Name the Seven Dwarves

Take out a piece of paper

Difficulty of Task

• Was the exercise easy or difficult.

It depends on what factors?

•Whether you like Disney movies

•how long ago you watched the movie

•how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of

information.

As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….

So what was the point of the seven dwarves exercise?

The Memory process

• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

Encoding

• The processing of information into the memory system.

Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

Storage

• The retention of encoded material over time.

Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.

Retrieval• The process of getting the information out

of memory storage.

Finding your document and opening it up.

Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).

Now pick out the seven dwarves.

Turn your paper over.

Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

Seven Dwarves

Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

Recall v. Recognition• With recall- you must retrieve the

information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).

• With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).

• Which is easier?

Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?

Flashbulb Memory

• A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Where were you when?

1. You heard about 9/11

2. You heard about the death of a family member

3. During the OJ chase

Types of Memory

• Sensory Memory:

• Short-Term Memory

• Long-Term Memory

Sensory Memory• The immediate, initial recording of sensory

information in the memory system.• Stored just for an instant, and most gets

unprocessed.Examples:•You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register. •Your ability to see motion can be attributed to sensory memory. An image previously seen must be stored long enough to compare to the new image. Visual processing in the brain works like watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a time. •If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively

unprocessed sensory memory.

Short-Term Memory

• Memory that holds a few items briefly.

• Seven digits (plus of minus two).

• The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.

How do you store things from short-term to long-term?

RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

Working Memory(Modern day STM)

• Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory.

• Working-Memory has three parts:1. Audio

2. Visual

3. Integration of audio and visual (controls where your attention lies)

Long-Term Memory

• The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Three Stages of Memory

Sensory Short-term Long-termMemory Memory Memory

This is LindaLinda? Janet?Tina? Lane?

File Cabinet:People met at

party

SensoryInput Attention

Storage&

Retrieval

Encoding

Getting the information in our heads!!!!

How do you encode the info you read in our text?

Two ways to encode information

• Automatic Processing

• Effortful Processing

Automatic Processing• Unconscious encoding of incidental information.• You encode space, time and word meaning without

effort.• Things can become automatic with practice.

For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.

Effortful Processing

• Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

• Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.

• Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

Things to remember about Encoding

1. The next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.

2. Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered.

3. Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

Spacing Effect

• We encode better when we study or practice over time.

• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

List the U.S. Presidents

Exercise 1-Take out a piece of paper and….

The Presidents

Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower

J.Adams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy

Jefferson Pierce McKinley L.Johnson

Madison Buchanan T.Roosevelt Nixon

Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford

JQ Adams A.Johnson Wilson Carter

Jackson Grant Harding Reagan

Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush

Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton

Tyler Arthur FD.Roosevelt Bush Jr.

Polk Cleveland Truman Dean

Serial Positioning Effect

• Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

PresidentsRecalled

Short-term Memory• Exercise 2: Quarter Lists• Serial-Position Effect: The tendency to recall more accurately the

first and last items in a series

• Primacy effect:

Tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items

• Recency effect: Tendency to recall the last items in a series of items

Types of Encoding• Semantic Encoding: the encoding

of meaning, like the meaning of words

•Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.

•Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

Encoding exercise

Which type works best?

Self-Reference Effect

• An example of how we encode meaning very well.

• The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.

Peg-word system

Tricks to Encode• Use imagery: mental pictures

Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Systems for remembering in which items are related to easily recalled sets of symbols such as acronyms, phrases, or jingles

Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."

Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

Give me some more examples….

Chunking

• Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

• Often it will occur automatically.

• Exercise 3: Chunk- from Goonies

GM-CBS-IBM-ATT-CIA-FBI

Storage

How we retain the information we encode

Review the three stage process of Memory

Storage and Sensory MemoryGeorge Sperling played one of three tones (each tone corresponding with a row of letters). Then he flashed the letters for less than a second and the subjects were able to identify the letters for the corresponding row,

Iconic Memory

• a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photograph like quality lasting only about a second.

• We also have an echoic memory for auditory stimuli. If you are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last few words said in the past three or four seconds.

Storage and Short-Term Memory

• Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.

• Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.

• We recall digits better than letters.

Short-term memory exercise.

Storage and Long-Term Memory• We have yet to find the limit

of our long-term memory.

• For example, Rajan was able to recite 31,811 digits of pi.

• At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license plates of all of his parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plate numbers to this day.

How does our brain store long-term memories?• Memories do NOT reside in single specific

spots of our brain.

•They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)• The current theory of how our long-term

memory works.

•LTP is an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

•Memory has a neural basis.

In other words, if you are trying to remember a phone number, the neurons are firing neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).

Stress and Memory

• Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM.

• Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

Types of LTM

The Hippocampus• Damage to the

hippocampus disrupts our memory.

