ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Tamar dolbaia

saqarTvelos saporto sistemebis funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebis

geografiuli kanonzomierebebi

sazogadoebrivi geografiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad

samecniero xelmZRvaneli

sruli profesori ioseb saluqvaZe

2011

2

saqarTvelos saporto sistemebis formirebisa da ganviTarebis

geografiuli kanonzomierebebi

Sesavali: 4

I Tavi: saporto sistemebis roli da adgili msoflio meurneobaSi 11

1.1. saporto sistemebis msoflio gamocdileba 11

1.2. Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi da saqarTvelo 21

1.3. empiriuli kvlevis monacemebi 29

I Tavis daskvna: 35

II Tavi: qarTuli portebis funqciuri datvirTva 37

2.1. qarTuli portebi, rogorc qalaqwarmomqmneli faqtori 37

2.2. qarTuli portebi, rogorc samxreT kavkasiis regionuli

ganviTarebis faqtori 47

2.3. qarTuli portebis satranzito funqcia, rogorc qveynis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis faqtori 52

2.4. saporto qalaqi VS turistuli qalaqi 64

II Tavis daskvna: 70

3

III Tavi: qarTuli portebis roli da adgili Savi zRvis auzSi 73

3.1. Savi zRvis auzis portebis SedarebiTi analizi da ranJireba

funqciuri niSniT 73

3.2. Savi zRvis auzis portebis klasifikacia: empiriuli kvleva 107

3.3.baTumisa da foTis saporto sistemebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba 121

III Tavis daskvna: 139

ZiriTadi daskvnebi: 141

gamoyenebuli literatura: 145

danarTi: 154

4

Sesavali:

Tanamedrove msoflio sawarmoo ZalTa ganlagebis erT_erTi

mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa zRvispira raionebSi mosaxleobisa da

warmoebis mzardi koncentracia.

XX saukunis meore naxevridan, sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis

gaRrmavebisa da sazRvao transportis ekonomikuri upiratesobebis

gamoyenebis safuZvelze xdeba zRvis sanapiro raionebis swrafi

ganviTareba da yalibdeba maTTvis specifiuri eqsport-importul

operaciebze orientirebuli sameurneo - teritoriuli sistemebi.

1970-iani wlebidan saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi reJimiT

msoflio okeaneSi 200 miliani ekonomikuri zona Seiqmna, ramac kidev

ufro diversificirebuli gaxada sanapiro regionebi da gaaZliera

maTi mniSvneloba.

zRvispira sameurno-teritoriuli sistemebis swrafi ganviTareba

ganapiroba Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebis rolis zrdam, sameurneo

brunvaSi okeanuri resursebis farTod Cabmam, sazRvao transportis

ekonomikuri upiratesobis gamoyenebam da maRalganviTarebuli

qveynebis orientaciam importul nedleulze.

mTel rig qveynebSi saporto sistemebi depresiuli regionebis

ganviTarebis faqtorad, egreTwodebul “zrdis polusebad”iqca (knox

1998).

XX saukunis meore naxevridan saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

urTierTobaTa sistemaSi, fexs ikidebs neomerkantilizmis (ekonomikuri

nacionalizmis) Teoria, romlis momxreni Tvlian, rom msoflio

ekonomikas regionul blokebad danawileba elis. integracia

ganxorcieldeba msoflios sxvadasxva regionis farglebSi, radganac

“calkeuli qveynebi ver SeZleben iyvnen konkurentunarianni, Tumca

verc suverenulobaze aiReben xels da maTTvis suverenulobisa da

ekonomikuri keTildReobis metnaklebad Sexameba regionaluri

integraciis gziT moxerxdeba” (rondeli1995:185).

5

regionuli integracia saerTaSoriso politikaSi ganisazRvreba,

rogorc “saxelmwifoTa SezRuduli ricxvi, romelTa kavSirsac

ganapirobebs geografiuli siaxlove da urTierTdamokidebulebis

maRali done” (Nye1968).regionul dajgufebebs gansxvavebuli miznebi

aqvT: Sidaregionuli vaWrobis ganviTareba, usafrTxoeba, kulturul-

eTnikuri tradiciebis dacva, socialuri-ekonomikuri ganviTareba da

sxv.

evropis qveynebis msgavsad saxelmwifoTa jgufebi cdiloben

Seqmnan regionuli blokebi sxvadasxva mizniT. socialisturi banakis

daSlis Sedegad aRmocenebuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebic

TavianTi ganviTarebis xsnas msoflio globalur sivrceSi regionuli

blokebis meSveobiT CarTvaSi xedaven.

ase gaCnda saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemaSi CvenTvis

saintereso axali terminebi, samxreT kavkasiisa da Savi zRvis auzis

qveynebis regionebi.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg evrokavSiris satransporto

strategiaa evropuli bazris gafarToeba saerTaSoriso satransporto

derefnebis ganviTarebis gziT, rac postsocialisturi qveynebis

evropul sivrceSi CarTvis erTerT saukeTeso saSualebad miiCneva.

evrokavSirisTvis aseve prioritetuli sakiTxia satransporto

nakadebis diversifikacia da axali derefnebis gaWra saqarTvelosa da

samxreT kavkasiaze, ruseTze gamavali umniSvnelovanesi satransporto

derefnebis alternetivad.

axal realiebSi, saqarTvelos ganviTarebis realuri resurss

satranzito potencialis gamoyenebis gziT regionul blokebSi Sav

zRvaze gamavali portebis meSveobiT funqciuri datvirTvis

gaZlierebaSi vxedavT.

axalma viTarebam Secvala saqarTvelos geostrategiuli funqcia

da sadisertacio kvlevis aqtualobas globalur sivrceSi mimdinare

swored am metad mniSvnelovan procesebSi qarTuli portebis

meSveobiT qveynisa Tu regionis CarTvisa da ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobebis SeswavlaSi vxedavT.

6

kvlevis mizania saqarTvelos portebis adgilisa da rolis

gansazRvra saporto qalaqebis, qveynisa da regionis ganviTarebasa da

globalur ekonomikur sivrceSi CarTvaSi. am miznis misaRwevad

saWiroa Semdegi amocanebis gadaWra:

1. portebis resursuli potencialis Seswavla

2. portebis ganviTarebis faqtorebis gamovlena da analizi

3. portebis momsaxurebisa da tvirTnakadebis analizi

4. portebis da saporto qalaqebis urTierTkavSirebis dadgena

5. portebis gavlenebis Seswavla saporto qalaqze, qveyanasa da

regionze

6. portebis SedarebiTi analizi Savi zRvis auzis regionis WrilSi

7. portebis ranJireba

8. portebis klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro parametrebis SemuSaveba

kvlevis obieqti: baTumisa da foTis saporto sistemebi.

kvlevis sagani: saporto sistemebis organizacia da funqcionireba;

saporto sistema, rogorc saporto qalaqis, qveynisa da regionis

ganviTarebis instrumenti.

naSromSi gamoyenebuli Teoriebi: neomerkantilizmis, ganlagebis,

globalizaciis.

neomerkantilizmis, anu ekonomikuri nacionalizmis Teoria miiCnevs,

rom msoflio ekonomika daiyofa regionul blokebad. yoveli bloki

ibrZolebs bazrebis, nedleulis, kapitaldabandebebis ganawilebis

gamo. “regionalizacia saSualebas miscems saxelmwifoebs maqsimaluri

politikuri da ekonomikuri suverenitetis SenarCunebasTan erTad

masStaburi ekonomikiTa da urTierTdamokidebulebiT isargeblon . . .

regionul blokebSi integraciiT suverenuli saxelmwifoebi SeZleben

winaaRmdegoba gauwion globalur gareSe Zalebs” (rondeli 1996:185). am

Teoriidan gamomdinare ganvixileT saqarTvelos saporto sistemebis

roli da adgili Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis regionul blokSi.

marTalia bloki ganviTarebis Canasaxovan stadiaSia, magram qveynebs

7

integraciisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis didi survili aqvT. aseve

ganvixileT qarTuli portebis mniSvneloba samxreT kavkasiis

regionisTvis, rogorc globalur ekonomikur sivrceSi CarTvis

saSualeba.

ganlagebis, anu sivrciTi analizis, Teoria safuZvels iRebs

Standortis Teoriidan. esaa sawarmoTa ganlagebis Teoria, romlis

gamoCenili warmomadgenelia vilhelm launhardti. misi Teoriis

Tanaxmad, romelsac hqvia “launhardtis samkuTxedi”, warmoebis

optimaluri ganlagebiT SesaZlebelia satransporto xarjebis

minimizacia. am skolis cnobili warmomadgenlebia a. lieSi, i. tiuneni,

d. harki, p. hageti, a. veberi, romelsac ekuTvnis “warmoebis ganlagebis

sufTa Teoria”, J. aizardi, romelic agreTve regionuli mecnierebis

fuZemdebelia, a. probsti, romelsac ekuTvnis teritoriuli dagegmvisa

da ganlagebis koncefcia, rac gamoixata sabWoTa kavSirSi

teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsebis koncefciis ganviTarebaSi. Cveni

Seswavlis obieqti saqarTvelos saporto sistemebi, swored sabWoTa

periodSi Seqmnili saporto-sawarmoo kompleqsebis memkvidrea.

globalizaciis Teoria aris msoflio ekonomikuri, politikuri da

kulturuli integraciisa da unifikaciis Teoria. globalizaciis

subieqtia regionalizacia, romelic amartivebs sameurneo

urTierTobebs qveynebs Soris da uzrunvelyofs saerTo ekonomikur

sivrces. globalizaciis regionuli scenaria glokalizacia, roca

regionuli bazris, regionuli meurneobebis Camoyalibeba xdeba

regionis momxmareblis gemovnebisa da moTxovnilebebis mixedviT.

glokalizacia eyrdnoba kulturaTa Soris komunikacias regionul

doneze.

Savi zRvis auzis qveynebs msgavsi socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis done da kulturul-istoriuli fesvebi aqvT TurqeTis

garda. postsabWoTa sivrcidan gamosvlis Semdeg, am qveynebs aqvT

mcdeloba regionuli urTierTkavSirebis gaRrmavebis gziT

daimkvidron adgili globalur sivrceSi. samxreT kavkasiis regionis

8

qveynebi bolo ori saukunis manZilze ruseTis imperiis erTian

sivrceSi ayalibebdnen kulturul-ekonomikur urTierTobebs da maTi

globalur sivrceSi CarTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gza qarTul

portebze gadis.

kvlevis meTodebi: SedarebiTi analizis, istoriuli, savele,

statistikuri, SWOT-analizis, sociologiuri da sxva meTodebis

kompleqsuri gamoyeneba da sistemuri midgoma.

monacemebis mopovebis meTodebi:

movipoveT statistikuri monacemebi portebis saitebidan,

bulgareTis, ukrainis, ruseTis portebis administraciebidan, saporto

qalaqebis uwyebrivi organizaciebidan da saqarTvelos ekonomikis

saministros, statistikis depatramentisa da sxva saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebidan.

anketirebis meTodiT CavatareT struqturirebuli raodenobrivi

gamokiTxva. es aris damatebiTi monacemebis meTodi mosaxleobis

molodinebisa da ganzraxvebis Sesaswavlad saqarTveloSi Tavisufali

ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmna-ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT. gamoikiTxa

80 respondenti: foTSi – 39 (48,75%), baTumSi – 23 (28,75%), TbilisSi –

18 (22,5%). respondentebis SerCeva sami qalaqis im mosaxleobaze

ganxorcielda, romlebic Tezis problematikas met-naklebad

icnobdnen. aseve gamoviyeneT i. aizenisa da m. fiSbainis miznobrivi

qcevis modeli, romelic zomavs adamianis qceviT ganzraxvas.

gamovkiTxeT 100 respondenti foTsa da baTumSi. moqalaqeTa qcevis

garkveva maTi molodinebis gaTvaliswinebiT mniSvnelovania

Tavisufali zonis proeqtis mimarT damokidebulebis kuTxiT. qceviTi

ganzraxvis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs garkveuli albaTobiT

viwinaswarmetyveloT mosaxleobis mxardaWeris xarisxi Tavisufali

zonis ganxorcielebis mimarT da amavdroulad ganvsazRvroT am

qceviTi ganzraxvis safuZveli.

