new energy technologies advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy...

1New Energy Technologies #3(22) 2005

Magazine

• Excessive energy in molecular reactions, A. Sterling, A. Akau, USA 2

• News about Perendev Motor, A. Sterling, USA 14

• Gravity engine, A.N. Sakharov, Russia 21

• Paradoxes of gas structures, S. Geller, Russia 25

• Vortex liquid heaters, S. Geller, Russia 29

• The discoveries of John Keely, Review, E. Artemyeva, Russia 40

• A water�lifting device, V.V. Marukhin, Russia 49

• An anti�gravity platform of V.S. Grebennikov, Review 58

• Gravity Driven Generator, Russell Lee 78

• Membraneless Fuel Cells, Review, S. Shlenchak, Russia 79

• Hypothesis of I.O. Yarkovsky, Sizov A.V. , Russia 84

• Flying Platform, S.A. Gerasimov, Russia 92

• Company News: Cycclone Magnet Engines 94

Information reported in New Energy Technologies magazine is not necessary endorsed by the publisher or staff.In many cases information received cannot be verified, though we try to report the news as accurately as possible.

Scientific news on advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy technologies

Issue #3 (22) 2005

Publisher: Faraday Lab Ltd

Editor�in�Chief Alexander V. Frolov, Scientific Advisor Kirill P. Butusov,Technical Editor Svetlana A. Schlenchak, Translator Elena N. Artemieva

Correspondence Address: 7 Lev Tolstoy Str., St�Petersburg 197376 Russia,Tel/fax: 7 (812) 380�3844, [email protected]

2005 subscription $49. All the back issues as PDF files on CD $29.Please pay online from our web site http://www.faraday.ru

Printed in Russia. Copyright © 2004�2005 by Faraday Lab Ltd.Circulation: 500 printed copies

New Energy Technologies

CONTENTS

Please note that publications in 2006 are not planned.

2 New Energy Technologies #3(22) 2005

Experimenter Jean�Louis Naudin (France) claims to derive free energy cleanly and safely from thedissociation and association of hydrogen atoms. The invention has been made in 2003 by A.V. Frolovduring the combined research project with Spectrum Investments Ltd. Data about several tests wasposted. Plans, schematics, methods all listed openly to encourage replication and improvement ofresults. The idea is based on decades�old concepts set forth by Nobel laureate Irving Langmuir.

Last news from Jean�Louis Naudin’s laboratory:Using impulse heating of a 12V�cathode with a frequency of 51 Hz and under ratio of the impulse tothe pause equal to 5%, efficiency more than 2000% was obtained. A theoretical maximum for thegiven kind of construction, according to A.V. Frolov’s calculations, is 83:1, i.e. more than 8000%.

Jean�Louis Naudin’s comment:“Alexander Frolov was the first to carry out tests of the atomic hydrogen generator in Saint Petersburg,during the first stage of the project. You can read more about it at http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/mahg1.htm. Now I have confirmed the results of his tests independently, using two kinds of completelydifferent measurement equipment”.

Jean�Louis Naudin, E�mail: [email protected], Web�site: http://jlnlabs.org

Generation of excessive energyduring molecular reactions

Editor’s note: The work has begun afterNicholas Moller’s visit to Saint Petersburg,2003. We have analyzed his idea of usingthe monatomic hydrogen recombinationprocess for the generation of excessiveenergy. The idea also was published inWilliam Lyne’s book “Occult EtherPhysics”, USA,1997. Initially, Mollerplanned to work with free flame in a deviceof the hydrogen burner type, but I rejectedthis idea due to the explosive risk andsuggested another approach withouthydrogen consumption, i.e. with thedissociation-recombination cycle occurringin a closed volume. A powerful electronic-vacuum diode with a tungsten cathode ofthe direct heating was chosen as a basisof the device. Making a contract on theresearch on the given subject, we havedetermined that intellectual property onthis project belong as 50/50 to FaradayLab Ltd, A.V. Frolov, Russia, and SpectrumInvestments Ltd, UK, Nicholas Moller.Further, Spectrum Investments Ltd paid apart of the works’ expenses. Then, a testbench and two gas-filled lamps wereexported to UK. Our company, Faraday LabLtd, invested additional funds fordevelopment of the works with differentvariants of the device. It happened more

than a year ago but Spectrum InvestmentsLtd still did not paid for our customs feeon this contract (about 1,000 dollars). Dueto this problem, relations between FaradayLab Ltd and Spectrum Investments Ltdbecame strained. We understood that itis only a mere formality but we had tobring an local court action against an unfairpartner because execution of exportcontracts shows mutual respect of thecompanies.

I have to say that due to Nicholas Moller’sorganizing efforts it was created theGlobal Institute For New EnergyTechnologies (GIFNET) http://gifnet.org).In August, 2005 Nicholas Moller called meby phone and informed me that UNGeneral Secretary Kofi A. Annen visitedthe Institute and wished them success andpromised a support.

Our firm also is developing this topic. Nowwe have established contacts withinstitutes in Australia and UK to continuethe research. We also are interested injoint projects with Russian researchinstitutes.

A.V. Frolov, CEO, Faraday Lab Ltd


Information from web�site http://pesn.comwas given by authors Allan D. Sterling([email protected]) andAdrian Akau ([email protected]).

French independent researcher Jean�LouisNaudin reported that he ran is experimental"Frolov/Moller Atomic Hydrogen Generator"(FMAGH) version 2.0 for one hour at anefficiency of 2000% � that's 20 times moreenergy out than he put in. The day before, usingslightly different settings, he reported havingachieved an efficiency of 682% for twentyminutes. On June 2, he reports to have run thisgenerator for two hours at an efficiency of243%. This is the first known replication andcollaboration of the work done by inventorAlexander Frolov of Faraday Lab Ltd. of St.Petersburg, Russia, in January 2003.

Free Energy

According to Naudin's claims, this several�foldexcess energy is being derived somehow in theprocess of molecular hydrogen dissociating intoatomic hydrogen, and then re�associating intoH

2. Free energy is derived, and hydrogen is

neither lost nor gained. It is a closed system interms of "fuel". "The Atomic Hydrogen Processis 100% clean and safe," says Naudin on his site.Once realized into a commercial product, sucha generator would provide the consumer witha device that would supply energy for free,minus the expense of the device itself, and any

maintenance it might require � similar to otherfree energy sources such as solar or wind energy.The development is still too young to be ableto ascribe a cents�per�kilowatt�hour estimate.The hope would be that it will be less expensivethan any energy technology available today.

Mechanism

In simplistic terms, the FMAHG is comprisedof a cylinder that has an input and outputchannel for water flow around a closed innerchamber filled with hydrogen at 0.1atmospheres pressure. (Editor’s note:Devices with another pressure have beenalso investigated in our laboratory. FrolovA.V.) A 0.25 mm diameter tungsten filamentat the heart of the device serves as the cathode,where the Hydrogen reacts to switch betweenmonatomic and diatomic states. Again, thehydrogen is not consumed in the process ofalternating between monatomic H and H

2.

Extreme heat is given off as the H atomsrecombine to H

2. The water cools the vacuum

tube containing hydrogen at 0.1 atmospheres.The heated water is where the excess energymanifests for practical use. We speculate that astirling�acoustic engine might be the idealmechanism for efficiently converting that heatto mechanical energy.

The key is found in the frequencycharacteristics by which the positive anode andnegative cathode are pulsed, to effect a low�energy separation of the H

2 into H. The anode/

cathode voltage gradients range between 200and 300 Volts. AC�driven pulses do not work.The pulses have to be DC, in the range of 10megahertz. The shape of the pulses is importantas well.

The recent improvement in efficiency thatNaudin saw, came from changing from a power�supply�driven voltage pulse, to a battery�drivenpulse. Naudin replaced the power supply by ahigh power battery connected through a highpower MosFet Switcher. The Switcher isdriven by a 10 MHz pulse generator.Apparently, the battery characteristics providea better input reservoir. By using the battery,Naudin was better able to focus the pulse andgain better results. This is like using a sharpknife instead of a dull one to dice vegetables.

Fig. 1. The experimental device in J.L. Naudin’slaboratory. A test-bench with heat calculator, a

system of water cooling and ESB 3.314.363lamp was exported from Saint Petersburg in

2004 by Faraday Lab Ltd.


The shape and length of time for the pulsemight be the most important part of theexperiment. Editor’s note: hydrogendissociation is a subject, which has beenthoroughly studied in the classicalexperimental physics. According to thedesign, which Naudin has, it is advisable towork on its resonance frequencies. Besides,this is not the only method to obtain the effectin the given system. The effect’s essence isnot limited by the processes in hydrogen.Alexander V. Frolov.

Self�run Capability? Not Yet

Jones Beene, an observer of the Naudin results,commented that until someone is able to makesuch a device as this self�run, with energy leftover to use, the mainstream scientificcommunity will remain aloof and uninterested.Historically, there are too many effectsdisplaying in the same way but having nothingto do with free energy.

Naudin responded, "If I am able to greatly

overcome the poor efficiency of the Carnotcycle at high power and for a long time, withthe use of a high�efficiency TEG (ThermoElectric Generator), it seems possible to buildup a closed�loop device. This is a long way off; alot of work is required."

Beene has numerous ideas of his own about theFMAHG, both about how to improve thedesign as well as the theory behind its operation,and the political ramifications of open sourcing.He expects that a self�runner could appear quitesoon, and then the scenery would changerapidly.

Open Source Project

Naudin reports additional experimental resultson his website, along with photos of hisapparatus, descriptions of his protocol,schematics and diagrams of his set�up, andcopies of the data he has obtained during hisexperimental runs. He provides a history ofthe technology as well as an essay describingthe principles and theories that underlie the

Fig. 2. The new experimental device in J.L. Naudin’s laboratory, June 2005.


technology. The information is clearlyintended to be adequate for anyone whowishes to construct the device and try toreplicate the results, or join in the quest toimprove upon them.

"The results are stable and fullyreproducible," said Naudin on his site. Hedescribes the FMAHG as one of the bestdevices that he has tested to date, a very goodcandidate for producing a clean andindependent energy “for the benefit of all."This technology is nearly 70 years old, and isnot likely to be patentable. (A patent wasobtained by Frolov in Russia, but a sourcethat request to remain anonymous states thatit is probably not valid). (Editor’s note: Wesent a patent application to the patentauthority of the Russian Federation but,after a prolonged correspondence, it wasrejected due to the fact that theyconsidered this result impossible, thoughour measuring bench had been speciallycertified by the state metrological center.Besides, some inaccuracy of measurementsis not important in case of the efficiency of210�245% (for the first experiments). Wehope that the following attempt to patentthis technology will be successful. Ofcourse, according to our contract aboutcooperation work with SpectrumInvestments Ltd., we will give them 50%of the patent. A.V. Frolov). It appears to bea feasible candidate for the "open source" modelof development by interested scientistsworldwide.

Nicholas Moller, one of two individuals afterwhom this particular variant (2.0) device isnamed, said, "The time has come for removingthe responsibility of defining the energy policiesand structures of the future from the hands ofthe established energy industries, and place itin the hands of men of science who will workfor the preservation of the environment thatsustains all life on Earth." (A quote is fromNaudin's site.)That does not mean, however, that there willnot be contentious attempts to claim andpatent the technology and its various nuances.Beene points out the problem of "claimjumpers" in some other countries such as Japan,

Fig. 3. MAHG, version 2.0 built by J.L. Naudin

Fig. 4. ESB 3.314.363 lamp’s design.A reaction chamber of the generator with

tungsten filament.

WaterOUTPUT

WaterINPUT

H2 at 0.1 atm0.3 L

Tungstenfilament

25/100 mm


Korea, and Taiwan; where the "first�to�file" ruletrumps "first�to�publish." It will take amagnanimous spirit by many to see somestaking their claims on this technology whileothers are freely sharing their ideas. In somecountries, including the U.S., the rule is "firstto publish," so open disclosures on the Internetwill preclude the patenting of the idea byothers, ensuring that the technology stays inthe open domain in those countries. Beenefurther points out that Governments inChina, Pakistan, and the Arab world mightseek to obtain international patents, even onsome small technical issue, like a more correcttheory or a minor detail of operation; thuslimiting or delaying the commercialimplementation by others.

"Perhaps, since Moller himself has no problemwith this open approach, then no one else should

care either. After all, he is the one who is givingup the most," said Beene. The rush to derive aclear theory behind how the technology worksis also likely to be animated. (Editor’s note:The theory already exists and is developed indetails but its publication is not advisablebefore getting the patent).

Beene, who has a "bare proton" Dirachypothesis about how this technology works,points out that Randall Mills might seek toclaim that this is a hydrino device, whileadvocates of the low energy nuclear reaction(LENR) will claim that this is more akin to coldfusion. "The Langmuir explanation, being theone on which the device was built, is likely to beseen by most as being operative," says Beene,"but there could be others." All thingsconsidered, Beene concludes, "Yes, let's createsomething unique in all of free�enterprise � the

Fig. 5. A scheme of the experiments


completely open project which benefits thepoor as well as the wealthy � but also, let's notbe naive enough to think that other forces arenot at work to try to keep that fromhappening."

It may, therefore, be worthwhile to consider theexample of Tim Berners�Lee, inventor of andcopyright holder on the World Wide Web. Heuses his copyright as a means to fend offattempts to introduce proprietary programs,and to keep the web both free and universal,which are both part of the definition. So, afterthis example, this publication and others canbe used to establish the “anteriority” of theconcept, and such a copyright may provide atleast some leverage to keep the FMAHGuniversal and "free".

Nobel Laureate Irving Langmuir'sDiscovery

Naudin states that Frolov/Moller's AtomicHydrogen Generator is based on a discoveryby Irving Langmuir (1881�1957 b. Brooklyn,N.Y). Irving Langmuir won the Nobel Prize forChemistry in 1932. His work on filaments ingases led to the discovery of the vacuum tube,gas�filled incandescent light bulbs (the life oftungsten�filament light bulbs would belengthened by filling the vacuum with inert gassuch as Argon), atomic hydrogen, and theatomic hydrogen welding process. Langmuir'sdoctoral thesis in 1906 at the University ofGottingen in Germany was entitled "On thePartial Recombination of Dissociated GasesDuring Cooling". In 1926, he invented theatomic hydrogen blowpipe in which hydrogengas is sent through a small hole through bymeans of an electric arc formed by two tungstenrods, reaching temperatures of 3700 degreesKelvin (K). Hydrogen (H

2) yields two

("monatomic") atoms of hydrogen, absorbing422 kilojoules in the process. The atoms ofhydrogen then quickly recombine into themore stable molecular form giving offextreme heat. The hydrogen is thereforethought to be a transport mechanism toextract energy from the arc plasma and totransfer it to a work surface. In 1912,Langmuir showed that hydrogen at lowpressure in contact with a tungsten wireheated by an electric current is dissociated

into atoms and is accompanied by a largeabsorption of heat (100kcal per grammolecule). He used electric currents of 20amperes and voltages from 300 to 800 volts.

FMAHG

In the FMAHG (Frolov/Moller's AtomicHydrogen Generator), as demonstrated byFrolov and then showed by Naudin, hydrogenchanges between the diatomic and monatomicstates without being used up. In this process,hydrogen appears to be acting as a vacuumenergy pump because an excess of heat resultsfrom more energy being released during themonatomic to diatomic part of the cycle thanfrom the dividing of the diatomic hydrogenmolecules into monatomic hydrogen.Mr.Naudin's results show that the differencebetween output and input may reach a ratiohigher than 10:1.

What is the mechanism for this excess energyproduction, and precisely what is occurring inthe plasma? In other words, why is this cycleacting as a vacuum�energy heat pump? Weknow that the FMAHG works most efficientlywith pulsed DC energy; it has no positiveresults with AC. The direct�current pulses mustplay a part in causing the H

2 molecules to break

apart with less energy than when the individualatoms recombine. Why? The effect of the DCpulse on weakening the bonds must make thedifference. A pulse can be controlled as to itsvoltage, current and duration.

Editor’s note: It is important to take intoaccount that the dissociation is produced byan electrical field between the electrodes.Avoiding creation of a conduction currentbetween the electrodes, we will escape ordecrease energy consumption. This conceptis known according to the works ofT.E.Bearden, USA, and it was also presentedby Frolov A.V, Russia, in his article“Application of a potential field for thecreation of power”, New Energy News,USA, #1, May 1994. A.V. Frolov.The recombination of the single hydrogenatoms into H

2 molecules, on the other hand, is

a natural event which, to some degree undergiven conditions, provides the same amount ofoutput energy.


However, all is not so simple, as temperature isanother factor affecting the efficiency.Mr.Naudin has shown that the efficiency of theenergy pump is greatly increased as thetemperature of the hydrogen increases. Hischart (voltage vs. current) shows that theresistance of the tungsten filament is notlinear. Irving Langmuir's 1926 chart showsthat at 8,000є K, well above the melting pointof tungsten, the amount of hydrogendissociated reaches a maximum of 99.9%.Remember that Irving Langmuir was notsubjecting the diatomic hydrogen moleculesto voltage pulses.

The curve on the diagram shows how thepercentage of molecular hydrogen dissociatedinto atomic hydrogen is related to thetemperature of the tungsten. These data werepublished by Irving Langmuir in March 1926.The following experimental curve from Naudin,enhanced by the warm to cool background hues,shows the FMAHG filament (the cathode)temperature in relation to time during the tests.

You may notice that atomic hydrogen (1% to7%) has been produced during only 25 of each100 ms. Mr. Naudin's filament (cathode)temperature and time graph, based on datarecorded in May 2005, shows that a minimumof 2,000є K must be attained before thehydrogen dissociation process begins. At thepeak temperature of just below 3,000є K, thereis a 7% dissociation of the diatomic hydrogenmolecule into its mono�atomic form.

The voltage vs. power graph shows that theratio between the output power and inputpower is increasing non�linear as the voltage ofthe pulses increases. Therefore, the voltageitself must also have the effect of increasing thenumber of dissociations per unit of time, or ofincreasing the difference in output over inputpower. Note that both input and output takenindividually seem nearly linear except at thelower voltages (below 2 volts).

In the new tests on June 23rd, 2005, Naudinmade some changes to the apparatus. Hereplaced the power supply by a high�power

Fig. 6. MAHg Tests - May 2005 - J.L.Naudin


Fig. 7. Dissociation of hydrogen to atoms.The diagram is taken from the research diary of A.V. Frolov.

The diary is completely published on J.L. Naudin’s site.


battery connected through a high�powerMosFet Switcher. The Switcher is driven by a10 MHz pulse generator. The efficiency of thesystem went from a maximum of 243% up to1153% while the duty of the squared pulsedecreased (up to 5%). This refers to the timeinterval each DC pulse is acting on the hydrogenmolecule. By using the battery and the specialMosFet Switcher, the length of time for thepulse was shortened by up to 5%. In otherwords, by using a more precise pulse, Mr.Naudinwas able to achieve much better results thanwith the previous pulse produced by a powersupply. Apparently, the features of the newpulse allowed the vacuum energy pump to workmore efficiently. We expect that Mr.Naudin willpresent a graph of this new pulse when available.

What Next?

Once others have been able to repeat theseresults, and the effect fully characterized,explained, and optimized; the big question willbe how practical this technology will be as afree energy tapping modality.

Solar energy is free energy, but the hardwarerequired to convert photons to electricity isanything but free. Likewise, even though thisFMAHG technology apparently taps free

energy, does not automatically mean that it willsolve the world's energy problems. The machinecost and efficiency will be a primaryconsideration in the practicality of thetechnology for commercial application.Preliminary results and extrapolations appearpromising for the FMAHG. Further studiesand development will answer that questionmore definitively.

In an email granting permission to use theimages that appear in this article, Naudin said,"I hope that my modest contribution of myresearches about this fascinating device willsoon give us a clean energy source for thefuture and will contribute to saving ourplanet".

Beene gives his opinion that "of all the manyprojects going�on in alternative energy rightnow, this is by far the closest thing to being ademonstrable (and shocking) success within thenext 6 month time�frame. By success, I meanself�powered overunity leading to an immediatecommercial prototype � or at least somethingwhich cannot be denied by the mainstream ofphysics as being overunity (probably ZPE) andinstantly marketable."

In the throws of this recent success, Naudin's

Fig. 8. MAHG tests: Filament temperature Vs time. Tested by J.L. Naudin, May 2005.


Fig. 9. MAHG Tests, J.L. Naudin, May 2005.


assessment of this technology is that it rises tothe status of the "Holy Grail" of energy.

Follow�up

If you are interested in pursuing this concept,there is a project list that pursues variousiterations of the atomic hydrogen generatorconcept such as JL Naudin's FMAHG above.The group is designed for those wishing toreplicate, improve, and develop theories for thisfascinating concept.• http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aH�gen

SOURCES

• Email correspondence with JL Naudin, whoreviewed a near to final draft of the above storyand said, "Thanks for your very welldocumented paper about the FMAHG and foryour contribution to this fascinating project."• Email correspondence with Jones Beene.• h t t p : / / j l n l a b s . i m a r s . c o m / m a h g /index.htm � MAHG Project home page• Data Reports

o http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/tests/lrtests.htm � 2�hour test run with 243%efficiency (June 2, 2005)o http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/tests/pultests.htm � Towards high efficiency inexcess of 1000%. "The purpose of thesetests is to improve the MAHG efficiencyso as to overcome the losses due to thepoor efficiency of the Carnot cycle at theMAHG output." (June 20, 2005)o http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/tests/mahg2a.htm � High efficiency confirmedwith a new tests bench. "During the RUN#74 all the data [sic] have been recordedduring 20 minutes, the average poweroutput measured was 90.56 watts withonly 13.22 watts at the input. The delta Twas 2.8°C with a cooling water flow of 0.54L/min. The average efficiency measuredwas 682 % during this test." (June 23,2005)o http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/tests/mahg2b.htm � MAHG v2.0: one hour testrun at 526%. "This 1 hour test confirmsagain all the previous measurements donewith the MAHG." "During the RUN 75,the average power output measured was66.5 Watt with only 12.5 Watt at the

input. The delta T was 4.6°C with anaverage cooling water flow of 0.24 L/min.The average efficiency measured was 526% during this test." (June 24, 2005)o http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/tests/index.htm � Full tests of the MAHG byJL Naudin (May 23, 2005)o http://jlnlabs. imars .com/mahg/logbook.htm � Genesis phase of theproject; 1st preliminary experimentaltests results. (March 1, 2004)

• Instructionso http://jlnlabs. imars .com/mahg/diagram.htm � The MAHG fullconstruction diagrams.o http://jlnlabs. imars .com/mahg/setup.htm � The MAHG experimentaltests setups. (March 1, 2004)

• History:o http://jlnlabs. imars .com/mahg/mahg1.htm � Documentation of genesisphase of the project, in which AlexandarFrolov of St. Petersburg, Russia, testedinventor, Nicholas Moller's, device (1.0),to demonstrate Langmuir's principle.(March 1, 2004)o http://jlnlabs. imars .com/mahg/photos.htm � The MAHG photos album,with descriptions and labels. (March 1, 2004)

• Article: http://jlnlabs.imars.com/mahg/article.htm � Irving Langmuir and AtomicHydrogen by Nicholas Moller• Forum: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/jlnlabs/ � Naudin's discussion list covers a widearray of free energy topics. The forum ismoderated and selective in what it allows.

ADDITIONAL READING

• The Atomic Hydrogen Reaction � TomBearden introduces William Lyne's bookOccult Ether Physics. (July 6, 2003)• Carnot Excedence � Patent andMathematical Proofs by Kenneth Rauen, ScienceAdvisor for PES Network Inc., show that super�efficient thermodynamic exchange is possible.(Pure Energy Systems; June 28, 2004)

CONTACTS

• Jean�Louis Naudin : [email protected]• Jones Beene : [email protected]• Nicholas Moller :


[email protected]

See also

• Hydrogen Technologies (index atFreeEnergyNews.com)• PESN (Pure Energy Systems News) �feature stories• This Week in Free Energy™ � Weekly fiveminute blurb.

Editor’s note: We also advise you such aprimary source as publications of FaradayLab Ltd about the partial progress on thissubject on our web�site http://www.faraday.ruand in “New Energy Technologies” magazine.Now we have exported new devices toAustralia for testing. We would like to seeinterest of Russian research institutes andlaboratories to this subject and carry out jointexperiments with them.

Frolov A.V.Director General of Faraday Lab Ltd.Our site http://www.faraday.ruFax 812�3803844


Perendev is Tooling Up forMagnetic Motor Mass Production

in Europe

All�magnet motor poised to be first to reachmarket. German manufacturer licensed tomanufacture 20 kw unit for Europe and Russia.Estimated cost for first units: $8500 Euros.

JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA �� Forcenturies, inventors have been claiming to comeup with magnetic motor designs that use nothingmore than the power of permanent magnets forthe motive force; and for the same amount of time,mainstream science has responded that this isimpossible. "It has been proven mathematicallythat no combination of permanent magnets in anyarrangement will generate power."

History tells us that what has been proven in manypeople's back yards and garages does not alwayscoincide with mathematics of the day.

Refusing to be daunted by what he considers tobe petty dogmas of academic science, inventorMichael J. Brady of Johannesburg not only claimsto have produced such a device, but reports thathis company, Perendev Power Developments Pty(Ltd) is now in process of manufacturing it on alarge scale for markets in Europe, Russia, andAustralia.

Perendev's new website was published recentlyat Perendev�Power.com with the assertion thatthey have achieved the milestone of producing"the world's first fuelless magnetic engine."

Other inventors who claim to have builtworking all�magnetic motors would takeexception to the Perendev claim to being thefirst, as stated on the site. Brady mentionedthat he had noticed some inaccuracies on thewording on the site and that he would beaddressing them.

What is yet to be attained by anyone is a market�ready device. If Perendev continues on the trackclaimed on its site, it could achieve that distinction,and set the hitherto balking scientists communityinto motion to come up with theories of why itworks.

Brady estimates that the first units will sell foraround $8500 Euros, but that the price willdecrease as volume sales increase.

The site features video footage of an earlierprototype running as well as computersimulations of the newer designs. The prototypevideo is not skeptic proof, as it does not do a walk�around during acceleration. Brady has beenpromising another video that would do a walkaround before, during, and after motorengagement and acceleration followed bydisengagement and deceleration.

A page about the motor says that the motorworks "by focusing the magnetic field, the anglesof the magnets and a special method of shielding."Also, "the motor does not require external powerto start up." Brady reports that tests run haveshown no diminution of magnet strength overperiod of motor operation, which was two monthsin one instance.

As the stators become engaged, the three rotorswith off�set magnet alignment begin to spin. Thespeed is controlled by a governor. Without thespeed control, the device would accelerate todestruction.

Brady also states that a 4 megawatt unit isplausible with this design, and has been renderedin conceptual blue print form.

A German company has licensed themanufacturing and marketing rights for all ofEurope and Russia, excluding the U.K., and is inprocess of tooling up to begin mass production.

News about Perendev MotorSterling D. Allan

[email protected]

Phone: +1-801-789-8030 (MST)


Two other groups are in process of negotiatinglicensing terms with from Perendev. One is in theU.K., for rights to manufacture and market in theU.K., and the other is in Australia, for rights downunder.

Brady brought a prototype to the Germans inmid March, and said they have been testing it sincethat time. The prototype has been undergoingtesting by TЬV, a German consumer qualitycontrol agency.

The name of the German company will berevealed when they have finished tooling upand are ready to begin production, which Bradyestimates will take place in a month or two. Hesaid that these units will be consumer ready forapplication in home use, pending the stamp ofapproval from TUFF. Brady also plans to allowGerman television crews to document thedevice for public view.

Twenty kilowatts is adequate to handle the peakload of most homes. Ran continuously at thatrate, the excess produced during average use,which is five percent of peak use, could be sold tothe grid for a quick return on investment. It willput out quite a bit more than twenty kilowatts,said Brady. "That is what it is rated to producecontinuously."

In May he reported to have tested the unit with alarger alternator rated at 60 kw "with very littledegrading of the motor's performance."

Brady has been churning on this idea for thirtyyears, and actively developing it for approximatelythe last five. "We've been through hell �� no moneycoming from anywhere �� but we made it through."A German citizen working in South Africa for aHollywood project came and talked to them andtold them, "Let's put that behind us and moveforward.

MUNICH GERMANY �� Mike Brady's claimto a working magnet motor, capable of puttingout enough torque to run a 30kW generatorcontinuously, has been a topic of interest forseveral years.

He has gone as far as releasing a video of the motorin operation, but has not followed up with askeptic�proof video that shows a walk�around

during acceleration, rather than just duringdeceleration. He was going to do a big debut onGerman television last Fall, but a series ofMurphy's law type of problems compounded, andthat public launch never materialized.

Though the "30kW" capability is a more recentclaim, surpassing earlier claims of 5kW and then10kW, Brady has been touting near�marketreadiness for at least three years.

Around the time of the claim to a pending debuton German television, Brady had come upon asizeable amount of funding. Part of that wasmanifest in the improved professional look of thePerendev�Power website. The site also featureda fancy animated version of the motor in action.

Perhaps because these public demonstrations didnot materialize, Brady felt he had to show at leastsomething. In the past few months, he has alsobeen touting several new lines of technology, as ifthey are in�house and in the bag, from an energyspark plug to water treatment. In in reality,however, at least one of them is held by a companyout of Australia that had only discussed a possiblearrangement with Brady, and had not actuallysolidified anything in contract form.

Presently, the Perendev�Power.com websiteseems to have taken a step backward. Perhapsanother unpaid bill.

Another modification of note on the website isthe addition of the statement: "In Association withEADS Space Transportation". In a telephoneconversation, a representative of EADS said theyhave not heard of Perendev. Perhaps the word

Fig. 1. Perendev Magnet Motor, Nov. 18, 2004


has just not gotten around within EADS yet. I'vesubmitted and email asking about this, and amawaiting their response.

Fig. 2. Author with Mike Brady, Dec. 2002,Johannesburg

Fig. 3. June 17, 2003 Prototype Rendering

Like so many other inventors, Mike Brady tendsto talk far ahead of himself. Part of that futurevision in Brady's case includes dreams of drippingwealth. Though my first encounters with him gaveme the impression of a person with an altruisticdrive to help the planet, since that time it seemsmore apparent to me that for him, money and famehave become the primary driving factors. Heexpects to be paid today as if his device actuallyperforms like he says it does, when in fact he hasproven time and again to be misrepresenting justhow far along he is.

He somehow seems to continue his workdespite the clashes that inevitably occur whenthe optimism of the inventor disconnects withthe rubber�hits�the�road practical nature of theinvestors and business partners. The further atechnology is from the mainstream, the morepronounced this phenomenon seems to become.Those that are far enough away from themainstream hardly get any money in the firstplace. Because of his prototype claims, Mike

has been able to bridge that gap. That does notmean, necessarily, that he really is just monthsaway from market readiness. Anyone investingor considering investing there should be awareof this.

I wish him well. Meanwhile, I've mothballedPerenTech.com, to which Perendev.com points.However, just because the team I pulled togetherthree years ago to manufacture and marketBrady's device in North America wilted away agood many months ago due to delays and brokenpromises from Brady, does not mean that Brady'sdevice will never materialize. It merely serves asa point of advice for any person or party intendingto engage.

A Word of Caution

I have known Mike Brady since May 2002. Atthat time, when I inquired about his magneticmotor, he said, "yes the motor is running andalmost ready for the market, only the commercialpackaging [is] still to be done." You will see below,in a letter soliciting licensing and investmentfunds, that he is still representing himself and hiscompany as being this far along with the magnetmotor.

As one who has been intimate to the workings ofPerendev (I own Perendev.com and I built a teamto spearhead the manufacturing and marketingof his magnet motor in North America), and asone who has stood by Mike through muchskepticism and criticism, I feel I need to issue acaution in regard to this most recent development,as it involves the actual solicitation of funds.Previously this has not been the case.

Since our team was unable to verify what stage ofdevelopment Mike has really reached with hismagnet motor and other technology claims, wecannot vouch for their readiness to be marketed.I do believe he has created something worth while.However, in the past I have observed him toexhibit a strong tendency to talk far ahead ofhimself, thinking he’s much farther along than hereally is. Therefore it is important to take allstatements with a grain of salt, and independentlyverify any claims, which can be difficult not onlybecause of the distances involved, but because ofthe difficulty of pinning Mike down at a time whenhe actually has a prototype to view.


I do not believe Mike is intentionally running ascam operation. He believes in what he is doing. Iwill say, though, that his integrity quotient isamong the lowest I've ever encountered of thoseI would yet consider friends. He makes promisesreadily, but seems to lack a built�in drive to carrythrough with his promises or explain why he isnot able to deliver as promised.

One of the most blatant and significant examplesof this, from a business point of view, was hiscontinued promise of patent information (neverdelivered) as well as a skeptic proof demo video(never arrived). The one video he did produceshowed a walk�around after acceleration, notduring. An in�person demonstration was soughtand promised on numerous occasions but nevermaterialized.

The first statement in the document for investingor licensing supposedly certifies that he/she "hashad a full and complete opportunity to ask allquestions concerning Perendev PowerInternational AG and its proposed businessoperations" is problematic. Unless the new peopleMike has aboard his company are moreforthcoming in cooperating with potentialinvestors by providing answers to importantquestions, this provision is not likely to be satisfied.

