NERVOUS SYSTEM

WHAT? WHY? WHEN? WHERE ?WHO? HOW?

Nervous system/neuroanatomy: a branch of preclinical medical sciences, as the base of neurology.Because neuroanatomy can assist medical student to comprehend many disorders of nervous system, especially: functions, location of the lesion.As the foundation- before to learn the disorders or neurology.

In biomedical sciences neurology (many disorders of the nervous system).

Medical student as GP-Neurologist.

Lecture, Individual learning, discussion, assessment.

ANATOMICAL COMPONENT : 1. Neurons (neuron cells). 2. Neuroglias/Glia.neuroglia cells. 3. Vassa/blood vessels/arteries, veins.Physiological component: *Reflex arc: receptors, afferens or sensories, interneurons, efferens or motoric fibers, effectors.

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC:Irritability: able or easy to give a stimulus or easy to stimulate or excite.

*Conductivity: able conducting the stimulus as or call impulse.

DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEMPheripheral nerve system: a. Cranial nerves (nervi craniales). b. Spinal nerves (nervi spinales). a and b too call cerebrospinal or craniospinal nerves. c. Visceral nerve system (ANS): - Symphatetic nerves. - Parasymphatetic nerves

2. Central nervous system: too call: Systema nervosum centrale. a. Brain/Encephalon: - Prosencephalon/forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon. - Mesencephalon/midbrain: tectum and teg- mentum mesencephali, crus cerebri - Rhombencephalon/hindbrain: metenceph. (pons and cerebellum); myelencephalon too call medulla oblongata/medulla.

b. Spinal cord or medulla spinalis: Divided to 31th segments: - Cervical part ( C 18). - Thoracal part (Th. 112). - Lumbal part ( L15). - Sacral part (S 15), Medullary cone/conus medullaris - Coccygeal part (Segment Co.1).

BRAINSTEMToo call: Truncus encephalicus.The components of (limited): Mesencephalon/midbrain, Pons and Medulla (medulla oblongata).The more important: There are: center of CVS, Respiratory system center, primary conciousness center, etc.

ANATOMY OF NEURONNEURON: a complete neuron cell, include cell body (soma, perikaryon) with internal structures and its protoplasmic protrusions

Protoplasmic protrusion are: dendrites and axons with its branchings or bifurcations

DIVISION OF NEURONTwo criterias : 1. The measure of the cells body 4120 microns. 2. The composition protoplasmic protrusions, that are: a. Unipolar neuron. b. Bipolar neuron. c. Multipolar neuron.

ANATOMY OF SYNAPSISIn wide meaningful: contact neuron to neuron, neuron to effectors, muscle to muscle.In neuroanatomia special meaningful: contact neuron to neuron, neuron to muscles, neuron to glands.* Specially in the CNS: interneuronal synapsis synapsis.

NEUROTRASMITTERThe impuls from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron coducted by chemical substance called: neurotransmitter.Examples: Noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA, Vasopressin, oxytocine, enchephaline, endorphine, P-substance.Last ten years many psychiatric disorders was finded related to neurotransmitter interferences.

REFLEXIn the clinic reflexes are very important and routine to examine the patient had assisst to determine location of lesion or diagnose the patients.:Automatic reaction, no changeable and no involve the upper functional center of nervous system.Divided to 4parts: Stretch, superficial, Specially and pathological reflexes.

MORPHOLOGIC AND FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF PHERIPHERAL NERVESEfferen fibers: divided to 4 parts: A-alpha, A-gamma, B, C.

Afferen fibers: divided to 5 parts: Ia, Ib, II, III, IV.

NEUROGLIANeuroglia (literally, nerve glue) is the connective tissue of the nervous system.

Neuroglial cells outnumber neurons by about five to one.

They have important nutritive and supportive functions

DIVISION OF NEUROGLIAGlial cell type in CNS: 1. Astrocytes. 2. Oligodendrocytes. 3. Microglial cells.Glial cell type in PNS: 1. Satellite cells. 2. Schwann cells. 3. Enteric glial cells (in ENS = Enteric nervous system).

SPINAL CORDPart of CNS, cylinder shape, location in vertebral canal, are around by 3 layers of meninges (dura mater, arachnoid and piamater). The layers, structures and space around the medulla:1. Vertebra, and ligaments; 2. Extradural fat.3. Dura mater; 4. Arachnoid;5. Subarachnoi-dal space; 6. Piamater.