9

raodenobriv meTodebTan erTad gamoyenebul iqna Tvisebrivi

meTodic. kerZod, siRrmiseuli intervius safuZvelze, gamovkiTxeT

eqspertTa jgufi. eqvsi eqsperti SevarCieT socialuri da ekonomikuri

geografiis Teoriis, qalaqebisa da transportis geografiis,

ekonomikisa da Tezebis codnisa da saporto-satransporto sferos

dargobrivi kvalifikaciis mixedviT.

monacemebis analizis meTodebi:

movaxdineT mopovebuli monacemebis tipologizacia, Tematuri

blokebis gamoyofa, miRebul monacemTa ranJireba.

portebis Sesaxeb mopovebuli statistikuri monacemebi da

raodenobrivi gamokiTxvis monacemebi damuSavda SPSS 19.0-Si. eqsperTta

azris Seswavla da miRebuli monacemebis damuSaveba moxda Tvisebrivi

kontent-analizis safuZvelze.

ganvaxorcieleT monacemebis korelaciuri, regresiuli da

faqtoruli analizi.

miRebul masalaze dayrdnobiT Camoyalibda ZiriTadi daskvnebi

da gamovlinda Sesabamisi kanonzomierebebi.

mecnieruli siaxle:

1. ganxorcielda saqarTvelos saporto sistemebis kompleqsuri

geografiuli Seswavla.

2. saporto sistemebisadmi miZRvnili literaturis analizisa da

sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelze dadginda saporto

sistemebis funqcionirebis Sefasebis parametrebi.

3. Seiqmna portebis klasifikaciis modeli.

4. Catarda Savi zRvis auzis portebis ranJireba da klasterebad

dayofa.

5. SemuSavda kvlevis kompleqsuri midgomis meTodologia da

Sesabamisi procedurebi, romlis meSveobiTac pirvelad Catarda

Savi zRvis auzis portebis SedarebiTi analizi.

10

naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba:

naSromi daexmreba saxelisuflebo struqturebsa da eqspertebs

qveynis sazRvao politikis SemuSavebaSi.

naSromis daskvnebi da ZiriTadi mignebebi SeiZleba

warmoadgendes safuZvels sxvadasxva administraciuli donis

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis

disertaciis masalebi daexmareba saxelmwifo da uwyebriv

dawesebulebebs saporto qalaqebisa da qveynis socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzebis Semdgomi gansazRvrisaTvis

Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas sxva

qveynebisa da regionebis saporto sistemebis dawvrilebiTi

kvlevisTvis, maTi SedarebiTi analizis, klasifikaciisa da

ranJirebisaTvis.

saporto administraciebs daexmareba konkurenti portebis

parametrebis Seswavlasa da politikis dagegmvaSi.

masalis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia saswavlo procesSi swavlebis

samive safexurze.

naSromis struqtura da moculoba: disertacia Sedgeba Sesavlis,

sami Tavis, daskvnis, literaturis nusxisa da danarTisagan.

disertaciis moculoba Seadgens teqstis 144 gverds, 12 cxrils, 58

grafiks, literaturis 159 dasaxelebas, 14 cxrilisa da 4 rukis

Semcvel 20 gverdian danarTs.

11

I Tavi: saporto sistemebis roli da adgili msoflio meurneobaSi

1.1.saporto sistemebis msoflio gamocdileba

sawarmoo ZalTa zRvispira teritoriuli organizaciis

ganviTarebis msoflio gamocdilebas Tu gadavxedavT, amJamad

msoflioSi gamoiyofa sanapiro zolis teritoriul-sivrciTi

organizaciis ori ZiriTadi forma: zRvispira saporto-sameurneo

teritoriuli sistemebi da Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi.

sanapiro regionebis ganviTarebisa da funqciaTa diversifikaciis

mizezebis axsna SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva faqtoriT, romelTaganac

Cveni azriT umniSvnelovanesia (Марков1979):

pirveli - Sromis saerTaSoriso geografiuli danawilebis

gaRrmaveba, msoflio sameurneo kavSirebis ganviTareba, nedleulis

mopovebisa da produqciis warmoebis gansxvavebuli sivrciTi

orientacia, tvirTnakadebis axali masStabebi da mimarTulebebi.

Sedegad, “saporto” gaxda mrewvelobis bevri dargi, moxda

mrewvelobis “Zvra” zRvisken, Seiqmna saporto-sameurneo sistemebi.

faqtorTa meore jgufi dakavSirebulia sazRvao transportze

samecniero-teqnikur progresTan, sazRvao gadazidvebis swraf

zrdasTan, "ekonomikuri manZilebis" SemcirebasTan, gemebis tonaJis

zrdasa da gadazidvaTa Rirebulebis SemcirebasTan, sanapiro

infrastruqturis gaumjobesebasTan. yovelive aman konkurentunariani

gaxada Sor manZilze sazRvao gadazidvebi, gaizarda sazRvao

navsadgurebis tvirTbrunva, ganviTarda saporto da satransporto

infrastruqtura, ramac gaaadvila rogorc saporto momsaxureba, aseve

hinterlandebTan portebis dakavSireba.

faqtorTa mesame jgufi dakavSirebulia okeanis mineraluri da

energetikuli resursebis aTvisebasTan, kontinentur Selfze

wiaRiseulis mopovebasTan, sanapiro zolSi turistul-rekreaciuli

sistemebis ganviTarebas.

dReisaTvis msoflioSi Seqmnilia saporto-sameurneo sistemebis

mTeli rigi tipebi, romelTa specifikuroba ganpirobebulia qveynis

bunebrivi pirobebiT, ekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareobiT, sawarmoo

12

ZalTa ganviTarebis xarisxiT, adgiliT Sromis saerTaSoriso

geografiul danawilebaSi, esenia:

ganviTarebuli qveynebis saporto sameurneo sistemebi, romlebSic

gamoiyofa:

ganviTarebuli qveynebis mravalfunqciuri saporto-sameurneo

sistemebi. maTi niSnebia: sagareo vaWrobis didi roli, importul

nedleulze orientirebuli saeqsporto mniSvnelobis

mravaldargovani gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba, ganviTarebuli

infrastruqtura, mWidro kavSirebi hinterlandTan. isini did

rols TamaSoben qveynis politikasa da ekonomikaSi.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis specializirebuli saporto-sameurneo

sistemebi. maTSi prevalirebs importuli navTobis, madnisa da

sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis gadamuSaveba.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis saporto-sameurneo sistemebSi gamoiyofa:

laTinuri amerikisa da aziis SedarebiT ganviTarebuli saporto-

sameurneo sistemebi, romlebSic hipertrofiuladaa Tavmoyrili

qveynebis ekonomikuri potencialis mniSvnelovani nawili.

afrikis qveynebis nedleulis saeqsporto portebi,

sistemawarmoqmnis potenciuri kerebi.

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis saporto-sameurneo sistemebi,

romlebsac safuZvlad udevT sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli saporto-

samrewvelo kompleqsebi da romelTa gavlena da roli dResac

SenarCunebulia iseT saporto sistemebSi, rogoricaa odesa da

iliCevski ukrainaSi, novorosiiski ruseTSi da sxv. maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia qalaqisa da portis sameurneo saqmianobis

urTierTdamokidebuleba.

ganvixiloT saporto sistemebis gamocdileba calkeuli qveynebis

magaliTze.

1970-ian wlebSi iaponiaSi ganviTareba daiwyo ”saporto

metalurgiam”. iaponiisTvis, romelsac rkinis 100% Semoaqvs, portebSi

metalurgiis ganviTareba metad momgebiania. warmoebis portebSi

ganlagebiT xdeba iseTi zedmeti danaxarjebis Tavidan acileba,

13

rogoricaa nedleulis qveynis SigniT transportireba da Semdeg ukan,

portebSi, misgan damzadebuli produqciis saeqsportod gatana.

“saporto metalurgia” sxva warmoebaTa “mizidvis” kargi saSualebacaa.

iaponiis ”wynarokeanuri sartyeli” klasikuri magaliTia giganturi

industriuli regionisa, sadac Tavmoyrilia mosaxleobis 64% da

gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis 81%, romlebic orientirebulia

nedleulis importze da produqciis eqsportze zRviT. 190 qalaqidan,

100 000-ze meti mosaxleobiT, 95 ganlagebulia uSualod sanapiro

zolSi. saporto meurneobis ganviTareba qveyanaSi daiwyo me-20

saukunis 50-iani wlebidan. 1085 sazRvao portidan 17 gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania, maT Soris tokio, iokohama, nagoia, Oosaka, kobe da

sxva (Hajime1981:9). didia sazRvao portebis roli da mniSvneloba

iaponuri ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, radganac iaponias Semoaqvs

qveyanaSi moxmarebuli fosfatis, Salisa da bambis 100%, navTobis

99,8%, rkinis 99,5%, spilenZis koncentratis 97,5%, xorblis 93,8%, qeris

84,4%, qvanaxSiris 73,3%, xe-tyis 56% da sxv. dasavleT evropisagan

gansxvavebiT sasawyobo sawarmoebi erTian fasebs adgenen

dasawyobebasa da tvirTis gadazidvaze. sazRvao transportiT

gadaizideba sagareo savaWro tvirTis 99,9%. iaponia I adgilzea

gemTmSeneblobiT (www.worldbank.org/countries). sanapiro wylebSi xdeba

xelovnuri kunZulebis Seqmna, sadac ganlagebulia metalurgiuli

qarxnebi (kavasaki), portis momsaxure nagebobebi, sacxovrebeli

raionebi ofisebi da kulturuli obieqtebi (kobe). ekonomikis

“saporto orientaciis” gamo, iaponias “portopolissac” uwodeben.

“iaponuri modeli” swrafad gavrcelda amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa

da dasavleT evropaSi.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi atlantis sanapiros gaswvriv

gamoiyofa boston-vaSingtonis megapolisi, sadac Tavmoyrilia qveynisa

da msoflios udidesi saporto sistemebi. Pporti niu-iorki-niujersi 1

tona gadaziduli tvirTis Rirebulebis siiafiT pirvel adgilzea

msoflioSi. Porti yovelwliurad Statsa da adgilobriv mTavrobas

mogebidan 2 mlrd dolars uricxavs. portSi 23 000 samuSao adgilia

da yovelwliuri saxelfaso fondi 12 mlrd dolaria. aSS –is 189

14

saSualo porti specializirebulia masiuri tvirTebis gadamuSavebaze.

maTze modis qveynis navTobis gadamuSavebis 14%, navTobproduqtebis

26%, rkinis madnisa da qvanaxSiris 10%, marcvleulis 14%. navTobis

importis raodenobis cvalebadoba xSir SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens

saSualo portebis tvirTbrunvaze. qveyanaSi Semosavali saporto

saqmianobidan Zalian didia. yoveli 600 tona tvirTis gadamuSaveba

qmnis erT samuSao adgils erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis (www.panynj.gov).

dasavleT evropis megapolisi evrokavSiris qveynebis ekonomikuri

birTvi gaxda. is moicavs msoflios eqvs udides ports. maT axasiaTebT

ufro Rrma ekonomikuri kavSirebi qveynis Sida raionebTan, vidre aSS-s

portebs. portebis irgvliv Tavmoyrilia industriuli kvanZebi. aseTi

saporto sistemebis struqtura standartulia: nedleulis importi da

eqsportze orientirebuli gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba. navTobis

importma warmoSva mZlavri navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba,

romelmac Tavis mxriv moizida navTobqimiac. rkinis importma warmoSva

sanapiro metalurgia, man Tavis mxriv miizida gemTmSenebloba,

manqanaTmSenebloba da eleqtroteqnikuri mrewveloba. naosnobis

momsaxurebam aucilebeli gaxada gemTsaremonto bazebis ganviTareba.

tradiciulia aq Tevzis sakonservo mrewveloba, importul nedleulze

ganviTarebuli safqvavi da Tambaqos warmoeba. am regionSia msoflios

udidesi porti roterdami. igi udidesi savaWro-gamanawilebeli centri

da ubaJo sawyobebis zonaa. is lideria Txevadi da mSrali tvirTebis

moculobasa da konteinerebis gadazidvaSi. tvirTebidan

mniSvnelovania madani da foladi. evropis madnis bazris 40%

braziliidan roterdamSi Semosuli madania. aqedan gadis iaponiasa da

atlantis okeaneSi dasavleT evropis qveynebidan gamavali tvirTis

35%. evrokavSiris qveynebis tvirTis wili roterdamis portSi 50%

aRemateba. 2006 wels evrokavSiris 27 qveynisTvis gadatvirTuli

tvirTis raodenoba 1,9 mlrd tona iyo. samxreT-aRmosavleT evropa

rkinigziT dakavSirda roterdamTan da gaizarda sakonteinero

tvirTebis moculoba budapeStTan, TesalonikTan da stambolTan.

ruseTi yovelwliurad 44 mln.t. tvirTs agzavnis roterdamSi, aqedan

15

28 mln. t. navTobi da 9 mln. t. navTobproduqtebia. ruseTisken 2,6 mln.

t. samomxmareblo tvirTi da 350 000 TEU konteineri midis. roterdamis

portis tvirTbrunvam 2008 wels Seadgina 420 mln. tona, konteinerebis

gadazidvam 10, 8 mln TEU (www.portofrotterdam.com). roterdami da hamburgi

evropis regionuli habebia.