Another red flag is that the solicitation mentionsthree new products: "zero�point sparkplugs,friction free lubricants and UV water treatmentproducts." There is no information at this time onthe perendev�power website about these newproducts that are allegedly ready for market. Youwould think that if they really did have patents,they would put patent numbers next to each itemclaimed.

Furthermore, the statement says that there areno other products like these available. I cansay that I've heard a number of claims to relatedmagnet motors gearing for market. Mike'smight be the furthest developed according totheir public pronouncements, but we don'tknow the details about other groups who mightbe more discrete in their pre�marketdevelopment phase.

There are several other anomalies about thissolicitation, such as the high price for licensingand for stock shares.

My personal suggestion would be this. If you putmoney into this, be sure it is money you can affordto lose. Those who take risks in business don’t doso recklessly. Successful venture capitalists readthe fine print, check the patents, and attend theproduct demos; they don’t put cash on the tablefor wishful thinking or vague promises. The oldexpression “caveat emptor” (buyer beware) is agood one to keep in mind for all types ofinvestments.

I would hope that Mike's team can pull off amiracle and actually deliver to market one or moreof the products they are presenting here. The ideassound great. Maybe some day Perendev�Powerwill be a tremendously successful company. Anycompany at its outset has its weak points,including flaws in personalities and even some thinareas in its individual and group level of integrity.Successful companies are able to weed out thoseweaknesses, pull together on a proper footing ofgood business practices, and ultimately offer pre�tested, viable products to investors first and thento customers.

Be sure to do your due diligence such as seeingthe relevant patents claimed. Don't depend onthis coming through anytime soon, if at all. It'snot just about whether or not the technology isviable, but it hinges on whether the business teamcan pull it off. My hope is that they will, for thesake of the planet

Perendev Power Taking Orders forMagnet Motors

Manufacturer wishes to gauge level of interest.No monies accepted until delivery ready.

MUNICH, GERMANY �� Perendev PowerDevelopments declares on the news page of theirwebsite that they are now ready to take ordersfor their permanent magnet motors. Magneticforces are the driving power, eliminating the needfor outside input of fuel or electricity of any kind.Combined with an alternator, the unit is said toproduce 20 kilowatts �� more than enough tohandle the peak load of most homes.

Perendev does not yet have units ready to ship,though they claim that they have had severalworking prototypes and that they have had someindependent testing run on their devices, and that


they are gearing up to be able to volume�produce the product.

The purpose of inviting advance orders is toenable the manufacturer to gauge the level ofinterest in the product.

As similar claim was made around two yearsago on Perendev's web site, any interestedparties are advised to keep their hopes in check.This is a noteworthy development, but untilactual product is being delivered, the news isnot yet groundbreaking.

Managing Director and inventor Mike Bradystates that Perendev will not accept anypayment up front. Rather, they will keep theclient advised as to the timing for delivery.When the product is ready for fulfillment to aparticular customer, then Perendev will requesta 50% deposit. The balance for the unit is to bepaid upon proof that all shipping documents areready to go and fees have been paid.

Brady anticipates that the unit will costbetween 9,500 and 10,000 Euros.

Shipping costs will be paid by the client, and areexpected to be rather high due to the size andweight of the unit, and due to the fact that theunit will need to be packaged in such a way as tonot emit strong magnetic fields.

Consumers are advised that while thisdevelopment sounds exciting, there are chillingbureaucratic obstacles to bear in mind at this earlystage. Most countries require national laboratorycertifications of safety and performance, such asUnderwriter Laboratories (UL) in the U.S. or"CE" (European Union standard) in Europe, inorder for an electrical device such as this to beused legally. Non�compliance can result in loss offire insurance or other penalties, forcing themarket to target at first mainly off�gridapplications.

Shipments to countries where the product is stillofficially unknown could incur delays as thenecessary bureaucratic clearances will need to beestablished.

Torque applications such as for automobiles orindustry may also trip over bureaucratic

stipulations, removing the romance of thenotion of simply installing the device andhaving "free energy." Obstacles in the way ofobtaining proper clearances are significant andmust not be overlooked.

Extensive field tests and results will need to becompiled before such certifications will begranted. Furthermore, a new product such asthis is bound to have performance issues,despite the rigorous pre�emptive engineeringto avoid the same.

How well will such a unit be able to provide astable power input for commercial application?Modern electrical appliances are designed tooperate within a certain window of electricalinput, including the right frequency as wellmaintenance of the proper energy level. Whathappens to the magnets if they get too hot inan enclosed shed or vehicle under intensesummer sun? What happens to the rotatingmagnets if the unit is jarred in a collision?

Possible health implications of such strongmagnetic forces may lead to calls for health�and�safety studies, which are very expensiveand long�lasting affairs. Whether these studieswould result in a finding of safety, andconsequently in issuance of permits to installsuch devices in or near human habitationremains unknown.

Even if Perendev had units ready to ship today,this field is early in a pioneering stage. It will beyears before such a technology becomescommonplace even under the best ofcircumstances.

These issues, and more unforeseen issues thatwill arise, will need to be ironed out. It may takeyears of stable performance history in pioneersettings to gain the level of consumerconfidence required for such a device to becomeas ubiquitous as the computer.

Meanwhile, for those of an adventurous spirit,who understand the risks and restrictions at thisearly stage, Perendev is taking orders.

While they do not yet have a unit for publicdisplay, Brady anticipates that they will haveone soon. "Possibly Dec. 17," he said. He hoped


to have had one several months ago, butMurphey's law seems to have ruled otherwise.

Part of that delay can be ascribed to the fact thatBrady, as an inventor, is never satisfied withsomething that works now, if he can see a way toimprove it �� and as an inventor, he will always seethe next improvement. Two days ago, he reportedthat he is changing the number of magnets in thestator from 6 to 18. That was supposed to havebeen done today.

As long as he is in a controlling role in the company,and as long as he continues to have new ideas, thiscreative cycle will continue. While that is goodfor the technology, it spells perpetual delay forimpatient consumers and business associates whowant it now. Although through an inventor’s eyes,that see each detail of progress, continuallyunfulfilled deadlines represent additionalmilestones that needed to be made, the delays tendto spell "fraud" in the minds of many of thoseimpatiently watching and waiting, either ascustomers or associates.

Brady is confident that his day of vindication issoon at hand �� and has been for years.

Some feel he should follow the example of thecomputer industry and simply release the earlymodels, although drawing�board concepts havealready made them obsolete. Upgradingperformance and capacity on a regular basis is astandard practice in many industries. Takingorders is a good first step �� again.

Perendev Magnetic Motor AnalogueWinds Down

Kieth Anderson says he saw the Perendev motorrunning, and that his group has built two differentworking magnetic motor designs, including one thatis analogous to the Perendev, but that they alldepleted their magnets under load.

Message 1From: "Keith Anderson"<[email protected]>Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004Subject: Re: New perendev replication

I have seen first�hand three magnetic motorsrunning and have written cost feasibility and

reproducibility reports on all three. Two of themI had in my lab and my staff used the inventors'plans to build several working replicas. We alsowent and saw, first�hand, the Perendev device.

All three designs used "Rare Earth" magnets(Neodymium, or more correctly stated,Neodymium Iron Boron or NdFeB) and ourvarious reproductions used NdFeB, SmCo andFerrite magnets. We did not attempt toreproduce the Perendev device because of itsdesign proximity to one of the other two.

The results were always the same: they all rundown. Under load, they run down very quickly.It doesn't take very long for magnets to losetheir magnetism when they are constantlybeing put in opposition to one another.

Every magnet has a "maximum energy product"rated in Mega Gauss Oersteds, MGOe. This isthe amount of work a magnet can do before itslevel of magnetism has deteriorated to the pointthat its energy doesn't reach out far enough toaffect anything surrounding it. Contrary to thepopular notion that rare earth magnets areinvincible, even the most expensive sinteredNdFeB magnets max out at less than 50 MGOe.If they are used in a device that puts themconstantly in opposition, they will run down, andthis is the whole assumption behind so�called"magnetic motors".

The amount of energy used in manufacturing amagnet is typically 10 times what the magnet iscapable of producing. More expensive magnetsare even less efficient. Add to this the losses inenergy incurred by these 33%�66% conceptmagnet devices themselves, and the energyconsumed in the overall manufacturing process is20�25 times the energy you will get out.

There are situations where these types ofdevices may be useful, but they are not "freeenergy", nor do they represent any sort of"overunity" phenomenon, nor any solution tothe energy crisis.

Message 2From: "Keith Anderson"<[email protected]>Date: Mon, 18 Oct 2004Subject: Re: New perendev replication


Without putting the magnets in opposition atsome point during the cycle, and probably for atleast 33% of the time, you will have the sameproblem that exists with the many hypotheticalgravity motor designs that don't work. What goesup, comes down. Nothing will simply come downwithout having gone up first.

You have to treat magnets a lot like springs froma design standpoint, although the mechanics ofmagnetism aren't as simple as that of springs.There are billions of spring�powered motors inthe world: clocks, toys, etc. They all run down.Nobody will ever design a spring�powered motorthat runs forever without winding.

Message 3From: "Keith Anderson"<[email protected]>Sent: Wednesday, October 27, 2004Subject: RE: your visit to Perendev

My company was paid to evaluate the Perendevdevice, and it was brought to Colorado during thesummer of this year. As with the case of many ofour contract jobs, the identity of the client anddetails of the testing process are confidential, butbecause the general results are so similar to theothers we have tested, it wasn't a breach of ourconfidentiality agreement to state the generalresult in the "Energy2000" group. It should alsobe noted that the Perendev device is not a noveldesign, and the patent is therefore subject to legalchallenge.

I'm not so arrogant as to believe our tests are100% conclusive, but it's a fact that magnets arenot "permanent", and because they are the solesource of energy behind the Perendev device andsimilar inventions, they are not a persistent orinexpensive source of energy. You might considerthe diversionary/science kit market as an optionfor the Perendev design.

Message 4From: "Keith Anderson"<[email protected]>To: "Sterling D. Allan"Sent: Wednesday, October 27, 2004Subject: RE: your visit to Perendev

My parent company is Solar Thermal EnergyProject (STEP) Corporation, and the STEP

Group of Companies, with multiple locations,but will soon be consolidating to Utah whereour $50 million STEP Solar Energy Park willbe under construction starting next year.

The company that paid for the evaluation wassomeone interested in the Perendev devicefrom a business standpoint, and they hand�carried it to Colorado where we tested it. I amunsure whether it was the original machine or aduplicate. We were paid in advance to performthe tests according to a negotiated contract.This is an old client, and confidentiality is partof the reason they keep coming back to us.

I have recently been directed to the Perendevweb site where videos are shown of an operatingPerendev magnetic device. I can confirm thatthe device does, in fact, spin as shown in thevideo. I can also say I was surprised at the claimsthey make on that web site.

Counter Point: Magnets Don'tDemagnetize When Kept Within

Their Rating

People know that in a car, you don't run theengine rpm's up into the red line, and certainlyyou don't go above the read line without riskingyour engine, not just for that moment, buthenceforth. You damage the engine.

Same thing holds true of magnets. If you stressthem, they will demagnetize. This has beenshown in the laboratory. Magnet specialistsknow what a magnet's capabilities are, andknow what the magnet's limits are.

If a magnetic motor is designed to stay withinthe magnet's tolerances, then conceivably,demagnetization should not occur.

Holds True in Electro-MagneticMotors

"There are many Permanent Magnet motorsin the world that continually apply similarmagnetic loading forces as what the Perendevmotor might experience. As long as the motorsare not abused and properly cooled (and notoverloaded or stalled in locked rotor mode),the magnets typically last for thousands ofhours.


"However, if the motor is overloaded such thatthe magnets get too hot, they will lose their power(or “Demag” themselves). This is why cooling andproper loading is absolutely critical – even moreso here as you don’t have an auxiliary source ofenergy as in typical electric motors."

Sterling's Comment -- Wind TurbineAnalogy

If a magnetic motor were feasible, I had envisionedthat it would be operating like a turbine �� tappinginto some magnetic field in a way not yet fullyunderstood by science. I would like to think that

Is it possible to make the earth's gravitationalfield serve as an energy source? Not all peopleconsider this question absurd. Numerousattempts to design engines able to producework without energy consumption, which usethe influence of gravity of weights moving in aclosed cycle, are known. Engines of this kindwere called a "perp?tuum mobile" or a"perpetual motion machine" because theirenergy source is an inexhaustible gravity force.

"Orffyreus' wheel" set in motion by weightsmoving inside the wheel and creating a non�central moment of forces during rotation of thewheel was famous in the beginning of the XVIIIcentury. The wheel not only rotatedcontinuously with a frequency of 26�50 rev/min depending on its size but also allowedproducing yield, for example, rising a weightwith a mass of 16 kg at a height of 1.5 m. Overdozens of years, Orffyreus openlydemonstrated different models of his wheel. Itsoperation was repeatedly tested by famousscientists and official establishments. AGerman prince, Karl, who knew its design, gavehim a certificate for the Orffyreus' perpetualmotion machine with the speed of 26 rev/minand able to produce yield. Under the control ofa competent commission, in 1717, the wheel

operated for forty days in a closed sealed uproom and it was still rotating with the speed of 26rev/min when a sudden check�up was carried out.The experiments continued while the wheel wasrepeatedly removed and the committeethoroughly searched for a possibility of hiddenwires' existence.

Peter the Great was interested in the engine afterhe had been convinced in its efficiency by peoplewhom he trusted. He was even going to buy it ata fabulous price; however, his unexpected deathprevented this project. Despite the fact that oneof Orffyreus' supervisors was ProfessorW.J.Gravesande, a close friend of Newton, thescientific community could not bear with thepossibility of the perpetual motion machine'sexistence. Some people even offered a big sum of1,000 marks to a person who would exposeOrffyreus. Besides the fact that this prize stayedunclaimed, the scientific community wasreassured by the appearance of a lampoon, whichexplained the effect of the invention as thefollowing: supposedly, a thin rope was attached tothe wheel's axle and a brother or a maidservant ofOrffyreus made the wheel rotate with the help ofthis rope. An author of the lampoon said thatthis exposure was caused by a fight betweenthem and Orffyreus.

Gravity engineA.N. Sakharov

Saint Petersburg, Russia+7 (812) 434-32-36

[email protected]

Mike Brady will yet come through. He claims tohave tested the gauss of his magnets and that itdoes not weaken in any detectible way.

Mike Brady Knows of No Test inColorado

Kieth Anderson replies that he cannot divulgeclient specifics. What he can say is: "Prior to thecontract we were told it was the Perendev motorand were referred to the web site. I don't believewe had any further conversation about the originof the device." [Speculation: could be a reverseengineered job]


Despite ineptitude of such an "exposure", thescientific community could more easily believein the complete incompetence of ProfessorGravesande, prince Karl and other respectableparticipants of numerous tests of Orffyreus'wheel than assume the possibility of existenceof a phenomenon, which was beyond theestablished ideology. In 1775, Paris Academyof Sciences refused to consider perpetualmotion machines at all because they did notexist. And the same Academy refused toconsider the existence of meteorites becausethe possibility of stones falling from the sky wasthought absurd. After the law of energyconservation had been formulated in the XIXcentury, the question of the possibility ofperpetual motion machines' existence wasfinally buried as contradicting mathematicaland physical laws. A paradoxical situation oftenhappened when a working device posed as aPerpetuum mobile was demonstrated but noscientifically grounded refutation followed.Usually such a situation ended up with amagazine lampoon, as it happened in the case ofOrffyreus' wheel.

A perpetuum mobile model shown at Parisexhibition in the middle of XIX century can bean example of such a pseudo�exposure. Theengine had a form of a continuously rotatingwheel with weights moving inside it. Peopleinterested could stop it by making a strongeffort; after that the wheel continued rotating.A journalistic "exposure" of the perpetuummobile was a presence of a spring in the wheel.Ostensibly, the spring became twisted duringthe device's stop and was a source of rotationenergy. It is interesting that no scientistsdisputed such an "exposure".

How can the law of energy conservation work ifthe engine's wheel continues rotating whileenergy is always spent for its stop? Possibly, therewas a flywheel inside a wheel with the springattached to it, which became twisted during thewheel's stop by the flywheel's inertia while alocking device connected to the frame preventedthe flywheel from untwisting. Thus, the springcreated the effort necessary for starting thewheel's motion after a stop. Further motion couldhappen only due to the weights' motion inside thewheel. By the way, Orffyreus' wheel needed aneffort imparting initial velocity of rotation, too.

Undoubtedly, due to the shirking position of thescientists, many perpetuum mobile projectsoriginated from wrong suppositions but this doesnot mean that all demonstrated models were theresults of a counterfeit or incompetence. Anobjective of real science is the search for truthinstead of conservation of the previous paradigmat any price. That is why, if there are factscontradicting it, they should be objectivelystudied and, if necessary, the science paradigmshould be changed instead of rejecting the factswithout grounds.

The regular crisis of physics happening in the endof the XX and the beginning of XXI centuriesmakes scientists revise many physical theses. Forexample, the question of existence of aether or"physical vacuum", which is a medium havinginexhaustible reserves of potential energy whereelectromagnetic waves spread, is the order of theday again.

The existing idea of the nature of matter and forcefields, particularly the gravity one, must be revised.Finally, it is time to understand what thefundamental concepts, force and mass are becausephysics is still satisfied with the ideas of the XVIIIcentury, when force was determined by mass andmass was determined by inertia. And it is still notunderstood what inertia is. Probably, the scientificparadigm, particularly the physics' one, cangreatly change soon. The changes can also concernthe existing interpretation of the law of energyconservation and, therefore, the scientificapproach to the possibility of designing of theperpetuum mobile, i.e. a device able to produceyield using energy from a force field or directlyfrom physical vacuum.

In order to hasten this process, besides adescription of another perpetual motionmachine's design given in this article, it issuggested to consider its validity from thephysics' point of view not overstepping the limitsof the existing paradigm except the ban againstthe possibility of such a machine's existence.

A basic model of the suggested gravity engineconsists of hollow cylinders with pistons fixed ata flexible base of the type of a closed belt. Thebase is stretched on two freely rotating wheelswith axles, placed one under another, fixed on theframe. Moving around the wheels, the belt with


the cylinders can move in the verticaldirection in such a way that, on the one sideof the device, they go up while, on the otherside, they go down. The cylinders are equallyspaced along the belt and fixed by their sidesin such a way that a bottom of each cylinderis placed opposite the open side of thecylinder next to it (Fig. 1). There is a usefulcapacity in each cylinder, which is bounded,on the one side, by its bottom and, on theother side, by a free�moving piston, a massiveweight attached to its external side. Aconnecting pipe is fixed into each cylinder'sbottom, an end of a flexible hose put on it,while another end of the hose is put on thecylinder's hose, which is placed on the belt inthe diametrically opposite position (Fig. 2).Flexible hoses connecting useful capacitiesof each couple of the cylinders (1�7, 2�8, 3�9… and so on) through the houses can be fixedon the belt, where the cylinders are fixed. Inthe vertical position of the system, theweights with the pistons will go down underthe influence of gravity force. On the leftside, the piston of each cylinder will go to itsbottom while, on the right side, to the

contrary, each piston will move away fromthe bottom as much as the cylinder's lengthallows and completely empty its usefulcapacity.

If we will move the belt clockwise, the pistonsinside the cylinders will move in such a waythat one whole useful capacity will accountfor each couple of the cylinders. The belt'smotion will be limited only by friction forcebecause motion of the pistons with theweights inside the cylinders must not changethe impulse of the whole system due to thefact that their motion is carried out in theleft and the right cylinders at the same timeand completely neutralizes their influence onthe belt's motion. Thus, we can assert that, ifthere are no friction forces, no energy isneeded for the belt's motion. If now, when thecylinders' position is fast, all empty usefulcapacities are filled with water (or anotherliquid) and connected with houses, it will befound that, on the right side, there are morevertical cylinders filled with water than onthe left side. Due to the fact that the weightof the right cylinders will be heavier than the

Fig. 1Fig. 2


weight of the left ones by the weight of thewater filling the useful capacities, anadditional force will influence the right sideof the belt and create a rotary moment of thesystems:

Z=mgNR (1),

where m is the mass of the water in the usefulcapacity; g is the acceleration of free fall; Nis the number of the cylinders filled withwater in the vertical sector of the belt; R isthe wheel's radius.

Thus, the belt will rotate clockwise. When thecylinder filled with water will pass the lowestpoint and occupy a vertical position, thepiston will press the water out of the cylinderunder the influence of gravity force. At thesame time, in the upper cylinder, which isconnected with it, the piston will go downunder the influence of the weight and drawthe water from the lower cylinder into itsuseful capacity. Both weights will operate inthe same direction under the influence ofgravity force overcoming a pressure of aliquid spout with height H (where h is anupright distance from the bottom of the leftlower cylinder to the bottom of the rightupper one). A condition of the water raise willbe determined by the excess of the sum ofpressures created by two weights over apressure created by water spout H:

2Mg/s ρgH (2),

where M is the mass of the weight; s is thesectional area of the cylinder's usefulcapacity; ρ is the specific density of the liquid.

it follows that an optimal height of waterrises:

H = 2M/sρ (3).

Due to the fact that, if the lower cylinder islocated vertically, the water from it raises upto height H in the upper cylinder, which isconnected with it, the system increases itspotential energy by a value of

E0 = mgH (4)

under the influence of gravity force inside thecylinders. The water mass corresponds withthe cylinder's useful capacity:

m = ρsL (5),

where L is a length of the useful capacity.

Using (4) and taking into account (3) and (5),the potential energy increase can beexpressed as

E0 = 2MgL (6),

which is equivalent to the work producedduring motion of the weights under theinfluence of gravity force in both cylinders.

Thus, the described system is a gravityengine of perpetual mobile type able toproduce yield using only gravity force.

Thus, the gravity engine's power will bedetermined by a quantity of the cylinderspassing through a permanent point of thesystem (n) per second and efficiency (η)taking into account friction losses:

W=nE0η (7)

Under permanent speed of the belt's motion(V):

n=V/(L+d) (8),

where d is the interval between adjoiningcapacities of the cylinders. Putting (7) intoexpressions (6) and (8), we obtain anexpression of the power as:

W=2MgVηL/(L+d) (9)

It can be seen that a maximal power can beobtained by a possible increase of the belt'smotion and placing the cylinders on the beltwith minimal allowable intervals.

However, it is early to talk about efficiencyand future possibilities of the gravity enginewithout making an experimental test.

The author would be thankful for critics anddiscussion the model proposed.


Conditions of the Russian North are rough,especially taking into account the insufficientenergy carrier’s supply. When a man is indifficult straits, his nature makes him thinkkeenly in order to find resources. The suggestedgas�dynamic heating system corresponds withsuch an approach. I think this system willbecome important (but I regret that it will beso difficult to find an “understanding” investor).

As early as in 1852, W. Tomson invented a“dynamic heating” aiming to take the internalenergy of dank London smog by work inputs(during coal firing). An operation of such a heatpump is based on a so called refrigeration cycle(heat transfer to a higher temperature level).Tomson’s idea was realized in the XX centuryas air�conditioner split�systems, which are inalmost all offices now.

But tundra is not an office. As a rule, there is noplace to put an air�conditioner’s plug into there.

I call readers’ attention to a completelyautonomous kind of heat pump.

The gas�dynamic heating system takes heatfrom cold wind, which is an actuating body.First, the actuating body is pressed by amechanical energy of wind (a work, which isnecessary for “reverse” cycles). A heatgathering tool is a thermotransformer, a reliabledevice without moving parts. Its operationincludes direct and reverse thermodynamiccycles.

A number of thermotransformers are known(even thermochemical ones). In the gas�dynamic heating system, I provided for acombined use of a vortex thermotransformerand a so called “resonance pipe”. When usedtogether, the vortex and the “resonance pipe”

mutually strengthen each other increasingheating coefficient of the system. Processestaking place in these devices will be describedbelow. I must note that any given explanationof a thermotransformer’s operation will find itsopponents (different scientific schools have noaccordance concerning this problem). But it isabsolutely obvious that the vortex device canconsiderably shake the academic hydrodynamicviews. I will concentrate on this later.

A vortex thermotransformer was invented bya Frenchman, J. Ranque, in 1931. In his simple,as all great things, invention, complicatedprocesses based on structuring of the actuatingbody occur. Some aspects of vortex structureswere described in my article “Marshal Vortex”(“Engineer, 1993. #45). Many interestingthings can be found in sources [1], [2], [3].Vortexes have become a favorite object ofsynergy’s study not without reason. Vortexes’tendency to self�organization is sometimesdisplayed quite nontrivially. For example, atgreat ocean depths, hundreds of quicklyrotating discoid objects – lenses with adiameter of up to eighty kilometers werediscovered [4]. The lenses are formed duringseawater flowing into the ocean; they live upto ten years keeping their initial hydrologicproperties! These structures are a typicalexample of so called anti�entropic processes(the processes when complex items are formedfrom simpler ones).

Let us return to Ranque’s vortexthermotransformer. Due to tangential lead inof the pressed gas into an energy divisionchamber (Fig. 1), a complex vortex flow isformed, which has a huge radial temperaturegradient. The initial one flow is divided into acold part led out from a diaphragm and a hotflow led out through a throttle. Ranque’s energy

Arctic squall will heat upparadoxes of gas structures

S. GellerRostov-on-Don, RussiaTel. +7-863-270-13-49,

[email protected]


division chamber had a form of a tube. Its formshave been improved over seventy years; thiscan be seen in Fig. 1 (an internal cylinder�coniccavity, a resonator for noise blanking, anexternal fanning). It is still unknown howthermotransformation occurs, though there area lot of theories claiming to explain this process[5]. It is impossible, for example, to base thethermotransformation explanation on themolecular�kinetic theory (including centrifugaland pressure forces in a model) because moleculesmoving along a free path run, as it is well known,uniformly and in straight lines. Attempts to useaverage environmental parameters in thethermotransformer’s chamber will lead into adead end. In 1895, Osborn Reynolds suggestedto describe a kinematics of the vortical motionon basis of statistical (probabilistic)characteristics. But even now manuals (forexample, [6]) impose such a disputable approach.

If we translate a “probabilistic nature” intoordinary language, it means that vorticity is aneffect, which occurs sporadically, i.e. it is a rathervague, unstable substance. Then, this ephemeralinstability can easily, for instance, cut a tail unitof ?300 aerobus (as it happened above a NewYork suburb on the 12th of November 2001.And a vortex trail of a Japanese air liner, which

took off a couple minutes earlier, was just the“instability”). However, a life time of an airstructure (the vortex trail) is much less thanthat of the above mentioned vortex lenses.

I think it is obvious now that it is rather difficultbut also very important to describe the energydivision process. It must be taken into accountthat Ranque’s vortex device is the first exampleof the anti�entropic systems designed. If aninitial gas in the chamber is expanded, entropy(a disorder degree) decreases! A Nobel Prizelaureate Ilya Prigozhin has createdthermodynamics of irreversible processes. Buteven it cannot completely explain the discrepancybetween real processes in the vortexthermotransformer and theoretical consequencesof the second law of thermodynamics. It remainsonly to be happy because scientific orthodoxeshave now less opportunities to hamper anything,which does not fall into their a priori patterns. Iwill give a historical fact, which directlyconcerns the article’s topic.

In the beginning of the 1960th, the Soviet pressattracted attention to a phenomenon of“Babiegorodsky pereulok”. In a basement of oneof the houses of this Moscow side street, agroup of physics (“odd fellows”) found out that

A new view on thermotransformation process allowed me to inventa new kind of a thermotransformer with better energy efficiency.

I am searching for an investor (for patenting and realization).

Figure 1. Ranque’s vortex thermotransformer (the classical design)

1 – spiral gas supply; 2 – energy division chamber; 3 – diaphragm; 4 – throttle-unswirler;5 – resonator (a noise blanking device); 6 – reflector (adjustable);

7 – fitting for cooled gas outlet; 8 – counter-nut; 9 – external beading.

To the resonance pipe’snozzle (Fig. 3, pos. 2)

Actuating body inlet (P0, T0)Hot stream (P1, T1)Cold stream (P2, T2)


their experimental device produces more heatthan it consumes electric energy. Afterdiscussions, which took place during a year (whilethe main arguments concern “Materialism andempirical criticism” work and not physical laws),a label of a “pseudo�science” has been stuck on theexperiments. The object of this “ostracism” isinteresting: the enthusiasts have designed... aprototype of the heat pump outstripping westernand Japanese producers of air�conditioners of“winter�summer” type for two decades! At thatcareless time, when everyone took a greatinterest in growing corn beyond the Polarcircle, an invention of a 23�years�old lieutenant,Vladislav Ivanov, was rejected. The inventionwas a computerized tomographic system. In1983, after 23 years, Ivanov obtained an alreadycompletely useless author's certificate #1112266 for “the method of determination ofmaterial bodies’ internal structure”. AmericansP. Lauteburg and R. Damadian gained publicacknowledgement as inventors of thetomographic system. It was too late for us.

Vortex thermotransformers were luckier becausethey came from the West. Scientific bureaucratstraditionally considered foreign innovationsimportant (I.V. Stalin made A.N. Tupolev copy “aflying super�fortress” B29). It is interesting thatit did not prevent Stalin from imprisoning othersfor “the blind worship of the West”. Sovietresearchers A. Merkulov, A. Azarov, A. Martynov,Sh. Piralishvily, V. Volov and others haveconsiderably developed “the point of increase”determined by Ranque and a German researcherHilsch. Domestic “vortexes” are successfullyoperating in all known media but in a rather limitedrange of actuating bodies’ consumption (by anorder less than the gas�dynamic heating systemrequires). It is helpful that vortexes can use coldactuating bodies (an adiabatic efficiency increasesduring cooling of a wall of the energy divisionchamber). Hence, we can easily lead an arctic windin a package of transformers (pos. 3, Fig. 2), if wecaught it previously by an air intake and pressedit. This “expropriated” heat is led to radiator 5heating the object. I am not going to discuss howto press the actuating body.

Let us now speak about a vortex’s partner, i.e. aresonance tube. In it, a gas flow is ordered (wehave to do here with a periodic wave structure). Ido not know whether Ranque discovered his effect

by accident, but Schprenger’s effect, whichunderlies the resonance tube’s operation, wasdiscovered by chance during analysis of industrialobjects’ accidents (particularly chemical plants).It was found out that braking of a high�speed gasstream in a half�open space (a “glass”) can causeblast waves, which bring the “glass” to a great heatof up to thousands of degrees (a “storm in ateacup” can be terrific!). In order to reproducethe effect, Schprenger determinedinterconnections between a geometry of a setting(a nozzle and the “glass”), a speed and a pressureof the stream of the “initiating” gas. This allowedfinding an engineering application of the effect.Simple and reliable fuse�devices for gas are one ofthe examples of the effect’s use. The process has aresonance nature; that is why the device wasnamed the “resonance tube”. In Russia, “resonancetubes” have being also actively studied ascryogenerators (the gas gives heat to the”glass” and, according to the energyconservation law, refrigerates).

Thus, the “resonance tube” is just another typeof the thermotransformer, simpler than thevortex concerning the geometry calculation buthaving less efficiency. In my opinion, bothdevices will perfectly work together. A morecomplete heat gathering is achieved bydirecting a cooled air from the nipple 7 of thevortex thermotrasformer (Fig. 1) in nozzle 2 of

Figure 2. A scheme of dynamic heating. Its“cycle operation” is made by cold wind

1 – heated object; 2 - air inlet (turns to wind);3 - thermotransformer ; 4 - fitting warm airoutlet; 5 – radiator; 6 - discharge pipes with

aspirators; 7 - thermo-insulation; 8 - hot-well;9 - functional pressure block.


the resonance tube (Fig. 3); the exhaust flowfrom the vortex thermotrasformer is not wastedbut transformed into the actuating body for the“resonance tube”. The author knows no attemptsto use the vortex thermotrasformer and the“resonance tube” with as much actuating body’sconsumption as it is in the gas�dynamic heatingsystem. Although its elements are knownseparately, they obtain new properties beingcombined like that and allow thermostatingobjects, which are remote from electric energysupply (in field conditions).

References

1. Gupta and others. Swirling flows. M. Mir, 1987.2. S. Geller. On the ejection air supply in the burnt gases’exhaust system. // Motor�car industry. 1995. # 1.3. S. Geller, Bermant Yu. The method f hydrodynamicinfluence and “Tantsuyuschaya zvezda” device for itsrealization. Patent of the Russian Federation # 2 175 272.4. Unknown floating plates. // Znaniye sila. 1990.5. Information bulletin # 89190 of LeningradInterindustrial Technical Research Institute,1989.6. A. Bogomolov, K. Mikhaylov. Hydraulics: a manual forhydraulic engineering specialities of higher education’sinstitute. M., 1972. p.99.

Figure 3. Resonance pipe

1 – body; 2 – nozzle; 3 – cup; 4 – heat exchanger; 5 – regular pulsation zone;6 – opening for cooled gas outlet.

The conditions necessary for thermotransformation are the following:V – stream speed (a function of pressures P and P’ and also of the nozzle’s form);

Certain mutual ratios expressed by dimensions H, l, D and d.

Actuating body inlet(particularly, inlet of a coldstream from the diaphragm –Fig. 1)

Heated heat carrier +∆t(to radiator 5, fig. 2)

Heat carrierinlet


1. Vortex liquid heaters (VLH)

Recently, between the millenniums, a lot ofmaterials concerning the excessive heatgeneration by VLH have been published.

