nanotechnology - academic essay assignment - www.topgradepapers

1

2009

Ibrahim-your Name

University Name

8/25/2009

Nanotechnology

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Table of Contents

Nanotechnology ......................................................................................................................... 3

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3

Brief background of Nanotechnology .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

More History about Nanotechnology chronologically: .......................................................... 4

Manufacturing of Nano-Products ........................................................................................... 6

The Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology ............................................................................ 7

Relation of the Nano-Technology with the life sciences: ...................................................... 7

The perception about the Nano-Technology in the world...................................................... 9

The Social Implications of Nanotechnology .......................................................................... 9

Future of the Nano-Technology ........................................................................................... 10

Risks Associated with Nano-Technology ............................................................................ 12

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 13

References ................................................................................................................................ 14



Nanotechnology

INTRODUCTION

A lot of universities and centers, governments research centers and many other institutes

dealing with nano-tachnology offer different definition for the nanotechnology. As the

definition we can say that:

“Nanotechnology is basically the control and understanding of the meter at the smallest

level of about 1 to 100 nanometers, where, where this unique technology enhances novel

applications.”

The technology of nano is that which is differentiated first and foremost on the basis of the

scale on which it acts; the nanotechnology can be up to one billionth of a meter or the one-ten

thousandth of the thickness of a human hair. Individual atoms or molecules are fundamental

activities that are engaged in nano scale. Consequently, nanotechnology is said to be

simulated exploitation of atomic or molecular matter or processes. Simply, Now a days

nanotechnology is being manufactured at a very small scale like we cans say that at the level

of atomic or molecular scale.

Figure 1: Nanoparticles Atoms



Photosynthesis and formation of energy in the body of a human being are the important

activities that are occurring naturally around us and also as the perfect examples of the

nanoscale. To re-establish the nanoscale processes in organic and non-organic field is now

having become possible for the scientists to make this a reality all over the world.

Capabilities of working on such an unbelievably small scale, opportunities are available in

extensive range of industries remarkably mechanization, physical condition and ecological

administration.

Nanotechnology is also regarded as a feature of all methodical disciplines such as physics,

chemistry, environmental science, material science, manufacturing-moderately than another

field of science. Nanotechnology has developed such an importance that is provides

assistance to all industries except being an industry itself.

More History about Nanotechnology:

The background of nanotechnology is full of mysteries & cynicism. Some people were

determined on this statement that this is fresh form of scientific development & it would not

flourish until the arrival of 1990s.

Some other verified that the history of nanotechnology can be map out back in early 1959.

Moreover, as scientific expansion goes wider, nanotechnology is still spanking new arena of

scientific research.

Still other developers believe that human has engaged realistic nanotechnological methods

for thousands of years, possibly even longer.

Nanotechnology is the maturity of evolution, as most of people situate it, and growth has

included the vulcanization of rubber. These progresses count in the record of nanotechnology

according to many recognized scientific experts. Top Grade Papers GET YOUR WORK DONE BY www.TopGradePapers.com


Figure 2: Nanophotography

Possibly it might be more secure to admit that the fundamentals of history of nanotechnology

have been applied for thousands of years or longer but we as a scientific society did not place

a name to it until somewhere in 1960s.

In order to exactly manuscript the history of nanotechnology, one could disagree that it

started when we developed the aptitude to resolve particle size, which is designate to be

around the turn of 20th

century.

It was during this occasion that particle size became an invariable factor in scientific

discovery. These dimensions were witness at smaller than 10nm, which in lay terms interpret

roughly into less microscopic.

The nanometre came on vista earlier than the start of the 1960s. The nanometre for a

numerous, is the commencement of history of nanotechnology. Nevertheless, once it could be

gauged, it would be deemed as an acceptable structure of reference. True? Yes it is almost.

The mid nineteen’s generate the talent to identify the particles via the use of an ultra

microscope that could notice particles as small as 1/1 millionth of a millimetre. This is a

particle smaller than most general public cannot visualize perfectly. So, there are up till now

even more detractor that describes the history of nanotechnology actually began in the mid 19

teens when the familiar case comes to pass.



