music today: the ventures, “hawaii five-o” reminder: 1st midterm exam next wednesday (april 20)...
TRANSCRIPT
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Music today: The Music today: The Ventures, “Hawaii Five-Ventures, “Hawaii Five-
O”O”
• Reminder: 1st Midterm Exam Reminder: 1st Midterm Exam next Wednesday (April 20)next Wednesday (April 20)
• In class, closed bookIn class, closed book• 70% multiple choice; 30% 70% multiple choice; 30% short essayshort essay
• Study Guide is up on websiteStudy Guide is up on website
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Lecture 8: Hotspots, Lecture 8: Hotspots, Plumes and LIPs (Plumes and LIPs (LLarge arge
IIgneous gneous PProvinces)rovinces)
Is Hawaii more than a good vacation spot?Is Hawaii more than a good vacation spot?
How does life respond to catastrophes?How does life respond to catastrophes?
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Plate Tectonics - Plate Tectonics - Distribution of Volcanic and Distribution of Volcanic and
Earthquake ActivityEarthquake Activity
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Wilson Cycle (ofWilson Cycle (ofocean basin fm)ocean basin fm)
• Examples:Examples:1. East African 1. East African RiftsRifts
2. Red Sea2. Red Sea3. Atlantic Ocean3. Atlantic Ocean4. Pacific Ocean4. Pacific Ocean5. Mediterranean 5. Mediterranean SeaSea
6. Himalayas, Tibet6. Himalayas, Tibet
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The Hawaiian HotspotThe Hawaiian Hotspot
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Tahiti -- shield volcanoTahiti -- shield volcano
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Moorea -- fringing reefMoorea -- fringing reef
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Raiatea - barrier reefRaiatea - barrier reef
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Bora Bora -- lagoonBora Bora -- lagoon
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Maupiti -- the oldest Maupiti -- the oldest volcanovolcano
next stage is the coral next stage is the coral atollatoll
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French Polynesia from French Polynesia from spacespace
atollatoll
barrier reefbarrier reeffringing reeffringing reef
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Hotspot Volcanic ChainsHotspot Volcanic Chains
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Questions:Questions:
• Where do Hotspots come Where do Hotspots come from?from?
• How do Hotspots start?How do Hotspots start?• How long do they last?How long do they last?
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Indian OceanIndian Ocean
• Hotspot tracks Hotspot tracks and 3 and 3 spreading spreading ridgesridges
• A complete A complete record of record of hotspot hotspot activityactivity
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JOIDES Resolution JOIDES Resolution drillshipdrillship
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Western Western IndiaIndia
• An accumulation An accumulation of lava flows 3 of lava flows 3 miles thick!miles thick!
• Occurred at the Occurred at the same time as same time as the dinosaurs’ the dinosaurs’ extinctionextinction
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Mass Mass ExtinctionExtinction
(K-T (K-T Boundary)Boundary)
• What killed What killed the Dinosaurs?the Dinosaurs?
• 65 million yr 65 million yr agoago
• A meteorite, A meteorite, or volcanic or volcanic activity, or activity, or BOTH?BOTH?
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Impact Site:Impact Site: Yucatan Yucatan PeninsulaPeninsula
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Volcanic catastrophes and Volcanic catastrophes and Mass ExtinctionsMass Extinctions
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GreenlandGreenland
• Birth of the Birth of the Iceland Iceland hotspothotspot
• Next came the Next came the opening of opening of the North the North Atlantic Atlantic Ocean basinOcean basin
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Global Distribution of Global Distribution of LIPsLIPs
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Large Igneous Large Igneous Provinces are:Provinces are:
• BIG!!BIG!!• NOT explained by Plate NOT explained by Plate TectonicsTectonics
• Initial Plume and Hotspot Initial Plume and Hotspot ActivityActivity
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A Mantle A Mantle PlumePlume
• A blob of warm A blob of warm material rising material rising from the lower from the lower mantlemantle
• Solid but Solid but flowing at slow flowing at slow rate (<1 m/yr)rate (<1 m/yr)
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Degassing Degassing MagmaMagma
• Gases include Gases include COCO22, SO, SO22, Cl, F , Cl, F that make “acid that make “acid rain”rain”
• Shuts down Shuts down photosynthesisphotosynthesis
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Hydrothermal Exchange - Hydrothermal Exchange - MetalsMetals
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Effects of Submarine Effects of Submarine PlateausPlateaus
• Release of “reduced” metals Release of “reduced” metals uses up oxygen in the oceansuses up oxygen in the oceans
• Trace metals are “nutrients”, Trace metals are “nutrients”, so promote rapid growth of so promote rapid growth of planktonplankton
• Sinking organic matter also Sinking organic matter also uses up oxygen in the oceansuses up oxygen in the oceans
• Extinctions of marine Extinctions of marine organismsorganisms
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Two Styles of Mantle Two Styles of Mantle ConvectionConvection
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Evolution of Evolution of LifeLife
• Where there is Where there is chaos there is chaos there is opportunityopportunity
• Extinctions Extinctions lead to new lead to new ecosystemsecosystems