According to the words of VLH developers,these heat devices belong to hydro�dynamictype and are remarkable for an unusually highefficiency, i.e. a ratio of the produces heat tothe consumed energy. For example, numericalvalues of the efficiency of heatgeneratorssuggested in sources [1], [2] almost reach onewhile values of the generators suggested in [3],[4] exceed it within the limits of a possiblemistake of calorimetric measurements andvalues of the generators suggested in [5], [6]and [7] exceed one by a few times! Are vortexliquid heaters extra�efficient?

All VLH, in spite of the variety of their designs,are noted for two common peculiarities:

� only liquid, mainly water, is used as anactuating body;� the water is specially mechanically treated.The treatment is called mechanoactivation.Mechanoactivation process consists in thatwater is rendered moving in complex irregularway by mechanical influence. Choose of motiontype imperted to water is made, as a rule, using“the more complex the better” principle. Thereare no reasonable theories and well�foundedselection criteria considering this.

Choise of a motion type imperted to the wateris made, as a rule, using a “the more complex,the better” principle. There are no reasonabletheories considering this.

it is possible to find three main types of VLH:• passive tangential,• passive axial and• active.

Passive ones are VLH of the static type, whichdo not contain moving parts in devices of theliquid flow formation. Mechanical activation inthese generators results from interaction ofmoving liquid with motionless elements of thework chamber, which are made and located insuch a way to turbulize the flow as much aspossible.

Passive VLH are distinguished by the methodof liquid flow bringing in the work chamber,which can be tangential or axial.

Active VLH include generators, wheremechanical activation of the actuating bodyresults from influence of generator’s movingactivating elements on liquid. The elements canbe rotating, swinging or moving in a complex way.

Method of liquid flow bringing in the workchamber of the active VLH has no fundamentalsignificance. The motion type of the movingactivating element is more important for thistype of generators.

It is important to note that passive VLH withtangential bringing in of the liquid flow by nomeans is not a modification of widely knownvortex [7] based on Ranque�Hilsh effect andassigned for thermo�transformation of a gasflow. Often met analogies (even amongauthors of VLH!) with vortexes explainnothing and only create confusion.Fundamental difference of VLH fromRanque’s vortex consists in absence ofgaseous actuating body [1], hence, it is aquestion of cardinally diffrenet workingprocesses.

Let us consider a design philosophy of each ofthe distinguished groups.

Basic elements of this device are stream�twirling device 1, work vortex chamber 2 with

VORTEX LIQUID HEATERSS. Geller

Rostov-on-Don, RussiaTel. +7-863-270-13-49,[email protected]


Cold water

Hot water

Cold water Hot water

outlet fitting 3 and brake device 4 (see Fig. 1).Sometimes the VLH has additional overflowpipe 5.

In the simplest case, the stream�twirling deviceof the generator is made in the form of an inletfitting providing for bringing in a coldwaterflow from the force�pump to the the peripheryof the vortex chamber. In the cylindricalchamber, the flow twirls and moves to the axledoutlet fitting where it is hampered by thespecila device. In the process of vortex motionand braking, the liquid in the work chamber isactivated, heated and hot water flows from theoutlet fitting. A part of hot water can betransferred from the outlet to the inlet throughthe overflow pipe in order to improve a VLH’sefficiency.

In modifications of vortex generators, stream�twirling devices are made with screw or spiralprofiles of work chambers, with uniform or

converging cross�sections, with one or morework chambers, with one or several tangentialinlets, with inlets in the form of swirl atomizersetc. [2], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14].

Work chambers of these heatgenerators can besingle straight�flow, double counterflow,cylindrical, conical, of complex form (up totoroid one) etc. [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20],[21], [22], [23].

Designs of brakes are also various: from streamlinebodies to straightener blades [6], [17].

A passive VLH with an axial inlet of the liquidflow is even simpler. Its main elements are workchamber 1 with inlet fitting 2 and restriction 3with outlet fitting 4 (see fig. 2). SometimesVLH has additional flow former 5. Therestriction of such VLH (a diaphragm, a nozzle,a throttle, a draw plate etc.) is usually a partitionwith a hole installed in the work chamber.

Fig.1

Fig. 2


Hot water

Cold water

In the passive axial VLH, different diafragmsare used: with cylindrical, conical, fissured orspiral holes, with one or more holes, with axialor shifted holes, with one or several successivelyinstalled partitions etc. [24], [25], [26], [27],[28], [29], [30].

Besides passive VLH with tangential and axialinlets, generators of a mixed type are used. Theyuse stream�twirling devices and diagrams at thesame time in order to increase an efficiency oftheir work.

In VLH of the third group, active ones,mechanoactivation is carried out by movingactivators located in their work chambers; as arule, they belong to a rotor type (see Fig. 3).

A rotor is fixed at power shaft 2 and rotatinginside cylindrical work chamber 3, which hasinlet 4 and outlet 5 fittings and brake device 6.During supply of a cold water to the inletfitting of an active generator, the water isforcibly twirling by the rotating rotor,accelerated, partially activated and heated andmoves towards the motionless brake device.It is hampered and additionally activatedthere and is led outside through the outletfitting.

Types of active VLH vary according to a designof rotors and brake devices. The rotors andbrake devices can be made in the form ofturbines with straight or profiled blades,figures of revolution with longitudinallyprofiled surfaces, perforated cylindrical orconical drums, uni�directional or oppositelyrotating perforated discs and others [30],[31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38],[39], [40].

In each of the distinguished groups of VLH,special operation modes can be additionallyformed in order to promote activation of theliquid and, as a result, increase of the heatproduction. For these purposes, variablestatistical pressures are set in the workchamber [41], self�oscillaltion are excited in theliquid [42], additional vortex flows are formedin an ortoganal direction of the main flow [43],percussion braking of counter flows, ultrasonicmachining of the liquid is carried out [45] etc.Besides mechanical methods of intensification,electrophysical ones are sometimes used:magnetization of the liquid [32], [46], impulseradiation treatment of the liquid in an opticalrange [47], an electrical current runningthrough the liquid [32] and even... acosmological vector potential influencing theliquid [48].

In spite of absence of moving parts and highmaintainability of the passive heaters, VLH ofthe active type can turn out to be moreperspective for a practical use because theyprovide for more efficient mechanoactivationof the liquid.

It was and still is unknown what causes heatingof the liquid in all types of VLH. Since atemperature increase of the water at the exitof the generator as a result of directtransformation of work into heat due to theliquid’s internal friction, dispersion of an energyof acoustic vibrations etc., advantages ofhydro�dynamic heatgenerators are brought tothe simplisity of their design.

It is significant that, during VLH operation, awater temperature at the exit can reach boiling�point in the event that total energy inputs for

Fig. 3


the water heating are evidently insufficient forproducing such a result.

Using a usual and rather plausiblecalorimeter procedure, a measured increaseof the quantity of heat produced by thegenerator per unit of time can considerablyexceed a measured energy consumed by thegenerator during the same period of time.Efficiency of the heating becomes speciallynotable if a temperature of an initial watersubjected to mechanoactivation is (66.5 3.5)C,[3], [4], [5]. Energy inputs for the water heatingwith initial temperature t = 66.5C are minimaland obviously inequivalent to the heat quantity,which is required for this.

Such facts require an explanation, therefore,different, sometimes rather unexoectedhypotheses about “the reasons of the extra�productivity of hydro�dynamicheatgenerators” have been suggested.

For example, according to work [49],production of the excessive heat is connectedwith the theory of world aether. It is alsosuggested naming the heat production effectafter V.A. Kochetkov, who considers this effectas a merely aether effect. A supporting data isprovided.

In work [14], on the basis of the the virial lawproven already by R. Klausis, it is affirmed thatany accelerated rotation motion of an actuatingbody must be accompanied by a discharge of apart of its self�energy in the form of heat and,therefore, by a temperature increase.

In work [50], it is suggested that one of thereasons of the excessive heat can be chemicalreactions of the actuating body – water and itssolutes – stimulated by an influence ofhypothetical torsion fields.

In article [51], the excessive heat is consideredas an emanation of the energy of physicalvacuum (!); in work [52] it is considered as aresult of cold fusion using exotic anions andersions; and in above mentioned work 48, it isconsidered as an influence of the “cosmologicalvector potential”. However, if we take intoaccount a possibility to "deceive” a supplymeter by a thyristor transducer, which

increases a frequency of a current supplied tothe pump drive (a know�how of a “pioneer”,Mr. Potapov), everything becomes more thansimple!

2. Mechanoactivation

Researches of the mechanoactivated water’sproperties have being carried out for quite along time [53], [54], [55].

It has been found out that many of liquid’sphysical qualities can reversibly change as aresult of a liquid’s mechanical treatment. Forexample, numerical values of relative statisticaldielectric penetrability ε, heat capacity C, lightrefraction coefficient n and others of themechanoactivated water can considerablydiffer from reference values [56], whichcharacterize usual water.

One of the most important reasons of suchdifferencies are cavitation effectsaccompanying the liquid’s mechanoactivation.Due to the fact that surfaces of cavitationcavities are borders of phases’ division, near�surface layers of the liquid near the borders ofthe division are in a mechanical stress, whichsignificantly differs from a state of free liquid.Under a developed cavitation, a relative volumeof near�surface layers of the liquid becomesrather big: there are from 103 to 105 of steam�gas pulse cavitation bubbles with an averagediameter of about 10 mkm each in each milliliterof the cavitating liquid.

Due to this, physical properties of themechanoactivated cavitating liquid alwaysdepend on its properties in the near�surfacelayers.

According to the dependencies shown on Fig.4, it is obvious that dielectric penetrability ofwater ε in a thin film or a drop, beginning withthickness of the film d

o or diameter of the drop

Do, becomes considerably less than a

penetrability of water in a free volume.

In the event of a decrease of water flat layer’sthickness d from 40 to 10 mkm, its relativedielectric penetrability permanently diminishesfrom nominal value ε = 81 to value ε = 10 3, i.e.it diminishes up to almost an order of


magnitude. A similar picture can be observedfor the water drop either, if diameter Ddecreases from 60 to 10 mkm.

It is usually considered that a relatively high valueof a statistical dielectric penetrability of free wateris connected with high values of dipole momentsof supramolecular formations � short�livedmolecular associations (nano�clusters of (H

2O)

n).

Their spatial orientation in the externalelectrostatic field is determined by its direction.

Due to this, the decrease of the water dielectricalpenetrability in the thin layer can be naturallyconnected with a decrease of an orientationreceptivity of the molecular associations, i.e. witha partial “congelation” of clusters’ resultingdipole moments in the near�surface layers byuncompensated coulomb forces of the surfacelayer, caused by structural regulating of thislayer’s molecules by mechanical forces of asurface tension [57].

It follows from the given diagrams that, undernormal climatic conditions, a thickness of a flatone�sided near�surface water layer, where longrange ordering partially remained, is about 0.5d

o

= 20 mkm, while a radial thickness of a partially

ordered near�surface water drop layer is about0.5Do = 30 mkm [54, 55].

Accordingly, effective thicknesses of near�surfacelayers for a flat surface and a drop is about 11 mkmand 16 mkm.

It is also follows from the diagrams that, duringthe decrease of dimensional parameters d and D,the value of the dielectric water penetrabilityaspires to value εmin (the dotted line), which isclose to value of high�frequency dielectricpenetrability ε i of ice in its most spreadmodification I: εmin εi [56].

Comparability of values εmin and εi gives groundsto suggest that, under d < do , D < Do, not only forthe dielectric penetrability but also for otherparameters with a structural dependence,particularly specific heat Cв, can approach by theirvalues parameters of a solid phase during the waterchange from liquid state B1 to partially orderedice�like state B2. Due to the fact that the waterspecific heat exceeds that of ice by 2 times, achange of water heat capacity, which happensduring the water change from a free state to apartially bound state, is always accompanied by apartial heat generation.

Fig. 4

drop

film


This possibility was controlled by using aswirler as a passive mechanoactivator andforwarding a cold water under strong pressureat its inlet [58].

Due to the mechanoactivation, a water stream inthe swirler was characterized by a strongmaldistribution of local speeds and, accordingly,by high gradients of mechanical tensions in theliquid. Regions with negative pressures appearedin the stream and conditions were formed fortearing of the liquid's continuity anddevelopment of cavitation processes. Theseprocesses were accompanied by a clear sign ofcavitation – a sonoluminescent glow of the liquid[59, 60] while a cavitating hot water, which wasin a condition close to a dispersion one, wascoming to the exit of the swirler.

While an initial water temperature had been T1

= 20C at the swirler’s inlet, a water temperatureafter a mechanical treatment increased up to T

2

= 55C. While the initial water temperature hadbeen T

1 = 40C, the water temperature after the

mechanical treatment increased up to T2 = 85C.

While the initial water temperature had been T1

= 66.5C, a boiling water came to the outlet of theswirler.

A comparative appraisal of a quantity ofheat, which is equivalent to amechanoactivation work, and a quantity ofheat, which is necessary for water heating inthe given temperature intervals, allowsmaking a conclusion that an additional heatgeneration happens during themechanoactivation process.

During the mechanical treatment causing anintensive cavitation, a part of the water turns toordered, colloid�like, close to liquid�crystal, stateB

2, and transition B

1 B

2 is accompanied by the

heat generation.

Such a transition can be determined as a “phasetransition in in the wide sense” [61], [62], whichresults in excessive heat Q

exc generation:

B1 B

2 + Q

exc(1)

It is found out in work [58], that the partiallyodered water state is unstable and accompaniedby a reverse transfer from metastable state B

2 in

state B1. Reverse transfer B

2 B

1 is endothermic

and can happen both with a relatively continuousand an uneven absorption of heat:

B2 B

1 – Q

exc(2)

Uneven phase change B2 B

1 is accompanied by

an abrupt water cooling: for example, the watertemperature can lower from T

2 = 75C in

dispersion phase B2 to T

1 = (45 – 55)C in B

1 phase.

Relaxation time τr during the reverse transition,

in dependence on stability of the environment andwater cleanness, can be a few or some dozenminutes: τ

r= (3 – 30) min.

Thus, the mechanical water treatmentaccompanied by an intensive cavitation [55, 58]can lead to the generation and absorption of heat.

It is important to note that, in the event that hotwater temperature T

2 in dispersion state B

2 is

decreased, for example, by a heat exhange withthe environment, water temperature T

1 in

dispersion phase B1 after the reverse transition

can be lower than the initial one.

This allows suggesting with sufficient certaintythat the effect of VLH is based on this. Variousmanifestations of the above described heateffects have been observed earlier. In front of abuidling of the Estonian Academy of Scienciesin Tartu, a fountain with stream�swirlers islocated. The swirlers form strong verticalstreams of a cavitating water hazed by a mist ofsmall waterdrops. In spite of the fact that awater with an initial temperature of about 20C isled to the swirlers, a temperature of a metastabledispersion phase, which looks like small dropshanging in the air near the cavitating streams, isabout 40C, and a final temperature of a liquid state,which is a condensate in the fountain’s pool, doesnot exceed 15C.

It is also know that water temperature canincrease during the phase change, if the partiallyordered liquid’s state is formed not by a surface ofa part “liquid � gas” but by a surface of a part “liquid– soild”.

A heat produced during water moistening ofhydrophilic surfaces is ususally called a heat ofmoistening. No matter which nature of this effect


is, according to thermodynamics of moisteningand adsorption processes [63], a part of theproduced heat, in the end, is released due to adecrease of the water’s self�energy located ina contact layer during its turn into partiallyordered phase B

2. It suggested that, since the

water comes out of a contact zone, it mustexperience a reverse turn of the endothermicnature.

In order to test this opportunity, a watertemperature was measured when water wasgoing through a column filled with a refinedground quartz with particles’ dimensionalparameter d 40 mkm.

It was noted that a temperature of a water frontgoing through the quartz layer was by 8...12 Khigher than the initial one.

A temperature of a water collected in thethermostat right after its going through thequartz layer slightly exceeded the initial one.

However, after relaxation time τr = (5 – 15)

min, the water in the thermostat spontaneouslycooled by 2 – 3 K, perhaps as a result of thereverse cjange.

Possibly, an endothermic nature of the reversechange allows to explain a low summertemperature of subterranean waters, which losea part of their self�energy and dissipate heatduring filtration through upper fine�dyspersated soils.

Undoubtedly, other examples of the discussedeffects exist.

It is quite possible that the heat effects, whichappear in the mechanoactivated water duringthe exothermal and endothermal changes likeB

1 B

2 + Q

exc and B

2 B

1 – Q

exc, underlie

operation of all VLH.

3. Efficiency

A quantity of heat produced during the watermechanoactivation in a generator depends ona heat of the phase change and a powerdissipated in the water during the activation:

Q = Qexc

+ ∆Q, (3)

where Qexc

is a heat of change B1 B

2, and ∆Q is

a quantity of heat obtained by a direct changeof work into heat.

It is possible to obtain a phenomenologicalassessment of quantity of heat Q

exc, which is

produced in the water during release of its self�energy due to the phase change, by taking intoaccount an intensity of the mechanoactivation,a degree of discrepancy of molar water’s heatcapacities in the free and activated states andalso an initial water temperature:

Qexc

= k1m/µ(C

B1 – C

B2) ( T

1 – T

im ), (4)

where CB1

and CB2

are, accordingly, specificheats under a continuous pressure of free waterB

1 and the mechanoactivated water in phase

B2; it is convenient to present value C

B2 as C

B2

= k2C

i, where dimensionless constant 1 k

2 < 2

characterizes a difference degree of heatcapacity C

B2 of partially odered water phase B

2

from heat capacity Ci of the

crystallographically ordered water phase in thesolid state;

k1 is a mechanoactivation coefficient,

dimensionless value 0 < k1 1 characterizing a

mass part of partially ordered phase B2 in the

mechanoactivated water:

k1 = m

B2 / (m

B1 + m

B2);

m is a mass of the mechanoactivated water; T1

and Tim

are, accordingly, a water temperaturebefore the mechanoactivation and the melting�point of ice; µ = 18,015 is a molar mass of theliquid water.

Ideally, in the event of a completemechanoactivation, where k

1 = k

2 = 1, the

expression (4) becomes simpler:

Qexc

= km ( T1 – T

im ),

where k is a constant, k 2,1 x 103 J/K kg.

In dependence on the initial temperature, awater temperature at the outlet of the heatermust be the following, under the idealconditions:

T2 = T

1 + Q

exc / m C

B.


As it follows from the last expression, in theevent that C

B = C

B1, in order to obtain boiling

water at the outlet of the heater, it is necessaryto get the initial temperature of the watersubjected to the mechanoactivation of aboutT

1 = 66.5C. This coincides with the results

given in [3], [4], [5].

Thus, the described heat effects allow obtaininga rather considerable additional heat generationQ

exc in the generator’s work chamber.

However, the very fact of presence of additionalheat Q

exc does not mean that it can be used for a

considerable increase of the generator’s heatproductivity.

In order to make sure of this, let us considertwo contours of hydro�dynamic generators’operation: the first contour is with a closedcircuit of the actuating body’s circulation andthe second one is with an open circuit.

In the first contour, heat generation Qexc

duringthe water change from the stable low�temperature state to the metastable high�temperature one happens without a change oftotal energy content of a system“heatgenerator – circuit”. During this, a heat,which was temporarily produced in the contourby the water in the phase change, will beabsorbed again within the limits of the samecontour by the water, which spontaneouslyreturns in its initial low�temperature state afterthe relaxation time has passed.

It is obvious that, in this case, the heat, whichwas first produced and then absorbed, is a kindof virtual heat and cannot change thegenerator’s productivity in such a way that itsefficiency exceeds one.

The operation of the heatgenerator with theclosed contour is explained on Fig. 5.

The countour of the actuating body ofheatgenerator 1 circulation consists of forceelectric pump 2 and heat exchanger 3 connectedby hydro�pipes.

Using the pump, a water with temperature T1

is led to the inlet of the heatgenerator, heatedthere up to temperature T

2, and led to the heat

exchanger where it is cooled up to temperatureT

1, and then it is led to the inlet of the

heatgenerator again through the pump.

A heating efficiency of the generator duringtime τ, as a rule, is determined by temperaturedrop ∆Т = Т2 – Т1 in the heat exchanger andwater consumption G in the contour:

Q = k ∆Т G τ (5),

where k is an aspect ratio.

The efficiency of the heatgenerator’s operation,excluding heat diffusion in the hydro�pipes andelements 1 and 2 of the contour, is evaluated byratio

η = Q / U, (6)

where U is an electric energy consumed by thepump during time τ.

However, evaluation (6) can be reliable justin the event when all heat Q produced by thegenerator is led to the environment, forexample, to the consumer.

Actually, as it follows from (3), heat Q is a sumof two components: the first, Q

exc, is caused by

the exothermic water change while the second,finally, is obtained by electric energytransformation U into heat ∆Q, which isequivalent to it. Durng continuous heatproduction of the generator, the consumer canobtain only a part of the heat, which is obtainedvia heat excange, i.e. it is possible to get heat∆Q, and always ∆Q U.

Another part of heat Q, heat Qexc

, is caused by atemporary heat production because, on theexpiry of relaxation time τ

r, this part of the heat

is absorbed by the water again and is unavailablefor the consumer.

Hence, temperature drop ∆∆∆∆∆T in the heatexchanger cannot be used as a representativeinformative parameter for the evaluation ofthe heatgenerator’s efficiency according tothe diagram on Fig. 5.

The mentioned drop is caused by two reasons: first,by the water cooling during the heat emission and,


second, by the water cooling during the heatabsorption. Among them, it is only the first reason,which characterizes the generator’s heatingefficiency and can be used for the evaluation of itsefficiency.

Thus, a procedure of the heating efficiencyevaluation based on parameter ∆Τ is incorrect andthe efficiency value is conservative.

In order to carry on a reliable evaluation, anothermeasurement procedure can be recommended,which allows to control only the part of thegenerated heat, which is available for theconsumer. Such an approach can be implemented,for example, using a calorimeter consisting ofreservoir 4 with a reference liquid, where heatexchanger 3 is located (on Fig. 5, the reservoir isshown by a dotted line).

It is known that temperatute T of the referenceliquid in the reservoir will change during time τ, itis possible to determine quintity of heat ∆Q givenby the heat exchanger of the reference liquidduring this time and to evaluate reliably thegenerator’s efficiency using ratio

η1 = ∆Q / U, (7)

where always η1 1 because, as it was mentionedearlier, ∆Q U.

According to (7), we come to a conclusion thatthe efficiency of the gydro�dynamicheatgenerator with the closed contour cannotexceed one.

Analysing the premises, it is naturally to suggestthat an overvaluation of the heatgenerators’efficiency can be caused by a superficialconvincingness of calorimetric operations madeaccording to expressions (5) and (6).

Credibility of these operations can mislead evena rather objective researcher.

Possibly due to this, efficiency values obtained byauthors [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] are quite reliable andexperimentally grounded, on their opinion.

VLH with the closed contour can be used not dueto their efficiency but due to their technicalproperties, which alternative heatgenerators donot have.

Use of VLH as simplest transformers of workinto heat with natural sources of mechanicalenergy (wind, falling water etc.) can becomerather perspective. In this type of VLH, it can bepossible to obtain hot, including boiling, waterat the outlet of a pump with a wind drive and anactivator.

It is possible to provide the design with an opencontour for an operation mode, during which apart of heat Qexc will be permanently extractedfrom a running water experiencing a direct phasechange within the limits of the contour andrelaxing right after running beyond its bounds.The excessive heat is extracted from theenvironment; there are no limits concerning theefficiency of VLH.

The described operation mode of the generatorwith the open contour was practically realizedduring operation of an active rotary VLH withan activator of the rotor type with a turbine drive.It was based on the so called “Tantsuyuschayazvezda”, patent of the Russian Federation#2175272 (see Fig. 6).

“TZ” has a hexagonal�cycloidal generatorinvented by me as early as in 1994. It generates 6parallel vortex flows, which form together a“tornado” structure. A back surface of the rotor

Fig. 5


(which has three reach�through holes) periodicallyoverlays three vortex chambers during rotationin contact with a front side of the stator. Thisprocess is automatically associated with coolingeffects observed in a "sandwich” of the cylindricalfield of Serl’s machine.

A speed of the overlay is high enough to providefor a hydraulic shock. Waves of the hydraulicshock reflected from the rotor’s plane areoverflown to axled zones of the three otherchambers, which are opened at this moment. Dueto this, water flows out from the opened chamberswith an increased kinetic energy. The process islike an operation of a sextuple aerogun (thoughonly one barrel of the gun shoots at a time whilethree of them operate at a time in “TZ”). Acombination of high speed of streams and theircyclical manifestation (pulsation) increases anefficacy of the mechanoactivation and anefficiency of the operation as a whole.

An inlet of the work chamber of “TZ” wasattached to a water pipe and an otlet of its heatexhanger was attached to a reservoir�precipitation tank. During tests of this heater, aportion of a tap water with temperature aboutT

1 20C was led to its work chamber and heated

up to temperature T2 55C, after that the water

was led to the heat exchanger, where it gave apart of its heat to a calorimeter during time aboutτ 1.5 minutes and cooled itself up to temperatureabout T 25C, and then it was led to the heat�insulated reservoir�precipitation tank.

In about τ 10 minutes after the discharge,the water in the reservoir�precipitation tankwas spontaneously cooled to temperature T= (12 – 15) C.

An efficiency of this VLH is considerably morethan one. It was calculated as a ratio of themeasured quantity of heat, which wastransferred by the heat exchanger to thecalorimeter during the preset time, to themeasured energy consumed by the electricpump during the same time.

Such a result can be explained by the fact that, inorder to produce electric energy, not only theexternal electric energy but also the external heatwere used. The external heat was extracted fromthe tap water during its cooling from initial

temperature T1 20C to a temperature, which,

finally, was T = (12 – 15)C.

VLH can operate with the efficiency of more thanone, however, this is provided by not only agenerator but also a method of heat extractionfrom an external low�temperature source.

“Cold fusion” has absolutely nothing to do withit. It is advisable to remember a logical principleformulated as early as in the 12th century:substances must not multiply needlessly!

REFERENCES

1. G.L. Griggs. Patent of the USA # 5188090, 1993.2. Yu.S. Potapov. A heatgenerator and a heating device.Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2045715, 1995.3. L.P. Fominsky. How Potapov’s vortex heatgen eratorworks. RANS, Cherkassy, “OKO�Plus”, 2001.4. Yu.S. Potapov, L.P. Fominsky. Progress of heat energy.Collection “Fundamental problems of natural science andtechnology”. Vol. 1, SPb, 2002.5. Yu.S. Potapov and others. A method of heat production.Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2165054, 2000.6. L.G. Sapogin, Yu.S. Potapov nad others. A liquidheating device. Patent of the Russian Federation RU#2162571, 2000.7. G. Ranque. Patent of the USA # 1952281, 1934.8. V.A. Gorlov. Gorlov’s hetagenerator. Patent applicationof the Ruusian Federation #200110 5711/06, 2001.9. L.N. Britvin. A heatgenerator of the cavitation type.Patent of the Russian Federation according to application#99110396/06, 2001.10. L.N. Britvin, V.M. Parshikov. A hydro�dynamiccavitation heatgenerator. Patent of the RussianFederation according to application #99110779/06, 2001.11. I.B. Bystrov and others. A hydraulic heatgenerator.Patent of the Russian Federation according to application#2000129736/06, 2002.12. R.I. Mustafiev. A heatgenerator and a device for waterheating. Patent of the Russian Federation RU # 2132517,1999.13. N.E. Kurnosov. A heatgenerator device. Patent of theRussian Federation RU #2190162, 2001.14. Yu.S. Potapov, L.P. Fominsky. Vortex energy. Kishinev– Cherkassy. 2000.15. V.M. Eskov�Soskovets. A device for liquid heating.Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2171435, 2000.16. V.A. Kudashkina and others. A vortex heater. Patentof the Russian Federation RU #2129689, 1999.17. V.S. Podoprigorov and others. A heatgenerator and adevice for liquid heating. Patent application of the RussianFederation RU #96124293106, 1996.18. N. E. Kurnosov. A thermogenerator. Patent of theRussian Federation RU #2177591, 2000.19. ?.G. Flynn. Devices for liquid heating. Patent of theUSA #4333796, 1982.20. R.K. Churkin, D.R. Churkin. A vortex heating system.Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2089795, 1997.21. B.V. Yelin, V.V. Terekhin. A device for liquid heating


and a heatgenerator. Patent of the Russian FederationRU #2135903, 1999.22. N.P. Lunin and others. A heatgenerator. Patent ofthe Russian Federation according to application#98105105/06, 1999.23. N.V. Yurkov. A heatgenerator and its part usedindependently. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application #2001107321/06, 2001.24. A.I. Koldamasov. Plasma equipment in a cavitatingdielectric liquid. 1991.25. H. Khasanov. Thermoeffect in fluid media. Collection“Structural and dynamical processes in disorderedmedia”. Samarkand, 1992.26. L.I. Pischenko, Yu. A. Merenkov. A cavitationheatgenerator. Patent of the Russian Federation RU#2131094, 1999.27. S.N. Chuvashev and others. A method of heatgeneration in liquid and a device for its implementation.Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2177121, 1999.28. I.S. Medvedev and others. A hydro�dynamiccavitation device. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application #98114517/06, 2000.29. I.B. Britvin and others. A cavitator of the hydro�dynamic type. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application #99113709/06, 2003.30. L.V. Larionov and others. A cavitator for heatproduction in liquid. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application # 97118384/06, 1999.31. S.V. Tsivinsky. An autonomous heating system forbuildings. Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2162990, 2001.32. I.B. Britvin and others. A cavitation energytransformer. Patent of the Russian Federation accordingto application # 2001104604/06, 2003.33. I.B. Britvin. A heatgenerator of the cavitation�vortextype. Patent of the Russian Federation according toapplication # 99110397/06, 2001.34. I.B. Britvin and others. A drive cavitationheatgenerator. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application # 99110538/06, 2003.35. A.D. Pertakov. A resonance pump�generator. Patentof the Russian Federation RU # 2142604, 1999.36. N.I. Selivanov, S.V. Ageev. A method of liquid heatingand a device for its implementation. Patent of the RussianFederation according to application # 96104366/06, 1998.37. S.S. Kochkin and others. A cavitation vortexheatgenerator. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application # 2002119773/06, 2003.38. A.D. Pertakov and others. A rotary pump�heatgenerator. Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2159901, 2000.39. A.D. Pertakov, G.P. Maspanov. A pump�heatgenerator. Patent of the Russian Federation RU #2160417, 2000.40. A.F. Kladov. A method of energy generation. Patentof the Russian Federation RU # 2054604, 1996.41. N.P. Lunin. A method of liquid heating. Patent of theRussian Federation RU # 2125215, 1998.42. A.L. Dushkin and others. A method of heatproduction in liquid. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application # 95110302/06, 1996.43. L.N. Britvin. A method of the operation process’intensification in vortex cavitation devices. Patent of theRussian Federation according to application # 99110398/06, 2001.

44. V.N. Kirilenko, S.O. Brulev. A method of hydro�dynamic liquid heating. Patent of the Russian FederationRU # 2156412, 2000.45. S.A. Lebedeva. A method of liquid heating byultrasound. Patent of the Russian Federation accordingto application # 97106275/06, 1999.46. V.M. Eskov�Soskovets. A method of liquid heating.Patent of the Russian Federation according to application# 97111474/06, 1999.47. P.V. Efremkin and others. A method of heat generationin liquid. Patent of the Russian Federation according toapplication # 99111474/06, 1999.48. A.Yu. Baurov and others. A method of energygeneration in liquid. Patent of the Russian Federationaccording to application # 2001121071/06, 2003.49. P.D. Prussov. Kochetkov’s effect. Collection“Fundamental problems of natural science andtechnology”. Part III, SPb, 2003.50. G.I. Shipov. Theory of physical vacuum. M. 1993.51. L.G. Sapogin and others. Some aspects of alternativeenergy’s evolution from the position of unitary quantumtheory. Collection “Works of Institute of EngineeringScience of RAS”, M., 1999.52. Yu.N. Bazhutov and others. Registration of tritium,neutrons and radiocarbon during operation of hydro�unit “Yusmar”. Works of the III Russian conference oncold fusion and nuclei’s transmutation. M., “Ersion”.1996.53. E.F. Furmakov. Dielectric effects in drops, films andthreads of fluids. Works of the industry, issue 2, M., 1988.54. E.F. Furmakov. Abnormal properties of thin films anddrops of polar fluids. Works of the industry, issue 1, M.,1990.55. E.F. Furmakov. A dimensional electrical effect in thinfilms of polar fluids. Collection “Structural anddynamical processes in unordered media”, part 1,Samarkand, 1992.56. G.N. Zatsepina. Properties and structure of water.M., 1974.57. A.I. Rusanov, V.A. Prokhorov. Interphase tensiometry.SPb, “Khimiya”. 1994.58. E.F. Furmakov. Heat generation during phasebalance’s change in a water stream. Collection“Fundamental problems of natural science”, vol. 1, RAS,SPb, 1999.59. M.A. Margulis. Sonoluminescence. Progress ofphysical sciences. V. 170, #3, 2003.60. M.A. Margulis. A new experimental evidence ofelectrical nature of multivesicular sonoluminescence. Ajournal of physical chemistry. V. 75, # 10, 2001.61. Physical encyclopaedia. M. 1995, p. 200.62. E.F. Furmakov, N.N. Golubev. Thermo�electric effectsduring polymorphic transformation of solids. Works ofthe industry, issue 42, M. 1968.63. F.D. Ovcharenko. Research on mechanism of waterinteraction with a solids’ surface. M. 1978.64. M.P. Vukalovitch and others. Technicalthermodynamics. “Energiya”, M. 1961.65. A.N. Alabovsky and others. Technicalthermodynamics and heat transfer. Kiev, 1990.66. L.L. Vasiliev. Economical and social prospects of heatpumps’ use. Collection “Works of the internationalcongress “Demografic problems of Belarus”. Minsk, 1999.67. Stibel Eltron offers an alternative. Promotionalmaterial of the company. 2003.


