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NANO BIO-TECHNOLOGY

STUDENTS DAV Senior Secondary SchoolMayank Tyagi No.1, Gandhi Nagar, DelhiChirag Upadhyay

TEACHER

Anita Gautam

INTRODUCTION

K. Eric Drexler popularied the word ‘nanotechnology’ in the 1980s,for building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometerswide, far smaller than a cell. Nanomedicine is the medicalapplication of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from themedical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronicbiosensors, and even possible future applications of molecularnanotechnology.

RATIONALE

Current problems for nanomedicine involve understanding theissues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscalematerials. One nanometer is one-millionth of a millimeter. Thenanomedicine initiative has two major goals: (1) to understandhow the biological machinery inside living cells is built and operatesat the nanoscale; and (2) to use this information to re-engineerthese structures, develop new technologies that could be appliedto treating diseases, and/or leverage the new knowledge to focuswork directly on translational studies to treat a disease or repairdamaged tissue.

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2 STRUCTURE AND WORKING OF EXHIBITS

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE INVOLVED

It is based on the principle of manipulation of matter at a nanoscale which is being explored widely and applied in the field ofnanomedicines.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Materials used for the following items are:

Nano RobotTripod stand, black cellophane tape, card board, iron nails,aluminium foil wooden box and double sided tape.

Drug DeliveryHard Plywood, foam sheet, glue, transparent water pipe, electricwater pump, black chart paper, black cellophane tape, red watercolour and medical syringes.

Nano Particle TargettingPlastic ball, white chart paper, cotton, small bouncing balls, medi-cal dressing tape, black Pastel sheets, black cellophane tape, yel-low LEDs, battery eliminator, wires, wooden box and water colours.

Cell Repairing MachineHollow 4 inches long metallic tube, small motor, cone shaped plasticaxel, battery eliminator and aluminium foil.

Neuro Electronic InterfaceModel of human brain,7 inches long screw, wooden box, blackpastel sheet, black cellophane tape, 1 inch long screw, white medicaldressing tape and silver metallic poster colour.

CONSTRUCTION

Nano RobotA tripod stand is covered by black cellophane tape. A 3D hexagonalstructure of hard cardboards, covered by aluminium foil. It isfixed on tripod stand with the help of double sided tape. This isthe prototype of nano robot. This unit is placed in a wooden boxfully covered by black pastel sheet.

Drug DeliveryHuman kidney is made with foam sheet, coloured red, insertedwith water pipe fixed with pump. At the other end of pipe twomedical syringes are inserted for drug delivery.

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Nano Particle TargettingTumour cell is depicted with a plastic ball, covered by cotton andpainted red and black. LEDs, wires and battery eliminators areused done along with wooden box and colours. The nano robotsare placed at different positions facing tumour cell.

Cell RepairingA motor is fixed at one end of 4 inches long hollow metallic tubefixed with a cone shaped plastic axle revolving needle. The motoris connected with a battery eliminator. 3 foldable metallic stripsattached with it, works as its arms. It is covered with aluminiumfoil and is placed on the tumour cell with the support of its workingarms.

Neuro Electronic InterfaceA 7 inches long screw is inserted in inverted form at the bottom ofa wooden box. A model of human brain is fixed with the help ofscrew and cellophane tape. The unit is painted is black .

WORKING

Nano RobotThese are made up of isotope ‘C13’ of carbon which is synthesisedfrom ‘C12’ elemental carbon. According to Robert Freitas of theInstitute for Molecular Manufacturing a nano robot is 0.5 to 3 nmin size because that is the maximum size possible due to capillarypassage requirement. ‘C13’ is used to make them because it hasnon-zero magnetic moment. Firstly these are injected in the humanbody and the doctor can control them with the help of computerswhile monitoring it in MRI machine.

Drug DeliveryNano robots are used due to their specific size. There are 3 stepsof drug delivery - Sufficient encapsulation of drug, Synthesis ofdrug at the targeted region, and after synthesis, clearing of thedrug from the targeted region. The drug is firstly encapsulated innano robot and then the nano robot is injected in the patient’sbod. The doctor then gives instructions to the nano robot to reachthe targeted region and after reaching the targeted region it willrelease the drug in the specific region. After sufficient time intervalthe drug is cleared by the nano robot otherwise the drug will startthe process of toxicity in the patient’s body.


Cell Repairing MachineCell repairing machine is a nano robot which can regenerate thecells followed by tissue and then regenerate the whole organ.

Nano Particle TargettingThe nano robots are targeted to the tumour site in cancer patientand will project the beam of specifically charged gold nanoshellson the tumour cell to destroy it. The positively charged goldnanoshells were found to enter the kidneys while negativelycharged gold particles in the liver and spleen. The positive surfacecharge of the nanoparticle decreases the rate of opsonisation inthe liver. Even at the size of 5 nm these sometimes can beaccumulated in the peripheral tissue and may cause toxicity.

For Neuro Electronic InterfaceBy this technology patients with delayed neuron response due tosome accident or mental disorders like multiple sclerosis andparaplegia can be treated. The doctor will inject the nano robotsin the patient’s body and then the nano robots will attachthemselves on the neurons of the patient and send the lowfrequency electromagnetic signals to the attached controllingcomputer which can amplify, store and respond.

Flow Chart of Process of Curing a Disease by Nano Bio-Technology

Encapsulation of drug in Nano Robots

Injection of Nano Robots in patient’s body

Nano Robots approaching to target region accordingto the instructions given by concerned doctor

Releasing drug at the targeted region

Synthesisation of drug at the target region

After synthesisation clarification of drug aftersufficient interval of time by Nano Robots

Nano Robots coming out from patient’sbody through excretory organs

Fig. 1.1: Construction of the Model

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APPLICATIONS

Nano bio-technology is future medicine ready to revolutionise theworld by which even deadliest diseases could be cured. It can beused in cases related to:

1. Cardiovascular diseases and stroke;2. Drug delivery;3. Cancer treatment;4. Surgery;5. Immune system disorders.

SOLUTION OF RAILWAY ACCIDENT

STUDENTS Shree Valmiki VidhyalayaPithve Prajval Rajeshbhai Kadodra-Kamrej, SuratPatel Arpit Hemantbhai

TEACHER

Anita Gautam

INTRODUCTION

Train is a major and economical mode of transportation in India.Maximum people use it, but at the same time it is not 100% safe.Maximum accidents occur on the track and people either lose theirlives or suffer from physical disorder.

Even government has to spend lots of money to over-comefrom such accidents like to the family of the injured and deadpeople. Our main aim to develop this project is to avoid trainaccidents and reduce economic burden of our country and toprovide safe transportation.


Working through Cooperation of Solenoid and IR Sensor and KEILprogramme principle.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Toy train and track, Sensor, LED light, wire, IC, Solenoid, Battery,Transistor, Capacitor, Ply, Acrylic, etc.

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CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

First of all take wooden ply 2” 3” feet size. Then fix the track oftoy train on the ply with the help of screw. Then join anotherBy-pass track at a proper place on the main track. Now at thejunction where the main and By-pass track are both meet together,there to join track with solenoid so that solenoid can change thetrack, and with the help of pin join the solenoid in the circuit.Then set IR sensor for Case-1 and Case-2 on both the tracks. FitCapacitor, Transistor and converting regulator with circuit so itcan supply necessary power to the circuit. For controlling of allthe things connect in IC, then to pin IC with circuit and give itpower supply so it will work (Fig. 2.1).

Fig. 2.1: Construction of the Exhibit

WORKING OF THE MODEL

There are three possibility of accidents in case of train.

Case-1When couple of trains are going on the same track back to back.First, train which will go on the main track when it will reach on

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its sensor, the track will automatically change and the next trainwill go on that track called By-pass track so accidents will notoccur.

Suppose, both tracks are engaged the upcoming train will beindicated by the stop signal. So an accident will not occur.

Case-2

When two trains move on different tracks and gathered on thesame track. In this case, the train which will enter first in to sensorwill command the stop signal to the other train.

Case-3

When two trains move on the same track from opposite directions.When both trains will enter into sensor (station) suddenly the stopsignal will start on all tracks. So accidents will not happen.

APPLICATIONS

1. It is helpful for the Railways.

2. It will guide other factors which are concerned with humanresources.

3. It will be helpful to avoid road accidents by using sensors.

4. It will be helpful to avoid economic burden of our country.


AUTONOMOUS ROBOT

STUDENTS Sungrace VidhyalayaTiwari Ankit R. Udhyog Nagar, UdhnaPatel Kiran R. Surat City, Gujarat

TEACHER

Neelam Doriwala

INTRODUCTION

It is a totally Micro-controller based project which is speciallydesigned for Indian Defence. It can be used by Army as Spy Gadgetsand as wireless bomb diffuser.

RATIONALE

Now-a-days terrorism is a very big issue for the entire world. Thisworking model of an autonomous robot has been made to tacklethis issue. It can find its own path, diffuse bombs, keep watch onthe activites of terrorists and give us updated information aboutthem. Artificial Intelligence based robot can be very useful for IndianArmy.


