nanotechnology for future batteries yaroslav aulin

Nanotechnology for Future Batteries

Yaroslav Aulin

Outline Introduction Li-ion batteries and nanotechnology Other nanobatteries Conclusions

"Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009

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electrolyte

How do batteries work?


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cathode (+)anode (-)

e ee

e

e

© 2009 Yaroslav Aulin

current

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current

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Parameters to be improved Stored energy per mass(volume) Power Recharge time Lifetime Cost Safety Environmental

sustainability


J.Thomas, Nature Materials 2, 705 - 706 (2003)

Moore’s law-not for batteries


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www.batteriesdigest.com/lithium_ion_challenge.htmImage courtesy: Intel Corporation

18650 Li ion cell www.lbl.gov

Batteries’ timeline


M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008)

…

now

5..10 years from now


Li-ion batteries

Conventional Li-ion batteries Anode: graphite Cathode: LiCoO2

electrolyte: a solution of

LiPF6 in EC-DMC


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GraphiteLiCoO2

Problems Graphite – low specific capacity for Li storage LiCoO2-high cost Liquid electrolyte


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Solution: nanomaterials


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Anode

Anode


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Unlithiated material

Fully lithiated material

Gravimetric capacity(mAhg-1)

Volumetric capacity(mAhcc-1)

Al LiAl 993 1.374

Si Li21Si5 4008 2.323

Sn Li22Sn5 994 2.025

Sb Li3Sb 660 1.881

C, graphite LiC6 372 0.760

Gravimetric (volumetric) capacity-charge that could be stored per unit mass(volume) of the material

Anode


Si

High gravimetric capacityProblem: the volume of Si changes by 400% upon cycling

Solution: nanostructured electrodes

Anode


Schematic of morphological change that occur in Si during electrochemical cyclingC.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008)

Anode


Capacity vs cycle number data for Si NW electrode compared to graphite

C.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008)

graphite

Structural evolution of Si NWs during lithiation


Cathode

Cathode


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LiFePO4

Cheap, environmentally benign, reasonable capacity(110 mAhg-1 versus 130 mAhg-1 for LiCoO2)

Problems: insulator, low Li ion diffusion

M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 414, 359-367 (2001)

Solution: carbon-coated nanoparticles

Cathode


C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009)

Cycling behavior and SEM image of carbon coated nanoparticulate LiFePO4 electrode

Cathode


Sample Thickness of pellet (mm)

Resistance (kΩ)

Conductivity (S cm−1)

LFP (0 wt.% HC) 1.06 52316.5 3.97 × 10−8

LFP (6.0 wt.% HC)

0.77 8.32 3.45 × 10−4

LFP (8.0 wt.% HC)

0.88 6.78 3.70 × 10−4

LFP (10 wt.% HC) 0.55 8.67 4.63 × 10−4

LFP (12 wt.% HC) 0.63 6.95 5.04 × 10−4

C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009)


Electrolyte

Solid state polymer electrolytes


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All solid state construction Simplicity of manufacture Wide variety of shapes and sizes Higher energy density No leak-outs and internal short-circuits

Problem: poor ionic conductivity

Solution: nanocomposite polymer electrolytes



S. Panero et al. Journal of Power Sources 129 (2004)

Influence of ZrO2 nanoparticles on ionic conductivity of P(EO)20LiCF3SO3



Problems remaining: better understanding of ionic conductivity of

polymers is required electrode-electrolyte interface


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http://www.sandia.gov/

…M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008)

http://www.mit.edu/

http://www.rpi.edu/

Conclusions


Progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology will allow to design new types of batteries based on nanomaterials and having improved properties: increased capacity, improved charge-discharge characteristics, reduced power cost, lower weight and smaller size, better environmental sustainability

Nanostructured electrodes and solid polymer electrolytes are the materials that will drastically improve conventional Li-ion batteries

Acknowledgements


I would like to thank prof. Paul van Loosdrecht for supervising me during this project


Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

nanotechnology for future batteries yaroslav aulin

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