Brief biography of John Keely

John Worrell Keely (1837�1898) ofPhiladelphia was a carpenter and mechanic whoannounced in 1872 that he had discovered a newprinciple for power production. Keelypersuaded a dozen engineers and capitalists toinvest in the idea, forming the Keely MotorCompany in New York in 1872. Soon he hadcapital of one million dollars, primarily fromwealthy New York and Philadelphiabusinessmen. He used the money to buymaterials necessary for building a motor basedon his theories.

Soon he had constructed an aetheric generator,which he demonstrated to amazed audiences in1874 in Philadelphia. Keely blew into a nozzlefor half a minute, then poured five gallons oftap water into the same nozzle. After some fineadjustments the pressure gage indicatedpressures of 10,000 pounds per square inch.This, said Keely, was evidence that the waterhad been disintegrated and a mysterious vaporhad been liberated in the generator, capable ofpowering machinery.

Keely lived in high style, as befitted the head ofany large company. To his credit, he plowedmost of the invested money into researchequipment. He did most of the experimentationhimself, constructing his own apparatus. Hewas not willing to entrust his secret to thosewho could not or would not understand—especially physicists and engineers.

The work went slowly. To keep up the spirits ofstockholders Keely staged publicdemonstrations. These were masterpieces ofshowmanship.

Biographers have described Keely as a"mechanical experimenter", "inventor andimposter", "professor of perfidy", "swindler",

and "scandalous scamp". Keely's lack of formalscientific education didn't bother hissupporters, and didn't deter Keely himself fromgrandly proclaiming his theories as "scientific".Some disillusioned stockholders withdrew theirsupport as Keely's experiments sufferedrepeated delays. Keely declared he'd alreadyproven his theory and it could be implementedfor useful purposes, and he made vast claimsfor the economic benefits of aetheric energyover coal and other energy sources. But heresisted investor's demands that he producesome marketable product. Stockholders werenot happy with Keely's insistence that moreexperimentation was needed to "perfect" themachines. Fortunately, when nearingbankruptcy, Keely acquired a wealthy backer,Mrs. Clara S. J. Bloomfield�Moore, the widowof a Philadelphia paper manufacturer.

She advanced him over $100,000 for expensesand promised him a salary of $2,500 per month.She became active in promoting Keely injournals and books and in seeking scientists who

Figure 1. John Worrell Keely photographed in hislaboratory in 1889. The Bettmann Archive.

The discoveries of John Keely: the XIX centuryand the present time

Review by E. Artemyeva.You can know more about John Keely on sites:

www.keelynet.com, http://www.lhup.edu, http://donhuan.da.ru


might validate his claims. She suggested thathe share his secret with Edison or Tesla tohasten its development, but Keely refused.Keely continued this research for fourteenyears, occasionally staging demonstrations toplacate impatient stockholders.

After Keely died on Nov. 18, 1898, suspiciousskeptics and newspaper reporters did a carefulexamination of his laboratory. Some of Keely'smachinery had already been removed by"believers" who hoped they could make it work.Some of the apparatus ended up in England. Noone could make it function as it had in Keely'slaboratory.

Keely had kept his company going for 26 yearswithout ever putting a product on the market,paying a dividend or revealing his secrets. That'shis one undisputed accomplishment. He neverdivulged his secrets with anyone, so far as weknow. One close friend reported that he hadonce asked Keely "John, what do you want foran epitaph?" His answer: "Keely, the greatesthumbug of the nineteenth century."

John Keely’s perpetual motion machine

More than 100 years ago John Keelydiscovered a practical opportunity to obtain anduse aether energy. He researched this energyfor a quarter of a century and built about twothousand prototype devices and mechanisms,which used the energy in their operation.According to John Keely’s opinion, it was a useof aether energy that could realize thecenturies�old dream of mankind to create a socalled “perpetual motion machine”. He managedto prove that aether energy was real andconfirm his discovery by working factory shopswith his mechanical motors using aether energy.According to Keely’s data, energy contained ina pail of water is sufficient to get our earthmoving out of its orbit. Nicola Tesla, TomasEdison, and Jules Verne were among witnessesof his numerous experiments.

In 1873, he informed the scientific communityabout discovery of a fundamentally new kindof energy. For several decades, Keely had beenworking with aether energy and used secretdevices in order to use a source of the unlimitedeternal energy of the environment for different

purposes. The mechanical devices, motorsrotated, produced work using no visibleexternal energy sources. It was Keely’s opinionthat everything in Nature oscillates, vibrates.The nature of forces is vibratory. Organizedvibrations are music. A harmonious interchangeof vibrations is sympathy. A science about thenature of such effects is Sympathetic VibratoryPhysics created by Keely.

How many people know now that, since themiddle of the XIX century, alongside withtraditional technologies and devices, various(from mechanical to electrical) working andpatented so called “self�sustaining devices”existed? Self�sustaining devices were thedevices which, when started, produced energysufficient for passing of the technologicalprocess and maintenance of the device’soperation, i.e. the devices needing no additionalexternal energy (fuel) supply (Free Energy,Zero Point Energy etc.). A power supplied forstarting the device could be much less than apower produced during the device’s operation(of the device having efficiency >1). This wasevidence of interchange processes with thesubtle environment (aether, physical vacuum),which is always a real participant of the process.These inventions were based on thoseinterchange processes: John Keely called themSympathetic Vibration while Nicola Tesla,Tomas Morey, and Bruce de Palma called themRadiant Energy. William Reich, whose bookswere burned, as if in the Middle Ages, beganworking on climatic weapon and psychic energy(Phoenix project).

Thus, it turned out to be that, for more than100 years, mankind has known but cannot applythe technologies based on the use of FreeEnergy, i.e. needing no production andtransportation of fuel, using the subtleenvironmental material’s energy – the energyof aether, physical vacuum.

Vibration laws

John Keely thought that any real formation (a“molecular unit”), no matter how small it is, isin a state of continuous internal vibrations andexcites something like sound vibrations in theenvironment. Moreover, each formation canreact to the vibrations coming from without.


It can be done in a variety of ways dependingon whether this external vibration isaccordant to its own tone or no. If vibrationsof two bodies are acordant, the bodies areattracted; if there is a dissonance in theirsound, they avoid each other. All physicalforces appear due to a certain concordance(or a disagreement) of wave characteristicsof vibration fields, which unite all existingmatter. Vibrations play a role of an all�organizing and all�controlling source. Andthis source is not energy. Vibrations carry notenergy but only an incentive to its absorptionor production, i.e. its transformation fromlatent forms into evident ones. The energy iseverywhere in the environment, whichsurrounds us and penetrates into us in anunbounded quantity. Eternal motion occurseverywhere and always. Energy reserves areunlimited in nature. We do not produce thisenergy and do not use it but, knowing the laws,we can transform it into useful forms. In orderto do this, it is only necessary to co�ordinateoperation of separate “molecular units”. Itcan be achieved by obtaining theirconsonance.

Imagine that a metal support stands on atable, in front of you, and supports a hollowcopper ball�sphere with a diameter of about30 cm. Numerous metal rods of differentlengths and thicknesses are around thesupport’s base. They vibrate like tuning forksbeing touched by fingers. Plates andresonance tubes are placed inside the sphere.Their inter�location can be changed byhandles. All this construction is called a“sympathetic transmitter”.

Next to it, a cylindrical glass vessel with adiameter of 25 cm and a height of 120 cm isplaced. It is filled with water. The vessel’shead, which is also metal, is connected withthe sphere by thick wire from gold, silver orplatinum. Three metal spheres lie on thevessel’s bottom, each of them with weight ofabout 1 kg. As the experimenter explains,each of the spheres, as well as any othermaterial body, has its own internal melody.

The inventor comes to the sympathetictransmitter and begins to make the tuningforks vibrate, the handles turn. Suddenly, a

trumpet sounds briefly and the sphere on thevessel’s bottom begins to swing, then it slowlycomes off from the bottom and goes upthrough water column. It hits the head,bounces off, goes up again and, finally, settlesdown pressing itself to the head tightly.

The trumpet sounds again, and the secondmetal sphere reacts to it and comes to thesurface. Then the third does the same. Musicsubsides but the spheres still float. Actually,they still slightly come down sometimes,possibly, under the influence of accessorychords.

This astonishing experiment and many otherstook place in John Keely’s labortory inPhiladelphia more than 100 years ago. Thescientist said that sound is “a violation ofatomic balance destroying the existingatomic particles and a substance, which isreleased during this process, mustundoubtedly be an aether current of someorder”. It is possible to say that Nature isbased on vibrations of different frequencies,which create various combinations. The“accordant” harmonious combinations causeattraction and have a creative nature whiledisharmonious ones cause repuls ion,destroy.

An example of the orginized vibrations aremusic. When two strings of an instrument areattuned in a harmonic combination (forexample, according to a third, fifth oroctave), motion of one of them causes arespond in another. Since ancient times,another music was known, Kepler’s “music ofthe spheres” created by the Sun, the Moonand planets. Today we can listen to this musicin a computer arrangement.

Keely brought his Sympathetic VibratoryPhysics to fourty laws, in which, particularly,the unity of force and matter and alsofundamental infinity of matter’s divisibilityare postulated. Keely considers force as areleased matter and matter as a constrainedforce. This was brilliantly confirmed in theXX century in the form of famous formulaE=mc 2. An idea of neutral center i sconsidered by Keely as one of the mostimportant physical and metaphysical


categories. Every manifested body in theUniverse – from an atom to a star system –has a neutral center as a base, an inviolablefocal. Everything that we consider as matteris built around it and matter is its objectivemanifestation. It induces all objects tocontinuous motion and provides them with lifeimpulse from the neutral center of the higherhierarchy level. This property of the neutralcenter allows designing a “perpetual motionmachine”. This was demonstrated duringKeely’s experiments. A small initial impulse wassufficient to induce a motor to work.

According to Keely, the most importantvibration characteristic is frequency because,in dependence on frequencies’ combination,vibrations can interact. Force, or energy, ismanifested in three forms: as a generating,active force; as a perceiving, reacting force; andas a transmitting, transferring interactions one.Concordant vibrations form harmonicfrequencies; due to this, subatomic particles areattracted to each other. Dissonance vibrationscause disconnection of the particles. Keely’slaws connect electricity, magnetics and gravitysince they are caused by vibrations and, therefore,are only special cases of the common law.

The expression “perpetual motion machine” inits contemporary meaning obtained a sense ofa jeer of a coryphaeus aimed at an ignoramus,who does not know the basis of physics anddreams of abundant energy from nothing. Theexpression “perpetual motion machine” is a sadexample of a creation of an effective, ingrained

negative label used in a work on spreading thenecessary scientific and technical policy andcontainment of technical data. That is whyattempts to rehabilitate the idea “perpetualmotion machine” give only the opposite,negative result instead of contributing toadvanced scientific knowledge andtechnologies.

Keely’s experiments were described by hiscontemporary Richard Harte in his article“Stone Decomposition”, in 1888, this way.

Recently, the American mineral resourceindustry was inexplicably agitated... It has beenknown that a syndicate of far�sighted andrichest mining magnates had secretly boughtin the cheapest and useless gold�mines. ...Aquestion appears: why do the experiencedbusinessmen purchase the useless mines? Thisstrange event can be explained as the following.Some weeks before the described events, twelverespectable men met, after making anappointment, in a laboratory in Philadelphia inorder to see a demonstration of a new methodof quartz decomposition. These people wereextremely interested in a quick and cheapmethod of gold production from quartz. Andan inventor rendered them this service slightlytouching pieces of quartz by a small device,which was in his hands. The moment he touchedeach piece, it instantly disintegrated turninginto dust, in which gold particles lay like pebblesin a sand sea. Then, the twelve respectable menwith one accord said: “Mister Keely, if youdesintegrate a quartz deposit like this, each ofus will draw a cheque for you”. Then all of themcame to the Catskill Mountains and the twelvemen pointed at a sound, just like them, gold�bearing quartz bed at a mountainside; misterKeely took his small device and said:“Gentlemen, be patient”. In 18 minutes, a tunnelwith a length of 5.5. meters and a diameter of1.4 meters was formed in the quartz mountain.After that, Mr. Keely calmly returned toPhiladelphia with the cheques in his pockets andthe twelve respectable men went from NewYork to San Francisco in order to purchase theseemingly useless stocks of the mines, whichwere derelict for so long time...

Decomposition (splitting) of quartz was one ofKeely’s secrets. However, the decomposition

Fig. 2. A replica of Keely’s device


is only a minor and secondary influence of thetremendous force hidden in that mystery. Theinfluence of this force had been discovered bychance. One day the inventor was investigatingan influence of aether flows on fine sandscattered on the floor; aether currents twistedthe sand in the form of ropes. And suddenly apiece of granite, which lied as a stop for the door,disintegrated before his eyes. He took the hintand, some days later, made a vibratorydisintegrator.

Dispersion is more complex and delicate, andKeely can as easily split matter’s atom as itsmolecules. But to what extent? Apparently, hecan split it to aether or a hypotheticalsubstance, which existence is postulated bymodern scientists though they know nothingabout its nature besides the fact that it had beeninvented by themselves. While did Keelyconsiders it as not a supposition but a real thingjust as his own shoes. Actually, it is the initialsubstance of all matters. (The editors: Asimilar point of view and even an experimentis described in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s storycalled “A discovery of Rolf Hose”).

As for the gravitation law, from the standpointof Keely’s experiments, it is not completelyconvincing or, at least, is just one ofmanifestations of the more overall law, whichprovides for mutual change of attraction andrepulsion processes. One of small Keely’sexperiments is the following: a piece of wire iswinded around an iron cylinder with a weightof some hundreds of kilograms. When the forceis moving along the wire, it is as easy to lift andcarry the cylinder by a finger as if the cylinderis just a piece of cork. Recently theexperimenter, without assistance, moved avibratory motor with a power of 500 horse�powers from one part of his workshop toanother making no scratches on the floor.Amazed engineers confirmed that they couldnot move it without a windlass, which couldhave been installed only if the roof wasremoved. Such an operation becomes possibleif a device is designed, which, being polarizedby a force of negative attraction (i.e. repulsion),will rise and move under the influence of anaether flow with a speed of 500 miles per hourin any direction. This is, essentially, a principleof Keely’s airship.

Later, he used the same force in optics. Heplaced three wires around microscope’s lensesand, thus, increased its magnification up to whatis reached by the biggest telescope in the world.When the history of his discoveries andinventions will be published, a story of JohnWorrell Keely will be the most amazing storyin the annals of geniuses’ history. The people oftomorrow will hardly believe that, in the lastquarter of the XIX century, a man who was ableto fathom the essence of nature decrees,cognizant of its elusive forces, which could beused for mankind’s liberation from hard workmaking most people’s lives a misery, wasdoomed to die of starvation. There was no onelavish, generous, unselfish enough to furnish thecapital for the purpose, which did not promiseimmediate benefit, among neither businessmen,stockbrokers, literary men nor cultural workers...

The forces controlled by Keely still have nopractical application and cannot be compeletyunderstood until the world is ready to acceptthem for its good. Keely himself is sure that theworld will undoubtedly benefit from hisinventions... Keely’s discoveries have a secretaspect. He does not, possibly, realize it himselfbut it is up to him whether they will berecognized (due to the return, or sympathetic,vibration of even more spiritual aether than thatKeely talks about) in order to get harmonized withthe common system of the modern civilization andmanifest in mankind’s material life.

According to the opinion of the growingnumber of intellectuals, inventions anddiscoveries of our century have already proventheir rather malignancy than good. Theyimproved the global standard of living but, atthe same time, considerably decreased apossibility to buy the facilities they had createda need for. Advantages, which appeared sincesteam and machines had been invented, becameavailable for only a minority... However, Keelythinks that his inventions will allow to restorethis disturbed balance.

It is considered now that Keely’s discoveriesare aimed at increase of human control overmaterial nature, which already increased duringthe last hundred years. The world is not readyfor appearance of such amazing forces at thisstage of human life. Mankind is still too selfish,


savage, foolish, cruel, in other words, the bruteis too strong in it for higher forces to beentrusted to it. Today, such forces cannot beused for the welfare of the people and for theprogress of the human race.

Aether and gravity

Dan A. Davidson in his research on the aetherand gravity followed Keely's discoveries. Overthe years the existence and understanding ofthe aether has evolved as the basis for gravityand free energy effects at a micro and macrolevel. Laboratory experiments have shown thatsuperluminal energy and information transferhas been effectively accomplished via aethericengineering, which effectively eliminates thetheory of relativity and its absurd views ofphysics and cosmology.

In XIX, John Keely performed extensiveexperiments in engineering the aether includingproducing various gravity phenomena,controlled breakdown of matter into aether andthen using the aether in experiments, etc. FromDavidson's research over 35 years, theexistence of the aether is a reality. It led him tocharacterize the aether as follows:

1. A superfluidic particulate medium whichpervades all space.2. A medium, which in its various modes, is thebuilding block of the physical universe.3. A medium, which, in one of its modes, isresponsible for gravity and inertia.4. A medium which is controllable by our mindand can be manipulated my our thoughts.5. A medium which can be controlled bygeometric shapes.

The charge of matter is due to its interchangewith aether. The electron as well as the othersubatomic particles is basically self sustainingvortices in a fluidic particulate aether.

Charge represents a difference in concentrationof the aether between two points. Mass (i.e.,atomic particles) is made of aether, aethercontinually flows into and out of the particlesas vortices, and the charge is due to its being ata different concentration of aether a apoint intime and space than the local aetherconcentration.

The electron is a vortex of aether caught in arotating standing wave due to the vibratingflow of aether which flows into and out of theatom's nucleus.

Atomic structure builds according to the rulesof geometry and the basic polarity of atomicparticles. Polarities are the result of aethericflows into and out of matter.

John Ernst Worrel Keely was the first subatomic physicist. His basic elucidation ofatomic structure was derived from hisdevelopment of the science of vibratoryphysics. One of his basic discoveries was thatof the substructure of the proton3.

He discovered it was a vortex made of threesub nuclear particles, also vortexes.

Further research led him to the idea that thisthree particle substructure continued down tosmaller and smaller level of particles within eachparticle. Keely claimed to have learned tocontrol the substructure 27 levels down fromthe basic proton. The Keely atom is depicted ina stylized format in Fig. 3.

The first level of substructure was finallytheorized in the orthodox community byFeynman in 1958. Keely's discovery

Fig. 3. Keely's "Atom" Showing the Substructureof the Neutron


antedated Feynman by over 60 years!Feynman called the three particles makingup the proton quarks.

The gravitation constant as grad E correlateswith the seminal work by T. Townsend Brown.Brown discovered that a capacitor will tend tomove in the direction of the positive plate.Apparent weight loss is the result when theplates are perpendicular to the local gravitygradient. This effect can be enhanced by makingone plate much smaller than the other plate.This essentially forces the grad E to maximize.It should be noted that grad E is independentof whether the field is AC or DC. Experimentshave shown that even with this enhancementthe capacitor does not have all its apparentweight nullified and levitate.

(The editor's note: Our researches haveshown that gradient E produced due to theproperties of the dielectric's material is a moreperspective method. A. Frolov)

The reason for this can be found again in thenuclear particle's relationship with the aether.Even though each atom is in constant resonancewith the aether this resonance is notsynchronized across the mass4. Each atom isdoing its own thing, so to speak, and there is arandom interchange with the aether withrespect to all the nuclei.

Thus, when a grad E acts as an aether pumpacross the capacitor plates only a small portionof the atoms become synchronized to thisaetheric flow so the entire mass does notrespond at the same time; therefore, all theatoms don't try and move at the same time.

Analysis of various apparently disconnectedevents where levitation was witnessed providessome important clues to a means of effectingsynchronization of the nuclei.

Synchronization of the nuclei with the aetherhas been achieved by two main methods;namely, rotation or movement and sonically.

Analysis of the phenomenon of inertia providesthe major clue to how rotation could act tosynchronize the flow of aether into the nuclearsub structure of the gravitors.

The Detection of Aetheric Gravity FlowUsing Dielectrics

It should be obvious that the larger the massthe more aether which flows into the atomicstructure of the mass. Mass is both radiatingand absorbing aetheric energy.

Other mass in the vicinity will causeperturbations in this aetheric flow. Because ofthis fact, aetheric flow detectors can beconstructed by taking advantage of thisprinciple.

Davidson's first working gravity or localaetheric stress/flow detector wasdemonstrated at the 1990 ExtraordinaryScience Conference in Colorado Springs,Colorado. The basic principle of the gravitydetector is the fact that the electronic chargestructure of a given mass is a function of theamount of aether flowing into the mass. Thecharge around the atom is governed by theamount of aether flowing into and out of themass. His reasoning was that dielectrics wouldmake the best aetheric flow detector. Indielectrics the electronic charge is isolated andtrapped within the dielectric material since thecharge cannot flow and dissipate. By using ahigh dielectric such as titanate zirconate orbarium titanate the amount of charge changeis directly readable by putting electrodes oneach pole of a polarized dielectric.

Davidson's first detector circuit used apicoamplifier attached to the electrodes toamplify the signal. Then the voltage/current

Fig. 4. Gravity Sensor Data Example.Data from July 11, 1991 Solar Eclipse


changes across the dielectric are easilymeasured directly by a voltmeter.

Fig. 4 depicts the output of the gravitydetector circuit as a graph of localgravitational stress (i.e., aetheric stress). Thegraph readily shows the daily swing ofaetheric flow on the dielectric material as thesun and moon affects the earth's gravity fieldand gravity flows into the earth.

The data was taken during a solar eclipse andshows the effect of local aetheric field stressdropping during the period of the eclipse.

Experiments with the dielectric detectorsshowed they tend to be noisy and susceptibleto temperature, light, and sound pressure. If youare going to experiment with this type ofgravity detector be sure to isolate the dielectricfrom temperature swings, light and sound.

The Detection of Aetheric Gravity Flow Using

DNC Coil

When discussing Davidson’s results ofgravitational energies (i.e., aether stressflows), his fellow gravity researcher, Joe Parr,mentioned he had similar results withdielectrics and had accidentally discovered abetter detector.

Parr used a strange coil to which he attachedthe moniker "Do Nothing Coil" (DNC). TheDNC would detect the aetheric gravity flowwithout the bothersome temperature,photonic, and sonic noise effects.

Joe called the coil "do nothing" because it didnot respond in any significant manner tomagnetic or electrical signals from DC toabout 300 Ghz. By accident he discoveredthat the coil's resistance changed during a 24hour period.

The DNC coil consists of about 8000 turnsof number 34 copper wire wound on a plastichoop. In Davidson’s duplication of the DNCcoil he got a Hula Hoop and cut it open,removed the plastic noise maker beads, andshortened the tubing length to make a plasticloop 19 inches in diameter (i.e., center of toroidon one side to center of toroid in other side).

To wind the coil, Davidson set the coil form andwire and electrician tape on the coffee table infront of the TV set and whenever he waswatching TV he would wind a couple of hundredturns on the loop and cover the turns with blackelectrician tape to keep the coil in place. Aftera couple of months he finally had wound theDNC coil. A BNC connector on the two endsof the coil completed the job.

Resistance changed daily. The change inresistance is a direct readout of the localaetheric stress flow changes.

Resistance changes in the coil because theatomic lattice electronic charge of the metal inthe wire changes as more or less aether isflowing in the nuclei of the coils atoms. Duringthe course of a 24 hour period the sun, moon,planets as well as the stars put differing stresslevels on the earth's aetheric field whichdirectly affects the flow rate into the nucleus.

(The editor's note: In Russia. theseexperiments are known according to theworks of N.A. Kozyrev, 1947 – 1989)

Fig. 5. Parr Gravity Wheel Experiment Design


The Parr Gravity Wheel Experiment

Around the periphery of the wheel are coppertriangular shapes. When the motor spins thewheel the copper triangles move betweenpermanent magnets mounted statically oneither side of the wheel. This new experimentalset up is depicted in Fig. 5.

Davidson had been following Joe Parr'sexperiments over a several year period and,with Joe Parr's assistance, built a duplicateexperiment.

The shaft must be oriented east�west. A negativeion source is set within a few feet of the spinningwheel to feed the force fields which form aroundthe copper triangles on gravity wheel.

The experiment is set on a delicate scale whichmeasures accurate to 0.5 grams. The staticweight of Davidson's experimental setup isabout 1200 grams. Joe Parr's version is about1800 grams. The experiment used machinedmaplewood to hold the motor and shaft, andthe stanchions which hold the magnets andParr's experiment was made of machinedaluminum.

During experimental operations the weight ofthe experiment can drop from 0 to 6.5 grams.When one considers that the gravity wheel withthe copper triangles weighs about 24 grams thetotal normal operational levitation effect is onthe order of 25% weight loss. This by itself in aremarkable experimental effect and deservesacute attention.

The scale which is used in the experiment is anOhaus Precision Plus purchased from ColeParmer. The scale can measure accuratelywithin 0.1 grams over a range of 0�4000 grams.The scale has an RS�232 serial interface whichallows the scale to be interfaced to a printer orcomputer.

The scale outputs the weight continuouslyexcept when there is a scale upset. The upsetweight can be varied and it was set at themaximum of 5 grams. This means that if thescale weight is changed more than 5 gramswithin a couple of milliseconds then the RS�232 interface stops outputting the weight.

Davidson’s preliminary hookup of the scalewas to a computer; however, the intenseforcefield which builds up around theexperiment destroyed two computerinterface cards. Since the RS�232 interfacestops outputting data on a scale upset, theserial output of the scale was converted to avoltage level and used as an indicator.

When the voltage drops, a scale upset hasoccurred. The voltage level was/is interfacedinto a pulse counter. This provides a count ofscale upsets greater than 5 grams. If the 6.5gram weight loss is added to the 5 gram upset,we are looking at about a 50% weight loss ofthe gravity wheel. Joe Parr's data showed acorrelated hit with Davidson’s experiment'sdata on April 11th.

There are two basic types of force fields builtup in and around the experiment. There is anovoid shaped forcefield around each of thecopper triangles.

When these small force fields build up inintensity they cause a drag on the motorwhich can be plainly heard in the lab. There isa larger forcefield which builds up around theentire experiment setup.

What seems to be happening is the earthmoves through energy conduits which gofrom our sun to other planets and starsystems. When the gravity wheel experimentcrosses one of these energy conduits, theforcefield around the copper trianglesintensifies to the extent that the bubble startsmoving either toward the conduit or awayfrom the conduit very rapidly and a scaleupset occurs.

Attempts at simulating the energy conduitthus far have failed. Davidson and hiscollegues are in the process of evaluating thedata and they have found some correlationwith planetary and stellar conjunctions wherethe earth gets lined up with other planets orstars and our sun.

The data analysis is currently in its infancyso Davidson can make no statements of solidfact other than that they are getting somevery impressive gravitational effects.


water

water

Fig. 1

A water-lifting deviceA new source of inexhaustible, ecologically clean and

powerful energy

V.V. Marukhin, [email protected]

In 1775, an article by J. Whitehurst containinga description of a device, which was inventedand designed by him in 1772, appeared in aBritish magazine. The device of J. Whitehurstallowed water lifting from a small height to aconsiderable height without any additionalpower supply due to the use of a so calledpotential energy of water and due to a so called"hydraulic blow" effect. But the device couldnot operate in the completely autonomousmode. This disadvantage was removed by aninventor of a balloon, a FrenchmanJ.Montgolfier, in 1776. In 1797, he obtained apatent for his invention. In the same 1979,M.Bulton from England obtained a patent forthe same device. In 1809, J. Cerneay andS.Hallet obtained a similar patent in America.And already in 1834, an American,H.Strawbridge, put an industrial model of thesimilar device into mass production.

It is considered that it was the device inventedby J. Montgolfier, which was then called a"hydraulic ram".

As a rule, Montgolfier's "hydraulic ram" (Fig.1)consists of a water reservoir 1, a force pipe 2, animpact valve 3, pressure valve 5, an air chamber4, and a draft tube 6.

Its operation happens as follows: water fromwater reservoir 1 goes by force pipe 2 to openimpact valve 3 and, under pressure h, flows outwith an increasing speed. Under some waterspeed, a pressure to the impact valve exceedsthe force keeping the valve open (for example,a spring force), closes it and blocks water's wayout. An abrupt halt of moving water and the socalled "hydraulic blow" occurs. In the space ofthe force pipe, from impact valve 3 to pressurevalve 5, the water pressure almost momentarilyincreases up to a value, which coincides with H,and, due to this, the pressure valve opens.

However, water spends only a part of its speedfor the pressure increase. Using the residuaryspeed, it goes to air chamber 4 through theopening pressure valve. In the air chamber, theresiduary air volume is also pressed up to thepressure, which coincides with water pressureH. In its turn, water from the chamber, underthe same pressure, goes by draft tube 6 toheight H to a consumer.

After a time, the residuary speed in the reservoiris totally spent on the maintenance of theincreased pressure in the reservoir. After that,the water pressure under the valves decreasesa little lower than the atmosphere one. As aresult, the existing increased pressure in the airchamber closes the pressure valve while the lowpressure under the impact valve and an openingmechanism (for example, a compressed spring)allow the impact valve to open. Thus, allconstruction returns to the initial state and theprocess repeats. As a result, under certainstandards of components' production, watercan raise at rated altitude H continuously inthe autonomous mode for many years.

Moving parts of the hydraulic ram – two valves– are designed in such a way that the pressureincreases in the reservoir, closes the impact


valve and opens the pressure one while thepressure decrease influences the reversesequence. All meaning of the device's operationis that it raises water volume qH at height Husing water volume's energy q.

However, the "hydraulic ram", as the water liftingdevice, has a very important disadvantage.

In order to obtain the water increase, it isnecessary to discharge a certain amount ofwater qk=q�qH. Water flowing out of theimpact valve must quickly vacate a place for anew portion of water, which will flow out duringthe next cycle. If water at the outlet of the drainhole will gather somehow, an insuperableresistance for water flow out will form and, as aresult, the water acceleration in the force pipewill be broken and then stop.

As a result, the given device being in thesubmerged state, i.e. submerged in water,cannot operate. This prevents its use in the flatcountry with open reservoirs and on riverswithout slopes or without dams.

Besides that, the "hydraulic ram" attractedattention of scientific theorists and experts byits originality and operation simplicity. Duringthe XIX century, many theoretical researchesof the "hydraulic ram" were carried out but, until1900, they all rested on the fact that the theoryof a "hydraulic blow" in pipes had been unknownand, therefore, gave no correct results. As earlyas in 1804, Eitelvein from Germany carried outmore than 1,000 experiments and published anumber of empirical conclusions and formulas.Most of them, as it was found out already atthat time, were not suitable for designing.

The fact of existence of the "hydraulic blow" effectwas known as early as in the XVIII century, but aright theory was developed for the first time by aRussian scientist, N.E. Zhukovsky. ProfessorZhukovsky checked and confirmed his theoreticalconclusions by special experiments in 1897�1898.In 1898, his theory was first published in"Bulletins of Polytechnic Society".

In 1901, an Italian engineer Alievi publishedalmost the same theory of the "hydraulic blow"but in relation to pipelines of different power�plants.

However, the experiments carried out byZhukovsky and, later, by other researchers fromother countries completely proved the accuracyof basic concepts of Zhukovsky’s theory. But thistheory, even after its publication, did not obtainproper acknowledgement. Researchers andenthusiasts of the "hydraulic ram", as usual,from year to year, carried out experiments andfound different non�generalized formulas fortheir purposes.

The "hydraulic ram" was developed under thename of «ram�pump» in melioration and inprivate life as a device for free water lifting inAmerica, Australia and other western countries.Today there are several dozen small companiesspecializing in the production and sale of the«ram�pump» in these countries. SearchingInternet for words "hydraulic ram" or «ram�pump» by different search engines, it is possibleto find not only these companies but also somepublications on this subject. Many companiesuse only their own formulas installing their«ram�pumps».

In Russia, right after the publication of the"hydraulic blow" theory by Zhukovsky, the workon the creation and development of the "hydraulicram" theory was successfully continued by hisdisciples and following: B. Bubekin, B. Bahmetiev,S. Chistopolsky. For example, ProfessorZhukovsky created the right scheme of the"ram's" operation during water delivery relyingon the results of special experiments carried outby B. Bubekin from 1903 to 1907 and described itin a report on "The new hydraulic ram theory" inMathematical Society on the 18th of September1907. Later on, Professor B. Bahmetiev gave theright interpretation of the water accelerationperiod in researches by Navler and Harza in hiswork "Introduction to the research of theunbalanced liquid flow" on the basis of the sametheory of Zhukovsky. However, it was ProfessorS. Chistopolsky who finally combined theory andpractice in his work "A hydraulic ram" in 1930.He created the first and, to present day, the onlyknown and reliable method of the theoreticalcalculation. This method was, and is, completelyconfirmed by the results of numerous tests.