This model is designed using infra-red sensors which automaticallydetect the distance of the obstacles and gives different types ofcommand to Micro-controller. The Micro-controller takes these

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commands and gives the output command to the motors. Thusthe robot can perform some tasks. We also use white line followerand black line follower as well as obstacle detection.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. IC AT Mega2. 2-Stepper Motors3. 4-IR sensor4. Wires, Digital Multimeter, 12V DC battery5. Wood Sheet6. Hot Gun Glove Machine


In this robot we have used two moving wheels which are connectedwith motors. We have used one cast iron ball each in the front andback side for its balancing. These are not connected with any motor.All these are supported on the wood sheet which we are using asthe main body of our robot. Under the guidance of my class teacherwe have developed AT Mega 32 micro-controller and itsdevelopment board using LCD, Motors, IR sensors and LEDblinking interfacing kit.

Based on simple C-programming in the Micro-vision 4 softwarewe have created our own programme and loaded it in our controllerkit with the help of Flash Magic Software. In this programme wehave used IR sensor detection logic, Motor command logic, LCDdisplay logic with the help of error and correction method. Wehave developed one type of Artificial Intelligence programme whichcan find its own path and own way detecting obstacles on its way.If there is front or back side IR sensor danger level, then controllergives the command to LED. LED blinks, indicating danger level.

APPLICATION

1. Line follower2. Spy Gadgets3. IR Sensor Detector4. Bomb Diffuser5. Land Rover Machines etc.

1 0 STRUCTURE AND WORKING OF EXHIBITS

LOW-COST PORTABLE SOLAR WATER

DISINFECTION SYSTEM

STUDENT Mother’s Pride AcademyKonjengbam Deepika Hillary Bishnupur, Manipur

TEACHER

K. Debendra Singh

INTRODUCTION

We know that water in sufficient quantity and good quality isessential for life. However, though availability of safe drinking waterfor everyone throughout the year is an urgent need. People relyon streams, rivers, ponds, rainwater from roofs, public cisterns,unreliable wells or fountain water. Since children are especiallyvulnerable to water-borne diseases caused by pathogens (e.g.typhoid, cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery etc.), it is a major cause ofinfant and children mortality. Therefore, low-cost water purificationtechniques are required to provide safe drinking water. Suchtechniques are preferably applied at household level, such asboiling, chlorination, filtration which seem to be more feasible,effective and sustainable. Among the home based water treatmentmethods, Low-cost Portable Solar Water Disinfection System -developed and constructed under the principles which are alreadyused in Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS), recognised by WHO.

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EAWAG/SANDEC (Swiss Federal Institute for EnvironmentalScience and Technology) started worldwide SODIS disseminationto promote this method in areas where safe drinking water isunavailable. This is an attempt to provide portable safe drinkingwater with one time low cost investment.

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES INVOLVED

1. UV-A interferes directly with the metabolism and destroyscell structures of bacteria.

2. UV-A (wavelength 320-400 nm) reacts with oxygendissolved in the water and produces highly reactive formsof oxygen (oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxides)that are believed to damage pathogens also.

3. Cumulative solar energy (including the infrared radiationcomponent) heats the water. If the water temperature risesabove 50o C (122o F), the disinfection process is three timesfaster.

Water at temperature of about 30o C (86o F), a threshold solarirradiance of at least 500 W/m2 (all spectral light) is required forabout 5 hours for SODIS to be efficeint. This dose contains energyof 555 Wh/m2 in the range of UV-A and violet light, 350 450 nm,corresponding to about 6 hours of mid-latitude mid-day summersunshine.

Water at temperatures higher than 45o C (113o F), synergisticeffects of UV radiation and temperature further enhance thedisinfection efficiency.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Wooden frame of length 22 inches, width 8 inches and height 14inches, aluminium sheets/stainless steel of dimension 22 18inches, UV-light transmissible glass less than 2 mm (Pyrex, corex,vycor, quartz) of dimension 21 12 inches, two steel handles, nails,plywood (3mm) of dimension 22 14 inches, PET bottles, etc.


The innovative Low-cost portable Solar Water Disinfection Systemis constructed with a Wooden frame of lenght 22 inches, width 8inches and height 14 inches and five sided by ply and woodenplank. Aluminium sheet (or stainless steel) of dimension 22 18inches and 12 8 inches are fixed on backside (inside) and other

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two sides in curvature shape. On the front, a glass sheet (pyrex orcorex or vycor or quartz) of dimension 21 12 inches havinghorizontal sliding arrangement with a knob is fitted (this glassenclosure will protect the glass bottles from cooling down due tooutside wind). There are two small wooden columns in the middleso that PET bottles should not fall. On the backside a stand isfixed which will help the unit to be placed according to the latitudeof the place for maximum exposer to solar radiations (Fig. 4.1).


In this solar water disinfection system, plastic PET (PolyethyleneTerephthalate) bottles are used. Bottles are washed well beforeused. The bottles are filled 3/4 with clean water and shaken for20 seconds. After which they are fully filled and lids are closed.Such bottles are kept inside and the front glass is closed. Finallythese are exposed to sunlight at least for 6 hours. Such water isready for consumption.

ADVANTAGES

1. It provides safe drinking water which can be under one'sown control and responsibility.

2. It is low-cost, portable, durable and usable forever.3. It minimises the use of firewood and kerosene / gas.4. It reduces air pollution, deforestation and enviornment

problem.5. It improves family health and reduces household

expenditures.6. A family with low economy can also afford it.

LIMITATIONS

1. It requires sufficient solar radiations. Therefore, it dependson the weather and climatic conditions.

2. It requires clear water.3. It does not change the chemical quality of water.

APPLICATION

It can be used anywhere to make potable water.


TESTING OF QUEPEM CANAL WATER FOR

HEAVY METALS

STUDENTS Pope John XXIII High SchoolJoylen Dourado Don Bosco Ganv Quepem, GoaDinesh Zaladekar

TEACHER

Colette Xavier

INTRODUCTION

Our hypothesis was that the Quepem canal water contained highcontent of heavy metals like manganese, iron, nickel, chromium,cadmium, lead, due to manganese and iron mines in and aroundSanguem and Quepem Taluka.

RATIONALE

We decided to test the Quepem canal water which is used forgrowing paddy crops and to bring awareness which washighlighted in the news some months back that drinking waterfrom Salaulim dam was high in manganese.


The trace elements concentrated in an irregular way are usuallymetals especially the heavy metals density > 6g cc-1 .

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Heavy metals are the natural components of the earth's crust.The term heavy metals refers to any metallic chemical elementsthat has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at lowconcentration e.g. mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium,thallium, lead, manganese etc. The heavy metals at relatively highdensity are toxic at low concentration and can even cause death.They can neither be created nor destroyed nor can be transformedinto another. Some are essential for life process but all are toxic toorganisms at higher concetration.

Metallic contaminants (Hg, Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Mn, Cr, Na, K, Cu,etc.) destroy the bacteria and beneficial micro-organisms in thesoil. Heavy metal leads to precipitate phosphate compounds andcatalyze their decomposition and are non-degradable poisons andtheir accumulation in soil for a long period will destroy the livingorganisms.

METHODOLOGY

We collected water from Quepem canal on 17th January 2013and gave for testing in Goa state Pollution Control Board, Panjimfor the following parameters:

• Iron • Lead• Manganese • Chromium• Cadmuim • Nickel• Simultaneously, we collected the paddy seed (Jyoti) from

the south zone Agricultural Department, Margao andsoaked them in water for a night and left them to sprout.

• Same day (18 Jan) we collected clayey soil from the fields,dried and powdered it. Then we filled in 20 plastic cupsand kept ready for the experiment to perform.

• We went to Shantudurga Scientific Tradess in Margao andpurchased Manganese sulphate (MnSO4) and we weighed80mg, 90mg, 100mg, 110mg, 120mg, 130mg, 140mg,150mg, 160mg, 170mg, 180mg, 190mg, 200mg, 210mg,220mg, 230mg, 240mg and 250mg of MnSO4 on electronicbalance with least count 0.01 gm.

• We mixed 80, 90 ----- 250 mg of MnSO4 in the clay andrefilled the plastic cups. Next we sowed the germinatedpaddy seeds in the clay plastic cups on 24 January 2013and observed the growth of paddy seeds. Subsequently,same day we weighed about 5gm of Manganese sulphateadded to one container clay and sowed seeds in it and we

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also had a container with paddy seeds as a control potwithout any Manganese sulphate.

We collected the results of the canal (Quepem) water from GoaState Pollution Control Board on 28 January 2013.

DATA ANALYSIS

Result of Quepem Canal water testing by Goa State PollutionControl Board.

We saw that cadmium is just at the permissible limits that is0.01 mg/litre. Rest are within permissible limit except manganesewhich is 1.61 mg/litre which is very high as compared to thepermissible limit of 0.20 mg/litre.