Qualitiy impulses in cranial and spinal nerves.1. Afferent: -Somatic: general and special. -Visceral: General and special.* 2. Efferen: - Somatic: general and special. -Visceral: general; special (in English and American library=branchiomotoric/ or special somatic efferen).

CRANIAL NERVES;I. Olfactory nerve, special visceral afferen, olfactory cells.II. Optic nerve, special somatic afferen, rods and cones cells in retina.III. Oculomotor nerve, general somatic efferen, parasymphaticusorbital muscles pupil contrictor muscle, ciliare muscle.

IV. Trochlear nerve, general somatic efferen, Superior oblique muscle of orbital muscles.V. Trigeminal nerve, general somatic afferen, special somatic efferen or branchiomotoricchewing muscles.VI. Abducens nerve, general somatic efferen lateral rectus muscle.VII. Facial nerve, Special visceral afferen taste buds of body of the tongue; Special somatic efferen facial muscles;

Parasymphaticus/visceromotoriclacrimal,sublingual, submandibular glands; general somatic afferen skin on external acustic meatus.Octavus/vestibulocochlearis nerve; special somatic afferen labyrrinth and cochlea.Glossopharyngeal nerve: branchiomotoric, Visceromotoric parotid glands; special visceral afferen taste buds of the root of the tongue; general visceral afferen root of the tongue, palatine tonsil, auditive tube, sinus and glomus of carotis, pharynx.

X. Vagal nerve: Branchiomotoric/special somatic efferen; parasymphaticus; general visceral afferen; special visceral afferen; general somatic afferen.XI. Accessory nerve: general somatic efferen sternocleidomastoid muscles and trapezius muscles.XII. Hypoglossal nerve: general somatic efferen: external and internal/intrinsic muscles of the tongue except palatoglossal muscles.

SPINAL NERVESGenerally the qualities of spinal nerves: a. General somatic afferen. b. General somatic efferen. Except:Thoracal 1L2 or 3 addition: symphaticus.Sacral 2,3,4 addition: parasymphaticus or visceromotoric.

OUTER AND INNER STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD.Bilateral diameter always greater than ventrolateral diameter.Have two intumescentia (widening): a. Cervical, and b. Lumbosacral part. Cervical intumescentia form brachial plexus innervate upper limbs. Lumbosacral intumescentia form lumbo- sacral plexus innervate lower limbs.

OUTER STRUCTURES:Ventral median fissure-(fissura mediana ventralis).Dorsal median sulcus-(sulcus medianus dorsalis).Dorsolateral sulcus (sulcus dorsolateralis)Dorsal intermedian sulcus (sulcus intermedius dorsalis).Ventrolateral sulcus (sulcus ventrolateralis).

INNER STRUCTURE.White and gray matter.In white matter-nerve fibers-tract (tractus).In gray matter-cells bodies-nucleus.White matter: (substantia alba): funniculus dorsalis, latearlis, ventralis, commissura alba ventralis. Divisions of tract: Ascendings, descendings and intersegmental tracts.

Gray matter: ventral, posterior and intermedius horn (horn=cornu). Posterior horn as afferen, ventral horn as efferen and center of motoric neurons, intermedius horn divided to 2 division: intermediomedialis as the center of sacral parasymphatetic fibers and intermediolateral as the center of symphatetic fibers in thoracal1Lumbal 2/3.Dorsal root/radix dorsalis and spinal ganglia as afferen, ventral root/radix ventralis as the motoric or motoric type fibers.

BASE CIRCUIT IN VENTRAL HORN SPINAL CORD.Impuls to the motoric neurons in ventral horn nuclei indirect (by intercalate neurons/ interneurons)influence: inhibition or excitation.Depend on amount of the synapses.Interneurons take place on ventral, dorsal or intermedius horn of spinal cord (medulla spinalis).

INNER SUBSTANCE OF WHITE MATTER.1. Ascending tarcts/pathways: -Lateral spinothalamic tract. -Gracile tract. -Cuneate tract. -Dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tract. -Spinoreticular, Ventral spinothalamic, Spino-olive. Spinovestibular, Dorsolateral tracts (Lissauer), Scondary visceral ascending tract/ system.

