Nahual at first glance.

FOCAL PLANE WHEEL.-ADC-IMAGE SLICER-SLIT APERTURES

Detector

Intermediate focal plane

Off axis parabola

ECHELLEGRATING TURRET

FOLDER MIRROR

CROSS DISPERSIONUNIT

CAMERA(Three Mirrors+ Corrector)

Off axisparabola

CRYOSTAT ENTRANCE

CALIBRATIONGAS CELL

Nahual is an echelle high resolution spectrograph driven by RV science programs. High stability and reliable operation is obtainedminimizing mechanisms and in a cryogenic environment. It basic mode will allow seeing limited operation for reliability. Nahual will be moved behind the telescope AO system once is fully operational.

Nahual at first glance.PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS

Science Modes. Supplied with the grating turret.•High resolution 1. Grating 32.2 lin/mm at 63º (R=41582). Almost complete J,H and K coverage.•High resolution 2. Grating 41.6 lin/mm at 76º (R=84969). Partial J,H and K coverage.•High resolution 3. Grating 31.6 lin/mm at 76º (R=84969). Partial J,H and K coverage.•Low resolution mode. Flat mirror instead of echelle. J (R=1500), H (1000) and K (500).

•Spectral performance• 80% of the incident light from the slit on the detector in two pixels.• Resolution element. Two pixels• Peak efficiencies for the HR mode 42%• Mean efficiencies for the LR mode 53%

•These efficiencies are without the detector

•Focal plane aperture.•For the seeing limited mode 0.525”x0.6125”•For the AO mode 0.175”x 1.84” arc sec

•Other main characteristics•Plate scale 0.175” arc sec/pixel•Atmospheric Dispersor Corrector unit•Calibration Gas Cell unit•Image slicer for seeing limited mode•IR slit viewing unit for pointing

GTC TELESCOPE

Nahual Optical Design3rd NAHUAL meeting

Dornburg/Saale

Ernesto Sánchez-BlancoEduardo MartínEike Guenther

NAHUAL

Summary•Introduction

•Requirements

•Baseline optical design-Optical subsystems and performances-Atmospheric dispersor corrector trade off.-Cross dispersion unit trade off

•Nahual Upgrade study

•Optical Management

•Current phase. Scope and schedule

•Next phase. Scope and schedule

•Update to optics cost

•Work in progress

INTRODUCTION Nahual evolution path.

First Design. Tauttenburg 2005Single Pass Cross Dispersion2Kx2K detectorF3.5 Camera

Current Design for first light. IAC 2006Improving image qualityDouble Pass Cross Dispersion(Two prisms)2Kx2K detectorF3.5 Camera

Nahual Upgrade for AO operation.Double Pass Cross Dispersion(could be increased: Three prisms)Change to 4Kx4K detector (Not a gain)Change to F7 Camera (Not a gain)

Nahual baseline design will start operation in a seeing limited scenario Untill the GTC-AO system is available.

REQUIREMENTS I Maximize flux entrance for seeing limited operation. Minimum 0.525”x0.525”. (current design allows a 0.525”x0.6175” aperture) Maximize spectral stability (minimize mechanisms). Spectral range: J,H and K bands (goal to include Y band) Resolution: Above 40000 (goal 75000).

4Kx4KDetector

J BAND

H BAND

K BAND

2.4002 MICRONS2.3275 MICRONS1.9695 MICRONS

1.8290 MICRONS1.7865 MICRONS

1.3965 MICRONS1.3715 MICRONS

1.4770 MICRONS

1.129 MICRONS

REQUIREMENTS II

Optimize detector. (use 2 pixels per spectral resolution element) Plate scale at detector 0.175” arc second per resolution element

(2 pixels).The telescope provides a F#15.6 (circumscribed pupil, or F17

in inscribed pupil.2Kx2K HgCdTe Hawaii Detector with 18 micron pixels. Nominal spectral resolution performance without AO system.

BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGNFUNCTIONAL CONCEPT: white pupil

FP: Focal planeOAP: Off axis parabolaFLD: Folder mirror

FIRST STAGE: HIGH DISPERSION SECOND STAGE: CROSS DISPERSION

FP1 FP2 FP3

OAP1 OAP2OAP3

CAM

ECHELLE

CROSS DISP

FLD1

BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN:CURRENT DESIGN LAYOUT

FP1

FP3

FP2

OAP1, OAP2

ECHELLETURRET

FLD1

P3CROSS DISP

CAM(Three Mirrors+ Corrector)

OAP3

FP: Focal planeOAP: Off axis parabolaFLD: Folder mirror

CRYOSTAT ENTRANCE

For GTC Nasmyth platform.F15.6 beam from telescope, seeing limited or AO corrected

•PRE-FOCAL PLANEAtmospheric Dispersor CorrectorImage slicerGas cell calibration unit

•AUXILIARY SUBSISTEMSIR guiding unit for object pointing and trackingTelescope A&G unit for VIS pointing.Telescope Instrument calibration module for spectral flat field

and low Res spectroscopy .

BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN:DESIGN SUMMARY I

SPECTROGRAPHThe spectral resolution element is in two pixels.

Collimator/Echelle pupil/Camera Focal length 1700mm. Off axis parabola, F# 15.6. Estimated transmission 97% (without echelle).

Echelle Pupil Size 109 mm Standard echelle sizes are 128mmx254mm and 204mmx410mm

depending on the grating (blazed at 63º or 76º).

 Folder mirror/Second stage collimatorFocal length 1700mmRefractive, F# 15.6.Estimated transmission 97%        

BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN:DESIGN SUMMARY II

Cross dispersion/white pupil Double pass design. Needs a mirror. Can accommodate up to three prisms. Estimated transmission 83%

Camera Focal length 381.4mm (F#=3.5) Three mirrors, one spherical and two aspherics. One lens as

corrector Estimated transmission 91%

Mechanisms within the cryostat Focal plane wheel with fixed positions. Echelle wheel, with a position for each grating plus one mirror (4

positions).

BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN:DESIGN SUMMARY II

Science modes.High resolution 1 (41000). Almost complete J,H and K coverage.High resolution 2 (85000). Partial J,H and K coverage.High resolution 3 (85000). Partial J,H and K coverage.Low resolution mode. J (R=1500), H (1000) and K (500).

Image quality 80% of the energy arriving at the detector from the slit will fall on two pixels.

Transmission (rough estimation)42% for the first light design

BASELINE OPTICAL DESIGN:PERFORMANCE SUMMARY

SUBSYSTEM TRANSMISSION (HR mode)

GAS CELL (4 air-glass interfaces) 0.922

ADC (6 air-glass interfaces) 0.886

IMAGE SLICER (To be designed) 0.922*

MAIN OPTICS, 4 reflections (no camera)

0.94

ECHELLE GRATING (peak efficiency) 0.8

CROSS DISPERSION UNIT (3 air glass-1 mirror)

0.83

CAMERA 0.91

TOTAL 0.427

ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT I.

•The ADC unit shall correct the differential atmospheric refraction effect for theJ,H and K bands.

Angle from Zenith in degrees

J BAND position in arc seconds

H BAND (1.6 microns) position in

arc seconds

K BAND (2.2 microns) position in

arc seconds

0 0 0 0

15 0 0.0100 0.0200

30 0 0.0250 0.0430

40 0 0.0360 0.0620

50 0 0.0510 0.0880

55 0 0.0610 0.1060

60 0 0.0740 0.1280

65 0 0.0910 0.1580

70 0 0.1170 0.2020

75 0 0.1570 0.2730

80 0 0.2350 0.4080

82 0 0.2900 0.5030

84 0 0.3750 0.6510

86 0 0.5220 0.9070

•Top. Refraction dispersion at 81º of elevation

•Left. Refraction effect for•different elevations

ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT II.•Requirements: The image on the entrance slit will not have chromatic •aberrations larger than 0.06” arc seconds to allow the observation of •double or multiple science targets from zenith of 50º.

•Trade Off analysis was done regarding the following criteria.•Adjustable unit (one mechanism required).•Fixed unit (an error of correction in requirements within an elevation range.•Three designs were worked (two warm and one cold).

