,&#/++.%#0'/

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Appendix V Signatories to the Verklaring van Huizinge:

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ONDERTEKENAARSAbiant LycurgusAcantusAkzo NobelAlfa CollegeANWBArkema TuinhoutcentrumAVEBEBedrijfsbelangen EemshavenBencomBoerma AntiekBouwbedrijf de BoerBouwbedrijf KooiBugel HajemaBurgemeester BedumBurgemeester DelfzijlBurgemeester LoppersumBurgemeester SlochterenCom & CoDorpsbelangen BedumDorpsbelangen EenrumDorpsbelangen FroomboschDorpsbelangen GarrelsweerDorpsbelangen GodlinzeDorpsbelangen HarkstedeDorpsbelangen HellumDorpsbelangen HolwierdeDorpsbelangen LeermensDorpsbelangen LoppersumDorpsbelangen SchouwerzijlDorpsbelangen SpijkDorpsbelangen StedumDorpsbelangen Ten PostDorpsbelangen UithuizermedenDorpsbelangen UsquertDorpsbelangen WarfhuizenDorpsbelangen ZijldijkDorpshuis OnderdendamDorpshuis WeersterheemDorpshuis WirdumDorpsvereniging LellensDorpsvereniging TinallingeDorpsvereniging Wehe den HoornElzinga Group UithuizermeedenEnergy ValleyEssent

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Everts PartycateringFC GroningenFNV BondgenotenFreia Holding b.v.Gemeentelijke Monumentencommissie AppingedamGroninger Bodem BewegingGroninger DorpenGroninger SeaportsGronings Particulier GrondbezitHanzehogeschool GroningenHealthy AgeingHenk Helmantel, kunstenaar WesteremdenHerberg in de Valk, MiddelstumHoreca vereniging AppingedamHumsterlandInter Action, Tocht om de NoordJan Uitham, ElfstedentochtJeugdtheaterschool WonderboomKammingafonds/J.H. ScholtenfondsKamp ArchitectuurKVKLandschapsbeheer GroningenLibau adviesorganisatie voor ruimtelijke kwaliteitLoco-secretaris LoppersumLTOMarenlandMarketing GroningenMonumenten Commissie AppingedamMonumentenwacht GroningenNatuur MonumentenNieuw AkademiaNMGNOMNoord Nederlands ToneelNoorderkwartierNoorderpoortcollegeNoordhoff UitgeversNVMOpen monumentendag ZeerijpOpenluchtmuseum Het HoogelandRaadsleden SlochterenRaadslid BedumRaadslid EemsmondRecronRestauratiecommissie van de Juffertoren in SchildwoldeRUGSBEStichting de Hoven

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Stichting Dorpsbelangen MiddelstumStichting Dorpshuis Accommodatie Oosterwijtwerd en B.&B. Schathuis WijtwerderheerdStichting Dorpshuis GarsthuizenStichting Het Groninger LandschapStichting Oude Groninger KerkenStichting Uithuizer Woningbouw corporatieUMCGVeenstroomVerenging Dorpsbelangen KantensVereniging Voor Volksvermaak en Dorpsbelangen Garsthuizen/StartenhuizenVNO NCWVrienden van de Menkemaborg te UithuizenWaterbedrijf GroningenWethouder AppingedamWethouder EemsmondWethouder GroningenWethouder Ten BoerWierden en BorgenWoongroep MarenlandWoonstichting Groninger HuisZonnehuisgroep Noord

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Appendix VI Interview script (English translation): Q1. What do you think is being discussed at the Dialogue Table?

Q2. Do you know who are members of the Table?

• If yes, do you think these represent the region well? • If no, do you after seeing the list (www.dialoogtafelgroningen.nl/deelnemers) think

that these members represent the region well?

Q3. What is your perception of the way in which the terms of reference and the agenda have been established?

Q4. What is your perception of the information provision concerning the meetings and the progress of the Dialogue Table process?

Q5. What is your perception of the amount of influence of:

• Q5.1. The Dialogue Table on the execution of its advices? • Q5.2. The members by whom you feel represented? • Q5.3. Members of your organisation on your representative at the Table?