hamburgis hanza-portis tvirTbrunva 140 mln. tona (2008),

gadatvirTuli konteinerebis raodenoba 9,8 mln TEU da marto

hinterlandTan mis kavSirebs 100 000 kaci emsaxureba. hamburgi

mniSvnelovani sakruizo centria, razec miuTiTebs mgzavrTbrunvis

maCvenebeli 2008 wels - 10 mln. kaci.

qalaqis xelisufleba did investiciebs debs portis modernizebasa da

gafarToebaSi. aq gadaitvirTeba rkina da foladis milebi CineTisTvis,

foladis furclebi taivanisTvis; jarTi germaniidan midis espaneTSi,

indoeTSi, taivanSi, koreaSi; pirvel adgilzea evropisaTvis

celuloza-qaRaldis momaragebiT, xaliCebis sawyobiT, silosis

Sesanaxi sawyobiT, saSiSi tvirTebis gadatana – SenaxviT, kakaos

tranzitiT. is udidesi savaWro adgilia farmacevtuli

nedleulisTvis. aqaa Txevadi nedleulisa da zeTis gadamamuSavebeli

sawyobebi; mineraluri sasuqebis, qvanaxSiris, rkinis, kaliumis,

xorcis, bostneulis, yavis, kaklis, Saqris da sxv tvirTebis

damuSavebis centri. hamburgSia germaniis savaWro floti.

gemTmSeneblobiT III adgilzea msoflioSi. hamburgis sarkinigzo

centris gamtarunarianoba dReSi 11 000 vagonia. hamburgis portis

maRalganviTarebulobam ganapiroba momsaxurebis sferos, finansuri da

sakredito saqmisa da sastumro qselis ganviTareba, sadac 173 000

kacia dasaqmebuli, xolo kapitalbrunva ramdenime aseuli milioni

evroa. marto portSi dasaqmebulia 65 000 adamiani (www.hafen-hamburg.de).

belgia patara qveyanaa, magram gamorCeulia Tavisi sazRvao

portebiT. antverpeni, genti, lieJi, zebriuge da ostende ayalibeben

qveynis saporto sistemas. belgia satransporto karibWea beniluqsis,

safrangeTis da centraluri evropis qveynebisTvis. belgiis portebis

ganviTarebis mizezi maTi xelsayreli satransporto geografiuli

mdebareobaa. antverpen-zebriuges saporto-sameurneo sistema moicavs 5

16

navTobgadamamuSavebel, 20 qimiur da navTobqimiur, gemTsaSen,

aluminisa da saavtomobilo qarxnebs. aqvea evropaSi udidesi

elevatori. misi tvirTbrunvaa 200 mln. t. (www.portofantwerp.be).

antverpenis porti mravali wlis manZilze iTvleboda safrangeTis

mTavar savaWro WiSkrad, manamde sanam safrangeTma 90-ian wlebSi ar

moaxdina portebisa da SromiTi resursebis reforma da sakuTar

portebSi gadaitana misTvis gankuTvnili tvirTis didi nawili. Tumca

antverpenSi mainc gadamuSavdeba franguli generaluri tvirTi da misi

gavlena lionamde grZeldeba. portis udidesi klientiebia Jenevis

xmelTaSua zRvis transportirebis kompania, singapurisa da aziis

qveynebis jgufi, romlebTanac erToblivad daaarsa evropaSi udidesi

stividoruli kompania HNN, belgiis mTavrobis 10%-iani wiliT.

antverpenidan zebriugemde 22 sakonteinero terminalia ganlagebuli,

romelic muSaobs aseve CineTisa da samxreT amerikis tvirTebze.

gentidan gadis CrdiloeT afrikaSi irlandiuri, belgiuri,

holandiuri da germanuli tvirTebi da mas aqvs myari poziciebi

foladisa da saavtomobilo seqtorSi Tavisi udidesi klientebisTvis,

rogoricaa “sidmari”, “volvo” da “honda” (Charlier1996).

didi britaneTis portebi ver uweven konkurencias kontinenturi

evropis portebs. naklebad ganviTarebuli hinterlandis, saxmeleTo

transportisa da sxva istoriuli mizezebis gamo tvirTebis umetesoba

kontinentze ganitvirTeba da Semdeg gadaaqvT inglisSi. qveyanaSi imaze

meti portia, vidre saWiroa. ar aris arc erTi msxvili savaWro-

satransporto centri, radganac mTavroba uxalisod debs Tanxebs da

ar uwyobs xels saporto meurneobis ganviTarebas.

safrangeTis sanapiro zolSi cxovrobs mosaxleobis 35%.

saxelmwifo, Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobisa da atlantis okeanesa

da xmelTaSua zRvaSi gasasvlelis gamo gamoyofs did saxsrebs

sanapiro zolis regionuli ganviTarebisaTvis. cdilobs ganaviTaros

zRvispira mdebareobasTan dakavSirebuli dargebi da portebi gaxados

ekonomikurad ufro mimzidveli da konkurentunariani. havris

hinterlandi moicavs mTel dasavleT evropas da safrangeTis da

atlantikuri sivrcis ZiriTadi damakavSirebeli kvanZia. aris zemo

17

normandiis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani faqtoric. marsel-

fosis saporto kompleqsi mniSvnelobiT roterdams (430 mln.t) Tu

Seedreba. marseli emsaxureba dasavleT afrikis, indoeTis okeanisa da

karibis zRvis auzis mimarTulebebs. Hhavri da marseli gadaerTo

wiaRiseulis, maT Soris rkinis, qvanaxSiris, sawvavis, konteinerebis

trafikze. porti kale pirvel adgilzea la-manSze tvirTbrunviTa da

mgzavrTbrunviT, romlis mizezic inglisTan kales siaxlovea.

afrikasTan tvirTbrunvis 25% modis diunkerkis portze. Qqveynis

eqsport-importis 72% modis sazRvao gadazidvebze (“Морские

порты”.№7б:42).

irlandia ufro metadaa damokidebuli portebze, vidre

evrokavSiris sxva wevri qveynebi. samrewvelo produqciis 2/3 da

import-eqsportis 75% gadaitaneba zRviT da eqsportis saerTo

Rirebulebis 60%-ze meti gadis portebidan (Brant 2000:170). didi

britaneTi didxans iyo irlandiis dominanti partniori da masze

damokidebulebis xarisxic didi iyo. 1973 wlidan 1997 wlamde

britaneTis wili irlandiasTan vaWrobaSi daeca 55%-dan 30%-mde.

warmatebas irlandiam miaRwia mas Semdeg, rac Caketili ekonomikidan

gadavida Ria ekonomikaze, gaxda evrokavSiris wevri da inglisis

gverdis avliT aiTvisa evropuli bazari.

samxreT koream XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan dRemde didi

ekonomikuri naxtomi ganaxorciela, roca 1 sul mosaxleze mSp

moculobiT 100 dolaridan 2008 wels 36 000 dolars miaRwia, raSic

didia saporto-samrewvelo sistemebis roli. qveyanaSi 300-mde

gemTmSenebeli qarxanaa, 2008 wels daido xelSekruleba braziliasTan

or qveyanas Soris eqsportis gazrdisa da koreuli gemebis mier

saburRi xelsawyoebiT braziliis Selfze navTobis ZiebisaTvis,

gemTmSeneblobis, navTobgadamamuSavebeli da qimiuri mrewvelobis

ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis. Tavad koreaSi prioritetulia

okeanis bioresursebis Seswavla, gemTmSenebloba, msxviltonaJiani

flotisa da sazRvao industriis ganviTareba. igi msoflio

gemTmSeneblobis produqciis 40%-s iZleva (www.Morvesti.ru 07.03.2009).

18

istoriulad meqsikis ekonomikis ganviTareba Sida

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas eyrdnoboda da samrewvelo zrda

mxolod centralur raionebSi mimdinareobda. centraluri raionebi,

sadac Tavmoyrilia mosaxleobis 25%, awarmoeben erovnuli samrewvelo

produqciis 63%. depresiuli sanapiro regionebis aRorZinebisTvis,

saxelmwifom SeimuSava programa, sadac arsebuli mdgomareobis

gamosworebis ZiriTad instrumentad miCneulia samrewvelo portebis

ganviTareba sanapiro StatebSi. portebSi aSenda spilenZis, sasuqebis,

navTobqimiis, aluminis rezinis nakeTobaTa sawarmoebi saeqsportod

produqciis gasatanad.

braziliis portebi gadaamuSaveben mTeli laTinuri amerikis

portebis tvirTebis 1/3. misi floti laTinur amerikaSi yvelaze didia.

igi mesame adgilzea msoflioSi xamanwkebis WeriT. erT sulze Tevzis

moxmareba 67 kg-ia. weliwadSi sul 1,5 mln. tona Tevzs iWeren.

braziliis udidesi portebia rio de Janeiro, santusi da resife.

resifedan 35 km-is moSorebiT aSenda saporto-samrewvelo sistema

suape. aq moqmedebs sasuqebis, cementis, aluminis, navTobqimiuri da

metalurgiuli qarxnebi. kompleqsi ukve did rols TamaSobs qveynis

ekonomikaSi. gemTmSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulia 155 000 kaci

(www.worldbank.org/countries).

afrikis qveynebis umetesobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTod

transportisa da kerZod sazRvaos, sustad ganviTareba. afrikas, sadac

cxovrobs msoflio mosaxleobis 10,28% aqvs gemebis msoflio tonaJis

0,94%, riTac mxolod 25%-iT uzrunvelyofs Tavis moTxovnilebebs

msoflio sazRvao gadazidvebSi. afrikis portebis specializacia

mineraluri nedleulisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsportia.

rac Seexeba samxreT afrikis respublikas, iq saporto-samrewvelo

sistemis Seqmna saxelmwifo politikis rangSia ayvanili. portma

riCards-beim miiRo "zrdis polusis" statusi, mrewvelobis

decentralizaciis mizniT. saxelmwifom qalaqs gamouyo didi

dafinanseba da SeRavaTebi. moqmedebs aluminis, qimiuri sasuqebis,

gogirdmJavas sawarmoebi, sanapiro diunebidan moipoveben cirkonsa da

magnetits. yovelive aman qalaqs misca 2500 samuSao adgili da

19

riCards-bei meTevzeTa soflidan, indoeTis okeanis erTerT udides

portad gadaiqca. aseve “zrdis poluss” warmoadgens porti saldania,

romelic keiptaunidan 120 km-iTaa daSorebuli, saidanac saeqsportod

gadis rkina. am proeqtiT sar-i gaxda msoflio bazarze avstraliis

konkurenti rkinis eqsportSi (www.worldbank.org/countries).

singapuri Tavisi xelsayreli mdebareobiT molukis sruteSi,

uZvelesi droidan izidavda vaWarTa da mezRvaurTa yuradRebas aziisa

da evropis qveynebidan. 1822 wels patara meTevzeTa soflis adgilze

warmoqmnili saporto qalaqi dRes umsxvilesi savaWro-samrewvelo,

finansuri da satransporto centria, tvirTbrunviT karga xania

gauswro roterdams da pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi. portSi

yovelwliurad Semodis 50 000-ze meti sxvadasxva daniSnulebis gemi.

igi eweva saSuamavlo vaWrobas qveynebs Soris. eqsportis 90% modis

reeqsportul tvirTze. 500-ze met sawarmoSi dasaqmebulia 700 000 kaci,

navTobiTa da navTobproduqtebiT vaWrobis udidesi satranzito

centria. aziaSi udidesi gemTsaremonto bazaa iaponiis mere da

emsaxureba yvela tipis gemebs. kapitalis 50% iaponuria. bolo aTi

wlis manZilze ekonomikuri zrdis tempebiT erTerT pirvel adgilzea

msoflioSi da erT sul mosaxleze mSp moculobiT 1980 wels 3200 aSS

dolaridan gaizarda 2010 wels 38 972 dolaramde. singapuri samxreT-

aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebis habia («Морскиепорты», 2008/5).

ukrainas sabWoTa kavSiridan ergo sazRvao meurneobis mesamedi,

sazRvao portebi, savaWro da TevzsaWeri floti, gemTmSenebloba,

sakurorto-rekreaciuli meurneoba. aq iyo udides saporto-samrewvelo

kompleqsebi, romelic gansazRvravda ssrk-is sagareo vaWrobis udides

nawils. 1990 wels ukrainis portebze modioda tvirTbrunvis 60%,

gemTmSeneblobis 96%, TevzWeris 82%, sakurorto-rekreaciuli

meurneobis 65% (Дергачев2009). damoukidebeli ukrainis sazRvao

meurneoba konkurencias veRar uwevs Savi zRvis auzisa da

evrokavSiris sxva saxelmwifoebs. ukrainis hinterlandi da forlandi

daviwrovda. portebma dakarges satranzito tvirTis udidesi nawili.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi saporto-sameurneo sistemebis Seqmnis

safuZvelia didi portebi, maTi tradiciebi, gamocdileba tvirTis

20

gadamuSavebaSi, maTi kavSirebi hinterlandTan da Camoyalibebuli

saporto infrastruqtura.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis saporto-sameurneo sistemebis zogadi

specializacia SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:

zRvispira mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli dargebi: gemTmSenebloba,

gemTremonti, TevzWera, marimeurneoba.