Unfortunately, the "hydraulic ram", as thedevice for free water lifting, was undeservedlyforgotten as petroleum production has been


developed, despite the fact that, before thefifties, there were plants producing a lot of thesedevices for melioration in Russia. Only oneremark about this device is left in the Big SovietEncyclopedia. Almost all engineers and scientists,who were educated in the USSR and worked withhydrodynamics or at hydroelectric powerstations, as a rule, heard nothing and knownothing about this device. The concept of the"hydraulic blow", as applied to water�pipes,exists in theory, in industry, in text�books andin the specialized literature but the concept ofthe "hydraulic ram" became identified with adevice able to clean pipes and ship's bottom bythe "hydraulic blow" or hole by water. All workson the "hydraulic blow" by N. Zhukovsky, B.Bubekin, B. Bahmetiev, and S. Chistopolskyhave been forgotten. And only recently, obviously,in connection with the fact that people are talkingabout the possibility of the forthcoming oil crises'approach, isolated inventors, who found, to theirsurprise, information about this device, tried itsreanimation. An inventor, G. Rogozin,progressed even more. He was the first tosuggest a combination of the "hydraulic ram"and a water turbine connected with anelectric generator. This was, as a matter offact, the first public statement that this waterlifting device can be used also as an energysource. According to his estimations, such acombination makes the water turbine workwith water flows, which cannot be used by italone. This constructive combination wouldallow producing electric energy using smallrivers, streams and reservoirs with a smallhydro�electric system, which has no prospectsand cannot be used by traditional hydroelectricpower stations. However, his estimationsincluding estimations of the "hydraulic ram's"parameters are also based mainly on his ownseries of experiments.

As such a science as hydraulic gas dynamicsappeared and has been developing, during all theseyears, in different countries, where the "hydraulicram" was not forgotten, there were numerousattempts to find the accurate development of themain existing hydrodynamic equations in orderto explain the existent processes and find optimalcharacteristics. But such a development for anunstable flow or, as is customary, a nonstationarystream, which is a process of water flow in the"hydraulic ram", is possible only by numerical

methods. In order to use them, it is necessary toknow a lot of the beforehand unknown input data.Due to this, such attempts were unsuccessful. Itis confirmed by the fact that many differentpatents for modernization of this device have beenobtained. They did not concern change orimprovement of its operation principle. However,the "hydraulic ram" theory stated in S.Chistopolsky'swork is sufficient for understanding, which factorsand which parameters influence the "hydraulic ram"operation and also for making a comprehensiveanalysis.

This theory, which was many times proved inpractice and considerably augmented by theauthor, underlies a proof of existence of anotherhydrodynamic system of water acceleration, i.e. aproof of existence of another water lifting device,which can have no water discharge at all.

Imagine a pipe, which is attached to a basis of awater reservoir and closed from both sides.There is a solid bottom, on the one side of thepipe, and there is a thin�wall membrane, whichrestricts water, on the other side, where thewater reservoir is located. Under the certaindesign pressure, the membrane will break andthe water flow with an accelerating speed willgo to the closed pipe from the reservoir. If thereis no air in the pipe or it is somehow freelyreplaced by water, the effect of the "hydraulicblow" will also appear when water reaches thepipe's bottom or its considerably restrictedpart in the end. If the pipe's bottom has, as the"hydraulic ram", a pressure valve, which opensunder certain pressure, the "hydraulic blow"process will provide for the same pumping. The"air blast" with the increased pressure zone willgo towards the water flow stretching the pipe'swalls by an excessive pressure and providing,therefore, for water coming in through thepressure valve. Reflecting from water locatingin the reservoir, the "air�blast" will move to thepipe's bottom again. During the "air blast"motion toward the pressure valve, as in the"hydraulic ram", decrease of the static pressurewill occur in a zone from the pipe's inlet to the"air�blast" front. Such a motion with therecurring pressure increase and decrease willrepeat many times until the water lift locatedin the pipe uses up its kinetic energy. In a certainamount of time, a certain quantity of water willgo to chamber 4.


water water

Fig. 2

The same process will happen, if opening valve3 will be installed at the pipe's inlet instead ofthe membrane, as it is shown on Fig. 2.

However, if this valve will be designed reverse,i.e. closing from the direction of pipe's bottom7, during contact with the very first "air blast",which moves towards the water flow andcreating a zone of the increased pressure behind,the valve will tend to close due to the pressuredifference. To a greater or lesser extent, it willbegin to block the water flow going through it. Amathematical research of such a hydrodynamicscheme, an introduction into the theory of thereal mechanism of the valves' closing andopening, taking into account their inertia, showthat, under a certain design of valve 3 andcertain initial parameters, the closing processcan happen in such a way that the valve will notonly close before the first "air blast" but alsostay in the closed state until the excessivepressure influences in pipe 7 under pressurevalve 5. As a result, conditions can be createdthat valve 3 will completely block the waterflow for some time. After gathering a certainspeed, the blocked water lift in pipe 7 has tocontinue its motion to chamber 4 mechanically.

Thus, the strength of water pressure for waterpumping to the camber can be substituted bythe equivalent inertia. However, unlike the“hydraulic ram”, due to the fact that valve 3 isclosed, each portion of water pumped in thechamber must cause losses of the whole waterlift’s mass, which cannot be made up. Due tothis, in pipe 7, from the side of closed valve 3, adilution zone with a pressure close to 0 mustappear from the moment of the beginning ofthe first reflected “air blast” motion. Only a part

of solute gases can be there. The zone’s lengthwill increase during the pumping. Due to thewater pumping in the chamber, like in the“hydraulic ram”, a difference of the initial andfinal kinetic energy will change to the potentialenergy of water, which came to the chamber.As a result, in both cases, the excess pressure inthe chamber must close the pressure valve andan almost total absence of pressure in pipe 7during the water lift destruction must openvalve 3, which experiences the static waterpressure from the side of pipe 2. Water will flowagain through opening valve 3 to pipe 7. Itsvolume during flowing in will be exactly thesame as the volume of the “zero” pressure zoneor, as it is said in hydrodynamics, the “lift�off”area. A speed of this water can reach the initialone. Thus, all process must automaticallyrepeat.

During the real process of water pumping inthe chamber after valve 3 is closed, all followingreflections of the “air blast” spreading in thedirection of valve 3 must occur from the boundof the “lift�off” area with its length increasing.During this, each portion of the pumped waterwill decrease due to a decrease of the pressureinfluence’s duration under pressure valve 5,because of a decrease of the “air blast”influence’s duration.

As a result of the mathematical description ofthis scheme, taking into account the pumpingmechanism, the mechanism of the pressurechange in the chamber, taking into account alltime characteristics, various losses, peculiaritiesof the horizontal and vertical scheme of waterflowing in, a rather complete theory of such ahydrodynamic scheme has been developed. Itcontains more than 400 formulas and themethod of parameters’ calculation, which isnecessary for the designing. As a result ofengineering research, a necessary design ofvalve 3 was also found. However, such aconstruction can be built only for burial depthsof more than 15 meters due to the fact thatthere are no necessary materials and atechnology for their production in the industry.The obtained mathematical dependencies showthat, in the end of the pumping, a volume of the“lift�off” area is always less than a volume ofthe pumped water in the chamber. As a result,under the same initial parameters, a total


water

water level

water

water level

Depth, m

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

quantity of the water pumped in the chamberwill be less than that in the “hydraulic ram”.However, all pumping period is also shorter.Besides, a dependency of the pressure on thespeed, which was consumed for its production,is more complex in comparison with the“hydraulic ram”. In spite of this, the pressure inthe chamber is always more than the initial butits value is not more than its double initial value.Moreover, certain criteria of the initialparameters exist, which determine conditionsof the automatic repetition of the process. Oneof these necessary conditions is an exactaccordance of the masses of valve 3 and pressurevalve 5 with the initial process’ parameters. Acertain design volume in the chamber for an aircushion and a certain square of the cross�section on the chamber’s outlet for the waterexport must be realized. It should be mentionedthat, from the energy point of view, this schemeconsumes more energy for the operation thanthe net energy produced by it. Thus, theefficiency of this scheme is always less than100%. A kind of the efficiency’s change independence on the depth is shown in Figure 3.

The given scheme can be, obviously, used in thesame conditions as the conditions of the“hydraulic ram” operation. But it can be used,as it was said above, on the lowland rivers, wherethe “hydraulic ram” cannot work.

There are, theoretically, no barriers foroperation of such a water lifting device withouta reservoir 1. In order to do this, it is enough tosubmerge it into water at certain depth h, as itis shown in Fig. 4.

Under these conditions, the scheme becomesan ideal pump of low pressure, which can beused, fir example, in seawater desalters.

However, this scheme has the biggestprospects, as it is shown in Fig. 5, in the eventwhen there is no outlet tube at all or in the case,when there is some short tube’s section with athroat, which is equal to the cross�section ofthe chamber’s outlet port at the chamber’soutlet at depth h

э h. As the obtained

dependencies show, a theoretical dependencyof the pressure in the chamber on the time willbe like it is shown on Fig. 6, under the certainvolume of the air cushion in the chamber and

the certain square of the throat of the outletport in the chamber.

Time of the pressure increase tw and itsabatement tu is always less than 0.1 tH. Duringtime ty < tH, an opening of valve 3, the wateracceleration and energy accumulation occur.This allows considering the average speed ofwater flow out of the chamber during pumpingtime tH as a value, which is very close to somemaximum possible speed.

Thus, a water stream, which is characterized bya certain water consumption and an average


Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

speed, must be periodically formed in the outletof the nozzle once during time tH. The averagewater consumption during time tH canconsiderably exceed the value obtained in the“hydraulic ram”. Hence, according to the lawof impulse conservation, this water stream mustcreate a reactive force because valve 3 is closed.

Thus, this design becomes an ideal hydrojetpropulsion engine. Its efficiency, as well as the

efficiency of any pulse system, will bedetermined by a total, in accordance with thetime, force impulse, if there is no force duringtime ty.

Besides, such a water stream per se can producesome yield during time tH. This allows installinga reaction�type hydraulic turbine with aconcatenated electric generator at the chamberoutlet. Therefore, electric energy can be produced.Naturally, the electric generator must be locatedeither in a hermetic chamber or on the watersurface and connected with the turbine by somerotating shaft. Due to the fact that a considerablyshort period of time ty will influence only duringgathering of the design angular velocity by thehydro turbine and generator, the obtained electricpower will be determined only by the hydroelectric machine’s efficiency.

In order to evaluate possibilities of this design,calculation results of a ratio of average reactiveforce Rcp and electrical power Ncp to a squareof the inlet port of the device from burial depthh under a certain acceptable design size of pipe 7and valve 3 are given on Fig. 7, 8. The calculationresults show that there is a certain maximum atdepths of approximately 450�650 meters.

Thus, this scheme can theoretically provide forany thrust and any electrical power. In order todo this, only the certain square of the inlet portis needed.

Depth, m

Depth, m


Fig. 9 Fig. 10

Fig. 11 Fig. 12

Using the given scheme in generatorengineering, it seems possible to create a singlepower module of any electric output power.Taking it as a base, it will be possible to gather asea submarine or pool hydroelectric powerstation of any power consisting of a number ofsuch modules. As an example, one ofconstructive variants of such a module with adesign electric output power of approximately315 kW and its possible size are given on Fig. 9.Its batch assembling (1) included in a coastalhydroelectric power station with a power ofapproximately 31.5 MW located at a depth ofapproximately 16.5 m is given on Fig. 10. Drivecable outlets (2) and current control units (3)can be located directly on the coast.

The same hydroelectric power station canprovide for a power of approximately 150 MWat a depth of approximately 50 m and a power

of approximately 320 MW at a depth ofapproximately 100 m.

The power module based on the samehydrodynamic scheme but located vertically inwater, as it is shown on Fig. 11, 12, requiresbigger depth and the same power. Such amodule consisting of given water lifting device(6), hydro turbine (5), and electric generator(4) needs less area for its location. It can be, forexample, simply hanged in water reservoir (1)by rope (3). The water reservoir can be made inthe form of a closed cylinder tube installed inan underground well.

The vertical location of the module makes itsimpler to use it in regions where there are nodeep water resources because it allows usingsmaller volumes of the required water.


Fig. 13

Fig. 14 Fig. 15

The theoretical calculations’ results of the givenscheme and the developed method of itsdesigning were confirmed by experimentalresearches. In 2003, an experimental desk�sizepower module has been developed, built andtested in Spain. It consisted of an analyticalmodel of the horizontal construction, a hydroturbine, and an electric generator for testing ata depth of approximately 50 meters.

The given module had a design electric outputpower of approximately 97.4 kW. As the mainparts (the chamber, pipes 2, 7 etc.) of the schemeand the pressure control units in the chamber, aset of construct elements of the certainseawater desalter shown on Fig. 13 had beenused. The chamber’s volume, the pipe’s size, thevalves’ fittings had been selected taking into

account their compatibility together withminimal redesign costs. A reaction�typehydraulic turbine produce by a Dutch company«Energi Teknikk, A/S» had been used as ahydraulic turbine. It had been speciallymodernized for an inlet pressure ofapproximately 33 meters. The hydraulicturbine is shown on Fig. 14.

An AC synchronous generator with a voltagerating of approximately 6 kV and a powerrating of approximately 100 kW with anautomatic frequency and pressure adjustmenthad been used as the electric generator. Aballast ohmic resistance by strong wind powergenerators had been used as a load.

All parts of this power module, registeringequipment of the chamber pressure, a self�contained power source for the equipment, thehydraulic turbine and the electric generatorwere assembled in a hermetic container, whichhad a flanged joint for pipe splicing in the frontpart and a hatch for flowing out of the usedwater in the upper part. There were additionalhermetic hatches in the container. Theyprovided for access to the valves if their manualadjustment was necessary. The container designprovided for splicing of acceleration andpressure pipes of any length and, if necessary,quick change of them. The appearance of thecontainer with the given power module is shownon Fig. 15.

The tests were carried out by putting thiscontainer by the rope from a ship at thespecified depth. Several test series have beencarried out.


Fig. 16

theory

experiment

As a result of a certain updating of the valves’weight, a stable self�running operation mode wasobtained at this depth after some tests. Processingof the chamber’s excess pressure oscillogram gaveaverage results shown on Fig. 16.

As a result, a direct measurement of theproduced electric pressure showed a voltagevalue of 5.8±0.35 kV while a direct currentmeasurement showed a current of 15.96±0.46a. This coincides with the obtained electricpower of 92.73±8.25. According to the averagevalue, it is less than the theoretical value onlyby approximately 4.8%.

Thus, the new water lifting device, which isper se a new gravity energy transformer, first,can produce any industrial quantity ofecologically clean and powerful electricenergy by the simple and cheap method and,second, according to its power, can substitutethe existing heat and nuclear power stations.

Now there are no problems with wide technicalintroduction of this invention into energy. Itdepends only on investments. A detailedfinancial evaluation shows that, in order todevelop and build such power modules for thepossible hydroelectric power stations based on

it, with a power of more than 100 MW, it is mostadvisable to use the scheme with the verticalmodule’s location, with a unit output power ofapproximately 500 kW. A batch of suchmodules will need a water reservoir with asquare of no more than 4.5 mІ/MW and aheight of 21 meter. A total mass of such amodule using an electric generator “SG2�500�4УЗ» (Russia) and a special reaction�typehydraulic turbine «PHY�500P» (Spain) can beonly 4,840 kg. And its prime cost during serialproduction, taking into account the existingprices, will not exceed 97,200 Euro. Hence, aspecific prime cost of such an energy source canbe only 194.4 Euro/kW, which is minimal of allknown energy sources. General costs of suchhydroelectric power stations’ construction willnot exceed 130 Euro/kW and a payback periodwill be 2 years after the construction beginning.During the after�payback period, it is possibleto lower power rates up to a symbolically smallvalue or sell electric energy at the market costand get not less than 14% of the initial costsper month.

In conclusion, we should mention that theresults of the theoretical and experimentalresearch allowed the article’s author togetherwith other co�authors to obtain Eurasia patent# 005489 and some European patents in 2005.


In summer 1988, an entomologist fromNovosibirsk city, Viktor StepanovichGrebennikov, examined a micro�structure of thelower surface of beetles’ wing case by amicroscope and became interested by “anunusually rhythmic, extremely ordered,incomparable honeycomb, solidmultidimensional composition, which looked asif it was pressed by some complicated automaticmachine”. Studying this amazing micro�patternallowed Grebennikov to design an aircraft of anew kind called “Gravity plane”.

As usually, this discovery was made by chance.Once Grebennikov put a chitin bristle fromsome beetle’s shell under a microscope andwanted to put another one but it slipped outfrom tweezers and… hung in the air. Then thescientist tied some laminae together from thetop by a wire arranging them vertically. It was

impossible to put even a thumbtack on this blockbecause it was thrown up and then aside. Whenthe thumbtack was forcefully fixed to the chitinblock from the top, it was lifted and, for amoment, completely disappeared!

Grebennikov discovered a bio�antigravityeffect in 1988 and then, during 3 years, studiedit from many sides, developed the platform’sdesigns, carried out experiments. Together withProfessor V. Zolotarev, he sent a patentapplication. Finally, in 1991, Grebennikov builthis gravity�plane and started flying by anoiseless aircraft, which reached a speed of1,500�2,400 km/hour. The aircraft wasinertialess and almost invisible from below.People, who observed it from ground, saw,instead of it, a light sphere or a disc or a cloudwith sharply outlined edges.

It is unnecessary to say that this was discoverednot yesterday but in 1980ies. Grebennikovtried to rouse interest of “real” scientists but itwas useless. Nobody wanted to talk to him. In

An anti-gravity platform ofV.S. Grebennikov

We publish materials from http://gragons-matrix.narod.ru. The site’s author writesunder the pseudonym of Dragon’s Lord. His ideas are interesting enough for an

inquisitive reader to analyze them.

Fig. 1. Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov

Fig. 2. A wing and a wing case of Cetonia. Inmany parts of his book, Grebennikov describes

remarkable properties of wing cases ofscarabaeus, bronze poplar borer and especiallyCetonia. Among five species of bronze poplar

borer, almost all have the CHAOTIC-HONEYCOMB pattern on the INTERNAL side of

wing cases.


April 2001, Grebennikov died of a stroke. Abook called “My world” written by him in 1997remained. There is a full variant of the book inInternet at http://bronzovka.narod.ru.

Grebennikov studied an effect of cavitarystructures of insects. He gave this name to amysterious radiation emanated from theirnests.

In chapter 5�1 of the book, Grebennikov writes:«I have only a handful of old clay lumps,fragments of these nests, with numerous smallrooms�cells. The cells were located side by sideand looked like small thimbles or, more likely,small jugs with smoothly narrowing beaks. I’vealready knew that these bees belonged tospecies of Halictus – according to the numberof light rings on their oblong bellies. There wasa wide vessel filled with these spongy clay lumpson my working table, which was jammed withinstruments, ant and grasshopper houses, vialswith chemical agents and other things. I had totake something and I brought my hand abovethese spongy fragments. And a miraclehappened: I suddenly felt heat above them… Itouched the lumps by the hand – they were cold.But I obviously felt heat above them.Moreover, I felt unknown pushes, bounce,“tick” in my fingers”.

This radiation cannot be screened. Grebennikovwrote: “I put a piece of cardboard on top – thefeelings were the same. I put a pan’s lid but ithad no effect: this “something” ran through thebarrier. I should immediately study thisphenomenon. But the instruments did not react

Fig. 3. Grebennikov’s flying platform


at all: neither finest thermometers, norultrasound recorders, electrometers normagnetometers. But usual human hands (andnot only mine hands!) obviously felt either heator cold wind or ticks or a denser medium abovethe nests. Some people’s hands became heavier,other people’s hands were pushed up; somepeople’s fingers grew numb, fore arm’s musclesfelt spasms, some people felt giddy, secretedsaliva voluminously”.

But how did V. Grebennikov came to the ideaof his aircraft? Let us read further: “In summer1988, I watched by microscope chitin shells ofinsects, their fleecy antennae, butterfly wings’lamellae of finest structure, open�work of shadmooneye’s wings with bright play and otherNatural Patents. I was interested in anunusually rhythmic micro�structure of someparts of rather big insects. This was anextremely ordered composition, which lookedas if it had been pressed by some complicatedautomatic machine according to special designsand calculations. In my opinion, thisincomparable cellular structure wasnecessary neither for strength nor fordecoration of this part.

I did not notice something even resemblingsuch an unusual amazing micro�pattern neitheron other insects’ parts nor in the rest of nature,nor in technology nor in art. Due to the factthat it was multi�dimensional, I could not copyit in a flat drawing or a photograph. Why doesan insect have this? This structure is located inthe bottom of wing cases and is almost alwayshidden. It can be seen only when an insect fliesbut who can do this?

I suspected that this can be a wave beaconhaving “my” effect of multi�cavitary structures.During this really happy summer, there were alot of insects of this species and I caught themusing light in the evenings. Neither before norafter that, I observed neither such a greatnumber of them or even single individuals.

I put a small concave chitin lamella on amicroscope table in order to watch its strangecells using strong magnification once more. Ilooked at a regular masterpiece of Nature�jeweler and, without any purpose, put anotherlamella with these unusual cells located on oneof its sides on the first lamella by tweezers.

But the part was pulled out the tweezers, hungin the air for some seconds under the lamella,which lay on the microscope table, rotatedclockwise, moved – in the air! � to the right,rotated anticlockwise, swung and only thenquickly fall on the table.

A reader can only imagine what I felt thatmoment… After coming to consciousness, I tiedsome lamellae by a piece of wire. It was difficultand possible only if I took them vertically. So, Imade a kind of a multilayer chitin “block”. I putit on a table. Even such a comparatively heavything as a thumbtack could not lie on it:something pulled it up and then aside. I fixedthe thumbtack to the top of the “block” andthen so unbelievable things began to happen(particularly, the thumbtack completelydisappeared for a moment) that I understoodthat this is not a beacon but some Other thing.

I was excited again and, due to agitation,everything around me was like in mist; but Icould calm down and, in two hours, couldcontinue working… Everything began from thisaccident.”

Fig. 4. A picture from the sixth chapter of “Myworld” book


Fig. 6. Multi-cell structures of insects magnified by an electronic microscopeby hundreds and thousands times

Fig. 5. “These strange, extraordinary fine and complex instruments and devices ofinsects are used not only for senses of touch, smell, vision, sound but they alsoreceive or generate electronic waves while some of them hamper the Earth’s

gravity. The picture was made by an electronic microscope.”

Did you pay attention to magical words “…and some of them oppose to the Earth’s attraction…”? It isreally strange that “…strange stellate cells…” cannot be seen on them though “…the unusually rhythmmicro�structure… extremely ordered composition looking as if it had been pressed by some complicatedautomatic machine according to special designs and calculations… incomparable sponginess…” isobviously seen on the third photograph. However, if we remember Grebennikov’s remark: “…I did notnotice something even resembling such an unusual amazing micro�pattern neither on other insects’parts nor in the rest of nature, nor in technology nor in art…”. Usual hexagon honeycombs can beobserved. Or does Grebennikov want to say that honeycombs (as in experiments on production ofthe effect of cavitary structures � ECS) are a simplified example of this complicated pattern and theantigravity effect can be observed already in such a simple structure? Here are more photographs ofhoneycombs:

These are the only photographs in the book, where “…strange stellate cells…” can be seen. Possibly, it isthe construction’s prototype. At least, this is something very close. We can suppose that these arehoneycombs (on micro�level) and an element with a star consisting of multi�layer mesh of cells isformed. Just like on the photographs.


And, in two years of laborious work, a gravityplane shown on Fig. 3 appeared: an aircraft withamazing characteristics. It is invisible, need notraditional engine as we imagine it, and has nowings or a propeller. It is noiseless; easily reacha safe flight speed of 1500 km/h, which is notfelt by a pilot: there are no either inertiaproperties of a moving body or heat influenceof the environmental air to the aircraft, ordynamic pressure or other effects. It also has avery simple design: a post with two handlesplaced on an opened platform.

A detective story

In 1992, in “Molodost Sibiri” newspaper, a pre�release of Grebennikov’s book “My world” waspublished. The photographs of Grebennikovflying by his platform were published in thearticle for the first time. The photographs werealso published in “Tehnika molodezhi” magazine.

From bad to worse, it was written in a “Tehnikamolodezhi” article that total volume of thebook was meant to be 500 pages and 400 colorfulimages. In the same article, it is written thatthe aircraft principles, heights and outfit willbe given in “My world”. Grebennikov was goingto completely describe his invention. The wholebook was aimed at it. But proofreaders and aneditor (and, possibly, the according authorities)explained Grebennikov that it is forbidden topublish such information.

So, Grebennikov had to remove fragments ofthe text and patch it up. This is why a lot ofhints and keys remained in the book. In orderto completely remove information on theplatform, he had to rewrite the whole book!Two photographs with Grebennikov’s flightwere left in the book because they were alreadyknown to people. As a result, the book’s totalvolume was more than 300 pages and there werea lot of inappropriate butterfly images in theend of the 5th chapter”.

Though Grebennikov could not publish theinvention’s description, he tried to tell readersfundamentals of his inventions by hints(because, in 1990ies, he WANTED to tell thisto the world and, only in 2000ies, after hebecame ill, he began to reduce the informationconsidering it dangerous for people’s health).

In the “Tehnika molodezhi” article, it waswritten that Grebennikov had demonstratedhis platform in a museum (in Siberian ResearchInstitute of Agriculture and AgriculturalChemistry) FOR EVERYONE! Possibly, a bigcolorful photograph of the aircraft was takenin the museum. If it is so, there must be eye�witnesses who saw the aircraft. There must bea lot of them.

A real device was made in one copy anddisappeared after Grebennikov’s death.However, in the mentioned above museum, amodel of the device made by Grebennikovremained. Actually, only the post remained. Theboard was stolen, the post was roughly pulledout, all plaster wing nuts were broken –apparently, they tried to untwist them!Everything – buttons, toggle, right handle ofthe handle bar – was made of playdough, plasterand papier�mache and then covered with silverpaint. Grebennikov obviously tried toreproduce an appearance of the real device withmaximal accuracy because it is much easier touse real wings nuts in the model. In this case,however, plaster copies were made using thereal board. It is a pity that the lower part of theplatform, i.e. the board, was lost. It couldcontain copies of block�boards’ parts andmirrored a real scheme of kinematic blindcontrol. If we could look at the control scheme,it would be possible to remove many versionsconsidering antigravity production principle.A range of questions would narrow…

The device

A fine analysis of a possible design ofGrebennikov’s platform is published at http://dragon�matrix.narod.ru/ (it is not real but asupposed design).

The platform’s post (the handle bar)

The first handle bar’s section is a T�shapedwelded construction with a lot of buttons, signalindicators (light�emitting diodes) and even anelectrical toggle. The instrument at the handlebar’s center is an altitude meter.

An electrical snap�action (two�position) toggle(5) is used for turning on board electricalequipment (signal light�emitting diodes) and,


Fig. 7. A scheme of elements of the first (upper) post’s elbow

possibly, additionally, for “permission” of motordevice operation process.

At the left of the altitude meter, opposite tothe toggle, the electrical button�starter (3) islocated. Grebennikov pushed it when the devicestill stood on the ground (right before take�off).Pushing the button, a condenser plate in themotor device is charged by a high potential. Onthe end of the left handle, another light�emitting diode (1 – traditionally, it is called“green”, in order to distinguish it). It showscharge presence on the motor device’scondenser plate and, possibly, a charge degreeof the plate (by different brightness of glow).

In the opposite direction, on the end of the righthandle, two light�emitting diodes are placed: red(8) and white (7). They are directly connectedto plug�and�sockets placed in mechanical unitsof joining�separation and change of blinds’tilting. The white light�emitting diode inducesstraight motion while the red one induces quickslowdown.

Left rotary handle (2) controls blindsseparation with increase of an active surface –a vertical traction. The right one (6) controlschange of rotation angle of every blinds’ platearound the long axis – a horizontal traction.

Two mechanical buttons�catchers (14, 9)directed at a pilot’s belly are placed lower thanthe toggle and the button�starter. They areconnected to the rotary arms according to“push and turn” principle. In order to turn thearm, it is necessary to press an according buttonby a thumb (to release the arm’s motion) andthen it is possible to rotate it freely pressingthe button. If you stop pressing the button, thearm will stay fixed in the existing position (withthe given angle). This helps to carry out thehovering mode and choose a fixed height andflight speed (during a long flight time).

All other “convex” elements located at the firsthandle bar’s elbow are retention screws. Thereare no control and diagnostics elements exceptthe mentioned ones. The most interesting thingis that the upper (right) handle bar’s sectionTURNS like a handle bar of a standard bike (!)controlling a mechanism of the platformrotation (unsynchronism of the symmetricblock�boards’ rotation). A rotary effort istransferred by a flexible elastic cable (with adiameter of about 10 mm). The biggest screwon the handle bar (13) located under thealtitude meter in the center is a bonding of thiscable. Bonding of the whole post to theplatform, this rotary cable is set into a centralsocket (the biggest one on the photograph,


where Grebennikov keeps his suitcase).“Loosening screw�nuts on the control post, Ishorten it like an antenna of a radio set, andtake it (Grebennikov means this cable) out ofthe platform, which is folded in two, due tojoints”.

By the way, the handle bar could rotate. Near abolt of the rotary cable bonding, a cramp is stuck(10). Grebennikov tied himself to it with a belt.The second elbow is not interesting because itis a standard pipe. It is only necessary tomention that it does NOT rotate together withthe first one but is fixed to the third elbow,which, for its turn, is screwed to the fourthimmovable elbow. A wing nut on the first elbow(11) DOES NOT ATTACH the first elbow tothe second one. Instead, it holds a specialbushing, which helps the handle bar to turn.There is a button directed to a pilot on the thirdelbow. It is not a light emitting diode but abutton because Grebennikov painted it thesame brown paint as the post. Who would paintlight emitting diodes which do not light bright?The use of this button will remain unknown,perhaps. And we will not know how the wing

nut on the forth elbow was used (it is located inthe center and directed to a pilot).

The forth elbow ends by perpendicular flange(25, with three bolts), which decreases the “pullout” moment. The lower elbow cannot rotatebecause a device of the lower side rotary arm isstuck to it. A body of the device (17) is aCYLINDRICAL pipe section (it is stuck to thepost horizontally). A free end of the body is cutwith an angle of about 40 degrees and closed byround plate�stub (16) with three small screws.There is a hole in the stub’s center, where ourhandle (15) protrudes from. The handle isspring�loaded and has a mechanical nature. It isnecessary to pay attention to rod (18) startingfrom the handle’s body to the control box.Actually, this is a hollow pipe, where either acable or a rod with a bolt head (at the bottom)slides. When the handle is turned against a pilot,it is impossible to fly. If it is turned to a pilot, itis possible to fly.

There is an adjusting element (26) on the upperhandle’s surface. It looks like a small cylinderwith a horizontal metal rod, which is used for

Fig. 8. A scheme of elements of the fourth (lower) post’s elbow


Fig. 9. A bottom view of the platform (the picture from “My world book”). The design of the backblinds-fans can be seen.

its rotation. It adjusts accuracy of theconnection�disconnection mechanism’soperation (by pulling up the cable or somehowelse). Most likely, the handle is a standardprotecting device, which blocks accidentaloperation of the platform’s antigravity deviceswithout a pilot.

Now let us discuss a small box in the bottom ofthe post. Four wing nuts (19, 24) located onthe upper surface of the box fix the post to theplatform. Two side (opposite) wing nuts (20,23) adjust accuracy of “distributors” operation(accuracy of bringing together andsynchronization of the blinds). There are two“distributors”: the left one is used for separatingthe blinds and the right one is used for changeof the blinds’ angle. Each mechanical“distributor” of the efforts (locatedhorizontally) is connected to a cable from eachof the rotary arms of the handle bar. Then,efforts are distributed to several cables, to eachof four blinds’ blocks.

There is a treadle (22) in the box from the pilot’sside for the right foot. Its function is quickslowdown (and also standard slowdown).

Another electrical snap�action toggle is locatednear the treadle (at the left of it). It has brightorange color and either made of transparentplastic and lit from inside by a light emittingdiode or made of an opaque material andpainted by a fluorescent paint (with phosphorus

or something like this). Why is it painted? It ismade so due to the fact that it is used only atnight, i.e. under conditions of limitedillumination.

What does it control? A small headlight isplaced on the right side of the box (like areflector of a flash�light). It turns theheadlight on. A flash�light lamp is used. It isconnected through a resistor to a smallaccumulator hidden in the same box at thehandle bar’s base (it is an analogue of “Krona”battery of 9 Volt; it has the same size but it iscylindrical).

It is necessary to mention that such anaccumulator can supply all light emittingdiodes, headlights and a high�voltagetransformer and charge the condenser platesin the motion device for a couple of weeks ofcontinuous operation (at least, it will beenough for a rather long time). It can also becharged at home.

The headlight can be used during take�off andlanding and is useless during flight due to tworeasons. First, there is nothing to light in thesky. Second, if the platform’s irradiators havesufficient power, the platform becomesinvisible and stops light from going out of itsfield’s limits. Besides, it is difficult toACCIDENTALLY step on and break thetoggle glowing in the dark because it is placednot very well.


The platform’s base

Grebennikov made his airplane of a platform,so numerous screws and wing nuts are justlightly modified platform’s parts.