1. Cadmium is just at the permissible limit, that is, 0.01mg/L.2. Nickel is below its permissible limit it is 0.03 mg/L and its

permissible limit is 0.20.3. Chromium is not present in the Salaulim canal water.4. Lead is not more than 5.00 mg/L which is its permissible

limit. It is only 0.09 mg/L.5. Iron is also less than its permissible limit, that is, 5.00

mg/L. It is only 0.34 mg/L.6. Mangenese is very high 1.61mg/L as compared to its

permissible limit 0.20

Parameters Units Test Result Permissible Units

Cadmium as Cd mg/L 0.01 0.01Nickel as Ni mg/L 0.03 0.20Chromium as Cr mg/L N.D. 0.10Lead as Pb mg/L 0.09 5.00Iron as Fe m g / L 0 .34 5 .00Manganese as Mn mg/L 1.61 0.20

ANALYSIS OF THE PLANTS

The container with 80-250 mg/L of Manganese sulphate did notshow any harmful effects on the Jyoti rice growth for eight day.Effects were seen on the container with 5 mg/L of Manganesesulphate as the growth of the plants was stunted as compared tothe control container with no Manganese sulphate.

It appears that manganese is being absorbed by the planttissue and it enters human food chain causing biologicalmagnification.

CONCLUSION

Quepem Salaulim canal water is contaminated with heavy metalmanganese which is harmful to the plants, humans and animals.

These manganese heavy metal may be collected (accumulated)in the plant tissue which will be passed on to other living organismlike cows and humans through the grains, milk and fish causingbiological magnification.

INFERENCE

The Salaulim river water canal is contaminated with the heavymetal manganese. So we infer that the Salaulim river water iscontaminated with manganese as this Quepem canal gets waterfrom the dam built on the river Salaulim.

The manganese may be absorbed by the plants and present inthe plant tissue.

Effects of Manganese on Humans• Affects the central nervous system causing Manganism

resembling the Parkinson syndrome.• Damage respiratory system and eyes.• Behavior disorders.

Effects of Manganese on Plants• Affects the flowering and fruits.• Causes marginal chlorosis.• Manganese in acidic soil reduces nitrogen fixing capacity.• Absorption of iron increases with increasing concentration

of manganese in soil.• Manganese stops zinc absorption by plant roots.• The application of molybdenum decreases the concentration

of copper and manganese.

Solutions for Manganese Effect on Plants• Phosphorous calcium affords to plants from manganese.• Application of potassium consistently decreases the

manganese and iron content in rice fields.• Copper decreases content of iron and manganese in

submerged soils.• Grow Vetivera zizanioides in the fields as they absorb

heavy metals.• Also grow Water Hyacinths as they absorb heavy metals.


SOLAR GRAIN DRYER

STUDENTS Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1Kaustubh S. Muley Dehu Road, PuneAniket GaikwadPraveen Pandey

TEACHER

Rama Kapdi

INTRODUCTION

Solar energy has been used since time immemorial by humansfor their energy needs. Sunlight is often used to provide the hotdry air. We can say that food drying is a very simple ancient skill.It requires a safe place to spread the food where dry air in lightlarge quantities can pass over. Dry, clean air including dry coldair from any source will dehydrate food.

RATIONALE

Traditionally solar energy has been used to dry agriculturalproducts by spreading them on the ground in open sun. Thismethod of open sun drying is very time consuming. Also the productgets contaminated by dirt and insects. The use of solar dryers canovercome these problems to a large extent. Solar dryers make useof solar heated air for drying agricultural products. Usually wesee that people dry the grains in open space by spreading themon the floor or on the roofs, but by doing so the food gets

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contaminated by rodents, insects, dirt etc. Taking suchcontaminated food is very risky. The main purpose behind theconstruction of this model is to provide a safer, easier and fasterway of drying the grains. Also in big industries where the quantityof produce is more and harmful techniques like radiation are usedto dry them, these solar dryers can play a very important role.These solar dryers are very low cost. Even a middle class farmercan also make them at a cost of a few hundred rupees and canuse them for many years. Use of solar dryers for agriculturepurpose in developing countries like India has a wide scope aswater for irrigation is available for us for a small duration and wehave a limited time to save our crops after harvesting and to sowingnext crops. This time shortage problem can be overcome by usinglow cost solar dryers, It can dry the crops in 7 hours which requires7 days by traditional method. Another factor that is very importantto remember (which is one of the major reasons to use solar dryers)is our regional weather, which is severe and not reliable anddestroys a substantial amount of our food, vegetables and crops.This solar dryer can be used on a small scale in our houses aswell as on a large scale in the industries with a little modifications.An air pump can be used instead of manual input of hot air.


Solar dryers make use of solar heated air for drying agriculturalproducts. The air in the heater gets heated up by thesolar radiationsand when we blow the air it will pass through the pipe into thedrying chamber. As hot air rises upwards it absorb moisture fromdifferent layers of grains.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Hard Cardboard Binding wire White adhesiveM-Seal Oil Paint MotorBattery Blower Plain glassPlane Mirror Wooden Box Plastic-PipeRubber Sheet Wire Thermocol SheetNet Plywood SandIron Stand

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CONSTRUCTION

1. Take a cubical wooden box and fix mirror on its lid andthe plane glass on its open surface temporarily (Fig. 6.1).

2. For making the drying chamber take an iron stand and fixthe cardboard on its four sides using a binding wire.

3. Make sufficient passage on one of its side so that traysshould be properly inserted.

4. Take a piece of thermocol sheet and fix it on the bottom ofthe drying chamber.

5. Apply M-seal on all the four edges to pack it properly. Makea hole on the lower part of its one side.

6. Make a fan by using cardboard and motar and connect itto a battery. Fit it on the top of the drying chamber in theinward direction.

7. Make three holes on the wooden box- two on one side andone on the side opposite to it.

8. Fix the blower to one of the holes on the side where twoother holes are made. Fix the rubber sheet on the otherhole from inside so that it can act as a valve.

9. Connect pipe from the solar heater to the drying chamber.Fix it properly.

10. Fill sand in the heater and place it in the sun. Load thegrain trays and blow air through the blower.

Fig. 6.1: Line Diagram of the Exhibit

WORKING

Place the model in the sun. Fill sand in the heater and put thegrains into the trays. Open the lid of the heater and let the air in,the heater become hot. Insert the trays in the drying chamber.Switch on the fan and blow air through the blower. After sometime the grains will be dry.

APPLICATION

It can be used for drying agricultural products.


REMOVAL OF DYES FROM WASTE WATER

OF DYEING INDUSTRY BY EMULSION

LIQUID MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

STUDENTS St. Xavier's High SchoolSaiyed Gafur Jiyaullah Surat, GujaratBajaj Puneet Ajay

TEACHERS

Kalpana B. MahidaMaya N. Sethia

INTRODUCTION

Surat is known for its textile and diamond industries. Surat addscolour in day-to-day life all over the world. The disadvantage ofdyeing industry is the ‘Water Pollution’. The waste water which ispretreated is finally discharged into the natural stream. This wastewater contains colour which is rich in Carcinogenic Aromatic Dyesand Heavy Metals. This has become a major environmentalconcern. The conventional methods for removal of colour, heavymetals are adsorption, filtration using nanofiltration, ultra filtrationand reverse osmosis etc. The drawbacks of this technology are:low mass transfer rate, low selectivity, large equipment size,membrane fouling etc. The presence of carcinogenic aromaticamines and heavy metals in extremely low concentrations cannotbe removed by the above methods. These can be successfullyremoved by ELM methods.

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In order to develop a novel effective separation process, which isexpected to be more energy saving and economical, the liquidmembrane (LM) separation method has been studied. LM madethe first attempt at the separation of hydrocarbons by emulsionliquid membranes (ELMs) in 1968.


Solute is transported by liquid membrane diffusion partitionmechanism.

The membrane is a thin layer of liquid between two liquidphases. Solute is transported by a partition - diffusion-partitionmembrane.

Separation and recovery of different heavy metal ions, organicacids, bases and hydrocarbons, biocompounds can be achievedby this technique.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. Beakers2. Blender [Agitator High Speed]3. Magnetic Stirrer [Agitator Low Speed]4. Pulley Systems5. Electric Motor6. Plastic Containers7. Filter Papers and Funnels

Chemicals1. n-heptane2. Dil. HCL3. Dil. NaOH4. Span 805. Ferrous sulphate6. Calcium hydroxide7. Dyes8. Methylene blue


In the above project liquid membrane as double emulsion is used.

Phase 1 Membrane Phase 2

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It can achieve higher mass transfer area as compared to bulk liquidmembrane or supported liquid membrane.

W/O/W Type of double emulsion is used : Water in oil emulsiondispersed in external aqueous phase. The membrane phase is theimmiscible oil phase separating the aqueous phase.Major significance of liquid membrane processes are occurrenceof simultaneous extraction and stripping involving a selectivemembrane phase. Separation is achieved by permeation of solutethrough this liquid phase from a feed phase to a receiving phase.The feed and receiving phase are normally miscible while themembrane phase is immiscible.

The water is removed and the gelatinous substance i.e. W/O/W emulsion with the impurities is de-emulsified.


1. Washing of grey cloth to remove grease and dirt in hot water.2. Dyeing of grey cloth.3. Removal of Waste water.

Purification of Waste Water

1. Treatment of waste water with Ca(OH)2 or FeSO4.2. Preparation of emulsion by using n-heptane, dil.HCl or

dil.NaOH and Span-80 using high speed agitator.3. Treatment of pre-treated waste water with emulsion using

magnetic stirrer [low speed agitator].4. Separation of pure water and insoluble part in the settling

tank.5. Recovery of pure water by filtration.6. Testing of water.7. The electrostatic de-emulsification techniques are: heat

treatment, phase dilution and high shear.8. The purified water can be used as shown in Fig. 7.1.