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Elevation

Arc

sec

onds

Atmospheric refraction for H and K bands relative to J band

J bandH bandK band

ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT III.•Adjustable versus fixed unit.

•Mechanism issues.•Emissivity for continuous units

•The preference of the trade Off result is to have a fixed cold ADC removable unit in the focal plane wheel.

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

Lambda

Pho

tons

/nm

*seg

arc

*seg

Photon flux contributions

Sky background

Sky+Telescope

Sky+Telescope+warm ADC

Photon flux per nanometer per second per squared arc second at the instrument focal plane

Telescope emissivity=0.1ADC emissivity=0.15Sky emissivity at K=0.134 at 230Kelvin

ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT IV.

•Proposed concept.• Cold within the cryostat.•To be assembled in a cylinder 25mmx25mm at the focal plane wheel.

ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSOR CORRECTOR UNIT IV.

•ADC Performance.•From 0º to 21º no ADC in the optical path. •Start operation at 21º of elevation. Insert ADC.•End of the correction range within requirement 51º.

•ADC Performance at 21º (left), 39º (center) and 51º (right).•The circle is the airy pattern at 1.5 microns (50 microns diameter)• Extreme wavelengths are 1.13 and 2.42 (J and K band edges).

ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. High Res mode.Spectral coverage I

•Three gratings with fixed positions are considered plus a mirror for low• resolution (cross dispersion) spectroscopy. •One grating at R=41000•Two gratings at R=85000

ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. Spectral coverage II

))sin()(sin()/( nd

a=63º (at litrow)b=+-2.76º are the edges of the detectord=23.2-1 mm/lin grating lines per milimetern= diffraction order.

ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. Spectral coverage III

Efficiency through the field for a single order•On the top wavelenght coverages•On the left experimental results for grating 23.2 lin/mm at order 39 (K band)•Peak efficiency 80% (variable with order).

ECHELLE DISPERSION UNIT. Spectral coverage IV

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 30

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Departure angle from blaze

Rel

ativ

e ef

ficie

ncy

from

bla

ze

Out of blaze efficiency envelope grating 23.2 lin/mm @63º

Order 70 envelopefrom 1083nm to 1110 nm

Order 32 envelope from 2369nm to 2428

•Top: efficiency at J band inOrder 80.As we move to higher ordersThe peak efficiency decrease

•Bottom: Relative envelopesfor different orders normalized at the peak.

•Quotation: Zerodur gold coated• 63º blazed (128mmx254mm)

48.200 euros• 76º blazed (204mmx410mm) 79.500 euros

CROSS DISPERSION UNIT I. Trade Off analysis

Required spectral dispersion• 18+2 pixels between the closest adjacent orders (32-33 of K band).• This allows a minimum point source FOV of 0.525”x0.525” arc seconds• 7 options were analyzed, in single, double pass, symmetrical and non symmetrical prisms.

CROSS DISPERSION UNIT Trade Off summary.

COMPARATIVE DESIGN CHART

Design type(Prism number)

Cross Dispersion Power between

orders 32 and 33(in pixels)

Blank number (22000 eu

price/blank)

Prism number (10000 *price/

prism)In double pass mirror 6000 eu mirror included

Total price(euros)

PixelsbetweenJ- 1.129K- 2.400microns

Average Transmission0.985 air/glass

0.99 absorp./prism(0,99 mirror used)

Single pass 3 prisms

17.04 3 3 96000 891 88%

Double pass asymmetric

2 prisms

17.73 1 2 48000 970 84%

Single pass 4 prisms

22.17 4 4 128000 1174 85%

Double pass asymmetric

3 prisms

22.77 2 3 80000 1333 77%

Double pass symmetric

2 prisms

23.61 2 2 70000 1255 84%

Double pass asymmetric

4 prisms

32.2 2 4 94000 Vigt- 71%

Double pass symmetric

3 prisms

36.8 3 3 102000 2047 77%

CROSS DISPERSION UNIT Trade Off summary. Analyzed Options

CROSS DISPERSIONTrade Off summary.