importul nedleulze orientirebuli dargebi:

navTobgadamuSaveba, navTobqimia, metalurgia, manqanaTmSenebloba

da sxv.

saeqsporto dargebi

portis momsaxure dargebi

mrewvelobis dargebi, romlebic miiweven portisken, rogorc

msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtisaken

momsaxurebis sfero, sabanko-sakredito da safinanso saqme

intensiuri sagareo da Sida kavSirebi

ganviTarebadi qveynebis nawili axla cdilobs sakuTari ekonomikis

ganviTarebas, nawili kvlavac yofili metropoliebis sanedleulo

danamatia. amitom maTi saporto-sameurneo sistemebis zogadi

specializacia aseTia:

mineraluri da saTbob-energetikuli resursebis eqsporti

sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis eqsporti

portis momsaxure sawarmoebi

momsaxurebis sfero, sabanko-sakredito da safinanso saqme

sagareo kavSirebis prevalireba Sida kavSirebze

saporto-sameurneo sistemebis ganviTarebas ekologiuri barierebic

axlavs, radganac samrewvelo zona STanTqavs nayofier sasoflo-

sameurneo miwebsa da dasvenebis zonebs, aWuWyianebs garemos da

auaresebs cxovrebis pirobebs. amitom mkveTrad unda gaimijnos

samrewvelo da rekreaciuli zonebi sanapiro teritoriebze da

aucileblad unda iqnas daculi ekologiuri usafrTxoebis normebi.

jer kidev 1970-ian wlebSi aSS-Si iqna miRebuli kanoni “sanapiro

teritoriebis marTvis Sesaxeb”, romelic aRiarebs sanapiro garemos,

21

rogorc unikalur bunebriv simdidres da romlis preambulaSi

naTqvamia, rom cxovreba ayenebs “sami didi E”-s problemas: ekonomikis,

energetikis, ekologiis (Зенкович1978). aSS samTavrobo politika

portebSi garemosdacviTi saqmianobiskenaa mimarTuli, ekonomikuri da

ekologiuri winaaRmdegobebis aRmosafxvrelad. ganviTarebul qveynebSi

ekologiuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxi saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis rangSia

ayvanili.

1.2. Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis msoflio gamocdileba da

saqarTvelo

msoflio ekonomikis gardaqmnis Teoretikosebs,

postsocialisturi qveynebis sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis erTerT

umniSvnelovanes instrumentad, portebi da maTSi arsebuli

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi esaxebodaT.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis (Tezi) Seqmnis mTavari mizania

nacionaluri meurneobebis ufro Rrmad CarTva Sromis saerTaSoriso

geografiul danawilebaSi, Sida bazris maRalxarisxovani produqciiT

gajereba, samamulo warmoebaSi uaxlesi samecniero teqnologiebis

danergva, dasaqmebis gazrda, regionuli socialur-ekonomikuri

problemebis gadawyveta.

Tezebis raodenoba msoflioSi 2000-ze metia. maTSi dasaqmebulia

43 mln. kaci. moqmedebs msoflios 100-ze met qveyanaSi da maTi wili

msoflio saqonelbrunvaSi gaizarda 8%-dan 1960 wels, 35% -mde 2007

wels (Дергачев 2008).

Tanamedrove msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyofa ocdaxuTamde tipis

Tezi. maT Soris: sabaJo zonebi, daubegravi zonebi, Tavisufali

saeqsporto, Tavisufali saeqsporto-samrewvelo, ekonomikuri

keTildReobis, erToblivi mewarmeobis, teqnikur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis samecniero-samrewvelo zonebi (teqnoparkebi), servisuli

zonebi da sxv.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona aris qveynis gancalkevebuli

teritoria, sadac saxelmwifo amyarebs marTvis gansakuTrebul reJims,

22

romelic xelsayrelia ucxoeli da samamulo mewarmeTa

saqmianobisaTvis da gare da Sida investiciebis mosazidad. es reJimi

Cveulebriv gulisxmobs gansakuTrebul SeRavaTebs savaWro

operaciebis ganxorcielebaze, sagadasaxado, finansur da

administraciul transaqciebs, romelic amsubuqebs tvirTis

mimoqcevis procedurebs, sawarmoTa registraciebs da sxv. erTerTi

umTavresi piroba Tezis warmoqmnisaTvis aris xelsayreli ekonomikur-

geografiuli mdebareoba.

gansxvavebulia Tezebi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi warmodgenilia Tezebis yvela saxeoba,

radganac es qveynebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni msoflio sameurneo

kavSirebSi da sxvadasxva integraciul dajgufebebSi. Tanamedrove

Tavisufali zonebis martivi analogebi iq XVII saukunidan iRebs

saTaves.

aSS-is Tavisufali vaWrobis zonebSi, romlebic jer kidev 1930-

ian wlebSi Seiqmna ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevisaTvis, 30 000-ze meti

kompania muSaobs. niu-orleanis Tavisufali vaWrobis zonaSi

msoflios ormoci qveynis 120 firma moqmedebs. igi emsaxureba

laTinuri amerikis qveynebsac. aqedan Semodis qveyanaSi moxmarebuli

yavis 12%, banani, navTobi, spilenZi, xolo gadis qvanaxSiri,

navTobproduqtebi, marcvleuli da sasuqebi. porti uzrunvelyofs

mTel qveyanas navTobiTa da tropikuli xiliT (www.portno.com).

niuiorki-niujersis Tavisufali savaWro zona 1979 wels Seiqmna. masSi

2500 firma muSaobs da 34 000 kacia dasaqmebuli (www.panynj.gov).

Tavisufali zona Statis ekonomikis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani

faqtoria. misi specializaciaa: citrusebisa da citrusis wvenis

koncentratis import-eqsporti, navTobproduqtebis, qimiuri

produqciis warmoeba, saneleblebis, saaTebis eqsporti da sxv. aSS

Tavisufal zonebs afinansebs federaluri programa da adgilobrivi

xelisuflebisTvis erToblivi proeqtebi ekonomikis ganviTarebis

kargi saSualebaa. am zonebSi ucxouri investiciebiT mTavroba

naklebadaa dainteresebuli. piriqiT, ucxoelebi deben fuls xalisiT

23

sakuTari ganviTarebisaTvis. 2008 wels aSS-s yvela Tezidan eqsportma

40 mlrd dolari Seadgina (www. naftz.org). saxelmwifo ar aregulirebs

zonebis raodenobas. ekonomikis internacionalizacia, bazris

globalizacia, homogenuroba, elastiuroba da sxva sargebeli

TavisTavad ukve mizezia maTi raodenobis zrdisa.

dasavleT evropaSi raodenobrivad Warbobs Tavisufali vaWrobis

zonebi. isini jer kidev XIX saukuneSi warmoiSvnen. aseTi zonebi

formirdeboda sazRvao da samdinaro portebSi da sarkinigzo

kvanZebze: germaniaSi (hamburgi, bremeni, kili, emdeni), daniaSi

(kopenhageni), fineTSi (helsinki, turku), avstriaSi (linci, graci).

Tavisufali samrewvelo zonis qresTomaTiuli magaliTia 1950-ian

wlebSi irlandiis aeroport SenonSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso

Tavisufali samrewvelo zona, sadac aTasobiT axali samuSao adgili

Seiqmna, qveynis ekonomika aRorZinda da wliurma eqsportma 1 mlrd.

dolars gadaaWarba (Дергачев2008). ganviTarebuli da didi teritoriis

mqone qveynebi Tavisufal zonebs qmnian regionuli politikis

realizebis mizniTac (papava 2007), magaliTad did britaneTSi Tezebi

Seiqmna depresiuli regionebis asaRorZineblad. evropuli Tezebis

ganviTarebis perspeqtivaa integraciuli procesebis gaRrmaveba

evrokavSiris SigniT.

TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebadma qveyanam aiRo Tezis saeqsporto-

samrewvelo forma, orientirebuli sazRvao portebsa da

aeroportebze, romlis mizania mrewvelobis dargebis forsirebuli

ganviTareba, eqsportis stimulireba, ucxouri kapitalisa da

teqnologiebis mozidva, Sromatevad dargebze orientacia, raSic

ucxoeli investorebic arian dainteresebuli. bevr ganviTarebad

qveyanaSi politikuri arastabilurobis, ekonomikuri da

administraciuli faqtorebis gamo Tezebma Sewyvites muSaoba

(liberia, senegali, gvatemala, Sri-lanka).

yofil socialistur qveynebSi centralizebul-gegmiuri

ekonomikis pirobebSi Tezebi ganixileboda, rogorc sabazro

ekonomikis danergvis “poligonebi”. 1960-ian wlebSi Tezebi Seiqmna

24

iugoslaviasa da ungreTSi, 1980-iani wlebidan ki mTels

postsocialistur sivrceSi.

ruseTSi Tezebis Seqmna daiwyo 1980-ian wlebSi. Warbobs

Tavisufali vaWrobisa da kompleqsuri zonebi. maTi sisustea

teritoriis did masStabebze modeba da SeRavaTebis gavrcelebis

bundovani meqanizmi, romelsac kanonmdeblobis borotad gamoyenebamde

mivyavarT.

CineTs Tezebis gamocdileba 1980-iani wlebidan aqvs, roca

Seiqmna 5 gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri raioni. 1984 wels sagareo

vaWrobisaTvis gaixsna yvela msxvili saporto qalaqi, romlebic

gaxda qveynis "fanjara" sagareo bazarze. mogvianebiT Seiqmna kidev 13

ubaJo zona, 32 zona teqnikur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da 52 zona

saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebisaTvis.

CineTma ufleba misca 13 sasazRvro qalaqs TavianT teritoriebze

SeeqmnaT sazRvrispira ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis zonebi. qveynis

"gansakuTrebul ekonomikur raionebSi" warmoebuli produqciis 50%

saeqsportoa, maTi specializaciaa gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da

savaWro qselis ganviTareba. ucxoelebisTvis Seqmnilia SeRavaTiani

sabaJo da sagadasaxado garemo, moziduli kapitalis moculoba

ramdenime aTeuli miliardi dolaria. Tavad Cinelebs ki saSualeba

eZlevaT Seisyidon teqnika-teqnologiebis yvelaze srulyofili

formebi, moipovon marTvis Tanamedrove meTodebi, miiRon informacia

msoflio sasaqonlo da safinanso bazrebidan da moamzadon

maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi, rasac warmatebiT arTmeven Tavs da unda

iTqvas, rom yvelaze meti efeqti Tezebis funqcionirebisa, swored

CineTSia miRweuli (Дергачев2008).

saqarTveloSi Tavisufali zonebis gamocdileba XIX saukunidan

iwyeba. 1821 wels gaixsna yulevis, anu redut-kales “porto-franko”

porti periferiebSi sxva qveynebidan saqonlis SemotanisaTvis

xelSewyobisa da ruseTis mrewvelobisa da vaWrobisaTvis, iranisa da

TurqeTis bazrebis daqvemdebarebis mizniT. yulevSi ucxoeTidan

Semotanil saqonelze dawesda 5%-iani saSeRavaTo tarifi, maSin roca

ruseTis SavizRvispira portebSi ucxouri nawarmi ibegreboda 25%-iT.