Certainly, the phrase itself comes with the olden times. The word allocate to this type of

scientific progression known to have originate from a paper that was released in 1974 written

from the Tokyo Science University. There, a student invents the term “nanotechnology” in

his paper and the name fixed firmly from then on. This is one region of this science’s time

past that is not willingly argued, or argument able.

At some stage in this time, nanotechnology truly boomed and as early as 1974 there were so

many cracks that guided scientist to carry on this science with passion. Discoveries, such as

the famous Finns’ process of atomic layering assist to put nanotechnology on the map whilst

it added up to being recognized by the rest of scientific community.

The proposal that one could in fact in some logic “touch” atoms and molecules, transpired in

the 1980s, when well known nanotechnological scientists sponsored the theory proposed by

Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who was conscientious for the eventual ability to manipulate atom and

molecules.

This was quite divisive at the time as the maltreatment of molecules and atoms were feared,

should the any scientist with fatal purpose get their hands on the procedure. The fright was

well founded, as molecular planning would have definitely been a way to disrupt just about

anything, including humane formation of the ordinary world.

The 1980s and the early 1990s saw a noteworthy boost in the reputation of nanotechnology.

This is the science that can shape out how to strengthen our lives with nothing more than

molecules and atoms. This is the science where innovations are always turning out and being

analysed. It won’t be so long before we look to nano, scientist’s effort to fix some of the

worlds chubby social difficulties with the execution of technology & progress.

Manufacturing of Nano-Products

Nanotechnology is considered to be advance trough two points of views. The first one is the

building up substance and particles through the merging of atomic elements. The second way

is the use of the equipments and utensils to make mechanical and small nano scale objects.

The concept of development techniques have been basic thing when we need trade of the

micro-particles.



Figure 3: An artist's take on the "scary wonder" of nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology allows the development of the hope to the progress regarding individual

components like atoms and molecules. For example it helps to put up particular, to make

intricate formation and help them to join the structures with the help of other elements so that

it can produce new apparatus of incredible power. If we have a deeper look over the

molecular formation of any entity or any part of that entity we will see that it has the basis of

the nanotechnology and the laws of physics in the assembling of that product.

The manufacturing is nano products require a latest high level of resource competency. Every

ingredient in the manufacturing should be used and there should be little amount that is left

behind as the wastage. Because there are a lot of issues, concerning about the wastage and the

cost associated with the raw material used and wasted. On the basis of this one should be so

much competent to use the well defined resources so that it would not be so much expensive

or you have to bear a wastage disposal cost.

The Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology

There are a number of fields in which nanotechnology now a days involving and having its

potential benefits regarding these fields. According to the different researches, the

nanotechnology is involved in the manufacturing of new materials, new medical,

pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental processes and procedures, new electronic

devices, new sensors, and new computer technologies. Now a day there is a huge



advancement is looking the fields of the mobiles where a numerous number of advancements

are coming regarding nanotechnology. Small phones with much more functions are also an

application to the nanotechnology. Similarly it has increase the number of ways in which it

has capacity to utilize the atomic and molecular possessions of materials to make the

diversified new methods and meanings of the producing current products. Due to this

technology we are able to have overlooked on it more precisely this far-reaching

nanotechnology that is now making it one of the most successful and innovative areas of

science, and one that has the most commercialization about its products and the concept.

People now like it due to its convenience, accessibility and attractive smaller designs.

The Nanotechnology has an ability to transform the current trends of the manufacturing of the

products in such a way that is almost impossible to imagine. Nanotechnology is already being

used in our everyday items like sunscreen to needles. And it has also wide application in the

field of architecture that has been appreciated a lot. In the near future, it will take us to use

the building resources like coating, bricks and other essentials things to be developed in such

a way that it will not remain too much complicated. Although by these means and ways, these

initiatives in the nanotechnology industry can change the future of the human being and it can

be very helpful for us to use these materials very easily and efficiently. Similarly the

development of the carbon nanotubes and other materials related to the building is going to

change the building design and performance relative to previous concepts and areas. The

development of nanotechnology is offering new combinations of the strength, durability and

toughness that is helpful for the solution to our problems. For example the bio-mimetic

materials that are based on the structures and compounds present in the nature. And has the

ability to adjust their interfaces, shape memory, self repairing and to handle strain materials.