ADVANTAGES OF ELM

1. Simple operation2. High efficiency3. Extraction and stripping in one stage: Extraction is change

of thin to thick phase; stripping is change of thick phase tothin phase.

The Methods of De-emulsification

• Electrostatic de-emulsification technique• Heat treatment• Phase dilution• High shear• Finally the solid waste is sent to the solid disposable plant.

LIMITATIONS

Stability of emulsion is affected by two phenomenon – GlobuleRupture and Osmotic Swell:

1. Saves Energy2. Cost Effective3. Continuous operation of industry4. Purification of water5. Removal of carcinogenic substance upto required

standards.6. Save water towards greener earth.

Washing of"Grey Cloth"

Washing of"Grey Cloth"

Dyeing ofcloth

Dyeing ofcloth

WastewaterWastewater

Wastewater +

Emulsion

Wastewater +

Emulsion

SettlingTank

SettlingTank

Magnetic StirrerStorage Tank

(PURE WATERStorage Tank

(PURE WATER

Dyeing ofcloth

Dyeing ofcloth

Increase thelevel of water

table

Increase thelevel of water

table

RiverAgricultureRecyclingin dyeingindustry

Recyclingin dyeingindustry

High speedagitator

High speedagitator

Fig. 7.1: Flow Chart of the Exhibit


MOLTEN SALT SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT St. Ephrem's Higher SecondaryRohith Krishnan MK School, Kottayam, Kerala

TEACHERS

Abraham VargheseTessy Lukose

INTRODUCTION

Molten salt solar plant is a rich source of electricity, fuel andfertilizer. So using this plant we can cut-short the shortage ofelectricity, fuel and fertilizer.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. PVC Pipe 4. Cardboard Box2. Joints and Bents 5. Paint3. Plastic Bottle 6. Decoration Paper

DESCRIPTION

The salt storage medium is a mixture of 60 per cent sodium nitrateand potassium nitrate. This salt is stored in a receiver at the top ofthe solar power tower. The salt medium is heated to 565 0C (10490F) by concentrating sunrays towards the receiver using heliostat.[The heliostat is made up of convex lens and it can concentratesunrays to a fixed point and it can absorb and radiate sunraysvery effectively because of the presence of silica gel]. The molten

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salt then reaches the hot salt storage tank. From this tank theliquid salt is pumped to Superheater to convert liquid salt intovapour. This vapour is used to generate steam to rotate generatorsystem. HP turbine (High Power Turbine) produces 20 - 30 MV/day. The steam again passes through LP turbine (Low PowerTurbine) and produces about 10-15 MV/day. After this processvapourised salt is cooled with the help of a condenser and it isstored in cold salt storage tank.

The salt stored in the cold salt storage tank after a series ofcyclic process is again pumped to the receiver and is heated at565 oC (1049 oF). It is a re-cyclic process.

During a day the plant produces 40-50MV. The annualcapacity of plant is 1080 GV (Fig. 8.1).


The maximum output is at 1:00 pm and the process continuesto generate power until 11:00 pm. This is because the mild carbonsteel steam pipe can hold heat for 13 hours.

Using feed water Pre-heater we can separate potassium nitratewhich can be used as fertilizers which are very essential for thegrowth of plants.

Using HRSG (Heat Recovering Steam Generator) system plantcan produce fuel also.

JNNSMEE–2013 2 9

PARTS OF THE PLANT

1. Heliostats 7. Receiver2. Receiver Tower 8. Hot salt storage tank3. Cold salt storage tank 9. Superheater4. Steam Generator 10. Reheater5. HP and LP Turbine 11. Generator6. Condenser 12. Feed water preheater

WORKING OF THE PARTS

1. Heliostats : Concentrates sunrays towards the receiver.2. Receiver : Stores the mixture of salts (sodium nitrate and

potassium nitrate)3. Hot Salt Storage Tank : Stores hot molten salt4. Cold Salt Storage Tank : Stores cooled molten salt5. Super Heater and Reheater : Reheat the molten salt6. Steam Generator : Evaporates molten salt7. Condenser : Condenses molten salt vapours8. Generator : Generates power

ADVANTAGES OF THE PLANT

• Eco-Friendly Plant.• Hot salt storage tank and cold salt storage can absorb

poisonous gases because of the presence of carbon in themild carbon steel which is used to make the tank.

• It can produce large amount of electricity which is requiredfor all the purpose in a country.

• The plant can also produce fertilisers and fuel.

GREEN BUILDING

STUDENT Government Higher Secondary SchoolJoyel Santhosh Thomas Silvassa

TEACHER

C.P. Bindhu

INTRODUCTION

Green Buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of thebuilt environment on human health and natural environment byefficiently using natural energy, water and other resources andby reducing waste, pollution and global warming.

Green buildings are considered to be the 21st century'sbuildings. Main reason of global warming is carbon dioxide. 80percent of CO2 is produced at the time of construction of buildings.Inside the concrete house the temperature is 39oC to 40oC whileoutside temperature is 35oC. Inside is very hot but in greenbuilding we feel very cool.


Principle of green building is "reuse, reduce and recycle". Byremembering this mantra we can save our earth and health. Allthe materials used for the building can be reused.

The green buildings have rainwater harvesting, portable biogasplant, electricity from hybrid energy-system that is from wind andsunlight and kitchen garden.

9

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Cardboard sheets, plastic bottle, p.v.c pipe, fan, artificial grass,water colour and fevicol.

CONSTRUCTION

Rain water harvesting cement tank is made underground. On topof the tank there are grasses and stone bricks. When the tank isfilled, water will go to the well. All pipes are connected underground.Portable biogas plant that can be shifted from one place to anotheris in place. Kitchen waste can be used for this. From this we willget cooking gas and the slurry can be used in kitchen garden. Weget electricity from hybrid energy system that is from wind andelectricity at night and in summer and sunny days we can produceelectricity from solar energy (Fig. 11.1).

Fig. 11.1: Construction of Green Building

JNNSMEE–2013 3 1

A METHOD FOR THE PREVENTIVE

MEASURES AGAINST DAMAGES OF BRIDGES

STUDENT Vivekananda KendraPhup Hkonshan Mirip Vidyalaya, Lohit

Arunachal Pradesh

TEACHER

Mutum Ranjeeta Chanu

INTRODUCTION

In this project we are trying to exhibit an innovative idea for efficientmanagement of road, rail, water and air transport systems.

RATIONALE

Now-a-days, we come across some incidents where vehicles getoverloaded and for that reason bridges are damaged and we facea lot of problems in transportation due to such man made hazard.But here we have an unique idea to save people and propertiesand to make the public aware about the load capacity of bridges.


A weighing machine, a signal machine and a sound alarm arefixed below the bridge. It conveys signal and produces a soundalarm as soon as overloaded vehicles pass over that point.

10

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. Electrical Wires2. Signal and Alarm Post3. Battery4. Solar Panel5. Vehicle (Toy)6. Fabric Colours


The system comprises a solar panel, weighing machine and analarm machine. There is a solar panel which is connected to abattery. The solar panel converts sunlight to electrical energy whichis stored in the battery as DC power. The battery supplies powerto the alarm and the weighing machine. Alarm machine isconnected to a weighing machine which is located below the bridgeat both sides of the bridge and it is fixed at the point of ten tonnes.Some wires coming from weighing machine are connected to thebattery and some are connected to the alarm as well as signalpost. The alarm post is again connected to the battery. When avehicle weighing more than 10 tonnes passes over this weighingmachine, signal is conveyed to the alarm machine. The alarm startsringings. Thus, a person can understand that his vehicle isoverloaded.

SIGNIFICANCE

Some of the significance of this method are as follows:1. It will safeguard the lives and properties of people.2. It will save both money, time and labour.3. As some people unknowingly overload their vehicles, it will

be helpful to them to be aware about the possible accidents.4. As it works automatically, no extra effort is needed.5. Many people are illiterate in our society. It will be of no use

to them if any warning board is kept on the roadside. Butthis method will be helpful to them.

CONCLUSION

This exhibit can prevent damage of bridges by directing overloadedvehicles. Thus such man- made disaster can be avoided by takingprecautions.

JNNSMEE–2013 3 3

SOLAR AC

STUDENT Government Senior Secondary SchoolAmit Kumar Jhajpul, Hisar (Haryana)

TEACHER

Shivender Sharma

INTRODUCTION

This exhibit can help us to meet the challenge of scarcity ofelectricity and reduce global warming by reducing the use ofelectriciy.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Wood, water pipes, brick stones, storage box and black paint.

CONSTRUCTION

A small house of wood is made. A black painted chimney isconnected inside from the roof of the house. An underground onemeter deep hole is dug out from the house. The hole is connectedwith a water pipe to the house floor and hole. Hole is providedwith brick stones and water.