25

SeRavaTiani vaWrobis dawyebisTanave yulevi mTeli amierkavkasiisTvis

saqonlis erTaderTi sawyobi gaxda, xolo Tbilisi msoflio

mniSvnelobis sasawyobo da saqonlis gamanawilebeli centri. tranziti

yulevi – Tbilisis gziT xels uwyobda evropuli saqonlis iranul

bazrebze gabatonebas.

radganac Tezi msoflioSi aRiarebulia Ria sazogadoebis

Seqmnis gzaze ekonomikis liberalizaciis progresul formad, igi

postsocialisturi qveynebisTvis centralizebuli ekonomikidan

sabazroze gadasvlis efeqtur instrumentad iqca da saqarTveloSic

ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanis erTerT gzad swored Tezis Seqmna

iqna miCneuli, Tumca msjelobidan saqmeze gadasvla mxolod 2007

wlisTvis moxda, Tanac deklarirebidan kidev ramdenime weli gavida

da Tizs funqcionireba jerac ar dauwyia. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2008

wlis 3 ivnisis #131 dadgenilebiT “Tavisufali industriuli zonis

Seqmnis, mowyobisa da funqcionirebis wesebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb”

pirvel muxlSi weria, rom ”es dadgenileba aregulirebs saqarTvelos

teritoriaze rogorc rezidenti, ise ararezidenti fizikuri da

iuridiuli piris moTxovnis safuZvelze kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebul

miwis nakveTze Tizis Seqmnis, mowyobisa da funqcionirebis wesebs”. anu

TizSi miwa kerZo sakuTrebaSia. miwis nakveTi adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis sakuTrebaSi iyo da 2008 wels 99 wliT iyida “rak

sainvesicio saagentom”. TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi

saxelmwifo miwas ijariT aZlevs Tezebs, saidanac damatebiTi

Semosavali Sedis biujetSi.

saqarTvelos sagadaxado kodeqsis 206 muxliT, qonebis

gadasaxadisagan ganTavisuflebulia Tavisufal industriul zonaSi

arsebuli qoneba. saqarTvelos sagadaxado kodeqsis 99-e muxlis

Tanaxmad mogebis gadasaxadisgan Tavisufldeba adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier gacemuli qonebis Rirebuleba.

imave kodeqsis 168 muxliT gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldeba momsaxurebis

gaweva: 1. Tezis sawarmoebs Soris. 2007 wlis 3 ivliss miRebul

saqarTvelos kanonis 3.4. muxlSi “Tavisufali industriuli zonis

26

Sesaxeb” weria, rom Tizze ar vrceldeba adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis uflebamosilebani. saqarTvelos

sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom Tavisufal

industriul zonaSi arsebuli qoneba Tavisufldeba qonebis

gadasaxadisagan. yvela es samTavrobo dadgenileba miuTiTebs, rom

qalaq foTis Semosavlebi ar Seivseba Tizis mier ganxorcielebuli

ekonomikuri saqmianobiT. msoflioSi ofSoruli zonebis mimarT

araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba arsebobs da amitomac xelisufleba

xazs usvams, rom es ar iqneba ofSori da dasaxelebaSic ki gamoitana

sityva "industriuli". foTis porti da Tavisufali industriuli

zona (Tizi) erTiani menejmentis qveS ganixileba. arabulma kompania

“rak investmentma” 2008 wlis aprilidan Seisyida jer portis 51%,

mogvianebiT danarCeni 49%-ic da navsadguris mimdebare Senoba-

nagebobebi, rasac daemata Tavad TizisTvis nayidi 300 ha miwis nakveTi.

saxelmwifos mxridan didi Secdomaa portis gayidva, riTac faqtiurad

qveynis satransporto-geografiuli mdebareobis gasxviseba xdeba.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2009 wlis 14 aprilis #72 dadgenilebaSi

“foTis Tavisufali industriuli zonis Seqmnis Sesaxeb” naTqvamia,

rom Tizis funqcionirebis vada ganisazRvreba 99 wliT. investori

acxadebs, rom zonis mowyobaze 25 mln ukve daxarja da kidev 300-400

mln. dolars moizidavs.

foTis Tizis ZiriTadi miznebia: investiciebis mozidva,

ekonomikisa da axali teqnologiebis ganviTareba, dasaqmebis gazrda.

misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebia: angariSsworebis ganxorcieleba

nebismieri valutiT; garkveuli saqmianobis gaTavisufleba licenziisa

da nebarTvisagan; ucxouri saqonlis Setanisa da TizSi

ganxorcielebuli operaciebis dRg-sgan gaTavisufleba; qonebis

gadasaxadis nulovani reJimis amoqmedeba; TizSi warmoebuli da

saqarTveloSi Semosuli saqonlis gaTavisufleba sabaJo

gadasaxadisagan da sxv. TizSi nebadarTuli saqmianobaa nebismieri

saqonelis warmoeba iaraRis, sabrZolo masalis, birTvuli

nivTierebebis da narkotikebis garda.

27

Tizis marTvas axorcielebs investori, romelic iRebs

valdebulebas infrastruqturis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. investors

daxvdeba kargad SerCeuli adgili, naklebi satransporto da sawarmoo

xarjebiT, produqciis realizebis arxebiTa da geografiiT,

garemomcveli garemos xelsayreli mdgomareobiT, marTvis sistemis

saimedoobiTa da simartiviT. xolo Tu ra sargebeli da Semosavali

eqneba qalaqs Tizisgan, ucnobia. miT ufro, rom kidev erTxel vusvamT

xazs, miwa investorma ijariT ki ar aiRo iyida, maSin roca TiTqmis

yvela ganviTarebuli qveynis portebi miwis ijaras uxdian qalaqs

(hamburgi, roterdami da sxv).

ucxouri investiciebis mozidva, Tu vixelmZRvanelebT Cinuri

modeliT, xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas warmoebisa da

eqsportis gazrdis gziT, mowinave teqnologiebis danergvis gziT,

Sromisnayofierebis gazrdiT, dedaqalaqidan moSorebuli regionebis

ganviTarebiTa da Seqmnis stabilur wyaros saxelmwifo biujetis

damatebiTi SemosavlebisaTvis. magram, qarTveli eqsperti l. papava

ambobs, rom Tezis ganviTareba Cveni tipis qveyanaSi Secdomaa.

saqarTveloSi isedac liberaluri garemoa, kanonmdeblobis doneze

mainc. qveynebSi sadac Warbi investiciebia, saWiroa Tezis ganviTareba

imisTvis, rom qveynidan ar gavides fuli. xolo iq, sadac sainvesticio

SimSilia, rogorc CvenTan saqarTveloSi, investicia ideba mxolod

zonaSi da qveyanaSi sainvesticio SimSili izrdeba. zonaSi didi

investiciebis dabandeba gamoiwvevs qveynis araTanabar ganviTarebas,

Raribi regionebis kidev ufro gaRaribebas da am regionebidan

mosaxleobis gadinebas.

cnobilia, rom “civilizaciebis msxvrevis sazRvrebSi” Tezebis

Seqmna da maTi ekonomikuri zrda, amartivebs eTnikur da

eTnokonfesiur konfliqtebs da savsebiT SesaZlebelia Cveni qveynis

eTnokonfliqtebis mogvarebis erTerTi saSualeba Tezi gaxdes da

samegrelosa da afxazeTis eTnikurad gadajaWvul kuTxeebSi

ekonomikurma aqtivobebma xelovnurad Seqmnili politikuri sazRvrebi

moSalos. Tumca isec SeiZleba moxdes, rom Tezis teritoria

28

saxelmwifos politikur-ekonomikuri sivrcis miRma aRmoCndes da

qveynis teritoriul problemebs kidev erTi daematos.

foTis Tizs Tavisi momxibvlelobis garda uaryofiTi mxareebic

aqvs. aris saSiSroeba, rom qarTuli kompaniebi daregistrirdebian

zonaSi da Semcirdeba qveynis sabiujeto Semosavali. aseve ucnobia

industriis konkretulad ra dargebis ganviTareba moxdeba. 400

xelisuflebis mier deklarirebuli sawarmo ra specializaciisaa, ra

saxis produqcia unda gamouSvas da sad unda gaasaRos. 20 000

deklarirebuli samuSao adgili ra kvalifikaciis, Rirebulebisa da

specialobis kadrebs iTxovs da vin gaTvala namdvilad 20 000 adgilia

saWiro Tu ara. saidan mohyavT es xalxi da ra devs xelSekrulebaSi

adgilobrivi kadrebis dasaqmebis prioritetulobis Sesaxeb da rac

mTavaria, romel bazarzea gaTvlili zonaSi gamoSvebuli saqonlis

realizacia.

marTalia Tizis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba investiciebis mozidvaa,

magram investiciis mozidvas qveynis politikuri, sakanonmdeblo da

ekonomikuri momxibvleloba sWirdeba. tvirTebis nakadis zrdas ki

marto garedan moziduli tvirTi ar ganapirobebs, tvirTSemqmneli

Tavad qveynis ekonomika unda iyos, radgan zonebi yvelgan TavianT

Tavze muSaoben da naklebad im qveynis ekonomikur warmatebaze, sadac

arian ganlagebulni.

Tezis sicocxlisunarianoba damokidebulia deklarirebul da

realur miznebs Soris erTianoba-gansxvavebaze. investorebi zonebSi

xedaven SeRavaTebis miRebisa da dabegvrisagan gaTavisuflebis wamier,

mimzidvel mxares, mTavrobebi ki regionis iseTi problemebisagan Tavis

daRwevis saSualebas, rogoricaa ganuviTarebeli infrastruqtura,

dangreuli warmoeba, umuSevroba, mZime socialuri mdgomareoba da ar

fiqroben imaze, rom ucxouri kapitali TezSi Semodis ara qveynis

ekonomikis gasaviTareblad, aramed kerZo interesebisTvis, maRali

mogebis misaRebad.

29

foTis Tizis ekonomikuri sargeblianobis, tvirTebis

geografiisa da dasaqmebis efeqturobis dasadgenad da

gasaanalizeblad ar arsebobs aranairi dokumenti da masala.

foTis Tizs funqcionireba ar dauwyia zonaSi SesvliT

dainteresebuli kompaniebis simciris gamo. oficialurad TizSi

mxolod “Tbilcementi” muSaobs. sainteresoa, SeZlebs Tu ara foTis

Tezi Caanacvlos sabWoTa dros arsebuli saporto-samrewvelo

kompleqsi. aqvs Tu ara amis potenciali da adamianuri da ekonomikuri

resursebi.

sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT,

rom Tavisufali zona aris saSualeba:

• ucxouri investiciebis mozidvisa, sagadasaxado da sabaJo

SeRavaTebis gziT

• eqsportis ganviTarebis

• axali teqnologiebis Semotanis

• samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis

• depresiuli regionebis ganviTarebis

Tezis sargeblianoba damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikaSi maTi

integraciis xarisxze.

1.3. empiriuli kvlevis monacemebi

foTis Tizis mimarT sazogadoebis molodini didia da swored

am mizniT CavatareT sociologiuri kvleva, romlis mizani iyo

Segveswavla mosaxleobis damokidebuleba Tavisufali ekonomikuri

zonebis mimarT.

gamoyenebuli iqna anketirebis meTodi da kvleva Catarda

saqarTvelos sam qalaqSi: foTSi, baTumsa da TbilisSi. respondentebs

daurigdaT winaswar Sedgenili kiTxvari. molodinebi gulisxmobs im

movlenebis perspeqtivaSi danaxvas, romelic mosaxleobas aqvs.

30

movlenis moxdenis albaTobas, Sedegs, informirebulobas, piradi da

sazogadoebrivi miRwevebis Sefasebas. swored am cvladebze

dayrdnobiT Camoyalibda Cveni kiTxvari. kiTxvari Sedgeboda eqvsi

kiTxvisgan sami SesaZlo pasuxiT – diax, ara, ar vici; da kidev oTxi

kiTxvisgan, romlebic ramdenime SesaZlo pasuxs Seicavdnen.

respondentebi: gamoikiTxa 80 respondenti: foTSi – 39 (48,75%), baTumSi

– 23 (28,75%), TbilisSi – 18 (22,5%). respondentebis asaki: 25 wlamde –

14 (17,5%), 25-50 wlis – 38 (47,5%), 50-ze zeviT – 28 (35%). gamokiTxvaSi

monawileoba miiRo 42 (52,5%) mdedrobiTi da 38 (47,5%) mamrobiTi

sqesis warmomadgenlebma. 71 (88,75%) respondenti umaRlesi ganaTlebiT

iyo, xolo 35 (43,75%) dasaqmebuli.

SerCeva: respondentebis SerCeva sami qalaqis im mosaxleobaze

ganxorcielda, romlebic Tezis problematikas met-naklebad

icnobdnen. gamoikiTxa: 3 eqsperti, 10 baTumis portis administraciis

TanamSromeli, 12 foTis portis administraciis TanamSromeli, 10

foTis meriis TanamSromeli, 10 aWaris ekonomikis saministros

TanamSromeli, 20 samive qalaqis ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgeneli

da moqalaqeebi.

Sedegebi: qvemoT mocemulia cxrili sadac dafiqsirebulia

miRebuli pasuxebi, raodenobrivi ganawilebis mixedviT.

kiTxvari:

kiTxva diax ara ar vici

1 xarT Tu ara foTSi Tezis

Seqmnis momxre?

65 81,3% 10 12,5% 5 6,3%

2 eqneba Tu ara Sedegi foTSi

Tizis ganviTarebas ?

52 65,0% 17 21,3% 11 13,8%

3 gaqvT Tu ara informacia

Tezebis dadebiT da uaryofiT

mxareebze?

76 95,0% 4 5% 0 0%

31

4 rogor fiqrobT, geqnebaT

saSualeba ganaxorcieloT

ekonomikuri saqmianoba foTis

TizSi?