Each of the platform halves was made byGrebennikov of ONE wooden piece whileindustrially produced platforms are made ofplywood with attached boards. But this is abox of old Soviet microscope package withan external walls’ thickness of 8 mm and aninternal walls’ thickness of about 50 mm.Grebennikov only had to take out a plasticfoam interlay and cover the body with dryingoil. He made this though the board’s thicknessof 8 mm is rather unreliable. Possibly,Grebennikov strengthened the base by sheetmetal from inside.

Blinds (block�boards)

The blinds’ design is a standard FAN made offlat long elements. There are four fans. Each oftheir four axles is fixed vertically at theplatform’s corners. It can be seen inphotographs. Even a picture by Grebennikovshowing its device from below exists!

Two bolt heads can also be seen on thephotographs, approximately in the center ofeach platform halves. This is a bonding of thedistribution mechanism, which transfers effortfrom the “distributors” to a fan opening device.Each fan consists of nine plates. In order to makethem strong, the plates are made of sheet metal.Micro�nets are stuck from the upper surface ofeach plate. On the one hand, the metal does notprevent nets from operating because the effectof cavitary structures cannot be screened and,on the other hand, protects them frommechanical influences such as influence of grassduring landing. Holes in the plates, which canbe seen, are not related to micro�cells. They aremade only for lightening the metal plates’weight. Do you see that it is difficult forGrebennikov to hold even a lightened versionof his platform?

Antigravity effect (created due to the effect ofcavitary structures) is produced by the cells butthey need “fuel” in order to work with maximalefficiency.

Roughly speaking, the effect of cavitarystructures works the following way: anymaterial consists of particles vibrating by itsown frequency (read Tesla’s cosmology, worksof John Keely, Thomas Henry Morey, WilhelmReich and others). Due to such internal atomicvibrations, a stationary wave exists in theenvironment, around any object (and further,discrete “reflections” or maximums of such awave).

Thus, a frequency and length of such vibrationare unique for any material (according toGrebennikov, this is a “reflection of de Brogliewaves). If we make a cavity, its walls will beginto “radiate” towards each other or under someangles. If a right size of such a cell will be found,waves’ maximums will sum up and a field will bestrengthened in the given point of space (fieldantinode).

So, let us make conclusions. First, as many aspossible surfaces are necessary for one cell (itmay seem strange but a polygon with maximalquantity of sides, which can be used for filling aplane without gaps and fractally is a hexagon).Second, the less the size of each cell, the morequantity of surfaces, which we can have withthe same volume. The more cells and,accordingly, the more surfaces, the stronger theeffect of cavitary structures. Let us remarkmore that size of one cell is not arbitrary butdivisible by wave “reflections” (maximums’position), which, in their turn, depend on a usedmaterial. Wave “reflections” can be far from thesurface as well as very close to it. Closer oneshave stronger power.

So, we have a very fine net. By specifying acertain geometry of its cells (size and form ofplanes, angles between the planes), weconcentrate our STATIC field (the material’s“radiation”) in certain points of space.However, we are interested, first of all, in forceGRADIENT. The mentioned static field doesnot produce yield and confirms the law ofenergy conservation. We don’t haveantigravity so far.

Then we use lepton theory of Isakov (rememberthat lepton, aether, and orgone are the same).We have to determine such a form of cells, whichwill allow having different field force: from a


very low on the one side to a very high onanother. The less distance to the cell materialsurface, the stronger wave “reflections” wehave. We make a simple and logical conclusionthat one side of the cell must be geometricallyless than another. If an initial cell iscylindrical, we have a cone: if it is triangularor square, we have a pyramid with a triangularor square base. If we initially have ahexagonal cell, the pyramid will be hexagonaltoo.

It is necessary to tell about leptonexplanation of gravity effect. This means thatleptons fly all over space in all directions,chaotically. They pass through all bodies butstill they transmit some (very small) part oftheir speed to these bodies. Now imagine twospheres. A lepton stream flying from onesphere to another passes through the firstsphere, brakes and “irradiates” the secondsphere less than the first one (the secondsphere is in “lepton shadow” of the first one).And on the contrary. Thus, pressure from thedirection of the internal space (between thespheres) will be less than the externalpressure, which leads to attraction (i.e.pushing together) of two bodies. This effectis called gravity.

So, we need antigravity. There are leptons oraether everywhere in universe. If a device willbe invented, which will be able to changeleptons’ direction to the necessary one(create aether wind), our task will be solved.We already have such a device – this is ourcell. A cell of the conic (or cuneiform) kindtakes up a lepton stream from the horizontaldirection (it will become obvious after weread Wilhelm Reich’s works in theattachment) and reapportion it to the verticalone: a small part of the stream goes in onedirection while almost the whole stream goesin another. Of course, if the cell’s axis is placedvertically as in Grebennikov’s platform.

Now, if we place such a solid net consisting ofthe micro�cells under the platform (in a zoneBETWEEN the bodies, i.e. between the Earthand the platform with a man) and orient it insuch a way that “aether wind”, which iscreated by it, blows the platform from thebottom compensating insufficiency of lepton

pressure (as described above), the platformand its passenger will become imponderableand fly up. Controlling a power of an aetherstream and its directions (the blinds are usedfor this), we have the same rough materialidea of force vector as in the case of jetstreams. The only difference is that aether isso insensible for us that there are no strongair streams. At first sight, there is nothing!The platform just picks up speed and heightwithout any sound, visual and other effects.Inertia force doesn’t influence a pilot. It isnecessary to note that a head is heavier thanlegs while the legs, in their turn, are heavierthan the platform – it is a gradient of theantigravity force!

It is interesting that it is possible to makesymmetric cells (like usual honeycombs)instead of cuneiform ones. A half of this“aether wind” can blow in the ground – it sall right. It is unreasonable: about a half ofthe power is lost (power, however, can beincreased by decreasing cells’ size by 0.5) but,technologically, such nets are easier to build.

Now let us tell about the cells’ “fuel”.Grebennikov noted that, in case with theeffect of cavitary structures experiments, itis necessary to take the Sun into accountunder normal conditions. The point is that,together with sunlight, an intensive aether(or lepton, this is the same) flow goes fromthe Sun. As it was noted by Grebennikov,during take�off, Grebennikov’s aircraft wasalways carried away in a direction, which wasopposite to the Sun. This happened because,from the Sun side, the fans got more effectivesupply and worked more effectively movingthe aircraft in another direction. This is theanswer. In the event when the aircraft wasmoved away due to different reasons, thiscannon be explained by “usual conditions”. Inthis case, different environmentaldisturbances take place. We will not considerthem here because these are fluctuations,which do not hamper in flying.

Let us now think about electrostatics. If in alldescriptions of Grebennikov’s experimentsincluding the beetle regularity “two layers ofreticular structures are more powerful than onelayer” takes place, how a fact can be explained


that a folded fan (a multi�layer package of nets)is much WEAKER than an unfolded byGrebennikov one (i.e. place all nets in onelayer)?

It is obvious that power increases during fanunfolding: “Moving a handle, I unfold theblinds again and hoick vertically” or “Aflexible cable inside the handle transmitsmotion from the left handle to the gravityblind. Folding and unfolding them, I carry outtake�off or landing”. What increases duringthe blinds’ unfolding? Right, their squareincreases. But not just square but a square ofinteraction with the second layer. It isunderstandable that there are no additionalelements under the fans. But there is such astructure above them! Remember about thesheet metal?

Why electrostatics? Various purely electricalelements are installed on the platform. It meansthat electricity is used. It is also known that anelectrostatic field of high potential can produceyield (remember what Tesla told) and is notconsumed during this. It is possible to obtainhigh voltage of dozens kilovolt by rathercompact devices which use watch batteries. InNovosibirsk, in the 90ies, a whole kind of suchdevices was sold: from shokers to stimulators.

Such a “box” can be easily placed in the boxunder the post. Pressing the button�starter(the button on the left of the handle bar), thetransformer turns on for a short time and theterminal’s plate located a little higher than thenets obtains a considerable static charge. The“green” diode indicates a charging degree of theterminal. The terminal cannot discharge itself,during operation, but it is slowly dischargedthrough the air (a so called corona discharge).Thus, Grebennikov periodically had to press thementioned button taking into account thediode’s light. It is possible to build an automaticscheme controlling this process butGrebennikov did not know radio electronics andhardly knew electrotechnology.

There is only one vexed question: “What didGrebennikov show on the picture? It could beeither BOTH halves of the platform or onlyITS BACK half”. The first version will beasserted by supporters of a rough

interpretation of the platform’s operation: arepulsive force, which is directed DOWN(vortex technologies and others). The secondversion is confirmed by a reasonable thought:“there are NO two internal vertical partitions,to which rotary hinges are fixed, between thefans on the picture. It means that two BACKfans are shown on the picture”. In oursupposition, we consider a force directed UPand “blowing” at the platform from below.Understanding the construction this way, it ispossible to explain how the brake is carried outby incline of the back couple of the fans. This ishow the treadle on the platform works.Accordingly, the front fans work the same waybut mirroring (creating traction in the motiondirection). It is necessary to note, just in case(for military men and cosmonauts), that theincline changes not the whole fan but eachseparate plate. Each plate has its own axis.

The left handle USUALLY works only with theback fans (It will not be surprising if two backfans will turn out to be much stronger than thefront ones), i.e. creates the vertical traction.Grebennikov stands only on the back half ofthe platform. Make your conclusions. Theright handle ALWAYS controls only the frontfans, i.e. creates the horizontal traction (thewhile diode lights). Rotation, as it was alreadydiscussed, is transmitted mechanically bytwisting a thick flexible cable. The rotary effortis transferred from the lower transmitting unitin the center of the box under the handle bar bya standard “car” method, i.e. through hardcontrol�rods with trunnion balls at their ends(but the trunnion balls can be absent) directlyto “rotary” unit of the FRONT fans bonding.The back fans are not used by Grebennikov forcontrol. This allows not transmitting all this tothe back block�filters. So, the back couple ismechanically simpler than the front one by onethird. During flight, the fans are unfolded and,when the treadle is pressed, the treadle driverotates the plates and hampers the platformafter preliminary turning off the “gas handle”(the white diode goes out and the red onelights). The effort for the plates’ unfolding andtheir turn to the back fans is transmittedthrough flexible cables; this allows easilyfolding the platform. Thus, the treadle is ananalogue of the right handle but for the frontfans instead of the back ones.


Invisibility of the gravity plane

A reason of a pilot’s instable invisibilitydescribed by Grebennikov is caused by fourcrossed fields exists instead of the place of onefield’s influence. A product space is where a pilotstands. If only one field would exist, it would bestable.

The fans, according to the flight mode, changeradiation power and radiation direction all thetime (take�off/fall, acceleration/slowdownand, mainly, turn). So we just have to commentpresence of the invisibility effect.

Light could freely come to the “sphere” aroundGrebennikov (in the influence zone of the fieldcreated by the nets) but could not come back.This is why Grebennikov was invisible. Hecould see everything because light reached hisretina. But no reflected beams came from himbecause the entire light (a flow of particlescoming from outside) was absorbed by theprocess generated by the nets, i.e. light wasutilized (a flow of particles bringing the “fuel”to the nets).

When Grebennikov stood on the ground, hewas visible because the blinds were folded anddid not work (therefore, they did not absorblight or any other particles). As soon as he beganto rise and increase power (increasing the fans’square), he smoothly (not suddenly) startedbecoming invisible. Of course, the invisibilitywas full during flight and, coming back, theprocess was the same. This is why, whenGrebennikov flew low above the ground (andgenerated low power), he became visible (castshadow). The same happened during quicklanding, in the “falling like a stone” mode, whenthe blinds were folded: he became fully visible.

This is why it was possible to take a photographof Grebennikov during take�off, when he flewlow. But when he flew “above pine’s tops”, itwas impossible to photograph Grebennikovbecause there were no reflected beams fromhim, thus he was invisible.

Humidity and electrostatics

Grebennikov noticed one more detail: it wasimpossible to fly by the platform during rainy

weather. On the one hand, actually, increasedhumidity does not promote electrostatics(and a bronze poplar borer flies only duringsunny weather because chitin is veryelectrostatic; a beetle, most likely, uses thefollowing effect: statics+ECS=strongantigravity). On the other hand, asGrebennikov wrote:

“Put a shower head on a tap and turn oncold water. Slowly bring your palm to abeam of falling drops aside: most people feelheat at this moment. In fact, this is ECSincreased by motion of new elements of the“multilayer net”: falling water drops andgaps between them. After training in akitchen or in a bathroom, feel stronger ECSat fountains or waterfalls. Even ifatmosphere pressure is not falling, remoterain creates a strong ECS field influencingat a distance of many kilometers.Remember how we want to sleep before raineven in a closed room: ECS cannot bescreened”.

Many small drops and gaps between themform a multidimensional void structure,which influences by its ECS. This, however,does not help the device based on the sameprinciple to fly.

Under the picture with the bronze poplarborer Grebennikov wrote:

“When a big Middle�Asia bronze poplarborer sits like that (this is live!) on a finger,the finger feels like it is pulled up”.

Pay your attention: the insect is “LIVE”!!!Possibly, wing cases of a dried beetle willNOT show the repulsion effect. I repeat:possibly. What do I mean? Perhaps, the driedbeetle has no sufficient static charge on itschitin and this prevents display of antigravityeffect. It is also possible that statics istransmitted not by wing cases’ surface butby hemolymph (a blood type) of insects. Ormaybe this is not statics but something else.

As an example, here is a small fragment fromMister X’s “works” (The editor’s note: MisterX is a visitor of http://gragons�matrix.narod.ru site forum):


“Once I accidentally killed a standard andnot prominent ladybird (I knew aboutGrebennikov’s discovery from the article). Iam confused to confess but I tried even layingone wing case on another but it gave no result.I had no microscope and I used a standardmagnifying glass for examination of the wingcases. Even under such a small magnificationI could clearly see inside thin longitudinalwalls�“edges”. Following mere curiosity, Icrushed one of the wing case between myfingers. As a result, a red liquid flew out of it.My curiosity continues, this is why I took astandard flat battery, a lamp and a piece ofcross patching. I found out an interesting fact:the liquid was a conductor. After I read thebook and analyzed the pictures, it dawnedupon me that we have a simplest electrolyticcondenser with hemolymph (insects’ blood)as electrolyte and dielectric (chitin)!".

What an idea! The electrolytic condenser, whatdo you think?! In general, it is obvious that, evenif we get the necessary wing cases, a lot ofDIFFERENT experiments must be carried out.But how to impact properties of the “live” wingcases to the “dead” ones? Grebennikov’s platformworked; this is a fact, so it is possible to technicallyreproduce the effect of the “live” wing cases.

The editor’s note: Here it is appropriate toremember readers about another approachto creation of engines, which is called“asymmetrical condensers”. Articlesdevoted to this topic have been published inour magazine.

Eye�witnesses

As it was found out, Grebennikov hoped toremain invisible in vain. People who saw him inthe sky were found. Mister X writes:

“I was interested in Grebennikov’s questionsince an article called “Night flight over thecity” had been published in “Molodost Sibiri”newspaper in 1991. A precondition was myonly observation of UFO flight in the middle ofMarch 1990. The UFO did not look like a“saucer” or an “object”. The observed objectwas practically the same as on the picturethought I cannot judge whether it wasGrebennikov’s flight or not.”

Biological hazard

Grebennikov died at the age of 74. The age isvenerable, but death was caused by a numberof diseases, which can be obtained, for example,as a result of irradiation of a strongelectromagnetic field. And Grebennikovconfirmed that obtained the diseases due toflights by the platform. But a triangular bearerframe can be made of pipes, a platform can beplaced in each corner of the frame and a pilot’sseat can be placed in the middle of thisconstruction. In this case, a pilot will NEVERbe in a filed of the platform’s influence.Moreover, Grebennikov mentioned that thetriangular design with three elements (netplatforms) is an ideal kind of control.

In order to exclude a pilot’s contact withatmosphere, a hermetic cockpit is installed. Itprovides full comfort and safety.

Questions and answers

Question: Why did Grebennikov stood flyinginstead of, for example, sitting on the platformwith his legs down and, in this case, why did nothe make a shorter handle bar?

Answer: Both the platform and Grebennikovwas COMPLETELY in the zone ofcompensated gravity’s influence, i.e. their massand, more precisely, their weight was notpositive but negative, which allowed flying. Ifhe would put his legs OUT the field’s limits,their weight would become normal again, i.e.about 30�40 kg. As a result, the platform wouldchange its vertical position in space to ahorizontal one due to outweigh by the appearedweight. And Grebennikov would just fall fromit. In general, nothing can be put out theplatform’s limits during flight.

Question: Thus, it is impossible to build a devicewhere a pilot will be OUT of the dangerousradiation of the blinds. Is it necessary to be inthe field’s influence zone as Grebennikov did?

Answer: No, this is a mistake. The pilot’s cockpitcan be placed outside the limits of theadmittedly harmful radiation. It is justnecessary to have at least three independentplatforms placed on the edges of such a “saucer”


in the device’s construction. Besides, the blindsmust be made more powerful thanGrebennikov’s blinds because we will have tocarry a not nullificated mass of the cockpit anda pilot placed in the center between theirradiators. Moreover, it is necessary to havean automatic stability device, which wouldremove list of the aircraft manipulating bypowers of all three irradiators.

Question: Why do cells (for example, pipes)oriented vertically “irradiate” stronger than theones oriented horizontally (remember howGrebennikov tried to tie some wing casestogether and all his experiments on ECS) ifaether is everywhere?

Answer: There are not sufficient quantity ofaether wind in a space BETWEEN two objectsin a vector’s direction from one object toanother. As we see, the Earth has a huge sizeand, accordingly, considerably ties up a streamflowing through it. This causes its stronggravity influence on other objects. If we placeany cell (pipe) horizontally, aether will beabsorbed from the vertical direction throughwalls of such a cell. Due to the fact that a leptonflow in this case is very depressed, we obtain lowefficiency. If we place any cell (pipe) vertically,aether will be absorbed from the horizontaldirection. In the horizontal direction, aether windsare not “screened” (because the Earth is lowerthan the pipe and, for example, the platform ishigher. The second object can be missing).

Question: What is a “fractal principle”?

Answer: Imagine standard honeycombs. Wetake one hexagonal cell. If it has the right size,antinodes of the ECS field from each wall ofthis cell must coincide exactly along the centralaxis (reflection of de Broglie waves), i.e. thesame “maximum” of the stationary wave. Wehave a certain power. Let us add six cells alongthe circumference – it is an approximatehexagon. Antinodes of the ECS field from thenewly formed EXTERNAL sides of this bighexagon will coincide again and meet in thecenter but these will be other reflections(stronger than the first ones observed by us).Both groups of “maximums” sum up and, as aresult, we obtain a field, which is stronger thanthat created by all cells participating in the

process and taken individually. Now we addother 12 cells along the external outline and soon. ECS maximums of different ranges will sumup all the time. This is a clear “fractal principle”.Obviously, this is why there were so manyhexagons in Grebennikov’s book.

Question: How can we work with micro�cellnets – press them, assemble them in block�boards and install these boards to the device, �if a cell will immediately fly if we let it off?

Answer: This is a widely spread mistake. Thenets do not fly themselves. Only objects placedin the compensated gravity zone (above thehorizontally placed nets) has weight equal to 0.Difficulties appear only at the last stage ofassembling when powers of constructionelements are relatively strong and influenceeach other. In this case, assembling the device,it is necessary to watch the nets being in thevertical position. This relates to Grebennikov:when he folded and unfolded his platform, heput it vertically (I mean the board).

Question: Grebennikov could not turn at smallpower of the vertical traction (during take�off,landing and slowdown), could he?

Answer: Yes, it is because, in the event of theminimal vertical traction, the blinds are hardlyunfolded. This does not allow normally turningthe plates around their axes (change theirincline angle). During slowdown, a drive of the“gas” handle turns off. This makes use of thehandle bar useless because the plates of the frontfans are placed in the horizontal plane too.

Due to the fact that the back fans bore the mainvertical load, it is possible that the front fansare half�unfolded in their minimal position(when the right handle is not turned), whichallows using the handle bar during low�powerflight modes. If it is not so, it is still possible todo so. It seems to me that Grebennikov did notdo this because he was pulled away from theSun and he could not fight with it and, therefore,could not manipulate the turning functionduring take�off. Fundamentally, these details donot influence flight because motion isinertialess and, during change of reapportionof an aether wind flow, a motion vector changesat the same time.


Question: Could the handle bar really turn?

Answer: Let us think: actually, the left handleis busy (it unfolds the blinds and creates thevertical traction); the right handle, accordingto the description, changes incline of the blinds’elements (i.e. creates the horizontal tractionfrom zero to maximum). Thus, only the treadleis left of all control tools. But, using the treadle(if we consider it as an analogue of another turnhandle from a motorbike), we can turn thehorizontal plane only in one side (motion of thetreadle is one�way like motion of the handle).It is very inconvenient and, therefore, unreal.So, we make a conclusion that the handle baractually turns to the left and to the right andthe handle bar controls turning. Thephotographs confirm this.

Question: How can you prove that the treadleis used as a brake and is not, for example, a devicecontrolling operation of a complex motiondevice?

Answer: Let us think again. Both handleschange speed from zero to maximum (one –vertically while another – horizontally). Inorder to contradict, if necessary, a verticalforce, it is possible simply to unfold the blinds(de�energize them) and, due to the fact that theplatform ALWAYS flies with its bottom turnedto the ground, gravity force does its work forus. It is different with the horizontal motion.We can gather speed from zero to maximumwithout any problems but how can we quicklyslowdown if necessary? According toGrebennikov’s words, there is not even airfriction! It leads to a necessity to have anothercontrol element on the platform, i.e. the treadle�brake, which acts the same way but opposite tothe right handle.

Question: It is not logically to trust one’s lifeto presence or absence of voltage in theaccumulator. What if it will run down duringflight?

Answer: First, this is unlikely. Second, even thishappens, nothing fatal will happen. The nets willwork though not with maximal power. Thisevent, possibly, will lead to a smooth landing ofthe aircraft (because the high�potential terminalwill run down not quickly but smoothly).

Question: Why did Grebennikov tried to drawenergy vortex exhaust from the platform onpictures of night flights?

Answer: Possibly, Grebennikov used not conecells but symmetric ones in his design. I.e. anaether flow was distributed up as well as downin them. This variant is a working one, too.Taking into account use of high�voltagepotential, aether flows carried bigger particles(charged ions, for example), which becamevisible in darkness. They were formed into singlediscrete pseudo�vortexes due to presence ofholes in the blinds’ metal plates (metal absorbsor hamper radiation while the holes let thempass freely).

Question: Why do you think that the drivefrom the right rotary handle goes only to thefront fans but not for all of them?

Answer: Here is what Grebennikov wrote:“The upper part of my device is really a bike’sone: the right handle is used for horizontal�forward motion, which is made by incline ofboth groups of the blinds also through thecable”. He wrote “BOTH”, i.e. he meant thetwo front fans (a fan is a single group of theblinds or, in other words, a block�board).

Appendixes: scientific hypotheses andextracts from articles

Lepton�hypothesis of B.I. Isakov. Extracts

Consequence 5. According to the formulas, anopportunity follows that high values ofgradients of lepton physical fields’ objects canbe observed in zones opposite to acute anglesof solid bodies, geological rocks, on tectonicplates’ edges, on rock peaks, on tops of big cliffsand pyramids etc., particularly, matter outflowin the form of leptons and other elementaryparticles is possible.

Discovery of electron emission in zones ofgeological rocks’ fractions (USSR, 1984) is aparticular manifestation of a more general law.A body placed opposite to acute projectedangles of other bodies or solid rocks, on tops ofcliffs and pyramids etc. can be irradiated byleptons. On the contrary, bodies placed insidehollow planes of other solid bodies, for example,


inside pipes, cylinders, and cones or placed in apolyhedral or a 3�dimensional angle canexperience “swap�out” of microleptons.

Biological objects with weakened microleptonfields can be “charged” with lepton energy ontops of rocks or pyramids. On the contrary,excessively excited biological objects calmdown quicker if they are placed into internalcavities of solid matter with negative curvatureor into an angle, a bay etc. with geometricalunbalance of matter, which is equivalent tonegative curvature (possibly, a custom of manynations to calm down overexcited childrenplacing them in a corner makes sense).

Consequence 14. According to the leptonhypothesis, each body is permeated extensivelyby lepton streams, which bombard it andbalance lepton pressure up to a zero averageresultant. Interaction of leptons with a bodyhappens all over the body’s volume, not only onits surface. If preponderance or deficiency oflepton pressure will be artificially created juston one side by focusing lepton streams or, onthe contrary, by obstruct them from the bodyby some screen or an artificial lepton vortex, ano�zero resultant can be created, which will beable to move light objects.

This can explain telekinesis phenomenon,particularly, experiments of V. Avdeev, R.Kuleshova and others and also poltergeisteffects. The lepton hypothesis allowscomprehending the universal gravitymechanism expressed by Newton’s law from anew point of view. Two bodies located close toeach other partially screen each other fromlepton streams’ pressure. From the externalsides, preponderance of lepton pressure incomparison with a pressure from the side of aspace between the bodies is created becauseeach body partially hampers lepton streamscoming through it. If point mass m is locatednear distributed mass M, a force equal to thescreening force influences m…

… where d is a constant of proportionality; p isa density of matter in the distributed mass, g isa distance and a multitude of distances fromvariable body point M to point mass m; l is abody angle corresponding to angle sizes ofdistributed mass M and a point of location of point

mass m; f(r) is a function of body M geometry; 12is a function of geometry and curvature of a leptonstream in the given point of space.

The lepton hypothesis allows not postulatingbut concluding, substantiating theoreticallyand comprehending, understanding Newton’slaw, understanding the concealed gravity andremote influence mechanism. If two bodies withdistributed masses M1 and M2 are located closeto each other, a resultant force does not changefundamentally, only a conclusion of Newton’s lowbecomes more complex while the fundamentalnature of the dependence does not change.

Thus, according to the lepton hypothesis,attraction is a deficiency of repulsion, i.e. thelaw of gravity can be considered as aconsequence of the law of lepton repulsion (orlepton compression, pressure) during bodies’screening, which leads to that the bodies arepressed to each other. If the lepton hypothesisis right, it is possible to suppose a potentialpossibility of varying gravity and inertia massof a body under certain conditions:

1) during change of lepton streams’ focusingwith the help of “lepton lenses” causing theirconcentration on the given, lepton rockets andlepton flying discs;

2) during huge speed of lepton vortexes’rotation with high angular velocity, which isequivalent to screening from lepton streams.If the lepton hypothesis is right, the mentionedmechanism gives a possibility of partial orcomplete gravity control. The suggestedmechanism of potentially possible partial orcomplete levitation must be thoroughlychecked experimentally. If the leptonhypothesis is right, lepton engines, rockets andflying discs are possible.

A nature of the effect of cavitary structures

Which is a physical nature of the cavitarystructures effect? Many suppositions andhypothesis have been expressed but,unfortunately, many of them are connectedwith extrasensory perception, which isfashionable among modern intellectuals forsome reasons. A theory of Leningrad physician,Doctor of Technical Science, V.F. Zolotarev


deserves better attention. It was developed byhim earlier and experimentally confirmed now.

As a result of long combined researches, wecharacterized the discovery as “an unknowneffect of multi�cavitary structures’ interactionwith living systems consisting in that, due tointerference, de Broglie waves accompanyingmotion of electron flows in solid walls ofcavities form a macroscopic field of multi�cavitary structures, which cause change offunctional state of living objects locating inthis field”.

De Broglie waves are peculiar to moving micro�particles of any body. They are compensatedinside the body and displayed as radiation onits surface. They are so short�wave and super�high�frequency that instruments pick them uponly in the form of diffraction but still theyhelped science. Remember peculiar pictures ofelectrons and neutrons obtained on crystalsand films with the help of de Broglie waves.Nobody thought that these scanty radiationscan influence living matter somehow. And theydid not influence – at least near flat objects.But near multi�cavitary structures, where asquare of solid bodies is big and multiply curved,de Broglie waves are put together and form,like musical overtones, harmonies with lowerfrequencies.

Thus, lengthening and strengthening due tolaying on ach other in cells, they formantinodes�maximums of stationary de Brogliewaves. Striking on these passive barriers, nerveimpulses glitch changing their frequency andspeed and causing not only seeming feelings butalso sometimes considerable physiologicalchanges.

Stationary de Broglie waves do not have theirown energy and, therefore, the law of energyconservation is not violated. Due to the factthat de Broglie waves moves in physicalvacuum, the effect of cavitary structuresmust permeate everything. We observe itwhen we uselessly try to stop the effect upby any screen.

The editors’ note: In 1996, Prof. Zolotarevgave me a copy of his manuscript. We studiedit, prepared a plan of experiments and began

to search for investors. It was useless. Oursituation that time could be described bywords “starvation” and “poverty”. Iremember that Professor had to raisechickens in his flat for some food. Possibly,now somebody will be seriously interested inbeginning a research program on the effectof cavitary structures aimed at creation ofreal engines for space systems. A.V. Frolov.

Energy fields ofgeometrical forms

www.keelynet.com

Works of Wilhelm Reich are also connectedwith change aether density. We would like toexpress some interesting thoughts:

“Energy fields of geometrical forms” are specialeffects connected with the modern concept ofaether. Some optimal geometrical forms andmaterials can be used for constructing devices,which react under influence of onlyenvironmental conditions, i.e. withoutadditional external stimulation. Contractiondetails of two simple devices, which produce atangible linear force influence without use ofany additional energy at the input. It is possibleto note two meanings of these trainingdemonstration devices: (1) they prove that anaetheric kind of matter exists and any averageperson can feel it; (2) they demonstrate reliablemethods of aetheric activation, which can beused for new energy applications.

Other examples of devices with efficiency morethan one include a venerable organ�pipe and anelectromagnetic antenna.

These devices work using resonance methodwhen relatively low vibration of amplitude isreflected back. An echo signal can be manytimes more than an input signal in dependenceon sizes of the device. The most effective sizeof the resonator accurately corresponds witha quarter of the initial wave length.Resonance will also occur with any lengthswhich are divisible by an odd number of aquarter of waves’ lengths. In these cases, wefind that geometry of the specific device hasminor significance. If the geometry isoptimized for conditions at the


input, a maximal increase or an increased echocan be obtained.

We can summarize characteristics of these“super�single” devices as devices using“geometrical energy fields” because intensityof full energy of echo, which can be producedonly as a function of size, form and location.Remembering that, we can suppose that certainhighly optimized geometrical forms couldprovide for an increased echo without anyadditional input signal at all. Such a devicecould induce an effective echo increasing thefinest vibrations at quantum level, which aremuch lower than the threshold our ability tomeasure them.

Despite the fact that the subtlest natural forceshave been studied for thousands years, it canbe proved that a modern era began in 1844. In1844, Baron Karl von Reichenbach fromStuttgart published a series of lettersdescribing his research of aether, which wascalled “OD” by him. Reichenbach discoveredthat a part of all people can visually feel outflowfrom tops of crystals and magnets if they hadbeen first properly located in full darkness. Hecalled such people “sensitives”.

Some time later, Reichenbach decided thataether can permeate through materials like silk,glass and metal. According to his ideas, aetherseems to permeate all things in different density.Large quantities of aether could be found insunlight and candle flame.

On the edge of the century, an Austrianphilosopher Rudolf Steiner with clairvoyancetalent researched an invisible world of aethericforces. His close partner and biographerGuenther Wachsmith continued this work afterSteiner’s death and published a masterwork ofhis teacher called “Aetheric shaping forces inSpace, Earth and Man”.

A first true engineer of aetheric forces wasWilhelm Reich who discovered, as he called it,an “orgone energy” in 1939. Like Reichenbach,Reich discovered that metals able to conductaether a hundred ears ago. His real bigachievement, however, was an understandingof the fact that organic materials have atendency to absorb aether. Laying two kinds of

materials together, Reich could produce adirected aether flow.

Reich developed a first working device forcollection and concentration of aether. An“orgone accumulator” is a box with six wallsmade of alternating layers of metal and organicmaterials. Under controlled conditions, thisdevice produced an inexplicable temperatureincrease in its internal part. This was enoughfor attracting attention of Albert Einstein whomet Reich in January 1941. Reich alsoexperimented with a “cloudbuster” (a busterfor clouds dispersion), a tower�shaped devicewhich, most likely, directed an aether flowthrough atmosphere.

Possible, the biggest contribution to aetherengineering technologies was made by TrevorJames Constable. He was a follower of Steiner,Wachsmith, Reich and others. He spent morethan 40 years improving use of the aethertechnology of weather control. He discoveredthat some geometrical forms, possibly, show abig aether echo. During many years, hedeveloped his methods so that a device with asize of a coffee mug located, accordingly, farfrom an ocean ship could change weathercondition over a distance of many miles around it.

Constable discovery of resonance aethericstructures was important for research of thenew energy. Now a simple geometrical devicecan direct a concentrated beam of aethericforces through any type of a device with highaccuracy. Actually, a degree of aetherconcentration is so high that human organs ofsenses can directly feel its resultant pressure.Thanks to pioneer works of the abovementioned scientists, it is possible to describe adesign of two resonance aether devices, which

Fig. 10. Stimulation of the directed aether stream


Fig. 11. The “emitting” device of ECS Fig. 12. The “vacuum” device of ECS

were called “Chi Pencils” by the author. Bothdevices are built around a central resonancecavity. A formula for calculation of theresonance cavity’s size was obtained from aresearch of a ballistics expert Gerald Bull fromPhiladelphia.