WORKING

During day time the sunlight falls on chimney. As a result thetemperature of the chimney increases and hot air rises up. Thus

11

air inside the chimney comes out into the atmosphere and a suctionis created behind. In this way, hot air from inside the building isexhausted. As the pipe is connected with a brick box containingwater, to overcome the suction created in the building, the air comesfrom the brick box in the building through the inlet pipe. Whenair flows over water, it carries moisture along with it. This makesthe room cool. Thus natural AC is made without any use ofelectricity.

A solar chimney can serve many purposes. It causes hot air torise up and cold air to draw in. This air drawn can be used toventilate a home or office, to draw air through a geothermal heatexhange, or to ventilate only a specific area such as a composttoilet.

Natural ventilation can be created by providing vents in theupper level of a building to allow warm air to rise by convectionand escape to the outside. At the same time cooler air can bedrawn in through vents at the lower level. Trees may be plantedon that side of the building to provide shade for cooler outside air.

This natural ventilation process can be augmented by a solarchimney. The chimney has to be higher than the roof level andhas to be constructed on the wall facing the direction of the sun.Absorption of heat from the sun can be increased by using a glazedsurface on the side facing the sun. Heat absorbing material can beused on the opposite side. The size of the heat absorbing surfaceis more important than the diameter of the chimney.

To further maximise the cooling effect, the incoming air maybe led through under ground ducts before it is allowed to enterthe building. The chimney can be improved by intergranting itwith a trompe wall.

Solar chimney can increase natural ventilation and keep thebuilding cool. Thus, it helps in reducing use of non- renewableenergy sources, CO2 emission and pollution in general. Solarchimney is painted black so that it can absorb the sun heat moreeasily. When the air inside the chimney is heated, it rises and pullscold air out from under the ground via heat exchange tubes.

Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation have been usedfor decades as the standard method of environmental control inmany building. Pollution and reallocating energy supplies haveled to a new environmental approach in building designs. Thesolar chimney is one of these concepts currently explored byscientists as well as designers, mostly through research andexperiment.

JNNSMEE–2013 3 5

ADVANTAGES

1. It saves electricity, economic in use and efficient.2. It can reduce global warming.3. It can utilise the heat energy trapped in desert area.4. It uses a renewable source of energy.


12iq"ih; ikS/ksa esa fcuk ekSle iq"iu djkuk

fo|kFkhZ egkjkuh y{eh ckbZ 'kkldh;ik;y ukenso dU;k mPp- ekè;fed fo|ky;fcykliqj

vè;kidiwf.kZek feJkfujatu ikaMs

Hkwfedktyok;q ifjorZu osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa ouLifr;ksa ,oa tarqvksa dh iztkfr;ksa dkyqIr gksuk tkjh gSA budk lao/Zu larqfyr ,oa fu;af=kr okrkoj.k esa vuqowQyifjfLFkfr nsdj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh vo/kj.kk osQ lkFk fcuk ekSle iq"ih;ikniksa dk iq"iu (ngfy;k] Mk;UFkl] flyksfl;k) izkstsDV esa fd;k x;k gSA

fl¼kar

rki vkSj feV~Vh esa ifjorZu djosQ fojks/ tSfod [kkn osQ iz;ksx ls fcuk ekSlengfy;k osQ ikS/s esa LoLFk iq"iksa dk f[kyukA


vko';d midj.k

jk[k] lfCt;ksa dk fNydk] lM+k&xyk eSVsfj;y] dks;ys dk pwjk] lw[kk xkscj]gjh ?kklA

dhVuk'kd

feV~Vh dk rsy] uhe] uhe dk jl] lhrkiQy osQ iÙkksa dk jlA

fØ;kfof/

ngfy;k dk ikS/k yxkus ls igys feV~Vh rS;kj djukA D;kfj;ksa esa xkscj dh[kwc lM+h [kkn ,oa yku dh ?kkl Mkydj djhc Ms<+ ls nks iqQV rd feV~Vh[kksn dj feyk nhft,A dVh gqbZ gjh ?kkl feV~Vh esa ueh j[krh gS tks ngfy;kosQ fy, vR;ar vko';d gSA ;g mipkj D;kfj;ksa esa ngfy;k yxkus osQ ,dekg iwoZ dj ysuk pkfg,] ftlls gjh ?kkl vPNh rjg lM+ tk,A

izn'kZ dh lajpuk ,oa dk;Ziz.kkyh

[kkn cukus dk rjhdk

[kkn cukus osQ fy, yxHkx 3 ls 4 iqQV xgjk x<~<k vk;rkdkj [kksndj mlesalcls uhps vPNh HkqjHkqjh feV~Vh Mkyrs gSaA mlosQ mQij xkscj osQ miyksa dhtyh gqbZ jk[k Mkyrs gSa tks ngfy;k o vU; iq"iksa osQ fy, lcls vPNh [kkngksrh gSA fiQj ydM+h osQ tys gq, dks;ys dh ,d ijr Mkyrs gSa fiQj mlosQmQij lfCt;ksa osQ fNyosQ dh ,d ijr Mkyrs gSa vkSj mlosQ mQij yku dhdVh ?kkl tks fd ueh iznku djrh gS vkSj mQij ls feV~Vh o FkksM+h ek=kk esaikuh Mkydj mls mQij ls <d nsrs gSa rkfd mlesa gok o ckgjh cSfDVfj;ku tk ik,a vkSj ;g è;ku j[krs gSa fd mlesa xhyk xkscj bLrseky uk gks D;ksafdmlesa dhM+s iuirs gSa tksfd vkSj vi?kVu djosQ vU; thoksa dks iSnk djrs gSabl dkj.k xhys xkscj dk iz;ksx ugha djrs gSaA

yxkus dh fof/

ikS/k fuf'pr LFkku ij yxkus osQ iwoZ gh gjs jax dh pkSdksj NM+h yxk nsuhpkfg,A NM+h dh mQ¡pkbZ ikS/s dh laHkkfor mQ¡pkbZ ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,AydM+h dks ikS/ksa osQ lgkjs osQ fy, igys ls gh blfy, yxkrs gSa D;ksafd ikSèkksaosQ cMs+ gksus ij muosQ danksa dks {kfr igq¡p ldrh gSA ikS/ksa osQ c<+us ij mUgsa

JNNSMEE–2013 3 9

ydM+h dk lgkjk nsdj LFkku&LFkku ij cak/ fn;k tkrk gSA

ikS/ksa dks LFkkuakrfjr djosQ de ls de lkr fnu rd mQij ls Nk;kdjosQ jf[k, tc rd ikS/s yx u tk,¡A tc ikS/s yx tk,¡ o vaoqQj fudyusyxsa rks mQij ls Nk;k gVk dj D;kfj;ksa dh feV~Vh dksM+ nsuh pkfg,A feV~Vhesa gok vkSj lw;Z dk izdk'k rhu ls pkj fnu rd tkus nhft, ftlls feV~VhHkqjHkqjh gks tk,A

[kkn feV~Vh esa Mkyus osQ ckn feV~Vh dh lrg ls 5 lseh- mQij rd ikuhHkj losaQ rks vPNk gksxk ftlls ikS/s ikuh o [kkn dk mi;ksx vf/d djik,¡xsA ikuh 15&20 fnu osQ varjky esa nhft,A ikuh nsus osQ pkj&ik¡p fnuigys feV~Vh dh dksM+kbZ dj nsuk pkfg,A

xeyksa esa xkscj dh [kwc lM+h [kkn vkSj lfCt;k¡ tks lM+ xbZ gksa 15 fnuosQ varjky esa Mkfy,A ngfy;k osQ ikS/ksa esa ifRr;k¡ tksM+s esa vkeus&lkeus gksrhgSaA vr% izzR;sd tksM+s esa vkeus&lkeus nks vaoqQj fudyrs gSaA uhps osQ tksM+s dksizkFkfedrk nsrs gq, c<+us osQ fy, NksM+ nhft, vkSj mQij osQ vaoqQj dks ,dNksM+ ,d vaoqQj ,dakrj Øe ls rksM+ nhft,A

dfy;k¡ xqPNksa esa vkrh gSa] vr% osQoy eè; dh dyh dks NksM+dj ml'kk[kk ls vU; lHkh dfy;ksa dks rksM+ nhft,A osQoy ,d gh dyh ,d 'kk[kkesa jgus nhft,A blls iq"i vPNs ,oa vkdkj esa cM+s gksaxsA

lko/kfu;k¡

1- tc ikS/s dks 15 lseh- xgjk [kksndj yxk,¡ rks ;g ;kn j[ksa fd ikS/kx<~<s esa u jg tk,] feV~Vh dh lrg ls oqQN mQij yxk,¡A

2- [kkn dks ikS/s osQ rus ls 15 lseh nwj pkjksa rjiQ Mkfy,] ikl gksus ijikS/s ej tkrs gSaA

3- è;ku j[ksa fd xeys dh flapkbZ osQ i'pkr~ [kkn rus ls gj xeys osQ fdukjsfNM+fd, vU;Fkk [kkn ikuh esa ?kqy dj xeys osQ Nsn ls cg tk,xhA

4- tc ngfy;k osQ ikS/s c<+us yxsa rks muosQ vaoqQj dks mQij ls nks iRrksa osQuhps ls rksM+ nhft,A ikS/ksa dh 'kk[kk,¡ lqn`<+ gks tk,¡xh o vaoqQj Hkh eksVsvk,¡xsA

