Networking between Academia, Public Re-search Institutes and Industry

---Korean Experiences

“ Global Summit of Innovation Economy Creator ”

Prof. Se-Jung OhPresident, Institute for Basic Science (Current)President, National Research Foundation of Korea (Previous)Professor of Physics, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

Asian Currency Crisis

[ GNI per capita (1953 ~ 2008), nominal US $ ]

Source : The Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr

GNI per capita of Korea• Year 1953: $ 67/ yr

was one of the poorest countries in the world

• Year 2006: $ 18,372 & Year 2010: $ 20,753

Miracle of Korean Economy

1969 1980 1990 2000 2010

R&D expenditure (B won) 9.8 211.7 3,210.5 13,848.5 43,854.8

- Public 7.2 (73%)

105.5 (50%)

510.8 (16%)

3,816.9 (28%)

12,270.2 (28%)

- Private 1.8 (18%)

102.4 (48%)

2,698.9 (84%)

10,023.4 (72%)

31,489.6 (72%)

- Foreign 0.8 (8%)

3.8 (2%)

0.8 (0%)

8.2 (0%)

95.0 (0%)

Number of researchers (FTE) 5,337 18,434 70,503 159,973 345,912

- Government Research In-stitutes (GRI’s)

2,413 (45%)

4,598 (25%)

10,434 (15%)

13,913 (9%)

26,235 (8%)

- University 2,142 (40%)

8,695 (47%)

21,332 (30%)

51,727 (32%)

93,509 (27%)

- Private Industry 782 (15%)

5,141 (28%)

38,737 (55%)

94,333 (59%)

226,168 (65%)

R&D Expenditure and Number of Researchers

Korean National Innovation System - Input

Stage 1960s ~ 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 ~ 2010

Per Capita GNP • $82 ~ $1,676 • $1,645 ~ $ 5,418 • $6,417 ~ $9,438 • $10,804 ~ $20,753

Major Industry

• Agriculture and Labor-intensive industry (Textile, Shoes, etc)

• heavy industry (Steel, Auto, Chem-icals ,etc)

• Electronic and IT products

(Electric Appliances, Semiconductor etc)

• IT products and others

(Semiconductor, LCD, Auto, etc)

R & D Focus• Imitation of mature foreign technolo-gies

• Imitation of mature, advanced foreign technologies

• Expansion of public R&D

• Development of growth engine technologies

Domestic R & D Situation

• Inadequacy of uni-versity & industry research

• Reliance on GRI’s

• Expansion of indus-try & university re-search

• Foundation of industry-led system• Expansion of university research

Government Policy on R & D and Human Re-source Devel-

opment

• Established KIST (1966) and other GRI’s

• Established KAIS (1973)

• Expansion of Uni-versity System

• Rapid growth of Graduate Schools

• Emphasis on the Quality of Graduate Education and Re-search

• Globalization of University

• Foster Top-quality Research Univ.

HRD Policy at Doctorate Level

• Import from for-eign countries

• Import as well as Domestic Training

• Post-doc Training of Domestic Ph.D’s in foreign countries

• Assimilation in the Global Market

Progress of Korean National Innovation System

Three Major Innovation System Actors in Korea

  R&D Expenditure(B Won)

No. of Researchers(total FTE))

No. of Researchers (Ph.D level)

University 4,745 (11%) 93,509 (27%) 53,947 (66%)

Government Re-search Institutes

(GRI’s)

6,306 (14%) 26,235 (8%) 12,818 (16%)

Private Industry 32,803 (75%) 226,168 (65%) 14,677 (18%)

(as of 2010)

Tri-Lateral networks and Hybrid oranization

Academia

IndustryPublic Research Institute

Triple Helix Model

(1) Manpower Exchange /Flow

Joint Appointments between University and GRI’s or Private Industry

Policies to Facilitate Networking between Innovation System Actors

- A special law was passed last year to allow good scientists/engineers to hold dual appointments in University, Government Research Institutes and Private Industry

Researchers in Government Research Institutes can spend an extended period of time at private industries when they carry out joint research projects.

- In some cases, GRI’s support staying expenses of their researchers in private companies when the company is small or medium size.

A professor can have an extended leave-of-absence when he/she starts a ven-ture company- Usually professors in the university are allowed to have leave-of-absence for one year after 7 years of active service, but when he/she starts a venture company he/she can have the leave-of-absence for an extended period of time. (up to 5 years depending on the University)

(2) Encourage Joint Research Activities be-tween University and Private Industry

- The participating industry can share the government project budget during the joint research. However, when the company makes a profit later on by applying the results of this joint project, they are required to pay back their research expenditure.

Some government research projects, especially on applied topics, require partic-ipation of private industry even when the Principal Investigator belongs to Uni-versity or Government Research Institutes.

Special tax incentive is given to the industry when they carry out the joint re-search project with university

- Up to 50% of research expenditure can be deducted from the tax of the company

(3) Trust Building between University, Government Research Institutes and Industry

A special council is established to discuss matters of mutual interest between uni-versity, government research institutes and private industry

- Representatives of university, public research institutes, and private industry meet regularly along with government officials to discuss matters of mutual interest.

TLO’s (Technology Licensing Offices) are established in universities to facilitate diffusion of university-invented technology to private industry

- Government supports the establishment and operating budget of university TLO’s