DESCENDING TRACTS.Or descending pathways: -Corticospinal tracts (lateral and ventral). -Reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tracts, rubrospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, olivispinal tract. - Pyramidal tract: divide to 2: Cortico-bulbar and corticospinal tracts are form UMN. Corticospinal to ventral horn of spinal cord, corticobulbar/corticonuclear..

To motor nucleus of cranial neves in the brainstem.Lower motor neuron/LMN- from ventral horn spinal cord to periphery/effectors.Many differencies of signs UMN compare with LMN lesion: a. Power. a. Trophy. b. Tonus. c. Reflex.

INTERSEGMENTAL TRACT.Or intersegmental fascicles/proprius tract.Or assosiation fibers in the spinal cord.Take palce in white matter close surface of the gray matter.To connect segment of the spinal cord to the others intersegmental reflex.Divided to 3 parts: ventral, lateral and dorsal part.

ANATOMY OF SPINAL NERVEAll spinal nerves are merging of the dorsal and ventral root of each segment segmental nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves.Ventral root cosist: general somatic efferen fibers and preganglionic fibers of symphatetic and parasymphatetic fibers.Dorsal root consist: general somatic and visceral afferen fibers.

SEGMENTAL INNERVATION OF THE SKIN.Dermatome is: skin area which innervate with afferen fiber origin from one dorsal root/radix along with spinal ganglion.Ganglion: collection soma of neuron (with seem function) in peripheral nerve/PNS.Nucleus: collection soma of neuron (with seem function) in CNS.

FOERSTER DERMATOME.1. Most of dermatome innervate by 3 nerve fibers, sometime 4 dorsal roots, its have overlapping.2. Only C2 dermatome innervate by dorsal root C 2.Cervical 3 and Trigeminal nerve not much innervate dorsal part of the head.Overlapping in dermatome be close to the others, touch sense more than painful and temprature.

SEGMENTAL INNERVATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE.Just like dermatome, most of skeletal muscles especially limbs muscles, innervate with motoric nerve fibers from 2 or 3 of spinal cord or ventral roots sometime 4 ventral roots. So that lesion on one ventral root not clear effect on the function of the muscle.Monosegmental innervation: very short muscle on trunk, vertebral column, on the hand, and adductor pollicis muscle.

VASCULAROSATION ON SPINAL CORD1. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries, origin from vertebral arteries.2. Great and small radicular arteries, principaly serve to roots of spinal cord.That are anatomical averlapping, but not functionally end artery.Central arteies, origin from anterior spinal artery, almost serve to gray matter. The other: pial plexus almost serve to white matter, but some/bit serve to gray matter.

BRAINSTEMComponent: Medulla/medulla oblongata; Pons; and Midbrain/mesencephalon.Very important: 1. Center of cardiovascular and respiratory system, primary conciousness.

2. Ascending and descending tracts.

3. Places the most nuclei of cranial nerves.

THANK YOU.

TERIMAKASIH.

ARIGATO.

OBRIGADO BARAK.

SUKSME.

2 nd DAYCranial nerves there are: 12 pairs:1. Olfactory-n; 2. Optic-n; 3. Oculomotor-n;4. Trochlear-n; 5. Trigeminal-n;6. Abducens-n; 7. Facial-n;8. Cochlear and vestibular n; (n.Octavus).9. Glossopharyngeal-n;10. Vagal-n.11. Accessory-n.12. Hypoglossal-n.

THEIR QUALITIES:1. Special visceral sensory.2. Special somatic sensory.3. General somatic motor, parasymphatis.4. General somatic motor.5. Special somatic motor/branchial motor, general somatic sensory.6. General somatic motor.7. Special somatic motor, Parasymphatis/ visceral motor,Special visceral sensory, general somatic sensory.

8. Special somatic sensory.9. Special somatic motor, visceral motor/ parasymphatis, Special visceral sensory, General visceral sensory, general soma- tic sensory.10. Special somatic motor, Parasymphatis, General visceral sensory, Special visceral sensory, general somatic sensory.11. General somatic motor.12. General somatic motor.

THEIR ROUTE1. Olfactory-n cribriform plate of the ethmoidal bone.