31 38,8% 41 51,3% 8 10,0%

5 Caayenebs Tu ara foTis Tizi

qveynis sxva regionebs ufro

mZime ekonomikur

mdgomareobaSi?

22 27,5% 13 16,3% 45 56,3%

6 SeiZleba Tu ara gaxdes Tezi

eTnokonfliqtebis mogvarebis

erTerTi saSualeba?

65 81,3% 8 10,0% 7 8,8%

7. gTxovT miuTiToT ra dadebiT Sedegs moutans saqarTvelos Tezi?

investiciebis mozidva – 21,2% qveynis ganviTareba – 17,5% dasaqmeba – 48,8% sxva – 12,5%

8. gTxovT miuTiToT ra uaryofiT Sedegs moutans saqarTvelos Tezi?

ekologiis gauareseba – 28,8% narkotikebi – 15% Sidsi – 15% zneoba, tradiciebi – 41,2%

9. gTxovT miuTiToT ra dadebiT Sedegs moutans foTs Tizi?

dasaqmeba – 62,5% qalaqisa da portis ganviTareba – 22,5% qalaqis ier-saxis gaumjobeseba – 10% sxva – 5%

10. gTxovT miuTiToT ra uaryofiT Sedegs moutans foTs Tizi?

ekologiis gauareseba – 28,5% zneobisa da tradiciebis rRveva – 43,3% qalaqisgan mowyvetili teritoria – 15% sxva – 13,2%

32

Sedegebis analizi: kiTxvaris pasuxebis gaanalizebisas miRebuli

Sedegebidan Cans, rom respondentTa didi nawili (81,3%) mxars uWers

foTSi Tezis gaxsnas. gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba flobs informacias

Tezis sargeblianobobis Sesaxeb (76%). yovel meores ekonomikuri

saqmianobis wamowyebisa da dasaqmebis imedi aqvs (62,5%). kiTxvaSi –

“SeiZleba Tu ara gaxdes Tezi eTnokonfliqtebis mogvarebis erTerTi

saSualeba?” respodentTa 81,3%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gasca, radganac

naTesauri kavSirebiT arian Sezrdili afxazeTTan, devnilTa

garkveuli wili foTSi cxovrobs da Tvlian, rom ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi “waSlis” politikur barierebs. magram amave

gamocdilebiT SiSoben, rom Seiqmneba qalaqisgan gancalkevebuli

teritoria (15,0%). respondentebs gacnobierebuli aqvT ekologiaze

zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi faqtori (28,8%) da isic, rom Tezi Secvlis

tradiciul damokidebulebebs (42,5%). es msgavsadve moxda XIX

saukuneSi, rodesac foTis mosaxleoba gansxvavdebuli RirebulebiTi

orientaciebiT gamoirCeoda axlomdebare raionebisgan. gamokiTxulTa

umravlesoba mainc sargeblis momtanad Tvlis Tezs.

mosaxleobis qceviTi ganzraxva da molodinebi Tezis mimarT

gamovikvlieT aizen-fiSbainis gaazrebuli qcevis modeliT. kvlevis am

etapze mniSvnelovnad miviCnieT im ganwyobebisa da molodinebis

Seswavla, rac safuZvlad udevs moqalaqeTa qcevas, romelic

socialur-ekonomikuri garemos cvlilebebs elis. Amitom

davinteresdiT, Tu ra albaTobiTa aqvs qceviTi ganzraxva

gamomuSavebuli zRvispira qalaqebis mcxovrebT Tezisa da portis

mimarT da ra faqtorebi axdenen maT qcevaze gavlenas. Cveni kvlevis

mizani iyo gagverkvia, mxars uWers Tu ara mosaxleoba Tezis

dafuZnebas da aqvT Tu ara mzaoba monawileoba miiRon mis

ganxorcielebaSi.

respondentebi iyvnen saporto qalaqebis baTumisa da foTis

moqalaqeebi. sul gamovkiTxeT 100 respondenti. anketa ixileT

danarTSi. i. eizenisa da m. fiSbainis modelSi qcevis gansasazRvrad

ramdenime cvladia gamoyofili. ZiriTad cvladad miCneulia qceviTi

33

ganzraxva, romelic safuZvlad udevs realur socialur qcevas.

qceviTi ganzraxva Tavis mxriv gansazRvrulia ori Zireuli cvladiT –

socialuri ganwyobiTa ( Attitude) da subieqturi normebiT (subiective norm).

swored es cvladebi gansazRvravs upiratesi woniT im qceviT

ganzraxvas, romliTac SesaZlebelia pirovnebis qcevis

winaswarmetyveleba. i. eizenisa da m. fiSbainis modelSi qceviTi

ganzraxvis determinantebia: socialuri ganwyoba moqmedebis

(aqtivobis) mimarT da subieqturi norma anu normatiuli rwmenebi.

pirveli faqtori Seesatyviseba pirovnul, meore ki socialur

maxasiaTebels. empiriulad yovel cvlads Tavisi Sesatyvisi wona aqvs,

romelic gansazRvravs maT mniSvnelobebs. socialuri ganwyoba (

Attitude) avtorebs gansxvavebulad aqvT gaazrebuli. socialuri

ganwyoba aris damokidebuleba aqtivobis da ara raime ganyenebuli

obieqtis mimarT, xolo Sefasebebisas gaTvaliswinebulia aqtivobis

Sedegis mimarT rwmena da misi Sefaseba. socialuri norma aris

socialuri faqtoris gaTvaliswineba modelSi, romelic gulisxmobs

normatiuli rwmenis sakuTar motivaciaze daqvemdebarebas. es niSnavs,

rom pirovnebas gaaCnia rwmena, sadac misTvis mniSvnelovani

pirovnebebi Tvlian, rom is am qcevas Seasrulebs garkveuli qceviTi

veqtoriT. aqve gaTvaliswinebulia referentuli jgufis wevrebis

azric, romlebic pirovnebisgan moelian Sesatyvisi qcevis

ganxorcielebas. adamiani SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros referentuli

jgufis molodinebs da masac qondes survili am qcevis

ganxorcielebis, anda daeqvemdebaros rogorc referentuli jgufis

wevri, oRond ar qondes am qcevis ganxorcielebis survili. swored es

principia am modelSi gaTvaliswinebuli, romelic skalur

maCvenebelSi aisaxeba (Tanxmoba-ardaTanxmeba) da cvladebze

miniWebulia empiriuli wonebi. erTze meti referentuli jgufi Cvens

socialur qcevas koreqtivs ukeTebs, amitom sazom skalaze mravali

referentuli jgufia Setanili. miRebuli skalebi varirebs samidan

zemoT. erTi konkretuli socialuri qcevis gasazomad SesaZlebelia

70- mde skala iqnes aRebuli. swored aseTi gazomvis Sedegad viRebT

empiriul wonas, im cvladebTan mimarTebaSi rac modelSia daSvebuli.

34

mniSvnelovania is, rom gamoyenebulia korelaciuri analizi, raTa

dadgindes cvladebsSoris mimarTebebi da regresiuli analizi, rac

dagvexmareba davadginoT qceviT ganzraxvas gansazRvravs pirovnuli,

Tu socialuri faqtori.

miRebuli Sedegebi damuSavda mza statistikuri paketiT SPSS 19.0.

monacemebi damuSavda regresiuli analiziT pirsonis Sereuli

momentis korelaciis koeficientiT ( R). R amowmebs skalaTa namdvil

ricxvTa mniSvnelobas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cvladebs Soris

kavSiris dadgena. regresiuli analizi gamoyenebulia damokidebul da

damoukidebel cvladebs Soris mimarTebis sakvlevad.

monacemebidan Cans, rom am modelis cvladebi uzrunvelyofs mis

gamoyenebas damokidebulebebisa da molodinebis kvlevisTvis. rac

Seexeba korelaciis Sedegad miRebul monacemebs is adasturebs, rom

cvladebi kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan, rac modelis cvladebis

mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. regresiuli analiziT miRebuli monacemebi

or nawilad iyofa. pirvel nawilSi aSkarad Cans, rom uSualod

ganzogadebuli monacemebis dafiqsireba qceviTi ganzraxvis mimarT

ganpirobebulia pirovnuli faqtoriT anu socialuri ganwyobiT. es

monacemebi miuTiTebs, rom didi mzaobaa Tezis amuSavebis mimarT

pirovnul doneze. rac Seexeba molodinebis gaTvaliswinebas, anu

gafarToebuli gazomvis Sedegad normatiul rwmenas, motivaciaze

daqvemdebarebuli anu referentuli jgufis azris gaTvaliswineba

ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, Tumca arc pirovnuli faqtoria mcire.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saporto qalaqebSi mcxovreb adamianebs

mzaoba aqvT, rom maT regionSi ganviTardes Tezi da aseve aqvT

molodinebi, rom amas mxars dauweren maT irgvliv myofni.

daskvnebi: Tu SevajamebT empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebs SevZlebT

CamovayaliboT zogierTi daskvna da mosazrebebi:

Tezi, rogorc q. foTis, aseve danarCeni saqarTvelos

mosaxleobisTvis SeiZleba CaiTvalos pozitiur movlenad da

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis ZiriTad wyarod.

35

mosaxleobis azriT, Tezi aseve mniSvnelovania qalaqis

infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis, ekonomikuri zrdisTvis,

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebisTvis.

marTalia Tezi ekologiurad lokalur teritoriebs daazianebs,

radganac investorebi gaurbian garemos dacvisTvis xarjis

gawevas, magram investiciebis mozidvisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba.

Tezi ekonomikur keTildReobas moitans, magram Secvlis

tradiciul urTierTobebs, rac mosaxleobis cnobierebas kvals

daatyobs da rac globalizaciasa da urbanizacias ama Tu im

formiT mainc moaqvs.

adamianebs aqvT ganzraxva maT regionSi Tezis Seqmnis da amas

pirovnulad mxars dauWeren, radgan es maT interesebSi Sedis.

adamianebs aqvT ganzraxva maT regionSi Tezis mxardaWeris im

imediT, rom amas maTi axloblebic dauWeren mxars.

Tezis Seqmna mniSvnelovania ara marto TavisTavad, aramed

moqalaqeebis CarTulobis mizniT.

empiriulad miRebuli monacemebi, mosaxleobis molodinebi,

emTxveva sxva qveynebis gamocdilebiT miRebul Teoriul daSvebebs da

miuTiTebs Tezis amoqmedebiT gamowveul rogorc dadebiT, aseve

uaryofiT faqtorebsa da safrTxeebze.

I Tavis daskvna:

sanapiro zolis teritoriul-sivrciTi organizaciis ori

ZiriTadi forma: saporto-sameurneo teritoriuli sistemebi da

Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebi arian mniSvnelovani instrumentebi

adgilobrivi da regionuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebis, globalur

bazarze efeqturi vaWrobisa da msoflio integraciul procesebSi

CarTvis.

msoflioSi saporto-sameurneo sistemebis Semdgomi ganviTareba

damokidebulia Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis gaRrmavebaze,

36

sazRvao transportis ekonomikur efeqturobaze da ganviTarebuli

qveynebis importul nedleulze damokidebulebis xarisxze.

saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc evropis periferiuli nawilis

ekonomikisTvis, efeqturi saporto sistemebis qona aucilebelia

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi CarTvisa da eqsportze orientirebuli

dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis. evropeizacia da globalizacia aris

qveynis xsna, vaWroba gadaitanos mzardi evrokavSiris bazarze. porti

namdvilad aris instrumenti qveynis ekonomikis integraciisa evropuli

da globaluri vaWrobis sistemaSi.

saqarTvelo unda ecados gaiTvaliswinos Tavisufali

ekonomikuri zonebis funqcionirebis dadebiTi gamocdileba da

imoqmedos qveynis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

yvela mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo proeqtis da maT Soris

Tavisufali industriuli zonis ganxorcielebisas, gaTvaliswinebuli

unda iyos mosaxleobis azri da Sexedulebebi, rac xels Seuwyobs

mosaxleobis CarTulobis gaRrmavebas saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis

miRebaSi.

37

II Tavi: qarTuli portebis funqciuri datvirTva

2.1. qarTuli portebi, rogorc qalaqwarmomqmneli faqtori

qalaqwarmomqmnel funqcias ganvixilavT ori parametris

meSveobiT: I. mosaxleobis raodenobrivi cvlilebebis mixedviT,

radganac vTvliT, rom qalaqis funqciuri datvirTva zrdis misi

mosaxleobis raodenobas. II. qalaqis meurneobis dargobriv

struqturaSi “sazRvao Semadgenelis” moculobiT.