Q6. Do you think that in its current composition the Table can provide a valuable contribution to the restoration of trust of the region in Government and NAM?

• Q6.2. If yes/no, why?

Q7. Compared to traditional methods of problem solving, what would you consider the potential added value of the Dialogue Table?

Q8. Is there something you would like to tell the members of the Table?

A8.

Q9. Where on this interest-influence matrix would you place your organisation?

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Appendix VII Citation and data use agreement (English & Dutch)

Deelnemer informatie pagina:

Onderzoek uitgevoerd door:

Robbert Bosscher

Student: M.Sc. Integrated Resource Management

Universiteit van Edinburgh.

Contact:

Tel: 0687693870 Email: Robbert.UoE@gmail.com

Hartelijk dank voor uw medewerking aan mijn onderzoek.

Het onderzoek zal opgenomen worden, opgeslagen worden op een computer, en samengevat worden. Ik zal u deze samenvatting om misverstanden over bewoording en context te voorkomen ter goedkeuring toesturen. Uw naam zal niet verbonden worden aan de opname of samenvatting; deze zullen gecodeerd worden en indien u in het eindrapport niet bij naam genoemd wilt worden zult u anoniem blijven. Indien u anoniem wilt blijven maar citaten toestaat zou ik u willen vragen op de volgende pagina aan te geven hoe u het liefste heeft dat ik naar dit interview refereer.

Ik zal deze informatie gebruiken voor het schrijven van mijn scriptie, een Nederlandstalige samenvatting, en potentieel voor tijdschrift artikelen, kranten artikelen, mondelinge presentaties, rapporten, website publicaties en andere vormen van communicatie. Als u de keuze hebt gemaakt deze informatie anoniem te verstrekken zal ik ook in deze fase bij citaten het door u gekozen pseudoniem of een andere onherkenbare referentie gebruiken.

Als u toestemt met deelname behoudt u het recht om u op elk moment uit het onderzoek terug te trekken door mij hierover te informeren. Daarnaast bent u natuurlijk ook vrij om tijdens het interview bepaalde vragen niet te beantwoorden.

Als u een zorg heeft over dit project, of als u een vraag heeft, voelt u zich dan vrij om mij dit op elk moment gedurende dit project te laten weten.

Hoogachtend,

Robbert Bosscher

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Participant information sheet:

Research carried out by:

Robbert Bosscher

Student: M.Sc. Integrated Resource Management

University of Edinburgh.

Contact:

Tel: 0687693870 Email: Robbert.UoE@gmail.com

Thank you very much for your participation in my research.

The interview will be recorded, stored on a computer, and summarised. Once finished, I will send you this summary in order to avoid misunderstandings of wording and context. Your name will not be connected to the recording or summary; these will be coded and if you have decided to provide this information anonymously you will remain so throughout the process. If you would like to remain anonymous but allow quotation, I would like to ask you to provide your preferred pseudonym on the next page.

I will use this information to write my dissertation, a Dutch summary, and potentially for journal articles, newspaper articles, oral presentations, reports, website publications, and other forms of communication. If you have decided to remain anonymous, I will continue to only refer to the data gathered in this interview by the agreed pseudonym or a similarly anonymous reference.

If you agree to take part, you maintain the right to withdraw at any time by informing me about this. You also have the right to refuse to answer specific questions.

If you have any concern about this project, or if you have a question, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Yours sincerely,

Robbert Bosscher

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Citaten overeenkomst:

Ik wens de aantekeningen, samenvattingen, en/of andere data verzameld gedurende dit onderzoek te kunnen inzien gedurende mijn betrokkenheid bij dit onderzoeksproject.

Ik stem er mee in bij naam geciteerd te worden.

Ik stem ermee in geciteerd te worden als mijn naam niet gepubliceerd wordt, maar vervangen is door een beschrijving of pseudoniem. Qua pseudoniem gaat mijn voorkeur uit naar:

Ik ga ermee akkoord dat de onderzoeker documenten mag publiceren die citaten van mij bevatten.

Ik wens dat de audio opnames 12 maanden na het inleveren van het onderzoek worden verwijderd.