2. Optic-n optic foramen/canal.

3. Ocular motor, trochlear and abducens superior orbital fissure. (And ophthalmic-n.)

4. Trigeminal-n Ophthalmic-nsuperior orbital fissure; Maxillary-nrotundum foramen; Madibular-n oval foramen.

5. Vestibular-cochlear-n internal acustic meatus a. n.VIII-vestsuperior, inferior vestibular area and singular foramen.

5.b. Cochlear ncanal in the foramen of spiral tracts.

6. Glossopharyngeal nervejugular foramen.7. Vagal nerve jugular foramen.

8. Accessory nervejugular foramen.

9. Hypogllossal nervehypoglossal canal.

SENSORY RECEPTOR: General somatic: in skin/integument. Special somatic: retina, vestibular canal, cochlea. General visceral: visceral organs. Special visceral : Nasal mucosa/smell, taste buds.MOTOR effector: muscles and glands. General somatic: Skeletal muscles. Special somatic (branchial motor): Branchial muscles/branchial arcs. General visceral: Smooth and cardiac muscles, glands. Special visceral: ~ branchial motor.

RETICULAR FORMATION /RETICULAR SUBSTANCEThe substance arround the nuclear and tracts in the brainstem.Consist many type and measurement of neuron in the cane work of fibres matrix.CAJAL: in RF dominant consist: tertiary order of sensory neurons, and secondary order of motor neurons.

Intrinsic composition and it connections.RF in Medulla:(medulla oblongata): a. Lateral reticular nucleus. b. Ventral reticular ventralis. c. Gigantocellular reticular nucleus. d. Paramedian reticulars nuclei. e. Parvicellular reticular nucleus. Afferent: a. spinal cord: spinoreticular tract, spinothalamic fibres. b. collateral fibres of sp-thal.fibres c. cerebral cortex: sensory, motor

Efferent: to a. ascending reticular activation system. b. cerebellar vermis of cranial/anterior lobe

*RF in PONS (formatio reticularis pontis): a. oral part of pons reticular nucleus. b. caudal part of pons reticular nucleus. c. tegmental pons reticular nucleus.*RF of midbrain: a. pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. b. cuneiform nucleus. c. subcuneiform nucleus.

NEUROTRANSMITTER AND RFMonoamine nerve fibres consist axons of neuron contain monoamine: -noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-hydroxy tryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine.The outline of monoamine strip divide to: 1. Noradrenergic descendens strip. 2. Noradrenergic ascendens strip. 3. Noradrenergic of locus ceruleus (nucleus pigmentosus pontis). 4. Serotonergic descendens strip. 5. Serotonergic ascendens strip. 6. Dopaminergic strip.

SOURCES and TRANSMISIONEach strip have source and transmision.Example: 1. Ventrolateral and caudal part of RF of medulla spinal cord: ventral, dorsal and intermedia corns. 2. NA strip its source from locus ceruleus: its source from locus ceruleus in cranial part of pons and caudal part of mid- brain (mesencephalon) dorsal part of telencephalon and diencephalon: hippo campus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, colliculi cranialis, all part of cerebellar cortex.

FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF RFFascilitation area.Inhibition area.Respiratory center.Cardiovascular center.Consciousness center: Close all of scondary ascending fibers /tract give collateral branches to RF on the spot except medial lemniscus.

MULTISYNAPTIC RETICULAR ASCENDING TRACTS

Location of ascending and descending tracts in brainstem:Ascending tracts: medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, trigeminal tract, lateral lemniscus, spinocerebellar tracts.

Descending tracts: pyramidal fascicle, rubrospinal tract reticulospinal fibres, vestibulospinal tracts, tectospinal tract.

Association fibres in brainstem: FLM, diffus longitudinal fibres. FLM: functionally have special meaning, enable to coordination most of the motor nuclei of cranial nerves.

TERIMAKASIH.

THANK YOU.

ARIGATO.

OBRIGADO.

CEREBELLUMIs the suprasegmental part of the brain. Divide to 3 parts: a. archeocerebellum; b. paleocerebellum; c. neocerebellum.a). Archeocerebellum: consist: nodulus and two flocculi flocculonodular lobe. The oldest part its have functionally connection with vestibular nuclei.b). Paleocerebellum: consist vermis and cerebellar hemisphere. Its recieve the impulses from spinal cord (ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts) and external arcuate fibres. This part mainly connected with control the tone muscles. Cerebellum->vestibular nucleivestibulospinal tract.

c). Neocerebellum: the youngest and biggest part in man. Be located between prima fissure and dorsolateral fissure. Too called: caudal/ posterior lobe, connected with receive impulses from cerebral cortex through nuclei pontis, through corticopontocerebellar fibres.