5- tc dfy;k¡ vk,¡ rks ;s è;ku j[ksa fd ,d rus ij nks ls T;knk dyh u


gksaA ckdh dfy;ksa dks rksM+ nsa blls iwQy dk vkdkj Hkh cM+k gksrk gSAT;knk gksus ij iks"kd inkFkZ lHkh dfy;ksa esa caV tkrs gSa o iwQy NksVsgksrs gSaA

iwQy dk cM+k vkdkj izkIr djus osQ fy, tkudkjh

uhe dh [kyh o ljlksa dh [kyh dks ,d eVdk esa Mky?dj ikuh dks iwjkHkjdj] <ddj ,d ls Ms<+ ekg osQ fy, j[k nsaA tc og ikuh lM+ tk, rksog pk; dh rjg dyj ij vk tk,xkA fiQj vki mls iwQyksa osQ ikS/ksa ijfNM+osaQA blls iwQy dk vkdkj cM+k gksxkA

oSKkfud fl¼kar

rki vkSj feV~Vh esa ifjorZu djosQ ,oa iq"ih; ikniksa osQ fy, vuqowQyokrkoj.k rS;kj djosQ vkSj fo'ks"k tSfod [kkn ds iz;ksx ls fcuk ekSlengfy;k ds ikS/s esa LoLFk iq"ikssa dk f[kyukA

dk;Zfof/

;fn vEyh; feV~Vh gS rks ;g 'khrdkyhu ikS/s ds fy, vuqowQyu dk dkedjrh gSA feV~Vh dh vEyh;rk dks c<+k, j[kuk pkfg,A cxhps dk rkiekugfj;kyh yxkdj de j[ksa rks ngfy;k] dkusZ'ku] Mk;UFkl tSls iwQy o"kZ Hkjf[kysaxsA

nSfud thou esa mi;ksfxrk

1- ÝyksjhdYpj dks c<+kok nsukA

2- iq"i foU;kl ,oa iq"iksa dh [ksrh osQ fy, iwQyksa dk mRiknuA

3- laqnjrk c<+kuk] i;kZoj.k dk egRo c<+kukA

4- vklikl dk rkiØe de gksukA

4- iwQyksa osQ mRiknu ls csjkstxkjh dks de djukA

5- vk; dh izkfIrA

6- vkS"kf/ esa iz;ksxA

dhVuk'kd dk iz;ksx

JNNSMEE–2013 4 1

feV~Vh dk rsy] uhe dh iRrh dks mckyus ls izkIr jl rFkk lhrkiQy dh iRrhdks mckyus ls izkIr jl] rhuksa dks cjkcj ek=kk esa feykdj fNM+dko djus lslkjs dhV&iraxs [kRe gks tkrs gSaA

ykHk

1- ;g iq"i Hkh foyqIrizk; thoksa dh rjg fliZQ rhu ekg rd f[kyrs gSaysfdu gekjs iz;ksx osQ bl rjhosQ ls ckjg ekl f[kysaxsA

2- bl ikS/s dks yxkdj ÝyksjhdYpj dks c<+kok nsuk gSA

3- bu iwQyksa dks yxkdj csjkstxkj yksx jkstxkj ik ldrs gSa rFkk vk; dhizkfIRk Hkh gksrh gSA

4- [kkn dks ge [ksrksa esa Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

5- dhVuk'kd dk iz;ksx Hkh lHkh ikS/ksa esa o [ksrksa esa dj ldrs gSaA

6- bl ikS/s osQ tM+ o rus dk vkS"k/h; iz;ksx Hkh djrs gSaA bls /ksdj rFkkihl dj yxkus ls tgk¡ nnZ gksrk gS ogk¡ nnZ fuokjd dh rjg iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA

13

lksyj fjD'kk

fo|kFkhZ vk;Z mPp ekè;fed fo|ky;euh"k th-Vh- jksM] ikuhir

vè;kidvkj- osQ- xxZ

HkwfedktSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd gekjs ns'k esa ;krk;kr ds lk/uksa dk cgqr T;knkfuekZ.k gks jgk gSA ;krk;kr lk/uksa dks vehj yksxksa dks è;ku esa j[kdjfodflr fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk mUgha dh lq[k&lqfo/kvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdjmUgha osQ yk;d mi;ksxh okguksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA blh ckr dks è;kuesa j[kdj eSaus bl fjD'kk dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA

lksyj fjD'kk osQ }kjk ,d O;fDr fnu esa de ls de ` 800&900 rddek ldrk gS o fnu Hkj esa 40 ls 50 pDdj yxk ldrk gSA

bu iSlksa osQ }kjk og vius cPpksa dks ,d vPNs LowQy esa f'k{kk fnykldrk gSA blosQ lkFk og vius ifjokj esa fdlh osQ chekj gksus ij mldkvPNs ls bykt Hkh djok ldrk gSA ;g lksyj fjD'kk ok;q iznw"k.k rFkk èofujfgr gSA blls gekjs vkl&ikl osQ okrkoj.k ij cqjk izHkko ugha iM+rk rFkkvktdy th-Vh- jksM ij okguksa dh cgqr T;knk vkokt gksrh gS ijarq ;g èofu

iznw"k.k ls jfgr gSA blls etnwj oxZ dks Hkh bl lekt esa vkxs c<+us esalgk;rk feysxhA bldk uke lksyj fjD'kk gSA

blosQ vykok lk/kj.k fjD'kk osQ }kjk etnwj oxZ osQ yksx tks fnu Hkjesgur dj fjD'kk pykrs gSa vkSj iwjs fnu dke djosQ ` 200&250 gh dekikrs gSa] lkjk fnu dke djus osQ ckn os Fkd tkrs gSaA mUgha iSlksa osQ }kjk muosQifjokj esa 'kke dk [kkuk Hkh eqf'dy ls cu ikrk gSA vxj fdlh fLFkfr essachekj gks tk,¡ rks vxys fnu os dke ij ugha tk ik,¡xsA mUgha iSlksa osQ }kjkmUgsa vxys fnu ds Hkkstu rFkk viuh nokbZ dk [kpZ fudkyuk gksxkA tks cgqrT;knk eqf'dy gSA

oSKkfud fl¼kar

bl lksyj fjD'kk osQ vanj lkSj mQtkZ dks ;kaf=kd mQtkZ esa cnyk tkrk gSA

vko';d lkexzh

1- ik¡p lfj;s

2- 1 ,Dly

3- 1 eksVj (Vªd okbij 12 V)

4- 3 Vk;j

5- 3 xjkjh

6- 12 V dh cSVjh

7- 2 lkSj IysV

8- 1 ykbV

9- 4 cSfjax

10- 2 pSu

11- 2 iSMy

lajpuk ,oa dk;Ziz.kkyh

1- lksyj fjD'kk osQ vanj lcls igys ,d xksy ,Dly dh t:jr iM+rhgSA blosQ nksuksa fljksa ij Vk;j yxkus gksrs gSa rFkk mlh ,Dly osQchpksachp ,d xjkjh yxkbZ tkrh gSA xjkjh osQ nksuksa rjiQ ,d&,d cSfjax

JNNSMEE–2013 4 3


yxk;k tkrk gSA

2- cSfjax osQ mQij ,d xksy iRrh yxkbZ tkrh gS ftl ij ml fjD'ks dk Hkkjvk tkrk gS vkSj og ,Dly viuh txg ij fujarj ?kwerk jgrk gSA

3- cSfjax osQ mQij yxh iRrh ls mQij mUgha lfj;ksa dks vkxs c<+kdj vkxsokys gS.My ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA

4- mUgha nks lfj;ksa ls mQij dh rjiQ rhu lfj;ksa dks mBk;k x;k gS ftllslksyj fjD'kk dh Nr dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA

5- mUgha nksuksa lfj;ksa osQ uhps dh rjiQ cSVjh rFkk eksVj dks yxk;k gSA eksVjdh xjkjh dks ,Dly dh xjkjh ls ,d pSu osQ }kjk tksM+k x;k gSA

6- eksVj dks cSVjh osQ lkFk tksM+k x;k gSA cSVjh ds rkjksa dks lkSj IysV dsrkjksa ls tksM+k x;k gSA cSVjh fnu esa lw;Z osQ izdk'k ls pktZ gks tkrh gSrFkk og jkr es vklkuh ls dk;Z dj ldrh gSA

7- Nr osQ mQij nks lkSj IysVksa j[kh xbZ gSaA bUgha nksuksa lkSj IysVksa dh rkjksadks cSVjh ls tksM+k x;k gSA

8- iSMyksa dks Hkh tksM+k x;k gSA

9- ehVj dks tksM+k x;k gS tks n'kkZrk gS fd gekjh cSVjh fdruh pktZ gSA lkSjIysV osQ }kjk ge viuh cSVjh dks pktZ djrs gSaA fjD'kk osQ vanj yxheksVj cSVjh ls djsUV izkIr djus osQ ckn pyuk 'kq: dj nsrh gSA fnuosQ le; gekjk fjD'kk /wi ls pyrk gS rFkk jkr osQ le; ge viuh fnuesa pktZ dh xbZ cSVjh dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA cSVjh rFkk /wi nksuksa ph”ksau gksus dh fLFkfr ;fn dHkh mRiUu Hkh gks tk, rks ge iSMy Hkh ekjldrs gSaA

mi;ksfxrk

1- ;g fjD'kk iznw"k.kjfgr gS tSls ok;q iznw"k.k] èofu iznw"k.kA

2- ;g fjD'kk T;knk nwjh de le; esa r; djrk gSA

3- etnwj oxZ osQ yksx lkjk fnu fjD'kk pykus osQ ckn Fkd tkrs gSa ijUrqbl fjD'kk osQ }kjk og fnu Hkj dke djus osQ ckotwn FkosaQxs ughaA