An “emitting” device is generally a cylindricalmetal cavity with a no�metal external layer. Dueto boundary effects discovered by Reich, aetheris absorbed from space through a side surfaceand emitted through both sides (actually, it islike laser). Geometrical energy fields around theemitting device are shown on Fig. 11.

How to build the emitting device. Thefollowing things are necessary:

� a piece of a 5/32�inches copper pipe;� a 1/8�inches soft cotton cord;� a metal knife for the pipe;� a meter�stick, a sharp knife and glue.

Cut a piece of the copper pipe with a length of18.1 cm. Apply a small bead of hot glue to theexternal part of one end and fix the cotton cordthere. Wind 2 cm, apply a bead of hot glue andwind the cord arount the entire pipe. Cut excessof the cord.

A “vacuum” device is made the other way. Weneed a non�metal cylindrical cavity with a metalexternal layer. Aether is drawn into one end anddispersed through the sides. A geometricalenergy field around the vacuum device is shownon Fig. 12.

How to build the vacuum device. The followingthings are necessary:

� a piece of vinyl hose with a diameter of 5/32 inches;� a piece of a copper pipe with a diameter of5/16 inches;

� a metal knife for the hose and the pipe;� a meter�stick, a sharp knife and electricalinsulation tape.

Cut a piece of the copper pipe with a length of18.1 cm. Wind the electrical insulation tapearound the vinyl hose in some places in such away that it could closely go into the copper pipe.Push the vinyl hose into the copper pipe untilits end appear. Cut excess of the vinyl hose.

The noted streams of aether forces generatedby above described different resonance devicesallow defying their discovery by standardinstruments. It is not surprising that, as manypeople think, aether is “live” energy whilestandard instruments are, of course, “dead”.However, discovery of aether forces by a livingorganism (such as a human body) is known.

Editors’ note: we hope that publication of thegiven materials will cause interest ofexperimenters who will try to examine theseeffects. Creating aether streams, changingaether density, it is possible to produce notonly force effects, i.e. motion. Due to the factthat matter elements are processes in aether(vortex processes), aether parametersinfluence speed of existence of any matter. Itwas confirmed in the experiments whichwere carried out by our company with V.A.Chernobrov. It is obvious that gravity andtime speed are mutually connected effects.Due to this, creation of such devices defiesnot only the Earth’s gravity but also Time.We would appreciate offers fromorganizations which could invest intodevelopment of these technologies.

A.V. Frolov,General Director of“Faraday Lab Ltd” company


In figures from Grebennikov’s book “Myworld”, effects of repulsion of recently cutplants’ stems (Fig. 15) and a bunch of pipes (Fig.13, 14) are shown. These are simple andconvincing experiments during which the effectof repulsion is manifested.

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

Fig. 15

Dear subscribers, thank you for interestto “New Energy Technologies” magazine.

Please note that publications in 2006are not planned.

All best respects,Editors


I would like to bring to your attention the PinwheelGenerator located at the following address:http://www.godproven.com/gp33.htm. TheDesigns for the World Project has openly giventhis design, as they have all of their others, freelyto all nations of the world.

Description of the Pinwheel Generator

As weight ball #1 moves down cylinder (A), thefluid in (A) is forced at high pressure through piping#2, turning the Pelton wheel (C), and into cylinder(B). When the weight ball has reached the bottomof the cylinder, the situation will exist where themechanism is over�weighted to one side, the sidehaving the top cylinder filled with fluid, and theright horizontal cylinder filled with fluid. Theweight ball in the empty left horizontal cylinderhas rolled near the axis and is held in place there bymagnetic attraction from the inside cradle. Thefilled right cylinder weighs more that the emptyleft cylinder so that when the #1 weight ball unlockscylinder (A) (at the bottom of the cylinder), theweighted right side will begin moving down causing

the entire mechanism to rotate 90 degrees until thefull right cylinder has rotated to be on the bottomand vertical, where it's weight ball begins it'sassent�beginning the process again.

During this process, as cylinder (A) began rotatingup to the empty left side position, it's weight ball,still at the bottom begins to assert it's weight as acounter weight to the filled right cylinder's weight.At the same time, however, the filled top cylinder(B), now rotating to the filled right side cylinderposition, begins to assert it's weight also�countering cylinder (A)'s weight with more weight.Now the situation exists where two full cylindersare combining their weights to rotate emptycylinder (A) to the horizontal position. They havemore than enough weight to do this.

When cylinder (A) is at the horizontal position,it's weight ball rolls toward the axis, and, beingmagnetic, is held in place there. At the bottom, theunlocking mechanism, as it is depressed by the20,000 pound weight ball (made of a magneticmaterial� a solid steel ball would be 1/4+� the insidediameter of the cylinder), depresses the springloaded shock absorber�type mechanism andcompresses it's inner spring�storing 15,000pounds+ energy in the spring.

As the mechanism unlocks, and the rotation begins,the shock absorber rotates with the unlockingmechanism, applying it's compressed spring energyto the rotation, giving cylinder (A) a 15,000 poundpush�off. Between the combined weights of thefilled cylinders, and the 15,000 pound boost, thesuccessful operation of the mechanism is assured.The turning of the Pelton wheel also turns thelarger wheel that turns the generator.

The scale of the mechanism, the weight of the balls,and the length/width of the cylinders, can beadjusted to produce the amount of electricityneeded. This is a perpetual motion mechanism, thegenerator is an attachment, as would be a waterpump, an air compressor, etc... In a chain thesegenerators could pump water from South Africa tothe Sahara, without ever needing one watt ofelectricity, or one gallon of fuel! No more droughts,no more lack of energy, no more justification forenergy wars.

Gravity Driven GeneratorRussell Lee

[email protected]

Fig. 1


Membraneless Fuel Cells

Review by S. Shlenchak, Russiausing materials from www.physorg.com

Fuel Cell Prototypefor ThinkPad Notebooks

IBM and SANYO Electric unveiled initial plansfor a prototype micro direct methanol fuel cellsystem for IBM ThinkPad notebooks. LeveragingSANYO's latest advancements in fuel cells thatincrease the longevity of notebook batteries, IBMand SANYO jointly developed a basic design of afuel cell power source. Based on the design, thecompanies developed a prototype fuel cell systemthat could supply up to 8 hours of power percartridge on current and future ThinkPad models.

SANYO's system was designed to be compatiblewith most current ThinkPad models without theneed to alter the notebook design.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to abattery, but differing from the latter in that it isdesigned for continuous replenishment of thereactants consumed; i.e. it produces electricityfrom an external fuel supply as opposed to thelimited internal energy storage capacity of abattery. Typical reactants used in a fuel cell arehydrogen on the anode side and oxygen on thecathode side (a hydrogen cell). The onlybyproduct of a hydrogen fuel cell is water vapor.

The fuel cell system also includes an auxiliary bayIBM's Ultrabay Slim Battery to supplement peakpower consumption for business applications. Inaddition, the auxiliary bay could be used to makethe power supply even more versatile by chargingan Ultrabay Slim Battery.

The fuel cell system could enable ThinkPadnotebooks to run intensive businessapplications such as multimedia, graphics andcomputation programs, while performing taskssuch as security updates and scheduledmaintenance without draining PC batterypower. These capabilities could provide addedstability for increased productivity, access toinformation and customer service.

"There are a number of vendors developing fuelcell battery prototypes for PCs and mobiledevices, but the combination of IBM's first�classThinkPad notebooks and SANYO's leadershipposition in the technology will accelerate researchand development in the field," said PeterHortensius, vice president, IBM PersonalComputing Division. "We do not focus simply onthe 'wow factor' of fuel cells � we see it as apowerful enabler that could support a wide varietyof business applications. These companies arecollaborating to help carry ThinkPad notebooksto the next generation of power supplies, whilesupporting the highest levels of businessproductivity."

The IBM PC Division's ThinkPad developmentteam has focused on new behavioral usage modelsfor fuel cells in mobile computing, such as dockingstations used for office 'hoteling' concepts andthe deployment of notebook computers inlocations remote from traditional power sources.

"SANYO, as the world technology leader inrechargeable batteries, has been conductingresearch and development of fuel cells. I am proudto work in earnest specifically with IBM to createan innovative fuel cell system with the ThinkPaddesign, the industry standard in businesscomputing," said Mitsuru Homma, GroupExecutive of SANYO's Power Solutions Group."This is quite a new concept that utilizes bothmicro fuel cells and rechargeable batteries. Thishybrid system could enable the user to efficientlyoperate IBM's ThinkPad notebooks for a longertime compared to systems with only a fuel cellwhile also providing the convenience of an ACcordless environment."

The IBM PC Division's research anddevelopment of ThinkPad mobile computingtechnology takes place at the Yamato Laboratoryin Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan and atdevelopment facilities in Research Triangle Park,North Carolina. After the launch of the new


Lenovo Group in the second quarter, 2005, theseresources will be joined by Lenovo R&D facilitiesin Beijing and Shanghai.

SANYO is the world's leading producer ofrechargeable batteries, supplying power to mobilephones, notebook PCs and other mobile devices.SANYO's Energy Research Facility is astronghold for research and development in themobile energy field. SANYO is building a strongbase for the next generation of mobile energybusinesses by consistently performingfundamental and application technology research,working with a wide range of mobile energyrelated technology.

Membraneless fuel cell is tiny,versatile

A fuel cell designed by researchers at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana�Champaign canoperate without a solid membrane separating fueland oxidant, and functions with alkalinechemistry in addition to the more common acidicchemistry.

Like a battery, a fuel cell changes chemical energyinto electrical energy. While most fuel cellsemploy a physical barrier to separate the fuel andoxidant, the microfluidic fuel cell developed atIllinois utilizes multi�stream laminar flow toaccomplish the same task.

“The system uses a Y�shaped microfluidic channelin which two liquid streams containing fuel andoxidant merge and flow between catalyst�coveredelectrodes without mixing,” said Paul Kenis, aprofessor of chemical and biomolecularengineering and a researcher at the BeckmanInstitute for Advanced Science and Technology.

Fluids flowing through channels of microscaledimensions behave differently than fluids flowingthrough the much larger pipes found in homeplumbing systems, Kenis said. “At the microscale,there is no turbulence. This laminar flow meansstreams of fuel and oxidant can pass side by sidewithout having a physical barrier in between.”

A fuel cell consists of two electrodes (an anodeand a cathode), a fuel source and an oxidant.Reactions occur as the anode liberates protonsand electrons from hydrogen atoms. The protons

pass through the cell to the cathode, where theyrecombine with electrons, which traveled throughan external circuit. Most fuel cells use a polymerelectrolyte membrane to separate the cathodeand anode.

In the Illinois fuel cell, the physical membrane isreplaced by the behavior of laminar flow. The fueland oxidant are brought together as liquidstreams in the microchannel. The protons andelectrons diffuse through the liquid�liquidinterface.

This configuration offers several advantages overPEM�based fuel cells, including fewer parts andsimpler design. It also means that membranelessfuel cells are compatible with alkaline chemistry.

Just as alkaline batteries outperform acidicbatteries, alkaline fuel cells should be superior toacidic fuel cells, Kenis said. Several problems,however, have prevented the widespread use ofalkaline chemistries in PEM�based fuel cells.Among them are poor permeability of themembranes to hydroxide ions (which take theplace of protons in acidic fuel cells) and cloggingof the membranes from the formation ofcarbonates.

The system designed by Paul Kenis (Fig. 1), aprofessor of chemical and biomolecularengineering, uses a Y�shaped microfluidic channelin which two liquid streams containing fule andoxidant merge and flow between catalyst�coveredelectrods without mixing.

Fig. 1. Paul Kenis’ system


“Our fuel cell doesn’t suffer from theseproblems, because it doesn’t make use of amembrane,” said Kenis.

“Since the membraneless fuel cell is based on aphenomenon that occurs only at the microscale,we can’t just scale up to larger dimensions,”Kenis said. “Instead, we need to scale out bycreating arrays of many fuel cells connected inseries and in parallel.”

In applications such as power sources forportable computers or battery chargers,multiple fuel cells will have to be integrated toattain sufficient power levels.

New fuel cell drives around hydrogeneconomy roadblocks

"A hydrogen economy is not a perfectly cleansystem," said Scott A. Barnett, professor ofmaterials science and engineering. "You have toprocess fossil fuels at a plant to produce hydrogenfuel as well as develop an infrastructure to getthat fuel into vehicles. We have bypassed thesetechnological hurdles by basically bringing thehydrogen plant inside and pairing it with a high�temperature fuel cell in one compact unit that hasa fuel efficiency of up to 50 percent."

In a paper to be published online today (March31) by the journal Science, Barnett and graduatestudent Zhongliang Zhan report the developmentof a new solid oxide fuel cell, or SOFC, thatconverts a liquid transportation fuel � iso�octane,a high�purity compound similar to gasoline � intohydrogen which is then used by the fuel cell toproduce energy. The cells could lead to cost�effective, clean and efficient electrical�powersources for applications ranging from aircraft andhomes to cars and trucks.

Although only demonstrated on a small scale,Barnett and Zhan's fuel cells are projected to havea 50 percent fuel efficiency when used in a full�sized fuel cell generator, which would improve onother technologies. Higher fuel efficiencies meanless precious fuel is consumed and less carbondioxide, a greenhouse�effect gas related to globalwarming, is produced. Internal combustionengines have a "well�to�wheels" efficiency of amere 10 to 15 percent. Current hydrogen fuel cellsthat require hydrogen plants and new

infrastructure have been calculated to have a29 percent fuel efficiency while commercialgas/electric hybrid vehicles already haveachieved 32 percent.

"The advent of hybrid vehicles has shaken up thefuel cell community and made researchers rethinkhydrogen as a fuel," said Barnett, who drives aToyota Prius and foresees his new fuel cells beingdeveloped for use in battery/SOFC hybridtechnology for vehicle propulsion or in auxiliarypower units. "We need to look at the solid oxidefuel cell � the one kind of fuel cell that can workwith other fuels beside hydrogen � as an option."

A fuel cell is like a battery that can bereplenished with fresh fuel. It consists of twoelectrodes sandwiched around an electrolytematerial that conducts ions between them.Oxygen enters at the cathode, where itcombines with electrons and is split into ionsthat travel through the electrolyte to react withfuel at the anode. Fuel cells are environmentallyfriendly: water and carbon dioxide are the onlyby�products. In the process, the oxygen ionstraversing the electrolyte produce a usefulcurrent. Heat is also generated.

Because conventional solid oxide fuel cellsoperate at such high temperatures (between600 and 800 degrees Centigrade) Barnettrecognized that the heat could be used internallyfor the chemical process of reforming hydrogen,eliminating the need for hydrogen plants withtheir relatively low fuel efficiency. Barnett andZhan found the optimal temperature for theirsystem to be 600 to 800 degrees.

The real key to the new fuel cell is a special thin�film catalyst layer through which thehydrocarbon fuel flows toward the anode. Thatporous layer, which contains stabilized zirconiaand small amounts of the metals ruthenium andcerium, chemically and cleanly converts the fuelto hydrogen.

"A major drawback of using solid oxide fuel cellsis that carbon from the fuel is deposited all overthe anode because of the high temperatures,"Barnett said. "But our thin film catalyst, plusthe addition of a small amount of oxygen,eliminates those deposits, making it a viabletechnology to pursue with further research. We


have shown that the fuel cell is much more stablewith the catalyst and air than without."

"The main drawback of fuel cells has been theircomplexity and high cost," said Barnett. "Thesimple design of our system, which brings thehydrogen reformer in house, is a great advantagefor a range of applications. For example, imaginea unit cheap enough to be used for auxiliary powerin cars or diesel trucks. It would supply electricitycontinuously, cleanly, quietly and efficiently evenwhen the engine is not running. This work has thepotential to lead us in that direction."

UNC researchers study fuel cells,focus on portable possibilities

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hillis among the newest participants in a statewidealliance formed last summer to explore renewableand efficient energy sources. UNC is participatingin the N.C. Fuel Cell Alliance through thelaboratory of Dr. Joseph DeSimone, W.R. KenanJr. distinguished professor of chemistry andchemical engineering at UNC and N.C. StateUniversity. DeSimone recently was elected tomembership in the National Academy ofEngineering.

First devised in 1839, fuel cells are not currentlyused in the commercial industry. Researchersbelieve they have the potential to provide energyfor a wide range of applications, such as poweringlaptops, providing light and heat to homes andrunning automobiles.

"You can use fuel cells anywhere you usebatteries. For example, if you used a fuel cell ina laptop it could last about a week, instead oflasting three�to�four hours with batteries," saidDr. Everett Baucom, deputy director of theNSF Science and Technology Center andadjunct professor of chemistry at UNC. "Then,instead of recharging the cell you would simplyreplace the fuel cartridge."

UNC’s fuel cell research will focus on portableuses for the technology, including laptops, cellularphones and U.S. departments of Defense andHomeland Security applications, DeSimone said.

Fuel cells offer high automotive fuel efficiency(especially in city traffic), low emissions and silent

operation. Most major automotivemanufacturers worldwide are active in fuel celldevelopment, said Baucom. In addition, severalongoing demonstration projects employ fuelcells in city buses in the United States, Canadaand Europe, he said.

"We are working primarily on the chemistry end,designing a new type of membrane that wouldgive higher surface area and higher performanceper unit volume," said Baucom, formerly thetechnology manager for DuPont’s PEM divisionand who joined UNC in 2000. "This would lead tomore effective use of the membrane."

UNC researchers are taking this field in a newdirection, said DeSimone.

"Most of the PEMs used in fuel cell manufactureare solid materials. We are pioneering liquidprecursors. Having a liquid precursor can opennew ways of fabricating fuel cells."

UNC researchers will work with the Teflondivision of DuPont in Fayetteville, the leadingmanufacturer of PEMs. UNC’s Institute forAdvanced Materials, Nanoscience andTechnology and its NSF Science and TechnologyCenter both focus on this kind of technology.

A Prototype Next-Generation MobilePhone Fuel Cell With High Output

Power

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporationhave developed a prototype micro polymer�electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) 1 that uses hydrogengas as a fuel and is small enough to directly fit in amobile phone. Under tests using a production�model mobile phone, this prototype PEFCsuccessfully powered start�up and signalreception/transmission (i.e., video phone, voicecalls, and "i�mode" internet services). Inconjunction with this development, a device forautomatically topping up the micro PEFC withhydrogen was also developed.

At present, the direct�methanol fuel cell(DMFC)�which uses methanol as the hydrogenfuel supply�is the mainstream developmentconcerning batteries for mobile�phone use.However, a DMFC suffers two key problems:firstly, CO

2 is produced during power generation;


secondly, since the power density per unit area ofthe power�generation part is insufficient, batteryminiaturization is difficult.

In light of this problem, utilizing hydrogen gas asa fuel, the PEFC NTT have developed attains ahigh output power compatible with that of alithium�ion battery without producing CO

2

during power generation. On top of that, as a resultof unifying the power�generation unit and thehydrogen�storage alloy tank and simplifyingelectrical circuitry, our PEFC has a compact size(external dimensions: 42*80*13 mm; weight:104g), which makes it suitable for directly fittinginto a mobile phone, and enables a talk time ofnine hours. Furthermore, by changing the surfacearea of the PEFC's power�generation part, it ispossible to apply the PEFC to a wide variety ofmobile electronic devices like video cameras,digital cameras, PDAs, and notebook PCs.

Development background

In recent years, as high performance and multi�functionality of mobile electronic devices (suchas mobile phones and notebook PCs) hasadvanced, the problem of insufficient capacity ofbatteries as the power source of these devices hascome to the forefront.

Under these circumstances, investigations onenergy sources to replace the lithium�ion battery�which is nearing its limit on further improvementsin energy density�are continuing. At the sametime, as a breakthrough technology exerting a lowenvironmental load, fuel cells are continuing tocreate great expectations and spur on theirdevelopment by many manufacturers.

NTT, as part of our creation of fundamenttechnologies for supporting a “Resonant”communication environment, is making greatefforts to establish environmental energytechnologies aimed at realizing a sustainablesociety, and driving forward with research anddevelopment on powerful, high�efficiency, cleanfuel�cell technologies that will contribute toreductions in CO

2 emissions.

Characteristics of the micro PEFC

In a micro PEFC, with hydrogen gas as a fuel,water vapor only is produced as emission. This

means that even under a high�power�densityenvironment, a PEFC is a benign and extremelyclean power source. It is thus regarded as a next�generation power source that is compactenough for directly mounting in a mobile phone.The main characteristics of our PEFC aresummarized as follows.

1. High power density. Compared to a DMFC (i.e.,methanol�fuelled), our PEFC produces a higheroutput, since it is hydrogen�gas fuelled, eventhough the power�generation area is smaller.2. Compactnes. Its high energy density enables acompact size.3. Simple construction. Owing to boostertechnology, the conventionally required"stacking" of cells is unnecessary. And by unifyingthe hydrogen�storage alloy tank and electricity�generation part, the number of parts and batterysize have been reduced.4. Long�term power generation

By utilizing a high�capacity bcc2 (body�centered�cubic) type alloy system for hydrogen storage,our PEFC attains long�term power generation.

In addition to the above, even in the case ofmobile electronic devices such as notebookPCs�which have relatively high powerconsumption�the micro PEFC can be easilyadapted by increasing the area of its electricity�generation part.

Future developments

As regards all�out practical application of fuelcells, several challenges�such as setting uphydrogen�fuel supply systems as part of a socialinfrastructure�remain to be overcome.However, even given the forecasted increasesin power consumption of future devices due totheir higher performance and more functions,micro PEFCs are expected to meet the powerdemand and target early commercialapplications.

At NTT, from now onwards, with our goal ofrealizing the next generation of fuel cells, wewill continue to push forward research anddevelopment in areas such as further validationof safety and investigation into optimumutilization conditions from a general user'sviewpoint.


It is undoubtedly so, let us say…if only we have common sense.For it is impossible to disagreewith the one who tell the truth.

Socrates

Scientific truth develops by a complicatedand winding way and not all scientific

ideology expresses it.

V. Vernadsky

This article is devoted to Russian scientist IvanOsipovitch Yarkovsky (12.05.1844�09.01.1902).I.O. Yarkovsky is an author of the book called“Universal gravity as the result of the formationof ponderable matter inside celestial bodies”published in 1889. [1]

Yarkovsky attracts attention to his book only byits name though it is not easy to make a summaryof the “Universal gravity” book’s meaning afterreading. If a reader judges only by names of itschapters, he or she will find a natural scienceencyclopedia or, more precisely, philosophy ofnatural science. Unfortunately, some generationsin Russia and in the world did not and still do notknow about this work’s existence and the author’sname is almost consigned to oblivion. Yarkovsky’sbook takes the reader’s attention from the verybeginning; it makes him or her think, object to theauthor’s conclusions and, then, follow the scientistsearching for confirmations of his ideas in theenvironment. All strange things have a simple andlogical explanation in the book.

What is the main point of I.O. Yarkovsky’s work?We think that, in memory of people who publishedits second edition, we should give them permissionto speak: “The main purpose of this work can bebriefly summarized as the following: to recreatethe universe, with its complex transformations,using one single matter – aether”. [2].

Speaking of I.O. Yarkovsky and his work, it isimpossible to keep silent about aether. In naturalscience history, this Something was considered assomething passive. No attention has been paid tothe thoughts and theories of ancient peopletaking into account scientific achievements of thefollowing centuries. Ivan Yarkovsky, on thecontrary, expresses his main idea through hisentire book: interactions of aether and chemicalelements are the main reason of gravity formationand the main condition of celestial bodies’evolution, self�consciousness.

Yarkovsky has found a reasonable and logicalexplanation of the integration of an “invisible”world, which is aether, and ponderable matter. Thedeveloped gravity concept became ratherunexpected even for its author: “…in short, it doesnot matter which point of view on universalgravity and chemical elements you have, you mustconsider it absurd that there is a connectionbetween these two things”.

A thoughtful modern researcher will find manyinteresting and new things familiarizing himselfor herself with Yarkovsky’s work. This means thatthe concept of material aether is not subjected toageing and cannot fall to oblivion. We will notmake a mistake thinking that any person who readthe main Yarkovsky’s work asks the samequestions: why the author of the so well groundedhypothesis is not known? Why does a silentconspiracy exist around the scientist’s work formore than a century? Who was this man?

I.O. Yarkovsky had an excellent education: hegraduated from Saint Petersburg TechnologicalUniversity. After he defended his thesis in 1872,Yarkovsky obtained a rank of a mechanicalengineer. It may seem strange but long�standingfinancial troubles and limitations of childhood andyouth could do him good: Ivan Yarkovsky learnednot to divert himself on empty and senselessdreams. It is also possible that, in this period of hislife, Yarkovsky could develop a very high level of

Hypothesis of I.O. YarkovskySizov A.V.

Saint Petersburg, RussiaTel. +7 (812) 586-96-25

[email protected]


self�consciousness, which later helped him upholdhis views with firmness and resolution. He alsowas naturally observant and inventive; his quickmind was always aimed at solution of practicalproblems. Working on his work, I.O. Yarkovskyprovided himself for a thing, which wasinadmissible for most scientists: completefreedom of research and independence oninfluence of different scientific schools.

I. Yarkovsky managed to do, possibly, the bestanalytical review of ideas and names connectedwith problems of gravity, celestial bodies’ genesisand star energy sources in all natural science.Yarkovsky thought about numerous poorlyargued descriptions of effects in the environment.Conclusions, which were made by the scientistand underlay the developed hypothesis, exceededthe bounds of usual scientific ideology. Yarkovskyunderstood it: “I offer readers a book, whichincludes thoughts so different from the ones nowacknowledged by science that I thought a lotbefore deciding to publish them”.

Yarkovsky did not claim to explain everything.Possibly, the strength of careful prudence showingup in his works’ conclusion and opinions hadSocrates spirit: “What is higher than we, it doesnot concern us”. We suppose that, due to such self�control, “gathering patiently facts according tothe ideas”, the author successfully moved towardhis work’s purpose, which was to explain thereasons of universal gravity. There were nofantasies in his ideas. In one of his works, I.O.Yarkovsky said: “I, naturally, value my ideas; it isunderstandable that I will fight for them to thebest of my ability but, however high I value them,I will not be keen on them so much that I will fightagainst indisputable scientific truth defendingthem; I will never act against logic and commonsense”. [3]

It is possible that all developers of cosmologicalhypotheses were inconsistent materialists.Formally, they recognized materialism but theirworld outlooks were tangled and contradictory.Scientists forgot that the world is material andsingle when talking about the most subtle effects,which could not be observed by instruments. Itcaused serious defects of concepts, whichexplained material things only by a so calledponderable matter. This was a methodological andideological impasse and mistake.

Ivan Yarkovsky has found the way out. He wasnot afraid to introduce the concept of materialaether and gave it an active, creative role in theEarth’s life and life of all celestial bodies. It wasnot easy for I. Yarkovsky to make such a decision:“…I have to discuss so many scientific fields thatmy knowledge is insufficient”. Yarkovsky paidattention to an interconnection between theformation of chemical elements and universalgravity. This regularity was never a subject ofserious scientific study. A research methodsuggested by Yarkovsky gave amazing results.Possibly, due to this, scientific ideology tried tokeep silent about Yarkovsky later.

Proofs of Yarkovsky’s hypothesis, which were soobvious, are, possibly, not connected enough withjust a sum of scientific intelligence. Why couldnot other scientists make the same conclusions?What prevented them? Here, it is advisable tomention an interesting article by N.A. Morozovdevoted to the same problems as Yarkovsky’swork. Morozov only marked the following lines:“…during the long evolution of celestial bodies, nomatters were ever formed and will never be formedexcept the ones belonging to Mendeleev’s periodictable”. [4] No conclusions follow from thisestablished fact. The article was published in 1912.There were no references to Yarkovsky’s ideas init, and this is difficult to explain.

What was the reaction of contemporaries toYarkovsky’s idea? In 1891, a book of ProfessorMushketov called “Physical geology” waspublished. Yarkovsky is mentioned there. TheProfessor included him into a list of authors ofhypotheses of Earth formation. In 1902, D.I.Mendeleev, in his article devoted to aether study[5], paid attention to Yarkovsky’s thoughts [6]and mentioned respectfully the author’saspiration for clarifying a matter of understandingof this matter, which can be hardly measured.

The Imperial Academy of Sciences kept silentduring Yarkovsky’s life. The reason of theabsence of polemics concerning his works areconsidered to be very well argued statement ofthoughts and the practically complete absenceof gaps in the concept theses’ defense. It is alsopossible to add an unusual ideological approachto investigation of gravity and a number of othercosmological problems. Yarkovsky kept distancefrom the orthodox science. An insuperable gap


for any criticism appeared. Paying attention toYarkovsky’s ideas could cause serious andobjectionable “disturbance” among views onnatural science problems. Possibly, in order to stopa “destructive” influence of Yarkovsky’s ideas onusual scientific views, a very effective method wasapplied to Yarkovsky’s hypothesis – suppression.

Besides life�time reviews of Yarkovsky’s book,some interest to his hypothesis existed in popularscience periodicals [7], [8], [9]. The scientist wasformally mentioned in a work devoted to aetherdynamics [10]. A member of Academy ofSciences, E.E. Milanovsky, referred toYarkovsky’s ideas [11]. 100 years after thescientist’s death, a work of V.F. Blinov appeared[12]. It was the first book devoted to I.O.Yarkovsky’s ideas.

The unexpected and unusual ideas of Yarkovsky,the encyclopedic nature of the book, theseriousness and vital importance of the consideredquestions make it rather difficult even to approacha narration about the scientist and his ideas. Thatis why we will consider only energy aspects ofYarkovsky’s hypothesis of the entire variety ofhis conclusions and their practical applications.In order to do this, we will have to consider thesituation, which developed in the according fieldsof natural science in his period.

Ivan Yarkovsky could sum up the science of theXIX century and show ways of natural sciencedevelopment next century. Actually, studyinggravity problems, I.O. Yarkovsky began todevelop, according to his own words, a “view ofintegrity” for creation of a “truly strong science”.However, the scientific community paid noattention to Yarkovsky’s ideas. It was not byaccident, taking into account his epoch. At thattime, physicians began to refuse to try to obtain adescription of the world on the basis ofphenomenological models; a new method ofresearch and interpretation of nature decreesappeared. Undoubtedly, Yarkovsky saw the riseof a “new physics” and a “new world outlook”. Theengineer’s attitude to the beginning scientific agetotally differed from enthusiasm of the ‘publicopinion”. The scientist warned of danger ofunreasonable introduction of such trends intonatural science and, probably, his unconquerablearguments were the main reason of his falling intooblivion.

We suppose that the unwillingness to tolerate theidea of aether in physics was caused byimpossibility to explain logically its role indifferent physical laws. There were not evensuggestions considering how the role of thisSomething in natural effects can be understood.Such an intellectual impotence was irritating.Possibly, that is why there was such a cruel andruthless fight against the aether theory in physicsas nowhere else among the fields of natural science.Against a background of doubts and scruples,which were typical for the scientific communityof that age, I. Yarkovsky made material aether afull member of the main universal effect – gravity.

During Yarkovsky’s age, many attempts to detectaether by instruments were carried out. At thesame time, there is an impression that the scientificworld of that time impatiently waited for anexperiment, which would undoubtedly prove thataether did not exist. This waiting ended up withthe experiment of A. Michelson – A. Morley, 1887.

The results of A. Michelson’s experiments becamethe “facts”, which underlay the theory of relativity(TR). In the Russian scientific community, one ofthe first responses to the appeared TR postulateswas the following: “… first of all, it is not necessaryto search for the explanation of these negativeexperiments, for example, Michelson’sones…,…the first postulate of the principle (TR)clearly makes such a search absolutelyunnecessary…, …we must inevitably conclude thataether does not exist, i.e. there is no interstellarmedium… …negation of aether lead to a new wideenergy doctrine” [13].

Here, it is necessary to mention that no one amongthoughtful scientists ever stated that it waspossible to detect aether by instruments. Thisfollows from the definition of aether: “Somethingpermeating everyone and everything”. In theseries of Albert Michelson’s experiments, thepurpose was another: some characteristic of lightwas detected”.

Nevertheless, A. Michelson got a Noble Prize ofphysics for the “Invention of a high�accuracyoptical device (an interferometer), which allowedproving that “aether wind” does not exist. Thiswork was an experimental prerequisite for thecreation of Einstein’s TR”. It is difficult to explainthe change of the “aether” idea to “aether wind”


one in the given formula. Possibly, the reasons ofthis are hidden not only in the above describedsituation in physics at that time.

The experiments of 1887 became classics ofphysics. Everyone knows that they proved thataether does not exist. This statement wasintroduced into the scientific community withsurprising haste and insistence. No one paidattention to the remarks and objections of A.Michelson [14].

In the beginning of the twenties of the last century,Michelson’s experiments were reproduced. Thetitanic efforts of Dayton A. Miller, who used amore sensitive device than in the experiments of1887, allowed determining speed of aether windand making an important conclusion: “theexperiment of Michelson – Morley must not givea zero result and, most likely, never gave such aresult” [4].