I. faqtori: XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqalaqo cxovreba saqarTveloSi

daqveiTebuli iyo epidemiebis, TurqTa Semosevebisa da tyveTa syidvis

gamo.

saqarTvelo 1801 wlidan ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSia. 1860-

iani wlebis burJuaziuli reformebis Sedegad ruseTSi dawyebuli

ekonomikuri Zvrebi saqarTvelozec aisaxa da ekonomikur

urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba daiwyo

Savi zRvis qarTulma sanapirom. swored am periodidan

aqtualizirdeba baTumisa da foTis portebis qalaqwarmomqmneli

funqcia. Tu 1807 wels baTumis mosaxleoba 2000 kacs Seadgenda, 1878

wels ki 3000-s, 1882 wels 8671-s miaRwia, anu mosaxleoba qalaqis

TurqeTis batonobidan Tavis daRwevisa da satransporto da samxedro-

administraciuli funqciis SeZenis Semdeg 4-jer gaizarda. rac Seexeba

foTs, is sanavsadguro qalaqad 1858 wels gamocxadda da mosaxleobis

raodenoba 1865 wlis monacemebiT 1309 kaci iyo. qalaqis sanavsadguro-

satransporto funqciiT datvirTvam ki 1897 wlis ruseTis imperiis

sayovelTao aRweris monacemebiT, mosaxleoba 7 666 kacamde, anu 5,8

jer gazarda, baTumis mosaxleoba amave monacemebiT 28 500 kaci gaxda

da 1807 welTan SedarebiT 14,5-jer gaizarda.

sanavsadguro qalaqebSi ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavlobam

miizida mosaxleoba, romlis raodenobac Sromis gamoyenebis

sferoebis zrdis Sesabamisad swrafi tempebiT izrdeboda ara marto

guria-samegrelos soflis mosaxleobis, aramed TurqeTidan Semosuli

somxebisa da berZnebis xarjzec.

38

baTumisa da foTis mosaxleobis dinamika XIX – XXI saukuneebSi

38,615

100,600

122,800

29,600

90,200

46,000 48,50050,900

47,200

8,600

57,012

20,000

82,300

136,600

122,200

70,000

48,500

14,96618,000

1,309

10,600

19,667

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

1865 1882 1897 1914 1917 1926 1932 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002

baTumi foTi

(wyaro: mosaxleobis sxvadasxva wlebis aRweris masalebi; kavkasiis

kalendari, 1915)

grafikze asaxulia baTumis da foTis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis

dinamika ruseTis imperiis mosaxleobis pirveli aRweridan

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirvel aRweramde, sadac Cans garkveuli

tendenciebi. kerZod:

XIX s-is bolos baTumis mosaxleobis matebis mTavari mizezi

misi saporto, savaWro da samrewvelo funqciebis ganviTarebaSia da

Tu 1807 wels iq 2000-mde kaci cxovrobda, 1914 wels qalaqis

mosaxleoba 38 615 kaci gaxda, anu 19,3 jer gaizarda. baTumi XIX

saukuneSi dinamiurad viTardeboda da ganviTarebis tempiT meore

adgilze iyo baqos mere.

foTis mosaxleoba 1865-1914 wlebSi 15,0 jer gaizarda, radganac

porti didi raodenobiT muSa xels saWiroebda.

1914-21 da 1939-59 wlebSi baTumisa da foTis mosaxleobis zrdis

tempebi SesamCnevad Senelda, omebisa da baTumis Cixuri mdebareobis

gamo sasazRvro zonaSi.

sabWoTa periodSi portebis qalaqwarmomqmneli funqcia kvlavac

mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda. 1959 – 89 wlebSi sabWoTa

saqarTvelos ekonomika swrafi tempebiT viTardeboda da politikur-

39

ekonomikuri stabiluroba da socialuri daculoba qmnida pirobebs

mosaxleobis ricxovnobisa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdisTvis.

1959 wlidan 1989 wlamde sakvlevi qalaqebis, baTumisa da foTis

mosaxleoba gaizarda Sesabamisad 1,6 da 2,0 jer, Tumca gasabWoebamdel

tempebs mkveTrad CamorCeboda.

II faqtori: saqarTvelos teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsis

sivrcobrivi struqturis srulyofisa da Tbilisis samrewvelo

aglomeraciis hipertrofiuli ganviTarebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,

mizanSewonili gaxda saqarTvelos zRvispira mdebareobis rolis

wamoweva da SavizRvispireTis sameurneo kompleqsis ganviTareba,

sakavSiro mniSvnelobis baTumisa da foTis saporto-samrewvelo

kompleqsebis Seqmnis gziT.

foTi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi Pporti iyo mSrali tvirTebis

gadazidvaSi. specializacias gansazRvravda WiaTuris marganecis

eqsporti. porti iRebda ssrk-is samxreTi raionebidan rkinasa da

qvanaxSirs, importul boqsitsa da marcvleuls amierkavkasiis

respublikebisTvis.

baTumi qveynis umTavresi satransporto kvanZi iyo. igi

akavSirebda amierkavkasias, Sua aziasa da ssrk-is samxreT raionebs

sazRvargareTis qveynebTan. specializirebuli iyo navTobis

gadazidvaze. is Savi zRvis auzis samgzavro da sakruizo xazebis

mniSvnelovani punqts warmoadgenda.

sakvlevi qalaqebis samrewvelo ganviTareba ganpirobebuli iyo

iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa maTi zRvispira mdebareobisa da

saporto potencialis srulad gamoyeneba.

baTumis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsis struqturas hqonda Semdegi

saxe:

baTumis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsi:

I bloki: sazRvao porti, misi momsaxure sawarmoebi, tvirTis

gadazidvisTvis mniSvnelovani satransporto komunikaciebi.

40

IIO bloki: zRvispira mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli dargebi:

gemTmSenebeli qarxana, navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana, TevzsaWeri

sammarTvelo.

III bloki: kvalificiuri muSa-xelis arsebobiTa da portis eqsport-

importuli operaciebiT ganpirobebuli dargebi: manqanaTmSenebeli,

eleqtromeqanikuri, transformatorebis, qimiur-farmacevtuli qarxnebi.

pirveli “bloki” moicavda sazRvao ports, mis momsaxure

sawarmoebs, satransporto komunikaciebs, navTobgadamtvirTav sawarmos.

portSi dasaqmebuli iyo 846 kaci. baTumi sazRvao transportis

marTvis centrs warmoadgenda. iq 1967 wlidan moqmedebda saqarTvelos

sazRvao sanaosno sammarTvelo, romelic Seiqmna baTumis, foTisa da

soxumis portebis bazaze. sanaosnos balansze 49 sazRvao-

satransporto gemi, sami sazRvao porti da maTi normaluri

funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro yvela sanapiro organizaciaTa da

sawarmoTa kompleqsi iyo, aRWurvili mZlavri materialur-teqnikuri

baziT. baTumis porti, SeinarCuna ra tradiciuli specializacia

navTobisa da navTobproduqtebis eqsportze, gadaiqca

maRalganviTarebul saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsad Savi zRvis auzSi.

meore “bloki” moicavda sawarmoebs, romelTa Seqmna uSualod

qalaqis zRvispira geografiulma mdebareobam ganapiroba. eseni iyo:

navTobgadamamuSavebeli da gemTmSenebeli qarxnebi da aWaris

TevzWeris flotis sammarTvelo, romlebic did rols asrulebdnen

baTumis mravaldargovani mrewvelobis SeqmnaSi. 80-ian wlebSi es

dargebi iZleoda respublikis mTliani samrewvelo produqciis 5%.

navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana, romlis simZlavre iyo 4 mln. nedli

navTobi weliwadSi, awarmoebda 20-ze meti dasaxelebis produqcias:

avtobenzins, dizelis sawvavs, sacxeb zeTebs da sxv. misi xvedriTi

wili maRali iyo ara marto qalaqis mrewvelobaSi, aramed qalaqis

satransporto funqciis formirebaSi, radganac is qmnida mniSvnelovan

tvirTnakadebs da hinterlands portisTvis. qalaqis mrewvelobaSi 1985

wels misi wili 33,6% iyo, portis tvirTbrunvaSi - 73,9%. masze

41

modioda saqarTvelos navTobproduqtebiT momaragebis 40%.

navTobproduqtebis eqsporti warmoebda safrangeTSi, italiaSi, did

britaneTSi, saberZneTSi, belgiaSi, niderlandebSi, TurqeTSi,

bulgareTSi, kubaSi, iugoslaviaSi. baTumis gemTmSenebeli qarxnis

produqcia, wyalqveSa frTiani katarRebi “volna”, igzavneboda did

britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, aSS-Si, ungreTSi, siriaSi, SvedeTSi,

argentinaSi, tailandSi, singapurSi, sul 42-mde qveyanaSi. warmoebuli

katerebis 80% saeqsporto iyo.

azov-Savi zRvis auzSi Tevzis mrewvelobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

centrs aWaris TevzsaWeri flotis sammarTvelos portSi hqonda

sakuTari misadgomi da 22 gemiani floti. TevzWera warmoebda azov-

Savi zRvis auzSi da rewvis 90% iyo qafSia. 4 gemi wiTel zRvaSi

eweoda rewvas. Produqcia gadioda belorusiaSi, ukrainasa da Tavad

saqarTveloSi.

mesame “blokSi” gaerTianebuli sawarmoebis Seqmna ganapiroba

orma faqtorma: kvalificiuri muSaxelis arsebobam da baTumis

navsadguriT eqsport-importis operaciebis warmoebis SesaZleblobam.

maT ricxvs miekuTvneboda: manqanaTmSenebeli qarxana, romelic uSvebda

Cais gadamamuSavebel, Rvinisa da sakonservo mrewvelobisTvis saWiro

teqnologiur mowyobilobebs. produqcia gadioda saqarTvelos yvela

Caisa da Rvinis qarxanaSi, aseve ruseTSi, azerbaijanSi, uzbekeTSi,

yazaxeTSi, vietnamSi, CexoslovakiaSi, monRoleTSi, avRaneTSi, kubaSi,

indoeTSi. qarxnis wilad modioda manqanaTmSeneblobis dargis

mTliani samrewvelo produqciis 18, 3%, xolo baTumis mrewvelobis 2,

8%. eleqtromeqanikuri qarxnis produqcia eleqtrosawevara,

igzavneboda kubaSi, siriaSi, monRoleTSi, poloneTSi, iranSi,

avRaneTSi, nigeriaSi, TurqeTSi, iugoslaviaSi. transformatorebis

qarxnis produqcia gadioda evropis socialistur qveynebSi, kubaSi,

monRoleTSi, iaponiaSi, indoeTSi, siriaSi, vietnamSi, kampuCiaSi,

iranSi, koreaSi, laosSi, libiaSi, saberZneTSi, alJirSi, angolaSi,

mozambikSi, iemenSi, eTiopiasa da CineTSi. qimiur-farmacevtuli qarxana

produqcias agzavnida iranSi, eraySi, rumineTSi, bulgareTsa da sxv.

42

qveynebSi. sul baTumis portidan 1980-ian wlebSi saeqsportod gadioda

ocdaTerTmeti dasaxelebis produqcia 64 qveyanaSi.

dargobrivi struqtura 60-iani wlebidan 80-iani wlebis bolomde

ucvleli iyo. gamoSvebuli samrewvelo produqcia raodenobrivad da

fulad gamoxatulebaSi ganuxrelad izrdeboda. mTlianad baTumis

samrewvelo kompleqsSi 40 sawarmo iyo. aqedan saporto-samrewvelo

kompleqsmaformirebeli 8 sawarmos sasaqonlo produqciaze modioda

mTliani produqciis 57,7%, samrewvelo personalis 49,6%, mogebis 55,7%.

(cifrobrivi masala aRebulia aWaris statistikis sammarTveloSi). 1988

wels kompleqsmaformirebelma dargebma aWaris assr mTliani

samrewvelo produqciis 51% awarmoes, xolo respublikis samrewvelo

produqciis 4,9% (Батуми город дружбы, 1989 г).

foTis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsi, moicavda Semdeg blokebs:

I bloki:sazRvao porti

II bloki: sazRvao mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli dargebi. gemTmSenebeli qarxana, saqTevzmrewvi, TevzWeris kolmeurneoba

foTSi XX saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis 20 sawarmo iyo. 1985 wels

gamoSvebuli iyo 197 086 maneTis samrewvelo produqcia. aqedan

saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsis sawarmoebze modioda 163 057 maneTi,

anu mTliani samrewvelo produqciis 82%. saeqsporto produqcias

foTSi awarmoebda 5 samrewvelo sawarmo, xuTive ssk-Si iyo. saqoneli

gadioda 40 qveyanaSi. gemTmSenebeli qarxana wyalqveSa frTian katarRa

“kolxidas” uSvebda, weliwadSi 45 cals italiisTvis, espaneTisTvis,

iugoslaviisTvis, saberZneTisTvis. miwismwovi manqanebi gadioda gdr-

Si, poloneTSi, rumineTSi, vietnamSi. dabalvoltiani aparatura –

III bloki: portis eqsport-importuli operaciebiT da kvalificiuri

muSa xeliT ganpirobebuli dargebi. wisqvilqarxana, Cais kombinati,

hidromeqanizmebis qarxana, foTieleqtroaparati,

transformatorebis qarxana, eleqtromeqanikuri gamaZliereblebis

qarxana

43

bulgareTSi, alJirSi, koreaSi, pakistanSi, siriasa da sxv.