4- bl fjD'kk }kjk os igys ls vf/d iSls dek ldrs gSaA

JNNSMEE–2013 4 5

5- lkSj mQtkZ u [kRe gksus okyh mQtkZ gS ftlls ;g fjD'kk pyrk gSA

6- ;g isVªksy rFkk Mhty jfgr gSA

7- etnwj oxZ osQ yksx blls vius cPpksa dks ,d vPNs LowQy esa i<+k ldrsgSaA

8- bldh ykxr ` 1483 gSA

14

nksukas gkFkksa ls v'kDr O;fDr;ksa dh i<+kbZ gsrqi`"B iyVus dh ,d ;qfDr

fo|kFkhZ frjgq ,dkneh bUVj fo|ky;jfo jatu oqQekj leLrhiqj] fcgkj

vè;kidizeksn oqQekj feJ

Hkwfedkf'k{kk euq"; dk ekSfyd vf/dkj gSA f'k{kk osQ fcuk euq"; vkSj i'kq esa dksbZiQoZQ ugha gSA

lekt esa oqQN ,sls ykpkj ,oa fujhg O;fDr gSa tks f'k{kk :ih nhid lsnwj jgdj viuk thou va/sjs esa fuokZg djus ij etcwj gSaA ,slh gh ?kVuk esjseqgYys osQ jes'k dh gS tks es/koh gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa gkFkksa ls v'kDr gksus osQdkj.k iqLrd ls i<+kbZ ugha dj ldrk gSA og ge yksxksa osQ chp vkdj cSBrkgSA ge yksxksa dh i<+h gqbZ ckr lqurk gS] le>rk gS] foaQrq gkFk ugha gksus osQdkj.k og iqLrd osQ i`"B u iyV ikus osQ dkj.k [kqn ls iqLrd i<+us esavleFkZ gSA ,d jes'k gh ugha] gkFk ls v'kDr mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ thouesa f'k{kk dk fpjkx tykus osQ fy, esjs eu esa bl ifj;kstuk dh lksp vkbZA

fl¼kar

pqacd yksgs dh oLrq dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gSA ;g ekWMy blhfl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gSA

lajpuk

loZizFke eSaus ,d Vscy fy;kA ml Vscy osQ ck,¡ Hkkx esa 1@2 lseh O;kl dk,d fNnz fd;kA mlosQ ckn Vscy osQ uhps okys vk/kj ls ,d iSMy yxk NM+Vscy esa cus fNnz esa uhps ls yxk fn;kA Vscy osQ mQij ls fudys NM+ esa ,dnwljk NM+ ysdj (ftlosQ mQij eSaus pqacd yxk j[kk Fkk) mls ,d nwljs lstksM+ fn;kA ydM+h dk ,d r[rk ysdj mls Vscy osQ nksuksa rjiQ ljdkus osQfy, Vscy osQ nksuksa rjiQ ,d&,d fNnz cuk;k] fiQj r[rs osQ nksuksa rjiQiryh Mksjh ysdj Vscy esa cus nksuksa rjiQ osQ fNnzksa esa ls Mksjh dks uhpsyVdkdj mlesa eSaus iSMy yxk fn;kA bl izdkj esjh ;g ifj;kstuk rS;kj gksxbZA ;g loZlk/kj.k dks de [kpZ ij miyC/ gks ldrh gSA

dk;Zfof/

;g izn'kZ nksuksa gkFkksa ls v'kDr O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, cuk;k x;k gSA bldhlgk;rk ls ;fn iqLrd osQ ck,¡ i`"B dks iyVuk gS rks iqLrd esa yxs /krq osQVqdM+s dks pqacd osQ uhps ykdj iSMy dks nckrs gSa rFkk iSMy dks nckdj ghckb± vksj dh jLlh okys iSMy dks nwljs okys iSj ls [khap nsrs gSaA blh izdkj

JNNSMEE–2013 4 7

vxj] nk,¡ i`"B dks iyVuk gS rks mi;qZDr izfØ;k dh rjg dk;Z djrs gq, nkb±vksj dh jLlh okys iSMy dks nwljs iSj ls [khap nsrs gSaA

ykHk

bl ifj;kstuk ls mu lHkh nksuksa gkFkksa ls v'kDr yksxksa dks lgk;rk feyh gStks f'k{kk dh jks'kuh ls nwj FksA


15

m|ksxkas esa lqj{kk iz.kkyh

fo|kFkhZ ehjk fuosQru ck-m-ek- fo|ky;vfHkyk"kk lqFkkj xka/h fo|k efUnj] ljnkj'kgj(pq:)

vè;kidbUnzk lksuhctjaxyky lksuh

izLrkoukesjk xk¡o fdlkuksa dk xk¡o gSA tgk¡ ij izk; lHkh yksx [ksrh djrs gSaA oqQN ghyksx y?kq m|ksxkssa esa lfØ; gSaA [ksrh djus osQ lkFk&lkFk i'kqikyu dk dke HkhtqM+k gqvk gSA i'kqikyu o [ksrh osQ vfrfjDr le; esa FkksM+k c<+bZxhjh] oqQEgkj]yqgkj vkfn dk dk;Z Hkh pyrk jgrk gSA i'kqvksa dks pkjk fn;k tkrk gS tks [ksresa mxh gqbZ [kjirokj dks ckjhd dkV dj fn;k tkrk gSA dVkbZ osQ dke esarFkk c<+bZxhjh osQ dke esa vkjs dk mi;ksx djrs gS tks fctyh ls pyrk gSAxr fnuksa gekjs iM+kslh vius i'kqvksa dks pkjk nsus osQ fy, [kjijrokj dks vkjsls dkV jgs Fks rHkh xyrh ls mudh vaxqfy;k¡ vkjs ds ikl igq¡p xb± vkSj dVxb±A blh rjg xr o"kZ gekjs xk¡o osQ ,d c<+bZ dks ydM+h dh dVkbZ djrsle; fdlh us chp esa cksy dj mudk è;ku gVk fn;k vkSj os ml O;fDrdh rjiQ ns[krs gq, ydM+h dks dkVrs jgs] vpkud nq?kZVuko'k gkFk dh


vaxqfy;k¡ vkjs osQ ikl igq¡p xb± vkSj dV xb±A ;gh ?kVuk gekjs iM+kslh osQlkFk pkjk dkVrs le; fiNyh xehZ dh NqfV~V;ksa esa gqbZA bUgha ?kVukvksa us eq>slkspus osQ fy, etcwj dj fn;k vkSj blh lksp osQ dkj.k eSaus vkjs esa ,slhO;oLFkk djus dh lksph rkfd vkjs ls gkFk ugha dVsaA

mís';

o`Qf"k vFkok vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa dke vkus okys fo|qr pkfyr vkjs dk mi;ksxdjrs le; ekuoh; Hkwy vFkok vU; dkj.kksa ls gksus okyh nq?kZVukvksa dksjksdus osQ fy, lqjf{kr vkjs vFkok blh izdkj osQ vU; ;U=k dk fuekZ.k djukA

fl¼kar

1- fo|qr osQ lkekU; fu;eksa dk KkuA

2- bysDVªkWfuDl o bysfDVªdy ifjiFkksa dk Kku rFkk O;ogkfjd dk;ks± esa mudkmi;ksxA

3- fo|qr eksVj] lkekU; fx;j] Vp lfoZQV vkfn dk Kku o mi;ksxA

lkexzh

IykfLVd] ydM+h] IykbZ] bysDVªkWfud ikVZl&vkbZ- lh-] fjys] dUMsulj]VªkaliQkWeZj] izfrjks/] ih-lh-ch-] ,y-lh-ch-] ,y-bZ-Mh-] fx;j ckWDl] fo|qreksVj rFkk lkekU; uV&cksYV vkfnA

dk;Ziz.kkyh

loZizFke ydM+h dk vk;rkdkj fMCCkk cukdj mlosQ uhps dh vksj ,d fo|qreksVj yxkbZ xbZA bldh /qjh ij NksVk gkFk ls cuk gqvk xksykdkj vkjk fiQVfd;k x;kA bl eksVj dks pykus o cUn djus dh O;oLFkk lh/s fLop ls udjosQ ,d 12 oksYV dh fjys ls dh xbZA tc fjys esa 12 oksYV cSVjh ls djsaVHkstk tkrk gS rks fjys osQ dkWUVsDV pqEcdh; izHkko osQ dkj.k uhps dh vksjvkus ls fpid tkrs gSa rFkk nks dkWUVsDV vkil esa tqM+ tkus osQ dkj.k eksVjdk fo|qrh; ifjiFk iwjk gks tkrk gS ftlls eksVj xksy xfr izkIr dj vkjs dksxfr iznku djrh gS rFkk tSls gh fjys esa fo|qr dk izokg cUn fd;k tkrk gS]fjys osQ dkWUVsDV gV tkrs gSa vkSj eksVj dk ?kweuk cUn gks tkrk gS rFkk vkjk