INTRINSIC COMPOSITION

1). Cerebellar cortex. This is the gray matter in superficial part. Have 3 layers and fissure, sulcus, folium.2). Medullary body. This is the white matter deep to the cortex.3). Cerebellar nuclei. This is the gray matter go down the white matter. There are 4 pair are located: dorsal and dorsolateral to the quart ventricle of the brain.

Cerebellar cortex

Divided to 3 layers:

1. Molecular strata/layer.

2. Piriform neuron strata/layer.

3. Granular strata/layer.

MAIN CIRCUIT OF NEURONS IN CEREBELLAR CORTEX

By that connections the cerebellum can coordinate the motor reactions (movements) which in a reflex, automatic, and aware manner.Control the tone muscles through: reticulospinal tract alpha and gamma motor neurons.Olivocerebellar tract-climbing fibres. Climbing fibres give direct synaptic connectionexcitation.Another tracts mossy fibres to cerebellar cortex.

Cerebellar nuclei

Cerebellar nuclei receive impulses from the cortex directly through axon of Purkinje cells, and collateral branches of the mossy and climbing fibres.The projection manner of Purkinje cells to cerebellar nuclei: a. Cerebellar vermis to the most medial part of nuclei (fastigii, globusus). b. Medial part of cerebellar hemisphere to globusus and emboliform nuclei. c. Lateral part of cerebellar hemisphere to dentate nuclei. Mostlyipsilateral manner.

Medullary body

The white matter of cerebellum arranged to 2 main group of myelinated fibres: 1. Intrinsic fibres : a. corticonuclear fibres, b. association fibres. 2. Extrinsic fibres: a. Afferent fibres, b. Efferent fibres. These fibres have 3 path: -caudal, medius and cranial cerebellar peduncles.

CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

1. Caudal cerebellar peduncle consist: a. dorsal spinocerebellar tract. b. dorsal and ventral external arcuate fibres. c. reticulocerebellar tract. d. arcuatocerebellar tract. e. olivocerebellar tract. f. vestibulocerebellar fibres. g. trigeminocerebellar fibres. h. cerebello-spinal tract.

2. Medial cerebellar peduncle: It is the biggest peduncle to the others. Relatively bigger than an animal. Most of it consist pontocerebellar fibres, and cross the median line in base of the pons. It is scondary neurons of the compo sition of corticopontocerebellar fibres.3. Cranial cerebellar peduncle: a. ventral spinocerebellar tract. b. efferent fibres of the cerebellum. These fibres source from cerebellar nuclei: dendate, emboliform, and globosus nuclei red nuclei and thalamus (ventral-lateral, intralaminars nuclei).

Clinical and functional aspect of cerebellum

Function of cerebellum is feed back mechanism in controll movement during go on. These movements has beginning from pyramidal and extrapyramidal system

The mechanism controll divide to 2: 1. Tense changes in muscle in controll the equilibrium and posture. 2. Guarantee the contraction continuous fast and regulated nicely.

Each the contraction require coordination of muscle groups that is:agonis, antagonist of muscles, synergic and fixation muscles.The neocerebellum lesion-have sign: disturb smooth contraction of muscles in limbs- the contractions which beginning from pyramidal system: 1. Muscles are hypotonia and asthenia. 2. Asynergia: dysmetria, rebound-pheno., adiadochokinesia, scanning speech, intension tremor and ataxia. 3. Nystagmus.

TELENCEPHALON

Telencephalon divide to 2: a. Telencephalon medim /impar. The part of brain front of the interventricular foramen- optical chiasm. b. Cerebral hemispheres (a pair). This is the biggest part of the brain. A pair of hemispheres connect with callosum body (corpus callosum). Cerebral cortex is the widest surface of brain: 2200 cm square.

Cerebral sulci and fissures

1. Cerebral longitudinal sulcus.2. Cerebral lateral sulcus.3. Calcarina sulcus.4. Parietooccipital sulcus.5. Hippocampi sulcus. Some sulci it has functional and topogra- phic meaning are: -central sulcus, precentral sulcus, postcentral sulcus, superior and inferior frontal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus and so on..