CROSS DISPERSION UNIT II

Two ZnSe prisms and a mirrorOr two prisms, with one silvered side.

Benefits of the double pass design• Twice the dispersion of single pass (with the same number of prisms)• Better AIV process• Upgradeable number of prisms and more room available

Problems of the double pass design• Slightly larger mirrors in the camera• A light astigmatism is introduced because the path is not exactly symmetric.

CROSS DISPERSION UNIT III•23 pixels between the orders 32 and 33 allowing a 0.61”x0.525” FOV with two pixels left dark before starting with the next order

Two prisms double pass coverage

CROSS DISPERSION UNIT IV

Quotations:•Per ZnSe prism blank: 22.400 EU/blank•Per ZnSe prism manufacture and coating: 15.000 EU/piece

LOW RESOLUTION MODE. Spectral coverage I

•Bottom: Spot diagram of the dispersion due to the ZnSe Prisms alone.

•Select the mirror instead of the echelles in the grating turret. •Dispersion is due to the ZnSe prisms.

1 MICRON

1.05 MICRON

1.2 MICRON

1.25 MICRON

1.4 MICRON1.5 MICRON

1.8 MICRON1.9 MICRON2.3 MICRON2.4 MICRON

LOW RESOLUTION MODE. Spectral resolution

•Bottom: Resolution considering an aperture of 0.175” (two pixels).•The current satandard aperture is 0.612” (7 pixels) wide. For optimum performance a new aperture/slicer would be required for this mode.

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.50

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Lambda in microns

Res

olut

ion

(tw

o pi

xels

)

Nahual Low Resolution mode performance

•Resolution summary •(2 pixels)

•J band 1500•H band 1000•K band 500

LOW RESOLUTION MODE. Image quality•Within requirements for the full J, H and K bands.•Significant degradation out of these bands

•Image quality •(Box is 2 pixels wide)• Circles are Airy disk•On Top the wavelengths

CAMERA.

Off axis aspherical.

Off axis aspherical.

Centered sphere.

ZnSe corrector.Spherical surfaces 80mm diameter25mm thickness

CAMERA. Mirror size

Quotations:•Pending contacts with manufacturers

M1:280x 220 M2:180x 150

M3:280x 220•Maximum size did not increase relative to the original design.•No vignetting in J,H and K.•Light vignetting out of these bands

IMAGE QUALITY I.

•Good unvignetted image quality in J,H and K bands (two prisms double pass)• Worse image in I band. To be optimized in the next iteration.

K BAND

H BAND

J BAND

IMAGE QUALITY II.

K BAND

K BAND Box size is 2 pixelsx2 pixelsCircle: Airy disk

EER 80%=16.2 microns

EER 80%=15.6 microns EER 80%=16.9 microns

IMAGE QUALITY II. Enclosed energy in two pixels

•Convoluted slit with the psf (geometrical + diffraction).•J and H bands over 80% in two pixels•K band 76% EES in two pixels

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Microns from centered slit

Rel

ativ

e flu

x

Slit image in the H band

H Band

80% at 17.3 microns

83% at 18 microns

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

J band slit at 1.1679microns.

80% at 17.5 micronsside

81% ay 18 microns

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Microns from centered slit

Rel

ativ

e flu

x

Slit image in the K band

80% at 19.2 microns

76% at 18 microns

K BAND

UPGRADE PATH

GTC CASSEGRAIN FOCUS

GTC ADAPTIVEOPTICS CORRECTOR

ADC

NAHUALGTCAO

K SYSTEMDERROTATOR

NAHUAL

DM MIRROR

UPGRADE PATH

•NAHUAL WILL BE READY TO BE USED WITH AO GAINING S/N AND SPATIAL RESOLUTION AS SOON AS THE TELESCOPE AO IS AVAILABLE.We can remove Nahual ADC.Changing the image slicer by a single “long slit” (0.175”x 1.837”).We leave room to allocate a third prism in the cross dispersion unit.