Door dit formulier te ondertekenen bevestig ik dat;

1. Ik vrijwillig deelneem aan dit project. Ik begrijp dat ik geen deel hoef te nemen, en ik het interview op elk moment kan stoppen;

2. Het samengevatte interview of de citaten gebruikt mogen worden als hierboven aangegeven;

3. Ik de informatiepagina heb gelezen; 4. Ik geen voordeel of betaling verwacht voor mijn deelname; 5. Ik een kopie van de samenvatting van het interview kan aanvragen en waar gewenst

aanpassingen kan maken om de effectiviteit van de vertrouwelijkheidsovereenkomst te kunnen waarborgen;

6. Ik in staat ben gesteld alle vragen te stellen die ik heb, en ik begrijp dat ik het recht heb om op contact op te nemen met de onderzoeker als ik in de toekomst vragen mocht hebben.

_____________________________________

Naam Deelnemer:

_____________________________________ ____________________

Handtekening Deelnemer: Datum:

_____________________________________ ____________________

Handtekening Onderzoeker: Datum:

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Quotation agreement

I wish to review the notes, transcripts, or other data collected during the research pertaining to my participation.

I agree to be quoted directly.

I agree to be quoted directly if my name is not published and a made-up name (pseudonym) is used. My preferred pseudonym would be:

I agree that the researchers may publish documents that contain quotations by me. I would like the audio recordings to be deleted after a period of 12 months after the

research has been completed.

By signing this form I agree that;

1. I am voluntarily taking part in this project. I understand that I don’t have to take part, and I can stop the interview at any time;

2. The transcribed interview or extracts from it may be used as described above; 3. I have read the information sheet; 4. I don’t expect to receive any benefit or payment for my participation; 5. I can request a copy of the transcript of my interview and may make edits I feel

necessary to ensure the effectiveness of any agreement made about confidentiality; 6. I have been able to ask any questions I might have, and I understand that I am free

to contact the researcher with any questions I may have in the future.

_____________________________________

Participant’s Name:

_____________________________________ ____________________

Participant’s Signature: Date:

_____________________________________ ____________________

Researcher’s Signature: Date:

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!Contact Information

Dit onderzoek is goedgekeurd door het Edinburgh University Research Ethics Board. Als u vragen heeft over dit onderzoek, neem dan alstublieft contact op met:

Naam onderzoeker: Robbert Bosscher

Adres: A.Verburghwijk 91, 9948PC Termunterzijl, The Netherlands

Tel: 0687693870

E-mail: Robbert.UoE@gmail.com

You can also contact the researcher’s programme secretary:

Naam van programma secretaresse: Ms. Olivia Eadie

Adres: School of Geosciences, Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation, Old High School, Infirmary Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1LZ, UK.

Tel: +44 (0) 1316514657

E-mail: Olivia.Eadie@ed.ac.uk

Wat als ik problemen zie in dit onderzoek?

Als u problemen ziet in dit onderzoek, of in de manier waarop dit wordt uitgevoerd, kunt u contact opnemen met de Chair of the GeoScience Ethics Committee, University of Edinburgh, Drummond St, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP (of een email sturen naar ethics@geos.ed.ac.uk).

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!Contact Information

This research has been reviewed and approved by the Edinburgh University Research Ethics Board. If you have any further questions or concerns about this study, please contact:

Name of researcher: Robbert Bosscher

Full address: A.Verburghwijk 91, 9948PC Termunterzijl, The Netherlands

Tel: 0687693870

E-mail: Robbert.UoE@gmail.com

You can also contact the researcher’s programme secretary:

Name of programme secretary: Ms. Olivia Eadie

Full address: School of Geosciences, Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Innovation, Old High School, Infirmary Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1LZ, UK.

Tel: +44 (0) 1316514657

E-mail: Olivia.Eadie@ed.ac.uk

What if I have concerns about this research?

If you are worried about this research, or if you are concerned about how it is being conducted, you can contact the Chair of the GeoScience Ethics Committee, University of Edinburgh, Drummond St, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP (or email at ethics@geos.ed.ac.uk).

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Appendix VIII Ethics Self Assessment Form Approval

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Appendix IX Travel Overseas Approval

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