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Physical Education Studies 1APhysical Education Studies 1A

Movement PrinciplesMovement Principles

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Functional AnatomyFunctional AnatomyIs the study of the body components Is the study of the body components

required to achieve or perform a human required to achieve or perform a human movement or function.movement or function.

It is important to be familiar with the major It is important to be familiar with the major parts of the skeletal and muscular parts of the skeletal and muscular systems, in order to be able to discuss systems, in order to be able to discuss how various sport techniques can be how various sport techniques can be modified to suit the characteristics of the modified to suit the characteristics of the individual.individual.

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Functions of the SkeletonFunctions of the Skeleton

The 3 major functions of the skeleton The 3 major functions of the skeleton include:include:

1.1. Support Support

2.2. ProtectionProtection

3.3. Movement Movement

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The SkeletonThe SkeletonHuman skeleton comprises of over 200 Human skeleton comprises of over 200

bones, which are held together by tough bones, which are held together by tough fibrous bands called fibrous bands called ligaments.ligaments.

2 main sections2 main sections1.1. Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton: made up of the skull, : made up of the skull,

spine and thorax. Protects Vital organs.spine and thorax. Protects Vital organs.2.2. Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton: bones of the : bones of the

arms, legs, shoulder and pelvic girdles. arms, legs, shoulder and pelvic girdles. Major function is movement.Major function is movement.

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Axial & Appendicular SkeletonAxial & Appendicular Skeleton

AxialAxial

AppendicularAppendicular

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Types of BonesTypes of BonesShort BonesShort Bones: : Carpals, TarsalsCarpals, Tarsals

Long BonesLong Bones: : HumerusHumerus

Flat BonesFlat Bones: : ScapulaScapula

Irregular BonesIrregular Bones: : VertebraeVertebrae

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Vertebral ColumnVertebral ColumnEach vertebra has Each vertebra has a hollow centre a hollow centre through which the through which the spinal cord travelsspinal cord travels

Increase in size as Increase in size as they descend to they descend to support the weight support the weight of the body.of the body.

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JointsJoints

LigamentsLigaments: cross over joints and : cross over joints and connect bone to bone.connect bone to bone.

JointsJoints: are the sites where bone meets : are the sites where bone meets bone. Are classified according to the bone. Are classified according to the amount of movement they permit.amount of movement they permit.

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Types of JointsTypes of Joints1.1. Immovable or Immovable or

FibrousFibrous: bone ends : bone ends are fixed or fused are fixed or fused together.together.

2.2. Slightly Movable Slightly Movable or Cartilaginousor Cartilaginous: : bone ends are bone ends are separated by a disc separated by a disc or a plate of tough or a plate of tough fibrous cartilage.fibrous cartilage.

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Joints cont’dJoints cont’d3.3. Freely Movable or Freely Movable or

SynovialSynovial: bone ends are : bone ends are covered in cartilage, and covered in cartilage, and the cavity of the joint the cavity of the joint contains a lubricating contains a lubricating fluid (synovial). It is fluid (synovial). It is enclosed by a capsule of enclosed by a capsule of fibrous tissue and fibrous tissue and ligaments hold the bones ligaments hold the bones together.together.

Examples: Ball & Socket Examples: Ball & Socket Joints, Hinge Joints, Joints, Hinge Joints, Gliding Joints, Saddle Gliding Joints, Saddle Joints, Pivot Joints and Joints, Pivot Joints and Ovoid Joints.Ovoid Joints.

www.scoi.com/anat.htmwww.scoi.com/anat.htm

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Movement Allowed by Synovial Movement Allowed by Synovial JointsJoints

FlexionFlexion: bending, decreasing the angle between 2 bones.: bending, decreasing the angle between 2 bones.ExtensionExtension: straightening, increasing the angle between 2 : straightening, increasing the angle between 2 bones.bones.AbductionAbduction: moving the bone away from the centreline of : moving the bone away from the centreline of the body in either a vertical or horizontal plane.the body in either a vertical or horizontal plane.AdductionAdduction: moving the bone towards the centreline of the : moving the bone towards the centreline of the body in either a vertical or horizontal plane.body in either a vertical or horizontal plane.CircumductionCircumduction: moving the bone so that the end makes a : moving the bone so that the end makes a circle.circle.RotationRotation: moving the bone around its own longitudinal : moving the bone around its own longitudinal axis.axis.SupinationSupination: moving the bones of the forearm so you have : moving the bones of the forearm so you have palms up.palms up.PronationPronation: moving the bones of the forearm so you have : moving the bones of the forearm so you have palms down.palms down.

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Movement Allowed by Synovial Movement Allowed by Synovial JointsJoints

EversionEversion: moving the sole of the foot outwards : moving the sole of the foot outwards at the ankle.at the ankle.InversionInversion: moving the sole of the foot inwards at : moving the sole of the foot inwards at the ankle.the ankle.Plantar flexionPlantar flexion: moving the top of the foot away : moving the top of the foot away from the tibia, (pointing toes).from the tibia, (pointing toes).DorsiflexionDorsiflexion: moving the top of the foot towards : moving the top of the foot towards the tibia.the tibia.ElevationElevation: raising the shoulder girdle upwards in : raising the shoulder girdle upwards in relation to the head.relation to the head.DepressionDepression: lowering the shoulder girdle : lowering the shoulder girdle downwards in relation to the head.downwards in relation to the head.

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Synovial Joint MovementSynovial Joint Movement