CEREBRAL CORTEX

Cerebral cortex divided to certain areas.Be base on phylogeny and ontogeny divided to 3 parts: 1. Neocortex/neopallium/isocortex; it is have 6 layers and it is the most of cerebral cortex. 2. Paleocortex/paleopallium: covering the olfactoric cortex:prepiriform area (uncus and anterior part of para hippocampal gyrus).

3. Archicortex/archipallium: that are: hippocampi formation, dentate gyrus, a few cortex area else (:fasciolare gyrus, supracallosal gyrus).

Paleocortex and archicortex form allocortex together. The base on allocortex has 3 layers of neuron.Koniocortex use to indicate the sensory areas of cortex: -optical, auditory and somatosensory /somesthetic areas, because it is has little neurons composed by relatively compact.

THE LAYERS OF CEREBRAL ISO CORTEX

1. Molecular layer.2. External granular layer.

3. External pyramidal layer/pyramidal layer4. Internal granular layer.

5. Internal pyramidal later/ganglionar layer.6. Multiform layer.

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX

Brodmann (1909) was succesfull made map of man cerebral cortex.The number of the cortex be based on the squence of investigation.Most of cerebral cortex was investigated by Mr. Brodmann.

DAY 5

The visual system of human being has the highest development can identify objects in three dimensions.* Special somatic afferent.The receptor: rods and cones cells of retina.The others cell: pigmented epithelial cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells and ganglion cells.

MANY LESIONS:

Total lesion on N.IImonocular blindness.On optic chiasm (median line)bitemporal hemianopsia.On lateral(left and right side) part of optic chiasmhemianopsia binasal.On optic tract homonymous hemianopsia.Total on optic radiation homonymous hemianopsia without changes reaction of optic pupil.* Part of optic radiation quadrant-anopsia.

OPTIC REFLEXES:

A part of optic tract reach to: tectum and pretectal area of midbrain pass through root of midbrain. These fibres end in 2 place: 1. Cranial colliculus. 2. Pretectal nucleus.1). To spinal cord as tectospinal tract optic reflex, related to movement of the neck, trunk and limbs.2)..

2). The nucleus consist small neuron cells. Have clinical meaningfull: -Pupil reflex: nerve fibres from optic optic tractpretectal nucleusEdinger Westphal nuclei (bilateral) pretecto- oculomotoric fibrespreganglionic parasymphatetic fibres together with N.IIIin orbit leave of N.III ciliar ganglion the post ganglionic fibres to: a. Ciliar muscles. b. Pupillar constrictor muscles.

SYSTEM OF SMELL

Rhinencephalon: in modern meaning consist the CNS which accept the fibres from olfactory bulb. In limited meaning involve: -Olfactory bulb. -Olfactory tracts. -Olfactory striae. -Anterior perforate substance. -Part of amygdaloid body. -Part of prepiriform cortex.

Intracranial meninges, ventricle of brain and csf.

In many places the inner layer of duramater form the partition:

1. Cerebral falx/Falx cerebri.

2. Cerebellar tentorium.

3. Cerebellar falx.

4. Sellar diaphragm

SUBARACHNOID CAVITY:

1. Cerebellomedullary cistern.

2. Pontis cistern.

3. Interpeduncular (basal) cistern.

DURAMATERIC SINUS:

1. Superior sagittal sinus.2. Inferior sagittal sinus.3. Straight (rectus) sinus.4. Confluens sinuum.5. Tranverse sinus.6. Sigmoidal sinus.7. Cavernous sinus.

VENTRICLES OF BRAIN AND CSF

Lateral ventricle (left and right).Third (tertius) ventricle.Aqueduct of midbrain (cerebral/Sylvius).Fourth ventricle (ventriculus quartus).Central canal.

Production of CSF: are active secretion in ependyme epithelial layers of choroid plexus (capillary plexus): -floor of lateral ventricle. -roof of third and forth ventricles.

BLOOD VESSELS OF BRAIN

A pair of vertebral arteries.

A pair of internal carotid arteries.

Spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum.

Form: cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus/Willis).

THE MAIN GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT OF CNS

THANK YOU

TERIMAKASIH

MATUR SUKSME.