Relation of the Nano-Technology with the life sciences:

As the nanotechnology has the concern regarding about the life sciences, we can find many

implications of nanotechnology regarding life sciences. For example, when we are operating

at the nano-scale, the division between the various scientific orders start diminishing. When

we are talking about the biological responses, it leads us to all connect combinations of

atoms, molecules and microscopic particles that are rule by the chemical and physical

procedures.



Figure 4: Nano- Biotechnology

Similarly Nanotechnology also offers new basis for development and the innovative ideas

regarding the life sciences. For instance, a lot of research is done regarding the emerging

sciences of biotechnology, genomics, proteomics that defines how proteins work in the

human body, stem cell research. As well as the deep-rooted fields of agriculture, ecological

management, clinical medicine and health check device manufacturing also has considerable

role of the nanotechnology in their development. All of these are main focusing and point

able extensive researches for the illustration of the link between life sciences and

nanotechnology.

The perception about the Nano-Technology in the world

Nanotechnology functions have a certain quality in this age. It has become as a reality.

Different car producers in the word are using nanotubes to make possible the maximum

safety of fuel-lines in vehicles for last ten years and the electronics industry also relies much

more on nanotubes to make it for attractive outlook. Similarly it assists it in the control of the

exclusion of any electrical charges before the time that they can become problematic to the

stakeholders. Japan, Korea, Taiwan, European countries and USA have also played

significant roles in the development of nanotechnology capabilities and this is the reason why

that this technology has become world-wide attention.



It is estimated that about US$2 billions are being spent yearly for the purpose of the

development and the growth of the nanotechnology worldwide. Among this entire budget

about 40% of this is being used in the USA. The biggest contributor to this cause is the Japan.

After that the major contribution is considered for the European Governments and the other

major industrial economies like China, Singapore, and Taiwan.

The Social Implications of Nanotechnology

Whenever we are getting a required growth in a technology then it also need to be the

recognition of that technology as an emerging thought and concept in the minds of human

and society. And as the concern of the nanotechnology, it is focusing more on this area. It is

developing nanotechnology as a social need and requirement. Along with its numerous ideas,

the nanotechnology is spreading its concept as the pure science as compare to the concept

that it is unattainable fiction science. But nanotechnology has proved itself a pure science. It

reason because mysteries are drive out and ideas are tested and verified practicable. And

there is also one reason that it is human nature that he coverts the hand knowledge into the

implementable knowledge and technology and that is what the human has done for the

nanotechnology. It is further being assumed and a lot of research is being done on it to open

the closed horizons behind this mystery.

As nanotechnology has silent promises with us for the new technologies and development, it

has boosted up the open discussion of fears, failures and successes, researches studies, study

conclusions and curiosity about the new knowledge in the societies. Due to these reasons

most of the chief national nanotechnology organizations are now together with conversation

of the public, feedback and ethical issues that are relating to the nanotechnologies.

Future of the Nano-Technology

The new emerging technology in the world is easy to predict. Due to these technologies the

most common used things, the computers are becoming quicker, materials has become

stronger, and the medicine are being introduced for incurable diseases. Nanotechnology is

performing its vital role in the huge part of this future. It is facilitating immense

improvements in the technologies described above. This technology has reduced the sizes of



the things that were difficult to carry but now you can easily carry with yourself. According

to the one research due to its greater importance and contribution by 2015, products

incorporating nanotech will be assigned approximately $1 trillion for their production and

development. It will also provide job opportunity to many people. Accroding to the

estimation about two million workforces will be employed in nanotech business and about six

million will be working in the supporting jobs.

Over the next pair of decades, nanotech will develop through four overlapping stages of

industrial prototyping and near the beginning commercialization. The first one, which

commenced after 2000, involves the growth of passive nanostructures: materials with stable

constructions and functions frequently used as parts of an artefact. These can be as diffident

as the particles of zinc oxide in sunscreens, but they can also be supported fibres in new

complex or carbon nanotube wires in ultraminiaturize electronics.