•EXPECTED PERFORMANCES ARE STILL TO BE EVALUATEDThe single object will cover an area about (0.175”x0.175”) against the 0.525”x0.615” of the seeing limited aperture. This is a factor 5 regarding S/N gain due to sky background.•BUT…The AO system will loose light through its path (83% transmission).The AO system is warm, so at the K band an increase of emissivity (around 0.25) for the full system is expected.So the final increase in s/n will be lower (probably a factor 2 or 3).

UPGRADE PATH

•RESULTS OF THE ANALISYS OF UPGRADING WITH A NEW DETECTOR AND CAMERA. ¿WHY IS NOT USEFULL?Original idea was to use the grating of R=40000 at double resolution changing the detector in a 4Kx4K, doubling the camera focal length and reducing the slit aperture to half the current one (to 88 mas).

F7 CAMERA4KX4K DETECTORDesign originally done to consider future envelopes needs

UPGRADE PATH

•All the concept is right considering we are able to maintain the spectral resolution element (the image of the slit) in two pixels.•But that is the problem. The diffraction of the spot at K band does not allow to put all the light in two pixels. Increasing the camera focal length has to be discarded.

First Light Design. F3.5 camera Upgraded Design. F7 camera

Boxes are 2 pixels wide. The slit is projected geometrically in a bit less than two pixels.Circles are the Airy disks at the shown wavelengths (K band edge).

UPGRADE PATH

Real^2= Slit Projection^2+ Psf aberration^2+diffraction^2

With the current camera, the heaviest contribution is that of the Slit projection. Real=41 microns for 36 microns in two pixels.

•31 microns, is the geometrical projection of 175 mas slit on the detector.•18 microns, are the geometrical aberrations (in 1 pixel aprox).•20.5 microns is the Airy disk diameter. (K band edge)

But if we reduce the slit to 88mas, and double the camera focal lenght twice to sample this aperture with two pixels, the values will be Real=54 microns. These are exactly 3 pixels.

•31 microns, is the geometrical projection of 88 mas slit on the detector. (half slit but double camera focal lenght)•18 microns, are the geometrical aberrations (in 1 pixel aprox). (this is a reasonable value we could obtain in a more optimized design)•41 microns is the Airy disk diameter. (the Airy is doubled in size on the detector, because we doubled the camera focal lenght)

UPGRADE PATH

CONCLUSIONS

•Upgrading with a longer focal length camera results in a limited performance.•Upgrading just with a detector has the following problems.

•Severe vignetting could be unavoidable with the current anastigmatic design.•Large marginal angles (twice the current ones) will be responsible of low diffraction efficiencies in a single order within the new detector area.

•Considering the cost of this upgrade with the benefits, it seems not to be worth doing them.

OPTICAL MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PHASE

•Schedule September 2005-September 2006•Resources: 360h for optical design•SCOPE for the conceptual optical design.

•The idea is to have a realistic proporsal from the point of view of manufacturing, cost and that meets the scientific requirements. All the work has to be documented to create and archive and define subsystems and interfaces. •The scope is planned in a series of documented tasks (next slide).

CONCEPTUAL DESIGNTASK PROGRESS

Original Design Documentation. Performances and improvements

Done.Doc: NahualBaselineOpticalDesing

Scientific Requirements and subsystems Done.Doc:NahualRequirements

To understand Nahual Requirements Done (Eike)Doc: Nahual Science and Basic Understanding

ADC need and trade off type. DoneDoc: NahualCorrectorTradeOff

ADC design DoneDoc: NahualCorrectorOpticalDesign

Cross dispersion update and trade off DoneDoc: NahualCrossDispersionTradeOff

Nahual Image Slicer trade off In progress

Nahual Error budget In progress

Nahual Conceptual Optical DesignThe summary and proposed design

In progress

Contact with main manufacturers (cost, schedule)

Cross dispersion unit Done

Echelles Done

Reflective optics: OAPs and Camera Pending

OPTICAL MANAGEMENT: PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE

•Schedule to be confirmed: September 2006-September 2007•Resources: 540h for optical design•SCOPE for the preliminary design.

•Every aspect of the design will be modeled or tested to guarantee that the solution will be ready for final manufacturing drawings.•Manufacture contacts with more than one supplier should be done.