In 1913, a book of G. Mi (Greifold) called“Molecules, atoms, and universal aether” wastranslated into Russian. This work is a collectionof proofless and contradictory discourses, whichexplain almost nothing. G. Mi is considered oneof not many creators of general relativity (GR).Possibly, G. Mi wrote about aether in such a way,which was typical for theoretical physics of thosedays: “Before we go further, we should ask again aserious question: does it make sense to speak of aphysical substance, which is not actually matter?How can such a substance be an object of physicalstudy? Maybe we should substitute it for a better,more natural system of ideas?”

An exclusion of the aether idea from naturalscience, which seems so harmless, hid anideological impropriety. Later this fundamentalmistake led to serious problems in theunderstanding of energy effects’ meaning. Theexisting method of physical�chemical processes’research is that ponderable matter is given allproperties, which has been displayed. Thefollowing interpretation of the obtained resultsleads to the loss of a part, which possesses energyand is as material as anything in the world thoughit remains “invisible” for us. Now the words of D.I.Mendeleyev must be cited: “… it must not be saidthat aether is imponderable but that it isimpossible to weigh” [5]. Undoubtedly, it isdifficult to detect aether in physical�chemical

processes. But, possibly, we are just used tothinking so? Probably, we should take intoaccount Leibniz’s words: “Possibly, … many peoplewho thought deeply had some knowledge, whichallowed them to introduce and fight for substanceforms… And these people are not as far from thetruth and funny as the most ordinary of ourmodern philosophers think”. [20]

In his book and the following works, I.O.Yarkovsky permanently emphasized that hishypothesis is based only on facts. An example ofGR shows what can be caused by the reation of“completely mathematical” theories. In this case,the search of facts�proofs began after themathematical model was designed. Yarkovskypredicted such things: “A deliberately false, quiteout of place hypothesis, which has no confirmatoryfact in nature, contradicts both experience andcommon sense, can be introduced in science only ifthere are facts, which can be explained by it”.[16]

By the 80th of the XX century, an opinion wasformed that GR gave an “explanation to theprecession of Mercury’s orbit, which was causedby space band caused by gravity influence of theSun” [17]. Before this explanation was given, anarticle by a German astronomer E. Freindlichabout Mercury anomaly had appeared. E.Freindlich had showed impossibility of asatisfactory explanation of the anomaly on thebasis of Newton theory [18]. The astronomer’sconclusions had not been new. He had to knowabout his predecessors’ achievements. In his book,Yarkovsky showed possibly reasons of thementioned discrepancies.

Let us read Yarkovsky: “After thoroughcalculations, Bessel even made a conclusion thatit is possible to suggest a hypotheticalconstruction of the Sun, the planets and theirsatellites in such a way, that the Sun’s attraction ofthe planets and their satellites would beproportional to the matter’s quantity, i.e. to theirmass, but attraction of one planet to another couldhave some other ratio. But this suggestion wasequal to rejection of the universal law of gravity.Evaluation of other planets’ masses often led tosome disagreement. In 1813, Lindenau publishedMercury tables and paid special attention todisturbances produced by neighboring Venus.Thus, he showed that the estimated up to nowmass of Venus had to be considerably increased in


order to coordinate a position of Mercury, whichwas shown in the tables, with the observed one”.

During I.O. Yarkovsky’s time, it was considered adifficult task to take into account the massincrease of celestial bodies and making accordingdynamical corrections in systems of equationsduring astronomic calculation. Now it is easy tomake the necessary calculations. If such a workwill be done, its performer will discover amazingthings.

The importance of such works is confirmed by amessage about research of our solar system’splanets by space probes: “Even after the evaluationof Uranus’ mass had been considerably changed(it was increased by 0.3%), it became possible toachieve the necessary coincidence of thecalculated and observed paths…” [19]. Thespacecraft “Voyager�2” was meant. Undoubtedly,the age�old slowing down of the Earth’s rotationalso confirms I. Yarkovsky’s hypothesis.

In the history of the “new ideology”, A. Addingtonwas the first to suggest some hypothesis aboutreasons of stellar heat appearance (exceptunknown Yarkovsky). A name of the chapter inAddington’s article must be noted: “Material andaether heat” [20]. Something in these wordsimperceptibly looks like Yarkovsky’s words. Butthis expression is illusive. Addington comparesponderable matter and aether while Yarkovskyconsiders the world single and material. We thinkthat Yarkovsky created his concept, first of all, inorder to establish a precedent, i.e. to show howchangeability and dynamics of the world must beexplained.

In the beginning of the XX century, a convictionclearly appeared that science knows everythingabout matter and energy. Now it seems premature.It is possible to say that there is no evidence thatponderable matter is connected with energy andPoincare dependency explains almost nothing.Taking into account the orthodox method ofinvestigation of the given world’s properties, I.O.Yarkovsky is always very reserved and careful inits suppositions: “I did not try to understand theessence of matter and energy. These questions mayremain unascertained for mankind forever.Instead, I considered matter only the properties,which undoubtedly belong to matter and areacknowledged by everyone”.

The main book of Yarkovsky arouses a feeling thatthe author’s confidence demonstrated on itspages hides many untold things. Yes, the book isdevoted to the explanation of the universalgravity reasons by aether and energy united by aprocess of chemical elements’ formation. Thescientist’s work is also a call for action.Undoubtedly, Yarkovsky understood theoperation principle of the World Machine.Possibly, he could understand how theinexhaustible energy source can be used. Thereare rough drafts of how to carry out accordingexperiments in the book.

Scientists knew that the understanding of gravityis a key to energy sources. In an article� reflectiondevoted to aether, D.I. Mendeleyev wrote: “It isimpossible to solve problems of gravity andenergy engineering without a real understandingof aether as the universal medium transmittingenergy for a distance”. [5]

In all theories where something called “energy” ispresent, one element is always missing – anintermediary between energy effects andponderable matter. This gap in knowledge isespecially evident in cases of gravity theorydevelopment and explanation of the reasons ofthe stellar heat appearance. This problem with the“missing part” took place in Newton’s theory andin GR. In Newton’s case, something was untoldand had in mind while, in case of GR,incomprehensible gravitons were introduced as aviolation of logic and, possibly, common sense.Unlike the mentioned theories, Yarkovsky’s ideacontained such an intermediary, which was not apassive medium but dynamical material aether.The engineer’s hypothesis explained and revealedcause�and�effect relations, which cause andmaintain each energy process in celestial bodies.Due to such a balanced description of the world,Yarkovsky’s concept is convincing and grounded.

It seems difficult to compare Yarkovsky’sconclusions with the results of cosmologicalresearches of the XX century. Possibly, since worksof D.G. Gins had appeared, an opinion was formedthat “a source of stellar heat is a star’s mass” [21].Gins meant that suns lose their mass due toradiation; this is a theory. Actually, on the contrary,stars become brighter every century [1], [22].This is confirmed by modern measurements andcoincides with Yarkovsky’s conclusions: “Our Sun


must grow like our Earth and any other planet.That is why it can never die away”. More fromYarkovsky: “… which were the reasons of the viewthat the Sun must get cold and then die away andthe Earth must turn into a cold sphere?”

The new gravity theory was, according toBrillouin’s opinion, “a brilliant example of a greatmathematical theory built on sand, which leadsto the increase of the mathematics’ part incosmology (a typical example of science fiction).[23] This note was confirmed by cosmogonyresearches, which followed Yarkovsky’s epoch.Then they went into a field of explanation of theUniverse’s formation, the search for virtual blackholes and gravity waves. A new competitionconcerning singularity of purely createdmathematical theories began in cosmology. InRussia, no attention was paid to the “obsolete”and, therefore, “useless” works on gravityresearch. Yarkovsky foresaw such things andenvisaged that they are temporary: “an idea willnot die without a trace even if it has a part oftruth…”.

In the 30�40ties of the XX century, scientificinterest to origin of the stellar heat increased. Atthat time, the first works of A. Bete appeared inGermany. In 1957, the Noble committeeformulated achievements of this scientist in sucha way: “A contribution to the nuclear reactiontheory (Bete cycle), which is the main stellarenergy source”.

For some reason, Bete’s ideas were instantlyacknowledged by the scientific communitythough a part of scientists doubted that they weretrue. Before Bete’s theory was acknowledged,another hypothesis had appeared. It was asbeautiful and heretical as Yarkovsky’s one. It wascreated by Nikolay Alexanrovitch Kozyrev [24].It is considered that N.A. Kozyrev “paid” fordoubts that thermonuclear reactions exist insidestars. An article by three members of Academy ofSciences appeared in “Pravda” newspaper: L.Artsimovich, P. Kapitsa, and I. Tamm [25]. Thearticle devoted to “mistakes’ of Professor Kozyrevwas multidimensional and had correct style.

Claims connected with the fact that his hypothesis“violates” the second law of thermodynamics werealso presented to Kozyrev. Such remarks willundoubtedly be applied to Yarkovsky. He

understood and explained this: “It seems to methat we forget about the sources… It seems to methat, in this case, thermodynamics makes itsconclusions on the basis of facts of one kind nottaking into account others”. Talking about “thesource”, Yarkovsky meant aether. Another extractfrom his book must be added to this: “…theuniverse must be… eternal, …it cannot have sucha pitiful end, which is predicted bythermodynamics!”.

Reading I. Yarkovsky, it is possible to find apermanently mentioned idea that strongpressures influence processes of chemicalelements formation inside celestial bodies: “…under a certain pressure, aether turns intosomething we call the primary matter, i.e. into thisexplosive amorphous mass with enormous energyreserves, which, under violation of balance, makesthis primary matter disintegrate and formponderable or chemical matter”. It is necessaryto make a correction that the book’s author didnot know scientific data on structure andproperties of the nuclear nucleus and he had tocreate its own terminology. In spite of this, it ispossible that Yarkovsky could predict behaviorof ponderable matter inside celestial bodies.

Probably, the most amazing conclusion of the onescreated by Yarkovsky’s hypothesis is explanationof the solar heat reasons. Comparing Yarkovsky’sviews on the construction and operation principleof the Sun with the according theories of the XXcentury, we find a great difference. The idea ofthermonuclear reaction occurring inside starsappeared on the basis of theoretical physics’conclusions concerning the Sun’s structure.Presuppositions of this were evaluation of theSun’s density, the following supposition of itsinternal chemical structure and ideas of physicalprocesses creating its energy supply etc.Yarkovsky’s doubts concerned accuracy ofevaluation of the Sun’s density and were causedby the mistaken calculation of its mass: “Attractiveforce of the Sun and the planets has beendetermined by astronomers on the basis of itsinfluence on other bodies. This definition isindubitably true but, on the basis of this, it isimpossible to determine masses of the planetsbecause this attraction, possibly, depends not onmass but on some other reasons. …Believing inaccuracy of the numerator of Newton’s formula,scientists… consider it gaseous”.


Such an idea of the Sun (of all stars) is a canon,only a gas is substituted by “plasma” now. Theimpossibility to evaluate real masses of celestialbodies and the following strange ideas of theirstructure show an obvious divergence ofNewton’s gravity theory. This means that theknown explanation of gravity must be seriouslycorrected. Now such a revision is not carried out.

Almost one hundred years since the book“Universal gravity” was published, an article of amember of the Academy of Sciences E.B.Alexanrdov appeared [26]. The scientist made areview of reports on research results, which,according to his words, could lead to the “revisionof Newton’s law”. It is possible to say that thearticle consists of the same key words asYarkovsky’s book chapter. Right there thesimilarity ends because E.B. Alexanrdov copiesall mistakes caused by the impossibility to findanalogies between gravity and mutual attractionof check weights. Yarkovsky warned against thismistake many times. Naturally, Yarkovsky’shypothesis is not mentioned in the article.Nevertheless analyzing the existing situation withdetermination of celestial bodies’ masses,Yarkovsky suggested rational methods ofelimination of mistakes. Newton’s doubtsconcerning the gravity reasons are rarely cited:“the fact that one body can interact with anotherover a distance, through vacuum, withoutinfluence of something else, seems to me so absurdthat I cannot imagine that someone, who can thinkwith competence in the field of philosophicalquestions, can make such a conclusion”. [27]Thinking about gravity, Leibniz considered it a“physical barbarism” to explain it in such a way,that, “using the suggested presuppositions,conclusions are made, which are not onlyunreliable but also wrong and impossible like thisuniversal attraction of matter to matter” [28].

I. Yarkovsky made two conclusions developingthe hypothesis about the origin of gravity andevolution of celestial bodies (all withoutexceptions, including stars): “1. Due to the factthat new layers of ponderable matter arepermanently forming inside a body, we can saythat the body transforms aether into ponderablematter; that the body grows. 2. Due to the fact thataether turned into ponderable matter cannot goto the surface as aether again and has to formchemical bodies, which has the same ability to

absorb and condense aether, the absorption willcontinue and cause a kind of a permanent aethercurrent from the surface to the center of the body”.

The given important conclusions point at thesource of enormous energy hidden in the processof gravity formation.

In the XX century, interesting researches werecarried out directly or indirectly connected withthe gravity problem. On the basis of their analysis,V.F. Blinov wrote a work showing presence ofYarkovsky’s ideas in many of the effects aroundus. According to Blinov’s book, anotherconclusion is possible: the western scientificcommunity, which considers itself sufficientlyindependent, does not know Yarkovsky’s works.

A new century has come, but nothing has changesin the scientific “public opinion”. The works ofMiller and Kozyrev are considered unremarkableas well as the works of the most evident“unknown” Yarkovsky. Possibly, this is whyrecognized cosmology specialists can hardlyunderstand that the equations, which formed afantastical idea of “the big bang”, are based onwrong and shaky grounds.

Let us read Yarkovsky: “Even if the temperaturein universe becomes the same, if aether ofuniversal space has the same energy, but if there isonly one material body of a big size in universe, itis sufficient for aether to condense itself insidethe body using its own, even small, energy and,therefore, create a new source of heat and, hence,to revive the universe again”.

Yarkovsky understood the complexity of the ideaof “energy”. This is why he refused to try to findout what is meant by the word “energy” in anintroduction to his book (1889): “we will not tryto explain the essence of matter and energybecause this is a completely wasted labourconsidering the existing state of our intellect”. Inchapter IV, Yarkovsky writes about the essenceof energy: “possibly, it will always remain anincomprehensible and inexplicable element ofmotion. …we can always consider energy as aspecial matter”.

Despite the fact that Yarkovsky only lightly wentinto the energy side of his hypothesis,nevertheless, his explanation of the universal


gravity reasons can show a direction of researcheson a path leading to new energy. An analysis ofYarkovsky’s ideas and the research results of somescientists of the XIX and XX centuries allowfinding a hypothetical possibility to find thesource of this energy. Undoubtedly, it will requireusing some aether properties, but it is a mistaketo thing that this matter is “fuel”.

The most important observed aether effect isheating of the Earth and all celestial bodies afterthey reach a certain size. Which size? This is avery important question and, maybe, it is possibleto explain the reason of the stellar energyanswering it. Yarkovsky understood it: “…thebody only has to have a size of the certainmagnitude. We cannot say now what magnitudeit is – probably, very big or maybe not. Anyway,we know that there must be the certain size of thebody”. Kozyrev mentioned a diameter of celestialbodies of about 2,000 km. Having this diameter,the body begins to heat. The scientist noted thatthis process can be also initiated in bodies of thesmaller size. According to Kozyrev’s works, it isalso necessary to take into account “a geometricalform of these bodies” [24]. Photographs of anumber of extraterrestrial objects obtained byspacecrafts allow considering that, in addition tothe size and form, plastic morphology of satellitesof our solar system’s planets must be taken intoaccount. There are a lot of such objects, celestialbodies of different sizes and forms, which can beused for tracing their evolution from the beginningof the heating process.

It is unknown whether Kozyrev knew aboutYarkovsky’s works but a copy of “Universalgravity” book is kept in a library of Pulkovoobservatory, where Kozyrev worked. It is naturalto mention Kozyrev in the article devoted to IvanYarkovsky. The Professor was a peculiar successorof Yarkovsky.

The researches of Yarkovsky and Kozyrev gaveanother approach to creation of an artificialsource of the stellar heat, which is different fromthe orthodox one. Even if we understand thereasons of the internal Earth’s heat formation, wewill be able to make the following steps inexploration of the world. Undoubtedly, theoperation principle of the Earth’s heat machinewill underlie energy technologies of the future.Possibly, there are confirmations of this in Blinov’s

book: “Plasma necessarily appears inside a nucleusof a growing planet because the development ofthe planet leads to its turning into a star. Thequestion is when plasma appears in the nucleus.Possibly, plasma already exists in the Earth’snucleus”. [12]

The oracular ideas of Yarkovsky turned out to beuncalled. They were not understood in Russia andin the West and, due to this, became obsolete.There were important reasons for this: IvanYarkovsky’s thoughts appeared at theinappropriate time.

References

1. I.O. Yarkovsky. Universal gravity as the result of formationof ponderable matter inside celestial bodies. M. 1889.2. I.O. Yarkovsky. Universal gravity as the result of formationof ponderable matter inside celestial bodies. M. 1889. SPb. 1912.3. I.O. Yarkovsky. New view on the reasons of meteorologicaleffects. M. 1891.4. N.A. Morozov. The past and the future of worlds accordingto the modern geophysical and astrophysical point of view. //Priroda. #3. / 1912. p. 3335. D.I. Mendeleyev. An attempt of chemical understanding ofuniversal aether. // “Periodic law. M. Nauka. 1958.6. I.O. Yarkovsky. Density of light aether. Bryansk. 1901.7. K. Arsenyev. A mystery of global fissures. // Tehnika molodezhi.N11/ 1969, p. 27.8. V. Neiman. The Sun shines brighter! // Tehnika molodezhi.N4/ 1977, p. 59.9. V. Novitsky. The undecidable problem of physics. // Tehnikamolodezhi. N5/ 1990, p. 20.10. V.A. Ayutskovsky. General aetherdynamics. M. 1990.11. E.E. Milanovsky. The expanding and pulsatile Earth. //Priroda. N8/ 1982, p. 48.12. V.F. Blinov. The growing Earth: from planets to stars. M.2003.13. O.D. Khvolfson. Relativity principle. // Priroda. N11/ 1912,p. 1275.14. D.K. Miller. Aether wind. 1925.15. Leibniz. Thoughts of metaphysics. M. 1982.16. I.O. Yarkovsky. A passion for mathematical theories inmodern science”. M. 1893.17. P. Davis. Super�power. M. Mir. 1989, p. 84.18. V.P. Vizgin. Einstein and others. Priroda. N3/ 1979, p. 41.19. R.P. Lazer and others. A meeting of “Voyager�2” withUranus. // V mire nauki. N1/1987, p. 12.20. A. Addington. Internal construction of stars. 1926.21. D.G. Gins. New in cosmology. 1928.22. Planetology. // Priroda. N6/ 2000, p. 61.23. L. Brilloin. A new view on relativity. M. Mir. 1972. 28.24. N.A. Kozyrev. A nature of stellar energy on the basis of theobserved data’s analysis. L. 1991. p. 199.25. L. Artsimovich and others. On thoughtless chase of scientificsensations. “Pravda” newspaper. 22.11.1958.26. E.B. Alexandrov. Searching for the fifth force. // Nauka Izhizn. N1/1988, p. 50.27. V.F. Mitkevich. The main physical views. M. 1939, p. 23.28. Leibniz. Against barbarism in physics. M, 1982, p. 349.


An endless ribbon with apertures rotating onshafts with unbalanced masses can exerts non�zero lifting force. The influence of the phase shiftbetween rotations of the ribbon and theunbalanced bodies on the lift force is considered.

This is an attempt to find out what parametersof the device shown in Fig. 1 must be to ensurethe lift of the system in the gravitational field.Essentially, the system is an endless ribbon Wof length πnd having apertures of length πd,where n is digital number. The ribbon rotatesbetween four shafts of diameter d two of whichhave unbalanced masses m/2. In fact this is avariant of the vibrational air craft [1]. The onlydistinction is in that the body W contactingwith the surrounding medium changes its sizesand form synchronously with the rotation ofthe unbalanced masses. In the vibrational aircraft, the form and the sizes of this body areimmutable. Therefore, one may consider thissystem as a variant of the ornithopter [2].Possibly that the aspiration to save the form ofthe wing was a reason of failures in attempts tobuild the ornithopter [3]. Unfortunate choiceof the phase shift ∆ can be another reason ofthe mentioned failures. There is meaning toconsider a case when the resistance force F

r

proportional to the effective area of wing W is

also proportional to the velocity of this bodyrelative to surroundings.

The unbalanced bodies rotate in oppositedirections. Therefore, the motion of thesebodies may be represented as a vibration of onebody of the mass m executed forced oscillationsin the vertical direction. When the wing is open(small effective area of the wing) the mass mmust move downwards to produce the motionof the wing upwards. When the mass m movesupwards the wing should be closed (largeeffective of the area of the wing). In this casethe essential magnitude of the resistance forceprevents the wing from motion downwards.The center of mass of the system, therefore,rises. It is all over up with the principle of actionof the platform. But such an interpretation ofthe lifts valid only in the case of the piecewise�constant dependence of the area of the wing ontime when the wing is open or closed. In thedevice shown in Fig. 1 the area of wing changesharmonically with time. Therefore the influenceof the phase shift ∆ on the lift force must beinvestigated. Now about the lift force. By allappearance, this is the weight of the system thatcan be kept on a immutable distance from theearth to the platform. In another words, this isthe weight corresponding the critical regime

Flying PlatformS.A. Gerasimov

Faculty of Physics, Rostov State University,Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia

E-mail: [email protected]

Fig. 1. The flying platformFig. 2. The dependence of the lift force F

on the phase shift ∆∆∆∆∆


of the flight [4]. In this case the calculationprocedure is almost identical to thatcorresponding to the vibrational air craft [2,4].But the results of calculations are quiteunexpected (Fig. 2). It turns out that when theunbalanced bodies are downstairs, the wingmust be half open and must be in state of closing.

Suppose that ∆=�d/2 and d=0.5 m. A plane ofarea 1 m2 moving with velocity <v>=10 m/sexerts the resistance force 76 N [5]. This meansthat the period of rotation of the unbalancedbodies must approximately be T ≈ 2d/<v>=0.1s if the mass of the system without the

unbalanced bodies is small M<<m. At suchfrequency of rotation, the platform can lift themass 80 kg if the minimal area of the wing isabout 60 m2. More the frequency of rotation,more the weight of the system which can belifted. Therefore it would be a good thing tocalculate the lift force as a function of allparameters of the platform. It is found out thatthe results of calculations can be presented asan universal scaling curve which enable us tofind any parameter of the platform (Fig. 3). Itis sufficient to know the resistance coefficientλ corresponding to the minimal area of the wing.The maximal area is two times more. M

0 is the

total mass of the platform. It is interesting tonote that at small periods of rotation the liftforce F is inversely proportional to the periodT. If the value T is large (T>>4M

0λ ) the system

cannot even lift itself .

References

1. Udalova E.S. Vibrational Air Craft by EngineerGerasimov. // Engineer. 2005. No 3. P. 2�5.2. Gerasimov S.A. On Theory of Ornithopter. //Technique and Technology. 2005. No 2. P. 17�20.3. DeLaurier J.D. An Aerodynamic Model forFlapping�Wing Flight. // The Aerodynamic Journal. 1993.V. 97. N 964. P. 125�130.4. Gerasimov S.A. Vibrational Displacement inGravity Field. // Journal of Applied Mechanics andTechnical Physics. 2003. V. 44. No 6. P. 786�789.5. Kasnevsky V.P. Aerodynamics in Nature andTechnique. // Moscow: Prosveschenie. 1985.

Fig. 3. The dependence of the lift force Fon the period of rotation T

NewsI have invented, patented, and tested a chip containingvery many very small diodes that absorbs uniform ambientheat and releases D.C. Electrical power. This is a superiorenergy source that is very inexpensive and will powermall appliances out of the box without a need for powerwiring anywhere in the world.

Michael Huff at the Stanford MEM network, a networkof nanotechnology evelopers, has given me a quote that$50,000 would pay for developing this chip. He couldreceive grant funding directly to improve theaccountability as I am an unaffiliated inventor thatcannot personally produce the chip.

U.S. Patent 3,890,161, DIODE ARRAY. As a 1975 patent,it may be vailable in an image form only, not yet in anelectronically searchable text form. The original materialsspecified in the patent have been superseded by C60carbon buckyballs as anodes on an N type InSb(semiconductor) substrate.

In 1993, I commissioned the preparation and testing ofan adapted satellite transponder chip containing 5,600Au on GaAs diodes fabricated in a patch as an expedientfor assemblers to find one diode where diodes operatingat high frequencies have to be very small. Conductivepaste was applied over the face of the chip to connect allthe diodes in consistent alignment parallel as required.Next, the chip was immersed in a constant temperaturepure vegetable oil bath inside a shielding box in theCalifornia desert. The chip produced approximately 25watts where an output more than 1/2 watts validatesthe theory that electrical thermal noise (Johnson Nouse)can be rectified and aggregated.

If replication of this test is desired, the chips may still beavailable as draw down obsolete stock from VirginiaDiodes Inc. www.virginiadiodes.com. I have lost contactwith the lab that adapted and tested the chip. The C60 /N type InSb version of the chip should perform much better.

Charles M. Brownphone (808) 828�[email protected]


All�permanent�magnet engine by U.S. companywith R&D lab in Australia. October 2003 TVfootage shows demo prototype in action.Company claims to be building a prototype thatcan be fitted to an automobile.

The Project

Recent developments in the manufacture ofmagnets has opened this exciting new arena fortechnological advancement.

Cycclone Magnetic Engines (CME) is theconcept of using permanent magnets in aconfiguration that supplies mechanical poweron demand. To offer an alternative to theubiquitous internal combustion engine that iscommercially viable, the technology mustimitate the manner and principles that theinternal combustion engines operate under.That is to, accelerate, decelerate, maintain arequired revolutions per minute whileresponding to an increase or decrease in loadand to have the ability to be operated byhumans in a fool proof fashion.

CME believes that it is able to meet this criteriaby concentrating development on the controland configuration of the applied magnets. Theshape and composition of the magnets is thetechnical heart of the concept and one of ourmost guarded secrets.

The composition of the metals that themagnets are mounted to or applied with, isanother area that gives accurate control.

Practically all of the research and developmentwork carried out in the race to create a powersource utilizing the attraction and repulsion ofmagnets has been derived from linear motion.Cycclone magnetic engines combine cyclicmotion with the use of spinning metals that clonethe magnetic pole, hence the name cyc�clone.

The Magnets

Magnets attract certain materials � such asiron, nickel, cobalt, certain steels and otheralloys. They also exert an attractive or repulsiveforce on other magnets, have an effect onelectrical conductors, and have an effect onelectrically charged particles.

Based on these effects, magnets transformenergy from one form to another, without anypermanent loss of their own energy. Examplesof magnet functions are;

• Mechanical to mechanical � such asattraction and repulsion• Mechanical to electrical � such asgenerators and microphones• Electrical to mechanical � such as motors,loudspeakers, charged particle deflection

There are four classes of moderncommercialized magnets, each based on theirmaterial composition. Within each class is afamily of grades with their own magneticproperties. These general classes are;

• Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB)• Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)• Ceramic (also known as Ferrite magnets)• Alnico (Al Ni Co)

NdFeB and SmCo are collectively known asRare Earth magnets because they are bothcomposed of materials from the Rare Earthgroup of elements in the lanthanides section of

Cycclone Magnet Engines

http://cycclone.com/

Company News


the Periodic Table of the Elements. NdFeB isthe most recent commercial addition to thefamily of modern magnet materials. At roomtemperatures, NdFeB magnets exhibit thehighest properties of all magnet materials.Samarium Cobalt is manufactured in twocompositions: Sm1Co5 and Sm2Co17 � oftenreferred to as the SmCo 1:5 or SmCo 2:17 types.2:17 types, with higher Hci values, offer greaterinherent stability than the 1:5 types.

Sintered Rare Earth/Neodymium Magnets madefrom rare earth elements are the most powerfulpermanent magnetic materials commerciallyavailable. Made from either Neodymium IronBoron(NdFeB) or Samarium Cobalt(SmCo),rare earth magnets boast magnetic energy valuesranging from 18 MGOe to over 45 MGOe,depending on grade and material.

Basic problems of permanent magnet designrevolve around estimating the distribution ofmagnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, which mayinclude permanent magnets, air gaps, highpermeability conduction elements, andelectrical currents. Exact solutions of magneticfields require complex analysis of many factors,although approximate solutions are possiblebased on certain simplifying assumptions.Obtaining an optimum magnet design ofteninvolves experience and tradeoffs.

The basis of magnet design is the B�H curve, orhysteresis loop, which characterizes eachmagnet material. This curve describes thecycling of a magnet in a closed circuit as it isbrought to saturation, demagnetized, saturatedin the opposite direction, and thendemagnetized again under the influence of anexternal magnetic field. The second quadrantof the B�H curve, commonly referred to as the"Demagnetization Curve", describes theconditions under which permanent magnets areused in practice. A permanent magnet will havea unique, static operating point if air�gapdimensions are fixed and if any adjacent fieldsare held constant. Otherwise, the operatingpoint will move about the demagnetizationcurve, the manner of which must be accountedfor in the design of the device.

The ability of a permanent magnet to supportan external magnetic field results from small

magnetic domains "locked" in by crystalanisotropy within magnet material. Onceestablished by initial magnetization, thesepositions are held until acted upon by forcesexceeding those that lock the domains. Theenergy required to disturb the magnetic fieldproduced by a magnet varies for each type ofmaterial. Permanent magnets can be producedwith extremely high coercive forces (Hc) thatwill maintain domain alignment in the presenceof high external magnetic fields. Stability canbe described as the repeated magneticperformance of a material under specificconditions over the life of the magnet.

The effect of time on modern magnets isminimal. Studies have shown that permanentmagnets will see changes immediately aftermagnetization. These changes, known as"magnetic creep", occur as less stable domainsare affected by fluctuations in thermal ormagnetic energy, even in a thermally stableenvironment. This variation is reduced as thenumber of unstable domains decreases. RareEarth magnets are not as likely to experiencethis effect because of their extremely highcoercivities. Long�term time versus fluxstudies have shown that a newly magnetizedmagnet will lose a minor percent of its flux as afunction of age. Over 100,000 hours, theselosses are in the range of essentially zero forSamarium Cobalt materials to less than 3% forAlnico 5 materials at low permeancecoefficients.

If a permanent magnet is stored away frompower lines, other magnets, high temperatures,and other factors that adversely affect themagnet, it will retain its magnetism essentiallyforever. Shock and vibration do not affectmodern magnet materials, unless sufficient tophysically damage the material.

The Mechanical Application

The internal combustion engine producespower through the mechanical advantage of areciprocating crankshaft. These engines areconfigured as either two stroke or four stroke.In a two stroke engine, there is a power strokefor every revolution, however, these engineshave proven to be uneconomical in the modernenvironment. A four stroke engine has a power


stroke for every two revolutions. Both enginesuse a scalene triangle with two fixed sides toconvert the power stroke into usable rotatingmechanical power. The concept behind CME isto replace the liquid fuel power stroke of tworevolutions with a load line (permeancecoefficient, Pc) power pulse in four to eightdeliveries per revolution depending on the sizeand power requirement.

This will equate to four power strokes perrevolution in a four cycle configurationeliminating the wasted energy of one and a halfrotations of the four stroke engine. Further, thepower consuming components of thereciprocating engine such as the camshaft,valve train, oil pump, water pump, fan, and fuelpump in diesel engines will further advantagethe CME as they will not be required.

When arrays of magnets are assembled,especially when the magnets must be placed inrepelling positions, it is very important toconsider safety issues. Modern magnetmaterials such as the Rare Earth types areextremely powerful, and when in repulsion theycan behave as projectiles if adhesives were tobreak down. CME has identified severalpotential methods of mechanical retention.

CME believes now is the time to forgeforward and consolidate it's technology intocommercial reality. With the advent of hybridpowered vehicles at the cutting edge and theever increasing demand on environmentalmanagement, the need for alternative powersystems has never been greater.

See the Engine Running

You can view the video clips (http://www.cycclone.com/videos/cycc_20031125�215Kbps.wmv) over a broadband connection(1.8MB) and (http://www.cycclone.com/videos/cycc_20031125�56Kbps.wmv) over adial up connection (918KB). RequiresWindows Media Player 7 or greater.

Founder and Inventor

Micheal Peter Nugent ([email protected]) is the Chief Executive Officerof Cycclone Magnetic Engines. He is highlyregarded as one of the top engine builders oftoday. Being a member of the AustralianCorporate Lawyers Association and AustralianInstitute of Company Directors, Mr Nugentbrings more than 25 years experience in enginetechnology. Mr Nugent will manage theTechnical Development Centre for CyccloneMagnetic Engines and carry out the assemblyand further development of the new enginesincluding the fitment of an engine to a vehicle fortesting in a long distance drive in the near future.

Contacts

Corporate DirectoryCycclone Magnetic Engines Inc.1005 Terminal Way, Suite 110Reno, Nevada, USA 89502

Technical Development Centre2/6 Millennium CircuitGaven, Queensland, Australia 4211

Postal AddressPO Box 152Arundel, Queensland, Australia 4214Phone: +61 7 5580 6000

Fax: +61 7 5580 6111Email: [email protected]

new energy technologies advanced propulsion systems for aerospace industry and new energy...

Technology

new energy technologies

generation of excessive

contents excessive energy

free energy cleanly

generation of excessive

alexander frolov

jean louis naudins laboratory

jean louis naudins comment