“foTieleqtroaparatis” produqcia winaRobis yuTebi, magnituri velis

gamaZliereblebi, wriuli denis mimRebebi igzavneboda saeqsportod 40

qveyanaSi alJirSi, inglisSi, tanzaniaSi, TurqeTSi, siriaSi da sxv. 1985

wels SromiTi resursebi foTis mosaxleobis 49,7% -s Seadgenda.

aqedan mrewvelobasa da portSi muSaobda – 67,5%; baTumSi SromiTi

resursebi mosaxleobis 48,6% Seadgenda da mrewvelobasa da portSi

44,3% muSaobda.

aqve mogvyavs baTumisa da foTis mTliani samrewvelo produqcia

1970-1985ww, sadac naTlad Cans saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsSi

Semaval sawarmoTa maRali wili. saporto samrewvelo kompleqsi am

qalaqebis socialur ekonomikur ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli,

specializaciis ganmsazRvreli da qalaqwarmomqmneli faqtori iyo.

117.6 127.9136.9

196.8

31.7 41.2

76.690.9

72.0

111.2

59.0

233.2221.3

520.9

372.5

289.3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1970 1975 1980 1985

I I bloki II I bloki danarCeni sul baTumi

baTumi mTliani produqcia

(mln. maneTi)

wyaro: statistikuri krebulebi

44

43

61

83

108

36 38

53

19 2125

12

97.0

189.2

70

120.2

160.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1970 1975 1980 1985

I I bloki III bloki danarCeni sul foTi

ფოთი mTliani produqcia

(mln. maneTi)

wyaro: sxvadasxva wlebis statistikuri krebulebi

amrigad, baTumisa da foTis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsebi,

romlebic viTardeboda uSualod portisa da zRvispira geografiuli

mdebareobis upiratesobebis gamoyenebiT, mniSvnelovan

qalaqwarmomqmnel faqtorebs warmoadgendnen XX saukunis 90-ian

wlebamde. isini aseve gansazRvravdnen am qalaqebis samrewvelo

specializacias da qveynis samrewvelo-teritoriuli kompleqsis

SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen, iyenebdnen ra xelsayrel

satransporto-geografiul mdebareobas ssrk-is evropuli nawilis

ganviTarebuli regionebis mimarT, tranzitul mdebareobas iranis

mimarT da xelsayrel mdebareobas TviTon amierkavkasiaSi.

gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi, meurneobis ganviTarebisTvis

saWiro materialuri da socialuri resursebis arsebobis miuxedavad

baTumisa da foTis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsebi (ssk) daiSala da

qalaqebi dRemde ver iyeneben zRvispira mdebareobiTa da portebis

funqcionirebiT SesaZlo ganviTarebisa da zrdis saSualebebs.

baTumSi samasamde sawarmoa registrirebuli da arc erTi araa

dakavSirebuli zRvispira mdebareobasa da saporto saqmianobasTan.

foTis sameurneo profilSi ufro metadaa SenarCunebuli ssk-s

specializacia. 250-ze meti daregistrirebuli sawarmodan mxolod

rvaa moqmedi da maT Soris saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsSi Semavali

wisqvilqarxana, foTihidromanqana da gemTsaSeni qarxana. mTliani

gamoSvebuli samrewvelo produqcia 2009 wels – 1 699 500 aTasi lari

45

iyo. aqedan 502 300 lari swored am sami qarxnis wilia; kidev 890 200

lariki sami Tevzis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnis, rac mTeli samrewvelo

produqciis 81%-s Seadgens. mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulia 1520 kaci.

zemoT CamoTvlil 6 sawarmoSi mrewvelobaSi mTlianad dasaqmebulTa

45,3%-ia.

saporto qalaqebSi mosaxleobis mateba-klebisa dasameurneo

cxovrebis daqveiTeba-ganviTarebis mizezebi sqematurad ase gamovsaxeT:

XX saukune, sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. socializmi.

mosaxleobis mateba, meurneobis ganviTareba.

mizezebi:

1. zRvispira mdebareobis upiratesobebis gamoyeneba

2. qalaqebis funqciuri datvirTva saporto-samrewvelo da

turistul-rekreaciuli kompleqsebis ganviTarebis meSveobiT

3. politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri stabiluroba

XIX saukunis I naxevari: mosaxleobis kleba, meurneobisa da saqalaqo

cxovrebis ganviTarebis dabali done.

mizezebi:

1. bunebrivi faqtorebi - klimati, Waobebi2. malaria3. TurqeTis batonoba4. tyveTa syidva5. qalaqebis funqciuri datvirTvis uqonloba

XIX saukunis bolo,ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. Kapitalizmis

Casaxva. mosaxleobis mateba, meurneobis ganviTareba.

mizezebi:

1. sofelSi mciremiwianoba, miwaze maRali arenda, migracia

qalaqebSi

2. zRvispira mdebareobis upiratesobebisadmi misawvdomoba

3. qalaqebis satransporto-savaWro da samxedro-

administraciuli funqciiT datvirTva

46

XXsaukunis bolo, XXI saukunis dasawyisi. saxelmwifo

damoukidebloba, gardamavali ekonomika. mosaxleobis kleba,

meurneobis daqveiTeba:

mizezebi:

1. bunebriv-ekologiuri katastrofebi

2. eTnikuri da politikuri konfliqtebi

3. ekonomikuri krizisi

4. sameurneo specializaciisa da gasaRebis bazrebis dakargva da

axlis Zieba

5. qalaqebis funqciuri SezRuduloba

XIX saukuneSi mTavari qalaqwarmomqmneli faqtorebia sazRvao

transportisa da vaWrobis, sanavsadguro meurneobisa da samxedro-

mmarTvelobiT-administraciuli funqciebis ganviTareba.

XX saukuneSi sabWoTa periodi saporto qalaqebis saporto-

samrewvelo da sakurorto-turistuli kompleqsebis swrafi

ganviTarebiT xasiaTdeba. xelsayreli zRvispira mdebareoba baTumsa

da foTs saporto-samrewvelo centrebad ayalibebs, rac dasaqmebis

sferos gafarToebasa da mosaxleobisa da ekonomikis zrdas iwvevs.

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saporto qalaqebma dakarges

funqciebi. saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsebi daiSala. sawarmoebma

dakarges gasaRebis bazari da SeaCeres funqcionireba. portebi

gadavida kerZo sakuTrebaSi da Tanac ucxoelTa xelSi, romelTaTvis

umTavresi mizani mogebis naxvaa da ara qalaqisa da qveynis

ganviTarebaze zrunva.

dRes qarTul portebs dakarguli aqvT qalaqganmaviTarebeli

funqcia. saporto aglomeraciebsa da portebs Soris moSlilia

funqcionalur-sivrciTi komunikacia da gawyvetilia ekonomikuri

kavSirebi, maSin roca porti da qalaqi erTmaneTisTvis mudmiv

socialur, infrastruqturul da sameurneo sayrdens warmoadgens. asea

evropaSi, sadac portebi Tavis irgvliv qmnian ekonomikur kvanZebs da

didia maTi partisipacia saqalaqo meurneobisa da infrastruqturis

ganviTarebaSi.

47

2.2. qarTuli portebi, rogorc samxreT kavkasiis regionuli

ganviTarebis faqtori

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam safuZvlianad Secvala geopolitikuri

viTareba evraziaSi. samxreT kavkasia, romelic yofili sabWoeTis Cixs

warmoadgenda da naklebad intensiuri sagareo ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi hqonda, axal realobaSi evraziul arealSi

aRmosavleT-dasavleTuri Tu CrdiloeT-samxreTuli ganzomilebebis

gadakveTaze satransporto-sakomunikacio qselTa samomavlo

mimarTulebebis ganviTarebis dadgenisas ganmsazRvreli faqtori

gaxda. saqarTvelos aqvs pretenzia iyos samxreT kavkasiis “sazRvao

WiSkari”, radganac samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris mas gamorCeuli

strategiuli mdebareoba aqvs Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis gamo. regionis

ori qveyana, azerbaijani da somxeTi, sagareo ekonomikur

urTierTobebis mniSvnelovan wils saqarTvelos portebis meSveobiT

axorcieleben ara marto XX saukunis bolos damoukideblobis

mopovebis periodidan, aramed XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, roca samive

qveyana ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo.

XIX s-is 80-iani wlebidan mefis ruseTma aWara SemoierTa da

danarCeni saqarTvelosgan mowyvetilma baTumma ekonomikuri kavSirebis

aRdgena daiwyo. amas daerTo rusuli bazris gafarToebis mizniT

saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi sarkinigzo xazebisa da dasavleT da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Soris damakavSirebeli axali gzebis gayvana.

1883 wels daiwyo baTumis navsadguris mSenebloba da ganisazRvra misi,

rogorc baqos navTobis msoflio bazarze erTaderTi mimwodeblis

specializacia. 1890 wels gaixsna suramis sauReltexilo rkinigza.

amierkavkasiis rkinigzis eqspluataciis dawyebam gamoiwvia kavSirebis

gaRrmaveba baqos, Tbilissa da baTums, anu kaspiisa da Savi zRvis

auzebs Soris; aseve saqarTvelos SigniT qalaqebsa da sasoflo

dasaxlebebs Soris. mTlianad amierkavkasiis ruseTsa da evropasTan

dakavSirebam ki ganaviTara saerTaSoriso savaWro-ekonomikuri

kavSirebi, gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis Casaxva da

48

feodaluri daqucmacebulobidan erTiani Sida erovnuli bazris

Seqmnisken svla.

XIX s-is bolos saqarTvelos SavizRvis auzSi ori mZlavri

sazRvao navsadguri hqonda baTumisa da foTis saxiT.

1,760,000

926,300

702,700

94,30091,000

243,000

1,030,700

1,071,400

585,900

172,000

655,600

312,000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

1884 1887 1890 1902 1905 1908 1910 1912 1913

baTumi foTi

tvirTbrunva

foTis navsadguris tvirTbrunva 1884 wels iyo 172 000 tona, 1902

wels - 585 900 tona, 1913 wels ki 1 071 400 tonamde gaizarda. portis

tvirTbrunvaSi marganecis wili iyo 88 %, rac evropaSi moxmarebuli

marganecis 70% Seadgenda.

baTumis navsadgurisM tvirTbrunva 1883 wels – 91 000 tona iyo,

1902 wels – 1 760 000 tona. 1883 wels navTobproduqtebis wili

tvirTbrunvaSi 54,5% Seadgenda, 1902 wels – 74,4%. es iyo navTobis

eqsportis piki, ruseTs mTlianad epyra evropis bazari, magram male

konkurenti gamouCnda aSS-s saxiT, rac baTumis portis

tvirTbrunvazec aisaxa (jaoSvili 1996).

orive navsadguridan gasuli tvirTebis geografia aseTi iyo:

azerbaijanuli Zirtkbila; qarTuli, azerbaijanuli da sparsuli

kaklis morebi safrangeTisTvis, germaniisTvis, inglisisa da

belgiisTvis; qarTuli da azerbaijanuli abreSumis parki –

safrangeTisa da italiisTvis.

Semodioda: taris masalad xe-tye galiciidan, bukovinidan,

volgispireTidan; Savi liToni mariupolidan da taganrogidan

(ruseTi) saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanisaTvis; fqvili saqarTvelosTvis

da TurqeTisTvis odesidan, rostovidan, qerCidan, novorosiiskidan; Cai

49

CineTidan, iaponiidan da indoeTidan amierkavkasiisaTvisa da

sparseTisaTvis; TeTri Tunuqi inglisidan taris warmoebisaTvis,

safrangeTidan ki spilenZi da kala saqarTvelosTvisa da

azerbaijanisaTvis (jaoSvili 1996).

foTisa da baTumis portebis meSveobiT amierkavkasiis regionis

msoflio ekonomikur brunvaSi CarTvaSi gavlenas axdenda qveynis

politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da saerTaSoriso viTareba.

portebis roli umniSvnelo iyo Turqebis okupaciis periodSi da

mxolod XIX s-is 50-iani wlebidan gaizarda, roca baTumSi daarsda

ruseTis imperiis sazRvao da savaWro sazogadoebis saagento da aigo

foTis navsadguri. Semobrunebis xanaa XIX s-is 70 –iani wlebi, roca am

ori qalaqis geografiuli mdebareobis gamoyeneba saWiro gaxda baqos

navTobisa da WiaTuris ma