The next stage, which began in 2005, spotlights on lively nanostructures that are helpful in

the modification of their size, conductivity, figure or other related properties within the

period of manufacturing.

Figure 5: Future Nano-Car



Starting around 2010, workforce will develop expertise with organisms of nanostructures,

directing huge numbers of complex components to specified ends. One function could engage

the guided self-assembly of nanoelectronic mechanism into three-dimensional circuits and

whole devices. Medicine could use such systems to develop the tissue compatibility of

implants, or to produce gallows for tissue regeneration, or possibly even to build fake organs.

After 2015-2020, the field will spread out to take in molecular nanosystems and

heterogeneous networks that have molecules and super molecular separate devices

arrangements. The proteins within the cells work jointly this way, but while biological

systems are water-based and noticeably temperature-sensitive, these molecular nanosystems

will be able to function in a far wider range of atmospheres and should be much quicker.

Computers and robots could be condensed to astonishingly small sizes. Medical submissions

might be as motivated as new types of genetic therapies and anti aging cure. New boundary

linking people straightforwardly to electronics could alter telecommunications.

In the UK many schools and universities are searching about the changes made by this

technology to this world. It is going bigger and bigger. Due to this enlargement, this makes

the people to think about this to have a solution about this problem. If we go before 50 years

ago such an expansion was considered as the success, but in this age is has been considereing

as the question mark. So according to increasing populations, needs and living areas such an

enlargement is not acceptable.

Risks Associated with Nano-Technology

The biggest fear of nanotechnology that the people bear is greater than these concrete social,

environmental and economic factors. This fear concerns about the question of the proper

affiliation between man and nature. Many questions have been arising due to this technology.

It has been conflicting with religion and sometimes cultures. Some of the questions like is it

legal to attain some molecules from human body and then make another person of the same

shape or identity. It is question regarding cloning. Similarly questions like replacement of the

living parts of the body with man-made object are raised. Because this is the way we are

blurring the line between man and machine. And it is no more acceptable by many human

beings. These fears are the major consideration that are the environmentalists, socialist and

the religious people are arising about it. it is Obvious that is the greatest fear to loss of control



over a technology that can be dangerous in our next ages. These are the major concern that is

being taken about the questions raised about the bad impacts of the nanotechnology.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology gives us an ability to build large numbers of products that are incredibly

powerful by today's standards and easy to carry and handle as compare to the previous ages

machines. For example we can have comparison of pocket pc’s and the frame computers in

last ages. This technology creates both opportunity and risk. In this paper we are discussing

different aspects of the nanotachnolgy with our life styles, its history and what would be the

future of this technology. There are also considered many risk along with the opportunities

discussed above. We have to work more to enhance these opportunities while decreasing the

threats of risks associated with this technology.



References

Daniel Ratner, (2002), Nanotechnology: a gentle introduction to the next big idea,

Volume 174,

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=m9Tn_V4an28C&printsec=frontcover&dq=nanotechn

ology#v=onepage&q=&f=false, Accessed at 23/08/2009.

Rebecca L. Johnson, (2005), Nanotechnology,

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=HcQ6MedM09gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nanotech

nology#v=onepage&q=&f=false, Accessed at 23/08/2009

Nanowerk Spotlight, (Feb, 2009), Cutting edge nanotechnology,

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=9315.php, Accessed at 24/08/2009.

Nanotechnology, http://www.zyvex.com/nano/, Accessed at 24/08/2009.



http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=m9Tn_V4an28C&printsec=frontcover&dq=nanotechnology#v=onepage&q=&f=false

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=m9Tn_V4an28C&printsec=frontcover&dq=nanotechnology#v=onepage&q=&f=false

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=HcQ6MedM09gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nanotechnology#v=onepage&q=&f=false

http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=HcQ6MedM09gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=nanotechnology#v=onepage&q=&f=false

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=9315.php

http://www.zyvex.com/nano/

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