national assessment of gender and sti in mexico judith zubieta, iis-unam
TRANSCRIPT
National Assessment of Gender and STI in Mexico
Judith Zubieta, IIS-UNAM
Thesis: Education is a key factor
Education is one of the most important variables in the achievement of full participation by women and men in the development of any country.
Since early childhood, socialization and education operate as mechanisms of vocational guidance.
UNAM’s Female students, 1910
Undergraduate carreers
%
Nursing 45%
Teaching * 13%
Music 9%
Medicine 9%
Odonthology 9%
Veterinary 4%
Painting 4%
Law 4%
* Cited as Teachers’ School
UNAM’s Female students, 1939
Undergraduate carreers
%
Teaching * 44
Nursing 34
Music 10
Odonthology 1
Aux. Pharmacist 1
Archeology 1
Chemistry/Pharmacist
1
Painting 1
Medicine 1
History 1
Private Accountant 1
Philosophy 1* Cited as Teachers’ School
Female participation in Undergraduate Studies
Ciencias Agropecuarias
Ciencias de La Salud
Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas
Educación y Humanidades
Ingeniería y Tecnología
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
20111990
Fuente: Anuario Estadístico de Universidades e Institutos Tecnológicos, ANUIES.
Ciencias Agropecuarias
Ciencias de La Salud
Ciencias Naturales y Exactas
Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas
Educación y Humanidades
Ingeniería y Tecnología
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
20111990
Female participation in Graduate Studies
• Social Obstacles: related to educational opportunities; with the conscious or unconscious stereotypes on women's work, with prejudices and perceptions differentiated by sex;
In brief,
• Structural Obstacles: related to institutional "corporate practices" affecting the opportunities for the advancement of women; and
• Normative Obstacles: generated by the lack of rigour in monitoring and enforcing laws; gaps in available information on women’s working conditions; inability to disseminate sex-disaggregated information, lack of adequate policies, etc.
Segregation:
• Vertical.- Hierarchical structures
• Horizontal.- differentials in scientific disciplines
Some explanations:
• Glass ceiling or sticky floors
• Inequity in the access to different opportunities
Public policies in Education, Science,
Technology and Innovation have not yet
considered women’s specific condition and
needs.
Quantity vs. Quality
There is a large discrepancy between the number of women trained and the quality of the jobs they occupy and the functions they performed.
An accepted explanation is expressed in terms of the "time of maturation" of highly trained human resources, but there is also a traditionally overlooked factor: the prevailing culture has not changed significantly..
No less important are the differences that can also be
seen in the perception of the degree of job
satisfaction, wage levels and recognition from
colleagues and society, in general.
Mexico’s National System of ResearchersSNI: Membership distribution by sex, 2013
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
HombresMujeres
Candidato Nivel 1 Nivel 2 Nivel 30%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Hombres 1990Hombres 2012Mujeres 1990Mujeres 2012
SNI: Membership distribution by sex and category, 1990 y 2012
Mexico’s National System of Researchers
Fuente: Conacyt, Informe general del estado de la ciencia y la tecnología, 2012.
Humanidades y Ciencias de la
Conducta
Medicina y Ciencias de la
Salud
Biología y Química
Ciencias Sociales Biotecnología y Ciencias
Agropecuarias
Ingeniería Físico-Matemáticas y
de la Tierra
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Hombres
Mujeres
SNI: Membership distribution by sex and discipline, 2012
Mexico’s National System of Researchers
“Hard data” allow for greater clarity to seriously consider
the problem of gender inequality in Mexico.
The conservative character of Mexican institutions, their
hierarchical systems, and the job evaluation mechanisms
tend to perpetuate certain traits; among them, gender
biases among scholars and colleagues.
Women who reach top positions quickly learn to accept a
type of "invisibility" and a supposed "neutrality",
affecting their self-perception and their degree of
satisfaction.
Some conclusions
It is not just a matter of establishing minimum quotas or parity participations by decree;
Rather, we must create the conditions for equal opportunities considering specific differences between both sexes.
Indeed, there is an urgent need for gender-sensitive public policies in Education, Science, Technology
and Innovation
Some conclusions