OPTICAL MANAGEMENT: PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE

TASK

Thermal analysis: Main optics, ADC , cross dispersion unit. Two files, for manufacturing, and for operation. Optical optimization.

Ghost analysis. ADC, Cross dispersor and main optics.

Stray light analysis. Baffling and Emissivity issues.

Nahual Error budget. Image quality update.

Nahual Error budget. Thermal/image stability.

Associated systems. A&G IR imaging unit

Associated systems. Gas cell optical effects.

Alignment Integration and Verification.Preliminary Procedure and tools.

Coating performances. Manufacture and tests.

Preliminary Optical Design. Interface definition

Contact with manufacturersManufacturing issues and updates.

OPTICAL MANAGEMENT:OPTICS COST

OPTICAL SYSTEM

METHOD COST (euros)

Two OAPs

Camera

3 Echelle Quotation 50000 (63º)/80000 (76º)

Cross Dispersion Unit

Quotation 75000

ADC Estimation 10000

A&G IR Autoguide

Image Slicer (design pending)

WORK IN PROGRESS

Scope: •To have a complete conceptual design well documented inSeptember of 2006 regarding the optical design.

Tasks under progress but not ready for today.• Image slicer design.• Image quality error budget (fabrication and alignment tolerances).• Camera and OPAs manufacturer contact and quotations

IMAGE SLICER I. Seeing statistics at La Palma

•FWHM at V band it the GTC site. •50% of the time the seeing is under 0.69” arc seconds.•80% of the time the seeing is under 0.9” arc seconds.

IMAGE SLICER II. Seeing at J,H and K bands

Measured FWHM

R0 (0.5microns) R0 (1.25 microns) R0 (1.6 microns) R0 (2.2 microns)

50% Percentile 0.69” 0.146 mts 0.438 mts 0.589 mts 0.864 mts

80% Percentile 0.9” 0.112 mts 0.336 mts 0.452 mts 0.663 mts

FWHM (50% time) FWHM (80% time)

Lambda 1.25, J band 0.57” 0.75”

Lambda 1.6,H band 0.55” 0.71”

Lambda 2.2, K band 0.51” 0.67”

•Top: R0 scaling with lambda

•Top: Expected FWHM values at J,H and K bands at 50% and 80% of the time.

IMAGE SLICER III. •Aperture is limited in the telescope seeing mode by the crossdispersion.•Simple devices can be designed with three slices (0.175” arc seconds slits)•The aperture for the proposed design is 0.6125”x0.525”

• A model of the fluxentering the aperture is on the way. Earlyestimations are >80%Of the flux, 50% of the time.

IMAGE SLICER IV. • A trade off analysis regarding the different options is in course.• Simple cryogenic devices are preferred. It will be placed in the focal

plane wheel.• Pupil position and plate scale should be maintained for a straight AO operation.• Many options are initially available. Those identified that will be

analyzed are:-Lenslet array with fiber link and pseudo slit.

-Lenslet array-Reflective. Richardson-Reflective. Micromirrors-Refractive. Waveguide. Suto & Takami-Refractive. Other waveguide modifications-Refractive. Bowen – Walraven (standard, confocal and

modifications)-Refractive. Plate Tilting

• A real test of the final design has to be done in cold if the assembly has not been previously reported.

ERROR BUDGET I. • Preliminary analysis has been done considering a 10% mean

degradation over the nominal design. This analysis has to be updated.

• Optical manufacture and alignment tolerances indicate the need of compensators. The sensitivity analysis pointed the camera as the mayor offender of the system.

• The considered compensators are Detector: piston and tilts. Camera: M3 decenter and tilt.

• These compensators are used during the alignment of the instrument, and will work regarding symmetrical aberrations (spherical and focus), and non symmetrical ones (astigmatism and coma).

• To validate the procedure contact with companies are needed regarding the manufacturing tolerances.

A 50 Monte Carlo run with the considered compensators being evaluated in diffraction ensquared energy. This evaluation was done for the camera alone to consider a complete manufacturer assembly.

Camara pru1

SILICA, dia 95mm

Other Possible Cameras