• Left = Verbal• Right = Visual and

Locations• The hippocampus is the

like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

Retrieval

How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?

Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!

Short-term to Long-term

• Maintenance rehearsal-repetition but not effective way to place info in permanent storage

vs.• Elaborative rehearsal:

relating new material to well-known material (meaningful)

– Vocabulary

Recall versus RecognitionI probably cannot recall the Smurfs,

but can I recognize them?

Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf

Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf

Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf

Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf

Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf

Recognition • Easiest type of memory

task, involving identification of objects or events encountered before

• Ex: multiple choice questions• Recognize photos of old classmates

easier than recalling their names

Recall

• Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material

• More difficult than recognition (Ex.8-Draw both sides of a penny)

• Recall task-person must retrieve a syllable with another syllable serving as a cue (fill in the blank)

• Meaningful links help

Relearning

•A measure of retention. Material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially

• Ex: Future Psych classes

Retrieval Cues

• Things that help us remember.

Give out priming worksheet

•We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information.

PRIMING EFFECT • Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or

better to an item if a similar item preceded it.

•For the most part, the priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon. The priming effect basically consists of repetition priming and semantic priming.

Repetition Priming

1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.

Semantic Priming2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier

(quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

Ms.Yen

Priming

Exercise 2

Context Effects

• It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.

• If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.

Déjà Vu

• That eerie sense that you have experienced something before.

• What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused.

Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?

Mood-Congruent Memory• The tendency to recall experiences that are

consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

• If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from you past.

• Moods also effect that way you interpret other peoples behavior

State-Dependent Memory

• Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned

• Ex: under the influence, mood-happy, angry, sad

Forgetting

Encoding Failure

Encoding Failure• We fail to encode the information.

• It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

Test Your MemoryWhich is the real penny?

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon

•The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved

• Incomplete or imperfect learning

• May not know exact answer but we know something

Storage Decay

• Even if we encode something well, we can forget it.

• Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.

• Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.

Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

Retrieval Failure• The memory was encoded and stored, but

sometimes you just cannot access the memory.

Short-term Memory•Rote learning: mechanical

associative learning that is based on repetition

•Interference/Displace: to cause chunks of information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new items

Interference Theory

• We forget material in short-term and long-term memory because newly learned material interferes with it

• Retroactive vs. Proactive

Types of Retrieval Failure

Proactive Interference

• The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

Types of Retrieval Failure

Retroactive Interference

• The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

Motivated Forgetting• We sometimes revise our own histories.

Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!

Motivated Forgetting

One explanation is REPRESSION:

• in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.

Why does is exist?

Forgetting

My Trip To Cheesecake Factory

You go to the Cheesecake Factory for dinner. You are seated at a table with a white tablecloth. You study the menu. You tell the female server you want Avocado Egg Rolls, extra sauce, Roadslide Sliders, Thai Lettuce Wraps, and Chino-Latino Steak (medium). You also order a Cherry Coke from the beverage list. A few minutes later the server returns with your Avocado Egg Rolls. Later the rest of the meal arrives. You enjoy it all, except the Chino-Latino Steak is a bit overdone.

Cheesecake factoryHow did you order the steak?

Was the red tablecloth checkered?

What did you order to drink?

Did a male server give you a menu?

Memory Construction

• We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them.

• Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter your memories.

Misinformation Effect• Incorporating misleading information into

one’s memory of an event.

My parents told me for years I met Guidry.I have the memory- but it never happened!!!

Misinformation Effect

Depiction of Accident

Misinformation EffectLeading Question: About how fats were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

Long-term Memories

• How accurate?• Elizabeth Loftus:

-memories are distorted by our biases and needs and by the ways in we conceptualize our worlds-schemas

Schemas•A way of mentally

representing the world, such as a belief or

expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and

situations

Example • Loftus:

– Showed video on car crash– Questionnaire asked how fast the

cars were going at the time of the crash

– “Smashed” 41 mph– “Hit”34 mph– Words “hit” and “smashed” caused

people to organize their knowledge about the crash in different ways

Eye-Witness Testimony

• Words chosen by an experimenter and those

chosen by a lawyer interrogating a witness can

influence the reconstruction of memories

Eye-Witness Testimony• Hypnosis-can amplify and distort

memories• Identification of criminals-people

pay more attention to clothing rather than height, weight, facial features

• Improvement-describe what happened rather than pump witness with suggestions

Source Amnesia(Source Attribution)

• Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.

Infantile Amnesia• Exercise: Write down your

earliest memory• Inability to recall events

that occur prior to the age or 2 or 3

– No meaningful stories or connections

– No reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events

Anterograde Amnesia

• Failure to remember events that occur after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

• H.M.-couldn’t transfer info from short-term to long-term

Retrograde Amnesia

•Failure to remember events that occur prior to physical

trauma because the effects of the trauma