JNNSMEE–2013 5 1

Hkh #d tkrk gS vc bl fjys dk lEcU/ Vp fLop lfoZQV ls dj fn;k x;kgSA ;fn lsalj ij gkFk j[k fn;k tk;s rks fo|qr izokg :d tkrk gS vkSj bllsvkjk Hkh #d tkrk gSA bl izdkj bl O;oLFkk ls bruk gks ik;k fd tSls ghlsUlj ij gkFk yxk;k tkrk gS] vkjk #d tkrk gSA

ifj.kke

izFke] f}rh; o r`rh; iz;kl osQ vUrxZr vfUre iz;kl esa fd, dk;Z ls ,dizk;ksfxd :i ls rF; lkeus vk;k fd xfr djrk gqvk vkjk ,d lSd.M osQnlosa Hkkx esa viuh fLFkfr cny dj uhps dh vksj pyrs gq, #d tkus ijekuoh; nq?kZVuk ugha gksrh gSA blh izdkj dh O;oLFkk eSaus ÝysV csYV vkjs dhe'khu ij Hkh dh rFkk okafNr liQyrk izkIr dhA

mi;ksx

1- vkjs osQ }kjk gksus okyh nq?kVZukvksa dks jksdus osQ fy, ;g ,d fo'ks"k izdkjdk bysDVªkWfud ,oa eSosQfudy vVSpesaV gS tks lk/kj.k ifjorZu osQi'pkr fdlh Hkh vkjs esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2- bl vVSpesaV esa ,d vR;Ur lkekU; bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk gS tks lk/kj.kPNP ,oa NPN VªkaftLVjksa osQ }kjk cuk;k x;k gSA bl iwjs bYksDVªkWfudifjiFk dh dher ek=k ` 200@& ls ` 300@& rd gh gSA

3- ;g vVSpesaV iwoZ esa py jgs vkjs vFkok u, lkekU; lLrs ck”kkj esa ik,tkus okys vkjs dks [kjhn dj bl O;oLFkk dks viuk;k tk ldrk gSA

4- iwjk vVSpesaV bysDVªkWfudyh o eSosQfudyh vR;Ur ljy gksus osQ dkj.kbldh esUVsusUl dkiQh ljy gS ftls lHkh oqQVhj m|ksxifr dke esa ysldrs gSaA

16

tknqbZ vfXu'keu ckWDl

fo|kFkhZ Jh xq#ukud fj[lh flagxUref.k jLrksxh xYlZ b.Vj dkWyst] cjsyh

Hkwfedkbl ekWMy dks cukus dk eq[; mís'; jlksbZ xSl ds flys.Mj esa vkx yxusls gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks Lor% jksduk gS ftlls /u o tu dh gkfu dks [kRefd;k tk losQA

lekfo"V oSKkfud fl¼kar

;g ekWMy nks oSKkfud fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr gSA izFke fl¼kar jsr }kjk vkxcq>kus dk gS o nwljk fl¼kar xSl osQ izlkj ij vk/kfjr gSA fiLVu osQ ØksMls jsxqysVj osQ isap dks ck¡/ nsa rks mls cUn fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lkexzh

1- ,Y;qehfu;e o dkWij dh pknjsa

2- fiLVu o flys.Mj

3- okYo&xSl jksdus osQ fy,

4- okYo&xSl Hkjus osQ fy,

5- ikWyhFkhu

6- iryk ikbi ,oa rkj

;U=k dk dk;Z

bl ckWDl dk dk;Z flys.Mj esa yxh vkx dks cq>kuk gSA ;g ckWDl flys.MjosQ Åij fp=kkuqlkj gj le; j[kk jgrk gS o flys.Mj esa vkx yxus ij mlsrqjUr o Lo;a cq>kdj flys.Mj eas CykLV gksus ls cpkrk gSA

bl ckWDl esa nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA ,d Hkkx jsr }kjk vkx cq>kus osQ fl¼kUr ijdk;Z djrk gS rFkk nwljk Hkkx fiLVu ds uhps cUn xSl ds izlkj }kjk dk;Z djusosQ fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gSA blosQ igys Hkkx dk dk;Z vkx cq>kuk o nwljsHkkx dk dk;Z jsxqysVj dks Lor% cUn djuk gSA

fp=k 19-1% tknqbZ vfXu'keu ckWDl

lajpuk

;g tknqbZ vfXu'keu ckWDl lUnwd osQ vkdkj dk gksrk gSA blesa nks Hkkx gksrsgSaA tks fp=kkuqlkj mQij & uhps O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA bldk uhps okyk jsr HkjkckDl jsr }kjk vkx cq>kus osQ fl¼kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA Åij okyk Hkkx ftlsgeus izs'kj Cykd uke fn;k gS] xSl ds izlkj }kjk dk;Z djus osQ fl¼kUr ijdk;Z djrk gSA bl ckWDl osQ nksuksa Hkkxksa dh cukoV o dk;Zi¼fr dk fooj.kuhps fn;k x;k gS&

1 jsr Hkjk ckWDl

JNNSMEE–2013 5 3


fp=k 19-2% jsr Hkjk ckWDl

lajpuk

;g ckWDl ?kukdkj gksrk gS rFkk bldh ryh ls fp=kkuqlkj ,d xksyk dkV fy;ktkrk gS o mls ikWyhFkhu yxkdj cUn dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl ckWDl esa yxsgkWij }kjk jsr Hkj nsrs gSaA ;g Hkkx yksgs dk cuk gksrk gSA

fØ;kfof/

vkx yxus ij bl ckWDl dh ryh ij yxh ikWyhFkhu ds fi?kyus ls cUn xksyNsn [kqy tkrk gS o jsr vkx ij fxjdj vkx dks cq>k nsrk gSA vr% flys.Mjesa tc vkx yxrh gS rks jsr Lor% fxjdj vkx dks cq>k nsrh gSA

2- izs'kj Cykd

;g vfXu'keu ckDl esa jsr Hkjs ckDl ds mQij j[kk ckDl gSA

fp=k 19-3% izs'kj CykWd

JNNSMEE–2013 5 5

lajpuk

izs'kj CykWd Hkh rk¡cs dk cuk ?kukdkj ckWDl gksrk gSA bl ckWDl osQ Åijh ryij chpksachp fiLVu yxk ,d eksVk ikbi fp=kkuqlkj csYM dj fn;k tkrk gSAikbi osQ ry o izs'kj CykWd osQ feyus osQ LFkku ij xSl dks jksdus osQ fy,fp=kkuqlkj ,d oSls gh okWYo yxk jgrk gS tSlk fd oqQdj esa gksrk gSA (fp=k19-3 ns[ksa) tc ckWDl esa Hkjh xSl dk vk;ru c<+rk gS rks okWYo iQV tkrkgS o eksVs ikbi esa xSl Hkjus osQ dkj.k fiLVu Åij dh vksj pyk tkrk gSA

vc iwjs ckWDl esa ls gksdj Åij ls uhps rd ,d iryk ikbi tkrk gS(fp=k 19-4) blesa ,d rkj Mkydj rkj dk fupyk fljk jsxqysVj osQ isap lsbl rjg ls tksM+ nsrs gSa fd tc rkj Åij dh vksj f[kaps rks jsxqysVj cUn gkstk,A rkj dk Åijh fljk ,d dhy }kjk fiLVu jkWM ls tksM+ nsrs gSa tc fiLVumQij mBrk gS rks rkj mQij f[kaprk gS vkSj xqysVj cUn gks tkrk gSA (fp=k 19-4 ns[ksa)A

fp=k 19-4% fiLVu jsxqysVj

fp=k 19-5% (d) jsxqysVj dh fØ;kfof/


fØ;kfof/

;fn dHkh vkx jsr okys ckWDl }kjk ugha cq>rh rks vkx c<+us ls rk¡cs ls cuk;g izs'kj CykWd xeZ gksus yxrk gS ftlls blesa Hkjh xSl dk nkc c<+us dsdkj.k eksVs ikbi osQ ry ij yxk okWYo iQV tkrk gS vkSj ikbi esa xSl dkvk;ru c<+us ls fiLVu Åij dh vksj mB tkrk gS o rkj }kjk fiLVu lsla;qfXer jsxqysVj dk isap fp=kkuqlkj Åij dh vksj ?kwedj cUn gks tkrk gSftlls flys.Mj CykLV gksus ls cp tkrk gSA

fp=k 19-6% ([k) jsxqysVj dh fØ;kfof/

;fn fiLVu jkWM esa tgk¡ ij dhy yxh gksrh gS] ogk¡ ij ,d eksVj bl rjgls yxk nh tk, fd eksVj pyus ls dhy ij /kxk fyiVus yxs ftlls rkjf[kapus ls jsxqysVj cUn gks tk, rks ;g dke ge dejs osQ ckgj ls gh fLopnckdj dj ldrs gSaA

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